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Design wind loads are required for a tall office building in the Brisbane metropolitan
area. The relevant information is as follows :
30 m 46 m
183 m
This building (known as the CAARC building), or variations of it, have been used as
benchmarks for wind-tunnel testing.
Regional wind speed
According to the Building Code of Australia (BCA), the structure should be treated as
Level 3. Hence take average recurrence interval, R, for loading and overall structural
response equal to 1000 years.
For Region B, Md = 0.95 for overturning forces and major structural system for all
directions (Section 3.3.2).
For cladding design, Md =1.0 .
Terrain-height multiplier
z=h=183 m, For Terrain Category 3, Mz,cat = M183,cat3 = 1.23 (Table 4.1 by interpolation)
Shielding
There are no other buildings of greater height in any direction. Take Ms, equal to 1.0 for
all directions.
Topography
Site wind speed for all directions for overall loads and main structural design,
Vsit, = 60(0.95)(1.23)(1.0)(1.0) = 70.1 m/s (Equation 2.2)
For elements greater than 100 m2 in area on roof or side walls, Ka = 0.8
For small elements < 10m2 in area (e.g. glazed curtain wall elements) Ka = 1.0
Kc,e= 0.9 for two effective surfaces – e.g. lateral pressure on windward and leeward walls
– Case (g) in Table 5.5.
Kc = 1.0
Cfig. Cdyn to be obtained as a product from Section 6.3.2 for cross-wind response
Calculation of along-wind Cdyn
1
Background factor, Bs (Equation 6.2(2))
0.26(h s ) 2 0.46bsh
2
1
Lh
0.25 0.25
h 183
Lh 85 85 176m
10 10
Hs = 1.0
1
Size reduction factor, S
3.5na h(1 g v I h ) 4na b0 h (1 g v I h )
1 1
Vdes, Vdes,
For b = 46 m,
For b = 30 m,
na Lh 1 g v I h
Reduced frequency, N
Vdes,
N
Et (Equation 6.2(4))
1 70.8N
2 5/6
π(0.746)
=
(1 + 70.8(0.746)2 )5/6 = 0.107
(ratio of structural damping to critical) : take as 0.03
(maximum value for reinforced concrete buildings –see Notes to Clause 6.2.2)
2 H g SEt
2
1 2 I h g v Bs s R
Cdyn (Equation 6.2(1))
1 2 gv I h
For b = 46 m,
(1.0)(3.28)2 (0.151)(0.107)
1 + 2(0.143) (3.4)2 (0.641) +
0.03
Cdyn =
(1 + 2(3.4)(0.143))
1 + 0.286 [7.410 + 5.794 ]
= = 1.023
1.972
For b = 30 m,
2 (1.0)(3.28)2 (0.178)(0.107)
1 + 2(0.143) (3.4) (0.648) +
0.03
Cdyn =
(1 + 2(3.4)(0.143))
1 + 0.286 [7.491 + 6.830 ]
= = 1.056
1.972
Calculation of base moment
Calculations were carried out by spreadsheet. Summaries of the results are given in the
following tables.
Cfig = Cp,e. Ka. Kc,e. K = +0.8 (1.0) (0.9) (1.0) = 0.72 for windward wall
Cfig = Cp,e. Ka. Kc,e. K = -0.5 (1.0) (0.9) (1.0) = -0.45 for leeward wall
Total along-wind base bending moment obtained by summing contributions from second
last column
= 2560 MN.m
Total base torsion obtained by summing contributions from last column = 243 MN.m
Wind normal to 30 m wall:
Cfig = Cp,e. Ka. Kc,e. K = +0.8 (1.0) (0.9) (1.0) = 0.72 for windward wall
Cfig = Cp,e. Ka. Kc,e. K = -0.39 (1.0) (0.9) (1.0) = -0.35 for leeward wall
Total along-wind base bending moment obtained by summing contributions from last
column
= 1570 MN.m
Cross-wind response
By interpolation for 6 : 1.5 : 1 and I2h/3 = 0.159, log10 Cfs = -2.605 hence, Cfs = 0.00248
b Km z
k
C fs
C fig Cdyn 1.5g R 2 (Equation 6.3(2))
d 1 g v I h h
46 1 z π( 0.00248)
= 1.5( 3.28) = 0.00951 z
30 (1 + ( 3.4)( 0.143))2 183 0.03
Equivalent cross-wind load per unit height is evaluated in the following table.
Total cross-wind base bending moment obtained by summing contributions from last
column
= 1710 MN.m
Alternatively, using Equation 6.3(3)
0.5 airVdes, 2 2 3 C fs
M c 0.5g R b 2
h Km
1 g v I h k 2
0.6(70.1)2 2 π(0.00248)
= 0.5(3.28)(46) ( )
2 183 1 (1) N.m
(1 + 3.4(0.143)) 0.03
= 1.719 109 N.m = 1720 MN.m
By interpolation for 6 : 1 : 1.5 and I2h/3 = 0.159, log10 Cfs = -1.792 hence, Cfs = 0.0162
b Km z
k
C fs
C fig Cdyn 1.5g R 2 (Equation 6.3(2))
d 1 g v I h h
30 1 z π(0.0162)
= 1.5(3.28) = 0.01034 z
46 (1 + (3.4)(0.143)) 183
2
0.03
weq ( z ) 0.5 air Vdes, .d .(C figCdyn )
2
(Equation 6.3(1))
Equivalent cross-wind load per unit height is evaluated in the following table
Total cross-wind base bending moment is obtained by summing contributions from last
column
= 2850 MN.m
0.5 airVdes, 2 2 3 C fs
M c 0.5g R b 2
h Km
1 g v I h k 2
0.6(70.1)2 2 π(0.0162)
= 0.5(3.28)(30) ( )
2 183 1 (1) N.m
(1 + 3.4(0.143)) 0.03
= 2.86 109 N.m = 2860 MN.m
Calculation of accelerations
1
Size reduction factor, S
3.5na h(1 g v I h ) 4na b0 h (1 g v I h )
1 1
Vdes , Vdes,
For b = 46 m,
For b = 30 m,
na Lh 1 g v I h
Reduced frequency, N
Vdes,
N
Et (Equation 6.2(4))
1 70.8N 2 5/6
π(1.635)
=
(1 + 70.8(1.635)2 )5/6 = 0.0647
(ratio of structural damping to critical) : take as 0.01
(maximum value for resonant response for reinforced concrete buildings –see Notes to
Section 6.2.2)
H g 2 SEt
2Ih s R
Cdyn,res (derived from Equation 6.2(1))
1 2 g v I h
For b = 46 m,
(1.0)(3.28)2 (0.0531)(0.0647)
2(0.143)
0.01
Cdyn,res =
(1 + 2(3.4)(0.143))
0.286 [3.698 ]
= = 0.279
1.972
For b = 30 m,
(1.0)(3.28)2 (0.0680)(0.0647)
2(0.143)
0.01
Cdyn,res =
(1 + 2(3.4)(0.143))
0.286 [4.736 ]
= = 0.316
1.972
These are most easily obtained from previous calculations of peak base bending
moments, by adjusting for changes in Vdes,θ and Cdyn
For b = 46 m,
Resonant base moment = = 145 MN.m
For b = 30 m,
Resonant base moment = = 98 MN.m
For b = 46 m,
3 3
xmax 2
resonant peak base moment = 5
6
2 × 145 × 10 m/s
2
mo h 2.21× 10 × 183
1000
= 0.0588 m/s2 = 0.0588 × mg = 6.0 mg
9.8
For b = 30 m,
3 3
xmax 2
resonant peak base moment = 5
6
2 × 98 × 10 m/s
2
mo h 2.21× 10 × 183
1000
= 0.0397 m/s2 = 0.0397 × mg = 4.1 mg
9.8
These accelerations are well within accepted comfort criteria, e.g. for office buildings
ISO 10137:2007 allows 0.13 m/s2 for office buildings at the frequency of 0.2 Hertz.
Cross-wind acceleration calculation
2
1.5(46 )(3.28 ) 0.6(32.0 ) (0.000956) 2
= 5 2 (1) m/s
2.21× 10 (1 +(3.4 )(0.143 )
) 0.01
1000
= 0.156 m/s2 = 0.156.( )
mg = 15.9 mg
9.8
By interpolation for 6 : 1.5 : 1 and I2h/3 = 0.159, log10 Cfs = -2.797 hence, Cfs = 0.00160
2
1.5(30 )(3.28 ) 0.6(32.0 ) (0.00160) 2
= 5 2 (1) m/s
2.21× 10 (1 +(3.4 )(0.143 )
) 0.01
1000
= 0.132 m/s2 = 0.132.( )
mg = 13.4 mg
9.8
The peak cross-wind accelerations are on the limit of acceptability for office buildings
according to ISO 10137, at the natural frequency of 0.2 Hertz, some remedial action may
be required (wind-tunnel tests may reduce the predicted accelerations).
Cladding pressures
(note: these are ultimate limit states design loads)
For elements less than 9 m2 in area on walls within a distance of 3 m from corners:
Cfig (external) = Cp,e. Ka. Kc,e. K = -0.65 (1.0) (1.0) (3.0) = -1.95 (negative case)
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (73.8)2 (-1.95)(1.0) = -6372 Pa = -6.37 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -6.37 - (0.0) = -6.37 kPa
For elements less than 36 m2 in area on walls within a distance of 6 m from corners:
Cfig (external) = Cp,e. Ka. Kc,e. K = -0.65 (1.0) (1.0) (2.0) = -1.3 (negative case)
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (73.8)2 (-1.3)(1.0) = -4248 Pa = -4.25 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -4.25 - (0.0) = -4.25 kPa
For elements less than 9 m2 in area on walls greater than a distance of 6 m from corners:
Cfig (external) = Cp,e. Ka. Kc,e. K = -0.65 (1.0)(1.0) (1.5) = -0.975 (negative case)
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (73.8)2 (-0.975)(1.0) = -3186 Pa = -3.19 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -3.19 - (0.0) = -3.19 kPa
For elements greater than 9 m2 in area on walls greater than a distance of 6 m from
corners:
Cfig (external) = Cp,e. Ka. Kc,e. K = -0.65 (1.0) (1.0) (1.0) = -0.65 (negative case)
pext = (0.5 air) Vdes,2 Cfig Cdyn = (0.5)(1.2) (73.8)2 (-0.65)(1.0) = -2124 Pa = -2.12 kPa
pint = 0 kPa
Net pressure across element = -2.12 - (0.0) = -2.12 kPa