Tic Instruments-By Smile4dr2

UENDODONTIC
INSTRUMENTS
Smile4Dr
Dr :Bassam Hassan
http://dentalbooks-drbassam.blogspot.com/
1-Manual preparation instruments
1. REAMER
2. K-FILE
3. FLEXOREAMER
4. FLEXOFILE
5. HEDSTROEM FILE
6. NiTi
1-REAMER
Design & Structure: A reamer is manufactured from a triangular or square steel wire that
is twisted to give the typical shape of a reamer. The angle between the long-axis and the
0T 0T
cutting blade is small, which is why preparation by reamer is effective only in rotating
motion.
The tip of the instrument is cutting which makes a reamer suitable for the
preparation of straight canals only without the risk of ledging.
Sizes & Codes: Reamers come in sizes 06 - 140, all with a taper of 0.02. Reamer design is
identified by the triangle symbol on the handle.
R08-10 R15-R40 R45-R80 R90-140
Recommended use : A reamer is the most effective hand instrument in straight canals. It
is used by continuous rotation (upper picture) when the resistance is small or moderate and
by balanced force (lower picture) when the resistance is greater.
In curved canals ledging easily occurs with even small reamer sizes if instruments are not
pre-curved. Reamers are excellent instruments in straight canals but poorly adaptable to
curved canals.
Safety tips : Reamers can be rotated only using moderate pressure. Use of force,
particularly with smaller sized instruments, may result in distortion of the helical structure
and ultimately in fracture. Each instrument should be checked for symmetry by rotating it
against an even background before introducing it into the canal
2- B. K-FILE
Design & Structure : K-files are manufactured from square or sometimes triangular
steel wire that is twisted to give the typical shape of a K-file. The angle between the long-axis
and the cutting blade is greater than in a reamer, and therefore preparation by a K-file is
effective both in rotary and filing motion.
The tip of the instrument is cutting which makes the K-file best suited for the preparation of
straight canals. Small K-files (ISO 06 - 15) can be also used in curved canals without the risk
of ledging. Small K-files are particularly good for the initial preparation of very narrow
canals.
Sizes & Codes : K-files are produced in sizes 06 - 140, all with a taper of 0.02. K-file
design is identified by the square symbol on the handle.
K06-10 K15-40 K45-80 K90-140
Recommended use : The K-file is suited for the preparation of straight canals. It prepares
dentin effectively both in filing motion (up and down) and when rotated. In slightly curved canals the
recommended techniques are continuous rotation (lower picture) when the resistance is small and
balanced force (upper picture) against greater resistance. Compared to reamers, the use of
continuous rotation is limited because of the screwing effect typical of K-files.
Safety tips : K-files can be rotated only using moderate pressure. Use of force, particularly
with smaller sized instruments may result in distortion of the helical structure and ultimately in
fracture. Balanced force technique and filing instead of continuous rotation should be used with
sizes 06 - 15 to minimize fracture risk. Each instrument should be checked for symmetry by rotating
it against an even background before introducing it into the canal
3- FLEXOREAMER
Design & Structure : Flexoreamers are manufactured from a triangular steel wire that is
twisted to give the typical shape of a reamer. The angle between the long-axis and the cutting
blade is small, and therefore preparation by flexoreamer is effective only in rotatory motion.
The tip of the instrument is non-cutting ('bat-tip', 'inactive tip') making flexoreamer well
suited for the preparation of evenly curved canals without risk of ledging.
Sizes & Codes : Flexoreamers come in sizes 15 - 40, all with a taper of 0.02. Reamer
design is identified by the triangle symbol on the handle.
Flexoreamers are best distinguished from normal reamers by the size code at the top of the
instrument: in flexoreamers the colour of the number is the same as the colour of the handle.
Recommended use : The flexoreamer is well suited both for straight canals and slightly
curved canals. It prepares dentin in rotation but not if used as a file. The cutting efficiency
and usability of flexoreamers are excellent. In slightly curved canals the recommended
techniques are continuous rotation (upper picture) when the resistance is small and balanced
force (lower picture) against greater resistance.
Safety tips : Flexoreamers can be rotated only using moderate pressure. Use of force,
and ultimately in fracture. Every instrument should be checked for symmetry by rotating it
against an even background before introducing it into the canal.
4- FLEXOFILE
Design & Structure : Flexofiles are manufactured from triangular (note!) steel wire that
is twisted to give the typical profile of a K-file. The angle between the long-axis and the
cutting blade is bigger than in reamers, which is why preparation by flexofile is effective both
in rotating motion and in filing motion (up and down movement)
The tip of the instrument is non-cutting ('bat-tip')which makes the flexofile well suited for the
preparation of evenly curved canals without the risk of ledge formation
Sizes & Codes: Flexofiles come in sizes 15 - 40, all with a taper of 0.02. K-file design is
identified by the square symbol on the handle.
Flexofiles can be best distinguished from normal K-files by the size code at the top of the
instrument: in flexofiles the color of the number is the same as the color of the handle.
Recommended use : Flexofile is suited for both straight canals and slightly curved canals.
The flexofile prepares dentin effectively both in filing motion (up and down) and when
rotated. In slightly curved canals the recommended techniques are continuous rotation (lower
picture) when the resistance is small and balanced force (upper picture) against greater
resistance. Use of continuous rotation is limited as compared to reamers because of the
screwing effect typical of K-files.
afety tips:
Flexofiles can be rotated (balanced force) only using moderate pressure. Use of force,
and ultimately in fracture. Every instrument should be checked for symmetry by rotating it
against an even background before introducing it into the canal.
5- HEDSTR0EM FILE
Design & Structure : Hedstroem files are manufactured from round steel wire by
grinding. The angle between the long-axis and the cutting blade is close to right angle, which
is why preparation by Hedstroem files is effective only when using a filing motion (up and
down movement).
Sizes & Codes:
Hedstroems come in sizes 08 - 140, all with a taper of 0.02. H-file design is identified by the
circle symbol on the handle.
H10-H40 H45-H80 H90-H140
Recommended use
Hedstroem can be used both in straight canals and curved canals. The hedstroem prepares
dentin effectively only when using a filing, up and down motion. In curved canals, files (sizes
20/25 and bigger) must be pre-curved to correspond to the shape of the curve. H-files must
always fit loosely in the canal to avoid risk for fracture. This is easily obtained by selecting a
smaller H-file after each rotating instrument. Small sizes up to #25 can be used down into full
preparation length while bigger sizes are often used 1 - 3 mm short.
Safety tips
Hedstroem files show a greater risk for fracture than reamers and K-files if used in a wrong
way. However, correctly used H-files rarely fracture. Hedstroem must always fit loosely in
the canal and they must never be rotated. In curved canals Hedstroem-files are pre-curved to
correspond to the shape of the canal. Before introducing them into the canal, all Hedstroem
files must be inspected for possible earlier damage to the instrument and discarded
immediately if an asymmetry in the cutting area is found.
6- NITI
Design & Structure
NiTiflex-files are manufactured from nickel-titan wire that is ground to give the typical
profile of a K-file. The angle between the long-axis and the cutting blade is bigger than in
reamers, and therefore preparation by NiTiflex-file is effective both in rotating motion and in
filing motion (up and down movement).
The tip of the instrument is non-cutting ('bat-tip') which makes the NiTiflex-file well suited
for the preparation of curved canals without the risk of ledge formation.
Sizes & Codes
NiTiflex-files come in sizes 15 - 60, all with a taper of 0.02. K-file design is identified by the
square symbol on the handle.
NiTiflex-files can be best distinguished from normal K-files by the code that in NiTiflex-files
is printed with two colors.
Recommended use
NiTiflex-file is suited to be used both in straight canals as well as in curved canals. The
NiTiflex-file prepares dentin both in filing motion (up and down) and when rotated. In curved
canals the recommended techniques are continuous rotation when the resistance is small and
balanced force against greater resistance. Use of balanced force instead of continuous
rotation is easier because of the K-file design, which causes a screwing effect in continuous
rotation. The use of filing motion in curved canals can cause transportation and ledging, and
is not recommended.
Safety tips
NiTiflex-files can be rotated only using moderate pressure. Use of force may result in
fracture also with bigger sized instruments. NiTiflex-files are super-elastic and always return
to their original shape (= elastic memory), which makes it difficult or impossible to detect
weakened structure by visual observation. Fracture risk is best controlled by correct use and
by using the instrument no more than ten times.
2. Rotary preparation
instruments
A. Pro Taper
B. Great Taper
C.ProFile
D.Quantec
E.RaCe
F.Flex Master
G.K3
H.EndoSequence
A.Pro Taper
Pro Taper: Design and Structure
ProTaper instruments are prepared from round nickel-titan wire by grinding. Cross-section of
the instruments shows a triangular structure with three cutting points and no radial lands.
ProTaper instruments have a non-cutting tip that guides the instrument in the canal and
reduces the risk for ledge formation.
The convex triangular cross-section which reduces the contact area between the file and
dentine. This greater cutting efficiency has been safely incorporated through balancing the
pitch and helical angles. A progressively tapered file engages a smaller zone of dentine which
reduces torsional loads, file fatigue and the potential for breakage. It clinically serves to
improve flexibility, cutting efficiency and typically reduces the number of recapitulations
needed to achieve length, especially, in tight or more curved canals.
Sizes & Codes :
ProTaper instruments are manufactured in six sizes: Three shapers and three finishing
files.SX file (no color ring) is 19 mm long and has varying tapers of 3.5% (D1), 19% (D9),
and 2.0% (D14). The tip of the instrument is 0.19 mm in diameter.
S1 (violet) has a tip diameter of 0.185 mm and a taper from 2% (D1) to 11% (D14).
S2 (white) has a tip diameter of 0.20 mm and a taper from 4% (D1) to 11.5% (D14).
The diameter of all three Shaper files at D14 is the same, 1.19 mm.
F1 file (yellow) has a tip diameter of 0.20 mm. The taper is 7% at D1 and 5.5 % at D14.
F2 (red) has a tip diameter of 0.25 mm. The taper is 8% at D1 and 5.5 % at D14.
F3 (blue) has a tip diameter of 0.30 mm. The taper is 9% at D1 and 5.0 % at D14.
The diameters of the F files at D14 are 1.02 mm, 1.11 mm and 1.16 mm, respectively.
Recommended use
ProTaper is used in a rotating contra-angle with a high torque and a constant speed of 250 -
350 rpm employing only light pressure.
Guidelines:
1. Work instruments to light resistance and never force them.
2. Only use instruments in a well irrigated and lubricated canal.
3.The appropriate finishing file passively follows the canal to the desired length… then is
immediately withdrawn.
4. Use in constant rotation at a speed of 250-350 rpm.
5. Clean flutes frequently and check for signs of distortion or wear.
The ProTaper technic:

Explore the root canal with a stainless steel N° 10K hand file using a small reciprocating
back and forth motion. Work passively and progressively until it is a few millimeters short of
the estimated working length. Fill the pulp chamber full with either Glyde™ or Sodium
Hypochlorite (NaOCl) for all initial negotiation procedures.
Now, start the ProTaper™ sequence with Shaping file N° 1 which has purple ring. The S1 is
carried into the canal and moved apically to just short of the depth of the hand files. In more
difficult canals, one or two recapitulations may be necessary to enlarge the coronal two thirds
of the canal. Irrigate and go back in with 10K hand file to break up debris and then re-irrigate.
The SX (no colour ring) is then used with a brushstroke action to selectively remove dentine,
relocate the canal away from furcal danger and achieve straight line radicular access. With
improved access, the SX is passively fit a little deeper into the canal until it encounters light
resistance. Bounce off this resistance and brush out of the canal in an apical to coronal
direction. Continue with the SX until about two thirds of the overall length of its cutting
blades are below the orifice. Don’t forget to irrigate.
Once the pre-enlargement procedure is finished with excellent coronal two thirds access, use
a precurved 10K hand file to negotiate the rest of the canal, establish patency, and confirm
working length. When working length is confirmed and a smooth GLYDE path to the
terminus is verified, use Shaping file N° 1 to length.
Following the use of S1, irrigate and use Shaping file N° 2 which has a white ring on its
handle. This file will typically go to full working length on the first pass. Following its use,
irrigate.
When the coronal two thirds of the canal has been prepared, the apical one third can be
finished. The Finishing file N° 1 has a yellow ring (ISO 020) and with the canal flooded with
irrigant, carefully take the F1 to working length and immediately withdraw.
Gauge the size of the foramen by placing a 20 K hand file to length. If snug at working length
then the canal is prepared and ready to obturate. If it is loose, use Finishing file N° 2 (red ring
ISO 025). Irrigate and carry the F2 to length and gauge the size of the foramen by placing a
25 K hand file to length. If snug at length then the canal is prepared and ready to obturate. If
it is loose use Finishing file N° 3 (blue ring ISO 030) and carefully carry it to length. Gauge
the foramen with the equivalent hand file. Normally, this would be as large as you would
prepare a calcified and/or curved canal.
Always refer to the manufacturer's latest instructions and recommendations regarding the
correct use of the instruments.
Safety tips :
Only light pressure can be used with the instruments, never force them. ProTaper is an
extremely effective instrument that cuts dentin smoothly. Instruments must therefore be
constantly cleaned and inspected. Distorted instruments must be discarded immediately.
ProTaper is not used with a pecking motion, but lightly pressed forward in the canal.
B. Great Taper
Design and Structure :
GT instruments are prepared from round nickel-titan wire by grinding. Cross-section of the
instruments shows a U-file structure with radial lands that inhibit screwing effect in dentin.
GT instruments have a bat-tip (= inactive tip) that guides the instrument in the canal and
reduces the risk for ledge formation.
Sizes & Codes :
GT instruments are produced in three sizes, 20, 30, and 40, and each size comes in four
tapers: 10, 08, 06 and 04. The size of the instrument is shown by the colour band, and the
taper is indicated by the number of taper rings.
In addition, three bigger instruments are included in the GT family; sizes 35, 50 and 70, all
with a taper 12, for preparation of very large canals and for coronal flare in other canals.
Recommended use
GT instruments are used in a rotating contra-angle with a high torque and a constant speed of
(150-) 350 rpm, while employing light pressure. Each instrument is used for 5 to 10 seconds
in a pecking motion: push forward - draw back - push forward etc. If the instrument does not
proceed in the canal, pressure must not be increased but a smaller instrument must be tried.
Preparation is based on a crown-down technique where the coronal and mid-part of the canal
are prepared with four crown-down instruments before apical preparation. Preparation is
finished by coronal flaring, using one or more of the three flaring instruments. Always refer
to the manufacturer's latest instructions and recommendations on the correct use of the
instruments.
Safety tips
Only light pressure, similar to writing with a pencil, can be used with the instruments.
Distorted instruments must be discarded immediately. Crown-down and apical preparation
instruments can be used one to five times, flaring instruments five to ten times.
C.ProFile
Design and Structure
Profile instruments are prepared from round nickel-titan wire by grinding. Cross-section of
the instruments shows a U-file structure with radial lands that inhibit screwing effect in
dentin. Profile instruments have a bat-tip (= inactive tip) that guides the instrument in the
canal and reduces the risk of ledge formation.
Sizes & Codes
Profile comes in three series that have different tapers.

04-series (taper 0.04) includes sizes 15-45, 60 and 90, all in lengths 21 and 25 mm.
06-series (taper 0.06) includes sizes 15-40 in lengths 21 and 25 mm.
Orifice shapers are shorter instruments (19 mm) with tapers from 0.05 to 0.08 and with a
different color/size match than in other instruments, as follows:
white #20/05, yellow #30/06, red #40/06, blue #50/07, green #60/08, black #80/08.
Recommended use
Profile is used in a rotating contra-angle with a high torque and a constant speed of 250-300
rpm, while employing light pressure. Each instrument is used for 5 to 10 seconds in a pecking
motion: push forward - draw back - push forward etc. If the instrument does not proceed in
the canal, pressure must not be increased but a smaller / next instrument must be tried.
Preparation is based on a crown-down technique where the coronal and mid part of the canal
are prepared before the apical part. Always refer to the manufacturer's latest instructions and
recommendations on the correct use of the instruments.
Safety tips
Distorted instruments must be discarded immediately. Small sizes and 04 taper instruments
can be used in 1 - 5 teeth, 06 taper instruments in 5 - 10 teeth.
D.Quantec
Quantec instruments are prepared from round nickel-titan wire by grinding. Cross-section of
the instruments shows a special structure of two cutting points and radial lands that inhibit
screwing effect in dentin. Quantec instruments are manufactured in two types; the SC series
has a cutting tip that has limited ability to penetrate into dentin, and the LX-series with a non-
cutting tip.
Sizes & Codes
Quantec comes in a series of sixteen instruments with its own color code system and different
sizes and tapers as follows:
1: #25/06 2: #15/02 3: #20/06 4: #25/02 5: #25/03
6: #25/04 7: #25/05 8: #25/06 9: #40/02 10: #45/02
A new starting set includes three nr. 25 instruments (17 mm) with tapers 12, 10 and 08, and
three new finishing sizes are 50, 55 and 60 , all in taper 02. Always refer to the
manufacturer's latest instructions and recommendations on the correct use of the instruments.
Recommended use
Quantec is used in a rotating contra-angle with a high torque and a constant speed of 250 rpm, while
employing light pressure. Each instrument is used for 5 to 10 seconds in a pecking motion: push
forward - draw back - push forward etc. If the instrument does not proceed in the canal, pressure must
not be increased but a smaller instrument must be tried.
Preparation is started in the coronal and middle parts of the canal that are flared with instruments
#25/12, #25/10, #25/08 and #25/06. This is followed by a sequential use of the instruments from 4
(02/25) to 9 or 10 up to the preparation length, when possible with normal pressure. In larger canals,
the preparation may be continued with sizes 50 - 60.
In large canals that are easily prepared the number of instruments may be reduced as follows:
1, 4, 9, 10.
However, this requires extensive experience in the use of these instruments. Always refer to the
manufacturer's latest instructions and recommendations on the correct use of the instruments.
Safety tips
Distorted instruments must be discarded immediately. Depending on the resistance in
preparation, each instrument can be used in 1 - 5 teeth. Excessive force and using the
instruments too many times can result in fracture.
E.RaCe
Pro Taper Design and Structure
RaCe is an acronym standing for Reamer with Alternating Cutting Edges. The cross-section
of the RaCe instruments is a convex triangle, with the exeption of the two smallest
instruments, #15/02 and #20/02 (taper 02), which both have a square cross-section. In the
manufacturing process, special attention has been focused on achieving a smooth metal
(NiTi) surface of the instruments. Each RaCe instruments has a constant taper throughout the
working area, ranging from 02 taper to 10 taper, depending on the instrument. The
instruments have a rounded tip (see photo folder) and three sharp cutting edges. The
instruments are made of nickel titanium, however, two Pre-RaCe instruments are available
also as steel instruments (Pre-RaCe #40/10 and #35/08).
Sizes & Codes
The RaCe instruments are produced as "Pre-RaCe" instruments with a short working area for
preparation of the coronal canal and as "RaCe" instruments for the preparation of the middle
and apical portions of the canal. Twenty different basic designs of RaCe instruments are
available, different lengths (21 and 25 mm) give the number of instruments of ca. 30. The
tapers of the Pre-RaCe and RaCe instruments vary from 06 to 10 and from 02 to 06,
respectively (see tables in the photo folder). The sizes from #15 to #60 are available in the 02
taper series, while RaCe instruments in the 04 and 06 series have only three sizes (#25 - #35
and #20 - #30). RaCe is available also in four sets, designed for preparation of canals with
different sizes and shapes, or to be used with different techniques (crown down, step back,
e.g.)
Recommended use
The RaCe instruments are used with low torque at a speed of 300 - 600 rpm. Torque settings are
available from the manufacturer for different motors, such as Endostepper (picture in the main
window). The manufacturer recommends the use of Pre-RaCe files #40/10, #35/08, #30 and #40/06
for Crown down procedure. Except the #40/06 this files are integrated in the prefabricated sequences
No. 722 and 723. Brief and quick back and forth movements are recommended to be used with the
RaCe instrument.
Safety tips
The RaCe instrument must never be forced forward in the canal, manual instruments must be
used to negotiate obstacles. Instrumentation is done together with copious irrigation. RaCe
system is recommended to be used with safety memory disks (SMD). Each SMD has eight
petals. The SMD disk is color coded to indicate the taper of the instruments: note that the
color indicates different tapers in the Pre-RaCe and RaCe instruments.
The SMD gauge helps to calculate the difficulty of the case with the aid of the canals
curvature on the X-ray: a three step scale with simple (S), medium (M) and difficult (D)
canals make the allocation of the degree of difficulty easy and determine the number of petals
to be removed after file usage in the canal.
F.Flex Master
Flexmaster is a rotary NiTi instrument with a convex triangular cross section with sharp K-
type cutting edges. Each Flexmaster instruments has a constant taper throughout the working
area, tapers 02, 04 and 06 are available. The instruments have a self-centering and rounded
tip with semiactive cutting ability because the blade runs far towards the tip.
A Flexmaster IntroFile is shorter than the other Flexmaster files, and has a taper of 11.
Sizes & Codes
Flexmaster instruments use the ISO color codes for different sizes. Taper 02 instruments are
available in sizes #20 - #70, while the 04 and 06 taper instruments are produced in sizes #20 -
#40. Different tapers are identified by the number of grooves/rings in the shaft. The
Flexmaster IntroFile has a tip size #22 and a taper of 11%.
Recommended use
The manufacturer recommends the usage of FlexMaster within a speed of 150-300 rpm. A
torque control motor is useful. Depending on the difficulty and wideness of canals the
following sequences are recommended and offered in a Basic Kit with the IntroFile:
Wide canals: blue sequence with: #30 .06, #25 .06, #20 .06 and #30 .04
Medium canals: red sequence with: #25 .06, #20 .06, #30 .04 and #25 .04
Small canals: yellow sequence with: #20 .06, #30 .04, #25 .04 and #20 .04
Apical shaping: green sequence with: #20 .02, #25 .02, #30 .02 and #35 .02
Safety tips
The number of file usages should be calculated. A control sheet makes this work easier with
writing down a cross for every usage in a canal. After at least eight times shaping of canals,
the file should be discarded.
G.K3
The cross section of a K3 instrument reveals three cutting blades with slightly positive rake
angles, followed by radial lands. Two of the radial lands have been partly reduced (Radial
Land Relief) in order to improve the cutting efficiency of the file. The safe-ended non-cutting
tip of the K3 instrument follows the root canal and reduces risk of transportation.
K3 instruments have a "Variable Core Diameter", or variable flute depth. The proportion of
the core diameter to the outside diameter is greatest at the tip, where strength is most
important. The instruments also have a variable helical flute angle to reduce screwing effect.
K3: Sizes & Codes
K3 rotary instruments are available in a variety of sizes, lengths and tapers (see popup
pictures for details). The picture in the main window above shows a G Pack set
(Greater/Graduate Taper). The taper is shown by the color of the silicone stopper and a color
ring in the metal handle, the size of the tip is indicate by the other ring color in the handle. K3
files are produced in lengths of 17 mm - 30 mm, depending on the taper and size of the tip.
K3: Recommended use
The following instructions are a brief guide for preparing the majority of root canals. Larger
canals require less preparation in the coronal and middle portions but more cleaning with
sodium hypochlorite. The guidelines below follow the principles of a step-down technique.
1. Place rubber dam and cut an access cavity. Ensure there is straight-line access into at least
the coronal portion of all the canals.
2. Insert a size 10 Kfile into each canal to check there is an unobstructed pathway for at least
1/2 to 3/4 of the estimated canal length. Canal length estimated from pre-operative
radiograph.
3. Place an Orifice Opener taper 10 into the canal(s) and penetrate for a few millimetres.
Speed 250 rpm and using a slow gentle in and out movement
4. Place an EDTA lubricant into the canal opening(s). Work an 08 taper orifice opener 3-4
mms further into the canal.
5. Irrigate with sodium hypochlorite using a gauge 27 or 30 irrigation needle.
6. Measure the working length of the canal with a Kfile with the aid of an apex locator or a
radiograph. Establish apical patency by passing the 10 Kfile passively through the apex by no
more than 1.0mm.
7. Begin filing with K3 06 tapered instruments. Speed 200-250 rpm using light even pressure
with a slow in and out movement. Use each instrument for no more than 6 seconds.
8. Files used in sequence from the largest to the smallest. Place silicone stops on the
instruments at the working length. Start with size 35, then 30, 25, 20, in a run down to size15.
Repeat the step-down from size 35 until size 20 reaches the working length.
9. Irrigate after alternate instruments and at completion of filing
10. Check apical patency with size 10 Kfile.
Difficult fine and long curved canals

For those occasional difficult canals which are long, very fine and curved use both 04 tapers
and 06 tapers.
Open the coronal and middle thirds as described above, the use K3 starting with size 30 06
followed by 30 04, then 25 06 followed by 25 04, and finally 20 06 and 20 04. If this method
does not reach the working length then widen the guide path with hand Kfiles from size 10 to
15 and then 20 at the full working length. Another run of 06’s and 04’s from 30 down to 20
will complete the preparation.
K3 G-Pack (Graduating Taper) Instrumentation Guide

1. Obtain Straight-Line Access using the LA Axxess kit.
2. Locate the canal orifices and obtain coronal patency using hand files.
3. Begin Crown-down by taking the .12 Taper K3 Shaper to resistance (the .12 Taper K3
Shaper is designed to open the orifice only).
4. Take the .10 Taper K3 Shaper to resistance.
5. Establish working length. Establish this with your Elements Diagnostic Unit. A radiograph
may be taken to assist in working length determination.
6. Take .08 taper K3 Shaper to resistance.
7. Take the .06 Taper #25 K3 File to resistance. Many canals will be finished after this step.
8. In more difficult, curved and narrow canals you have the option of using a .04 Taper #25
K3 File and a .02 Taper #25 K3 File until working length is achieved. Recapitulate back to
.04, then .06 taper, if possible.
9. Take each instrument to resistance at 300-350 RPM in an electric torque control motor,
using each instrument for no longer than 5-7 seconds.
Clinical Tips
• Establish a glide path with hand files. Confirm patency between all rotary files with a #08
hand file.
• Irrigate copiously, alternating between sodium hypoclorite and SmearClear (17% EDTA
containing antimicrobial and wetting agents).
• Use very light pressure. Never force instruments to working length.
• When the instrument no longer advances apically, proceed to the next smaller taper.
• Note: The G Pack will work in many cases, but all canals differ in size and shape so
additional sizes of K3 Files may be required.
K3 Procedure Pack Instrumentation Guide

1. Obtain Straight-Line Access using the LA Axxess kit.
2. Locate the canal orifices and obtain coronal patency using hand files.
3. Begin Crown-down by taking .10 Taper K3 Shaper to resistance.
4. Take .08 taper K3 Shaper to resistance.
5. Estimate apical size.
6. Begin Crown Down using a size #40 K3 File.
7. Establish working length. Establish this with your Elements Diagnostic Unit. A radiograph
may be taken to assist in working length determination.
8. Complete Crown Down preparation with a #35 K3 File, #30 K3 File, #25 K3 File, by
taking each instrument to resistance at 300-350 RPM in an electric torque control motor,
using each instrument for no longer than 5-7 seconds.
Clinical Tips
• Establish a glide path with hand files. Confirm patency between all rotary files.
• Irrigate often, alternating between sodium hypoclorite and SmearClear (17% EDTA
containing antimicrobial and wetting agents).
• Use very light pressure. Never force instruments. When the instrument no longer advances
apically, proceed to the next file.
• The Procedure Pack will work in many cases, but all canals are different and additional
sizes of K3 Files may be required. You will want to begin with a K3 File 3 sizes larger than
your estimated apical diameter.
K3: Safety tips
All rotary files can break when used carelessly. Always inspect the files before use to detect
any asymmetry in the light reflection pattern. Follow manufacturer's detailed instructions
regarding speed, pressure, technics (e.g. pecking), sizes and number of uses per instrument.
External motors can be helpful to maintain even torque and speed to further reduce the risk of
file fracture.
H.EndoSequence
EndoSequence is a rotary NiTi instrument with a triangular cross section with sharp reamer-
type cutting edges. Each EndoSequence instruments has a constant taper throughout the
working area, tapers 04 and 06 are available. The instruments have a self-centering and
rounded tip.
The instrument design includes "alternate contact points" (ACP’s) along the shank of the
instrument. Despite of constant taper, ACP should result in reduced contact area during
preparation, which according to the manufacturer helps keeping the file centered in the canal
and reduces the torque requirements of the file. To further reduce risk for screw effect, the
EndoSequence file has both variable pitch and variable helical angles.
Like the RaCe rotary file, EndoSequence file has been subjected to the process of electro
polishing, which can be detected by the glossy surface of the metal. According to the
manufacturer electro polishing improves the physical properties of the instrument.
Sizes & Codes
EndoSequence files are manufactured in tapers 06 and 04. The smaller 04 files have a golden shank,
while the 06 files have a silver color. 04 instruments are available in sizes 15 - 40; for the 06 files two
additional sizes of 45 and 50 are also made. For initial canal preparation, an intermediate file with a
size 27 and 04 taper is available (Expeditor file). The regular sized files are made in three lengths: 21,
25 and 31mm. Color coding shows the tip size according to the ISO color standard system.
Recommended use
EndoSequence rotary files are used with only very slight pressure for a short time in the
canal. The recommended speed is 500 - 600 rpm in electric handpiece. After inspection of the
canal with a #10 manual instrument (K-file), the recommended technique is crown-down
preparation. Always check for the latest instructions by the manufacturer for the correct and
recommended technique.
Safety tips
Any rotary file can break when used carelessly. Always inspect the files before use to detect
any asymmetry in the light reflection pattern. Follow manufacturer's detailed instructions
regarding speed, pressure, technics, sizes and number of uses per instrument. External motors
can be helpful to maintain even torque and speed to further reduce the risk of file fracture.
EndoSequence files are used with a very slight pressure, each file is only a short time in the
canal.
3. Instruments Self
Assessment
Hand instruments
True False
Reamers are always made of triangular steel wire
Reamers are always made of square steel wire
Reamers have a low angle between the long-axis and the cutting blade
The symbol of a reamer is a triangle
A "classical" reamer has an actively cutting tip
Reamers are manufactured in sizes #06 to #140
The optimal way of using a reamer is rotation by the clock
Reamers cannot be used with the balanced force technics
Reamers are not effective in filing motion
K-files are always made of square steel wire
The symbol of a K-file is a square
The angle between the long-axis and the cutting blade in K-files is greater than in
reamers
The optimal instrumentation technics with K-files is balanced force
Balanced force technics helps to minimize screwing effect with K-files
Screwing effect is a smaller problem in K-files than in reamers
A "classical" K-file has an actively cutting tip
Actively cutting tip help K-files to avoid transportation and ledging
Small K-files of #06 - #10 should not be using for instrumentation of narrow,
calcified canals
New, more flexible stainless steel K-files and reamers usually have a non-cutting tip
Flexofiles and Flexoreamers are both made of steel wire with a triangular cross
section
The most effective technics to use Hedstroem files (H-files) is balanced force technics
The angle between the long-axis and the cutting blade in H-files is greater than in
reamers
The angle between the long-axis and the cutting blade in H-files is close to 90 degrees
H-files remove dentine most effectively on their way down into the canal
Optimally, after reamer or K-file, same size H-file should be used
H-files can be used in curved canals
NiTi K-files are made of nickel titanium
NiTi K-files must be used in a filing motion
The optimal instrumentation technics with NiTi K-files is balanced force
NiTi K-files can be used by continuous rotation
Screwing effect is not a problem with NiTi K-files when used by continuous rotation
Rotary instruments
True False
Rotary instruments are used in clockwise rotation
Most rotary files are used at 300 rpm
Some rotary files are used at 600 rpm
All different instrument designs are used in pecking motion
Crown-down principle is seldom used with rotary instruments
Rotary files are produced in tapers ranging from 02 to 12
Radial land is supposed to prevent screw effect
RaCe has radial lands
ProTaper does not have radial lands
Profile has radial lands
It is not necessary to inspect the canals with hand instruments before using rotary
Hand instrumentation should be done to sizes 15 - 20 before starting rotary
06 taper instruments are generally more flexible than 04 taper instruments
Orifice shaper/opener instruments have always 02 - 04 taper
High torsional loads increase fracture risk
File fatigue increases fracture risk
Rotary files can be used in 1 - 5 teeth, depending on the resistance and

recommendations of the manufacturer
Rotary instruments can be re-used in easy canals even if they are slightly distorted
Rotary files must always be in vertical motion (going down or up)
GT files have a varying taper in each instrument
RaCe files have a varying taper in each instrument
ProTaper files have a varying taper in each instrument

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UENDODONTIC

K06-10 K15-40 K45-80 K90-140

H10-H40 H45-H80 H90-H140

Sizes & Codes

Sizes & Codes :

The ProTaper technic:

Design and Structure :

Sizes & Codes :

Design and Structure

Profile comes in three series that have different tapers.

Sizes & Codes

K3: Recommended use

Difficult fine and long curved canals

K3 G-Pack (Graduating Taper) Instrumentation Guide

K3 Procedure Pack Instrumentation Guide

Sizes & Codes

Reamers are always made of triangular steel wire

Reamers are always made of square steel wire

The symbol of a reamer is a triangle

A "classical" reamer has an actively cutting tip

Reamers are manufactured in sizes #06 to #140

The optimal way of using a reamer is rotation by the clock

Reamers cannot be used with the balanced force technics

Reamers are not effective in filing motion

The symbol of a K-file is a square

The optimal instrumentation technics with K-files is balanced force

Balanced force technics helps to minimize screwing effect with K-files

Screwing effect is a smaller problem in K-files than in reamers

A "classical" K-file has an actively cutting tip

Actively cutting tip help K-files to avoid transportation and ledging

Optimally, after reamer or K-file, same size H-file should be used

H-files can be used in curved canals

NiTi K-files are made of nickel titanium

NiTi K-files must be used in a filing motion

The optimal instrumentation technics with NiTi K-files is balanced force

NiTi K-files can be used by continuous rotation

Rotary instruments are used in clockwise rotation

Most rotary files are used at 300 rpm

Some rotary files are used at 600 rpm

All different instrument designs are used in pecking motion

Crown-down principle is seldom used with rotary instruments

Radial land is supposed to prevent screw effect

RaCe has radial lands

ProTaper does not have radial lands

Profile has radial lands

Hand instrumentation should be done to sizes 15 - 20 before starting rotary

06 taper instruments are generally more flexible than 04 taper instruments

Orifice shaper/opener instruments have always 02 - 04 taper

High torsional loads increase fracture risk

File fatigue increases fracture risk

Rotary files can be used in 1 - 5 teeth, depending on the resistance and

Rotary files must always be in vertical motion (going down or up)

RaCe files have a varying taper in each instrument

ProTaper files have a varying taper in each instrument

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