MTH 215 Week 5 Study Plan

MTH/215
QUANTITATIVE REASONING I
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Decide whether the following statement makes sense or does not make sense. Explain your
reasoning.
I didn't believe the premises on which he based his argument, so he clearly didn't convince
me of his conclusion.
Decide whether the following statement makes sense (is clearly true) or does not make
sense (or is clearly false).
I know more of the names of the common fallacies in arguments than my father, so I can
recognize fallacies better than he can.
makes sense
does not make sense
Your argument has no fallacies, so your conclusion must be true.
makes sense
does not make sense

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Consider the following example of the logical fallacy of appeal to popularity. Complete
parts (a) and (b) below.
Apple's iPhone outsells all other smart phones, so it must be the best smart phone on the
market.
Consider the following example of a fallacy. Complete parts a and b below.

Fifty years of searching has not revealed life on other planets, so life in the universe must be
confined to Earth.
a. Identify the premise and conclusion of the argument. Choose the correct answer below.

He refused to testify by invoking his Fifth Amendment rights, so he must be guilty.
A.
Premise: He must be guilty. Conclusion: He refused to testify by invoking his Fifth Amendment
rights.
B.
Premise: He refused to testify by invoking his Fifth Amendment rights. Conclusion: He may
not be guilty.
C.
Premise: He may not be guilty. Conclusion: He refused to testify by invoking his Fifth
Amendment rights.
D.
Premise: He refused to testify by invoking his Fifth Amendment rights. Conclusion: He must
be guilty.
b. Briefly describe how the stated fallacy occurs in the argument. Choose the correct answer
below.
A.
The conclusion is stated to invoke an emotional response.
B.
The conclusion is stated as if it were the only possible conclusion.
C.
The conclusion is stated as the opposite as the premise.
D.
The conclusion is stated as if it were caused by the premise.

If the Senator doesn't have any religious affiliation, then he can't have the personal values
required to represent me.
Consider the following example of the logical fallacy of circular reasoning. Complete parts (a)
and (b) below.
Illegal immigration is against the law, so illegal immigrants are criminals.
a. What is the premise? Choose the correct answer below.
A.
Illegal immigration is against the law.
B.
Illegal immigrants are criminals.
C.
Illegal immigration.
D.
The law.
b. What is the conclusion? Choose the correct answer below.
A.
B.
C.
The law.
D.
Criminals are against the law.
Briefly explain how circular reasoning occurs in the argument. Choose the correct answer
below.
A.
This argument is based on a distortion of someone's words or beliefs.
B.
This argument is circular because it questions the motives of the immigrants.
C.
This argument uses ignorance about the truth of a proposition to conclude the opposite.
D.
The conclusion is a restatement of the premise.
Consider the following fallacy (which was not discussed in the text). Explain why the fallacy
applies to the example.
The middle ground fallacy has the following form.
Premise: X and Y are two extreme positions on a question.
Conclusion: Z, which lies between X and Y, must be correct.
Example: Senator Peters supports a large tax cut, and Senator Willis supports no tax cut.
That means a small tax cut must be best.
Decide whether the following statement makes sense or does not make sense. Explain your
reasoning.
I didn't believe the premises on which he based his argument, so he clearly didn't convince
me of his conclusion.
Choose the correct answer below.
A.
Makes sense. While a conclusion may be supported by several premises, a person must
believe those premises to be true to be convinced by the argument.
This is the correct answer.
B.
Doesn't make sense. There is no logical fallacy mentioned.
C.
Makes sense. The listener would have been more likely convinced if the conclusion preceded
the premises.
D.
Doesn't make sense. Premises support conclusions, therefore the listener should have been
convinced.
I know more of the names of the common fallacies in arguments than my father, so I can
recognize fallacies better than he can.
makes sense
does not make sense
Your argument has no fallacies, so your conclusion must be true.
makes sense
does not make sense
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Consider the following example of the logical fallacy of appeal to popularity. Complete
parts (a) and (b) below.
Apple's iPhone outsells all other smart phones, so it must be the best smart phone on the
market.
A.
Apple's iPhone.
B.
All other smart phones.
C.
Apple's iPhone outsells all other smart phones.
D.
Apple's iPhone is the best smart phone on the market.
What is the conclusion? Choose the correct answer below.
A.
All other smart phones.
B.
It is the best smart phone on the market.
C.
It outsells all other smart phones.
D.
Apple's iPhone.
b. Briefly explain how appeal to popularity occurs in the argument. Choose the correct answer
below.
A.
The fact that many people buy the iPhone does not necessarily mean it is the best smart
phone on the market.
B.
We cannot conclude that the popularity of the iPhone caused it to be the best smart phone on
the market.
C.
This conclusion was drawn from an inadequate number of cases that have not been
sufficiently analyzed.
D.
If you read carefully, you'll recognize that the premise and the conclusion both say essentially
the same thing.

Fifty years of searching has not revealed life on other planets, so life in the universe must be
confined to Earth.

He refused to testify by invoking his Fifth Amendment rights, so he must be guilty.
A.
Premise: He must be guilty. Conclusion: He refused to testify by invoking his Fifth Amendment
rights.
B.
Premise: He refused to testify by invoking his Fifth Amendment rights. Conclusion: He may
not be guilty.
C.
Premise: He may not be guilty. Conclusion: He refused to testify by invoking his Fifth
Amendment rights.
D.
Premise: He refused to testify by invoking his Fifth Amendment rights. Conclusion: He must
be guilty.
below.
A.
The conclusion is stated to invoke an emotional response.
B.
C.
D.
The conclusion is stated as if it were caused by the premise.

If the Senator doesn't have any religious affiliation, then he can't have the personal values
required to represent me.
A.
Premise: The Senator doesn't have a religious affiliation. Conclusion: He has the personal
values required to represent me.
B.
Premise: The Senator has the personal values required to represent me. Conclusion:
He doesn't have a religious affiliation.
C.
Premise: The Senator can't have the personal values required to represent me. Conclusion:
He doesn't have a religious affiliation.
D.
Premise: The Senator doesn't have a religious affiliation. Conclusion: He can't have the
personal values required to represent me.
below.
A.
The conclusion is based on a personal allegation.
B.
The conclusion is based on invoking emotion.
C.
D.
Consider the following example of the logical fallacy of circular reasoning. Complete parts (a)
and (b) below.
Illegal immigration is against the law, so illegal immigrants are criminals.
A.
Illegal immigration is against the law.
B.
C.
D.
The law.
b. What is the conclusion? Choose the correct answer below.
A.
B.
C.
The law.
D.
Criminals are against the law.
Briefly explain how circular reasoning occurs in the argument. Choose the correct answer
below.
A.
This argument is based on a distortion of someone's words or beliefs.
B.
This argument is circular because it questions the motives of the immigrants.
C.
This argument uses ignorance about the truth of a proposition to conclude the opposite.
D.
The middle ground fallacy has the following form.
Premise: X and Y are two extreme positions on a question.
Conclusion: Z, which lies between X and Y, must be correct.
Example: Senator Peters supports a large tax cut, and Senator Willis supports no tax cut.
That means a small tax cut must be best.
A.
Let X be no tax cut and Y be a tax cut. A small tax cut lies between no tax cut and a tax cut.
Let Z be a small tax cut.
B.
Let X be no tax cut and Y be a small tax cut. There doesn't need to be a Z because it is
implied.
C.
Let Z be the Mayor's decision for no tax cut, which is not an extreme position.
D.
The mayor chose a middle ground position, therefore it's a middle ground fallacy.
The slippery slope fallacy has the following form.
Premise: X has occurred and is related to Y.
Conclusion: Y will inevitably occur.
Example: America has sent troops to three countries recently. Before you know it, we will
have troops everywhere.
A.
Let X be America having troops everywhere. Let Y be America sending troops to three
countries recently. This is inevitable because America has troops everywhere.
B.
Let Y be America sending troops to three countries recently. This is inevitable because soon
there will be troops everywhere.
C.
America will inevitably send troops to other countries because many countries send troops to
other countries.
D.
Let X be America sending troops to three countries recently. Let Y be America having troops
everywhere. The two events are related, and Y will inevitably occur.
Consider the following example of the logical fallacy of straw man. Complete parts (a) and (b)
below.
The mayor wants to raise taxes to fund social programs, so she must not believe in the value
of hard work.
A.
The mayor
B.
The mayor wants to raise taxes to fund social programs.
C.
She must not believe in the value of hard work.
D.
Social programs
What is the conclusion? Choose the correct answer below.
A.
The mayor
B.
Social programs require a tax raise.
C.
She must not believe in the value of hard work.
D.
Social programs
b. Briefly explain how straw man occurs in the argument. Choose the correct answer below.
A.
The mayor is characterized (perhaps wrongly) by one quality, on which the conclusion is
based.
B.
It artificially precludes choices that ought to be considered.
C.
D.
This is a personal attack on the mayor, so it's called a straw man.
This argument involves some kind of fallacy. Identify the fallacy.

After getting new dishes, I started to sneeze. I must be allergic to the new dishes.
A.
Hasty generalization
B.
Circular reasoning
C.
False cause
D.
Personal attack (ad hominem)
In the following argument, identify the premise and conclusion, explain why the argument
is deceptive, and, if possible, identify the type of fallacy it represents.
All the mayors in my hometown have been men, which shows that men are better qualified for
high office than women.
Identify the premise. Choose the correct answer below.
The argument involves some kind of fallacy. Identify the fallacy.
When confronted with questions from the press about alleged scandals, a congressman
replies that the allegations against him should be ignored since his accuser is part of a
vast right-wing conspiracy.
A.
Circular reasoning
B.
C.
Limited choice
D.
Appeal to popularity
My baby was vaccinated and later developed autism, which is why I believe that vaccines
cause autism.
A.
Vaccines.
B.
I believe that vaccines cause autism.
C.
My baby was vaccinated and later developed autism.
D.
Autism.
Identify the conclusion. Choose the correct answer below.
A.
Vaccines aren't good.
B.
I believe that vaccines cause autism.
C.
Autism needs more attention in the medical field.
D.
Babies should not be vaccinated.
Explain why the argument is deceptive. Choose the correct answer below.
A.
The argument is deceptive because it attempts to create a link between vaccines and autism.
The premise of the argument does not fully support the conclusion.
B.
The argument is deceptive because it makes a generalization about vaccines based on too
few cases.
C.
The argument is deceptive because it attempts to show that because there is no proof that
vaccines cause autism, vaccines cannot cause autism.
D.
The argument is deceptive because it claims that many people believe that vaccines
cause autism, so vaccines must cause autism.
Which type of fallacy does the argument represent?
A.
Hasty Generalization
B.
False Cause
C.
Appeal to Ignorance
D.
Appeal to Popularity
Everyone loves Shakespeare, because his plays have been read for many centuries.
A.
Shakespeare's plays have been read for many centuries.
B.
Shakespeare's plays.
C.
The number of centuries.
D.
Everyone loves Shakespeare.
Identify the conclusion. Choose the correct answer below.
A.
Everyone loves Shakespeare.
B.
The number of centuries is large.
C.
His plays have been read for many centuries.
D.
Shakespeare's plays are good.
Explain why the argument is deceptive. Choose the correct answer below.
A.
The argument is deceptive because it makes a generalization about the people who
read Shakespeare's plays based on too few cases.
B.
The argument is deceptive because it assumes that many people reading Shakespeare's
plays is evidence that those people actually like Shakespeare.
C.
The argument is deceptive because it assumes that because Shakespeare's plays have been
read for centuries, Shakespeare's plays are good. This is not necessarily the case.
D.
The argument is deceptive because the premise and conclusion essentially say the
same thing, so the argument seems logical.
Which type of fallacy does the argument represent?
A.
Circular Reasoning
B.
False Cause
C.
Hasty Generalization
D.
Appeal to Popularity
This argument involves some kind of fallacy. Identify the fallacy.

One candidate favors eliminating affirmative action programs. The other candidate states: "My
opponent doesn't think there's anything wrong with discrimination."
A.
B.
Hasty generalization
C.
Limited choice
D.
Straw man
Use set notation to write the members of the following set, or state that the set has no
members.
The days of the weekThe days of the week
A.
{Sunday comma Monday comma Tuesday comma Wednesday comma Thursday comma
Friday comma SaturdaySunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday}
B.
{Monday comma Tuesday comma Wednesday comma Thursday comma
FridayMonday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday}
C.
{Friday comma Saturday comma SundayFriday, Saturday, Sunday}
D.
{Spring comma Summer comma Fall comma Winter right braceSpring, Summer, Fall, Winter}
nothing
E.
The set has no members.
Use braces to write the members of the following set, or state that the set has no
members. (Dots may also be helpful.)
The
integersintegers
from
negative −10 to 70
(inclusive)
A.
B.
StartSet negative 10 comma negative 9 comma negative 8 comma . . . comma 70
EndSet{−10,−9,−8, . . . ,70}
C.
EndSet{−9,−8,−7, . . . ,69}
D.
EndSet{−10,−9,−8, . . . ,80}
E.
StartSet negative 10 comma 70 EndSet
members.
States that share a border with
TexasTexas.
A.
{New MexicoNew Mexico,
ArkansasArkansas,
ColoradoColorado,
IllinoisIllinois}
B.
{LouisianaLouisiana,...,New MexicoNew Mexico}
C.
{New MexicoNew Mexico,
OklahomaOklahoma,
ArkansasArkansas,
LouisianaLouisiana}
D.
{OklahomaOklahoma}
E.
members.
The perfect squares between
15
and
40.
Select the correct choice below and, if necessary, fill in the answer box to complete your
choice.
A.
B.
StartSet nothing EndSet 16,25,3616 comma 25 comma 36
(Type whole numbers. Use a comma to separate answers as needed.)
members.
Odd numbers between
14
and
40
that are multiples of
3.
choice.
A.
StartSet nothing EndSet 15,21,27,33,39 15 comma 21 comma 27 comma 33
comma 39
(Type whole numbers. Use a comma to separate answers as needed.)
B.
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Draw a Venn diagram with two circles showing the given relationship between two sets.
comedianscomedians
and actorsactors
Let
Aequals=comedianscomedians
and
Bequals=actorsactors.
If the given categorical proposition is not already in standard form, rephrase in standard form.
State the subject and predicate sets and draw a Venn diagram for the proposition. Then,
based only on the Venn diagram (not on any other knowledge you have), answer the question
that follows the proposition.
Donkeys don't hum.Donkeys don't hum.
Is it possible that some things that
humhum
are
donkeysdonkeys?
Does the categorical proposition need to be rephrased?
A.
Yes. The standard form is "Some
donkeysdonkeys
are things that do not
humhum."
B.
Yes. The standard form is "No
donkeysdonkeys
are things that
humhum."
C.
Yes. The standard form is "All
donkeysdonkeys
are things that
humhum."
D.
Yes. The standard form is "Some
donkeysdonkeys
are things that
humhum."
E.
No, the proposition is in standard form.
Which set is the subject set S?
A.
The set
donkeysdonkeys
is S because it is the predicate of the sentence.
B.
The set
donkeysdonkeys
is S because it is the subject of the sentence.
C.
The set of things that
humhum
is S because it is the predicate of the sentence.
D.
humhum
is S because it is the subject of the sentence.
Which set is the predicate set P?
A.
humhum
is P because it is the predicate of the sentence.
B.
humhum
is P because it is the subject of the sentence.
C.
The set
donkeysdonkeys
is P because it is the predicate of the sentence.
D.
The set
donkeysdonkeys
is P because it is the subject of the sentence.
Given the above subject set S and predicate set P, which of the diagrams below is the correct
Venn diagram?
Based only on the Venn diagram above and not on any other knowledge you have is it
possible that some things that
humhum
are
donkeysdonkeys?
A.
Yes, because there are parts of P not in S and parts of S not in P.
B.
No, because P contains all of S.
C.
Yes, because P contains all of S.
D.
No, because there are parts of P not in S and parts of S not in P.
E.
No, because S and P do not intersect.
F.
Yes, because S and P do not intersect.
fire fighters
and womena. Draw a Venn diagram with two circles showing the given relationship between
two sets. Let
Upper FFequals=fire fightersfire fighters
and
Upper WWequals=womenwomen.
A Venn diagram contains two non-intersectin g circles labeled Upper F and Upper W.FW
b. Provide an explanation of the diagram. Choose the correct answer below.
A.
The diagram correctly shows two circles are disjoint because there are no
womenwomen
who are
fire fightersfire fighters.
B.
The diagram correctly shows one circle is contained in the other because all
fire fightersfire fighters
are
womenwomen.
C.
The diagram correctly shows the two circles overlap because some
womenwomen
are
D.
The diagram correctly shows one circle is contained in the other because all
womenwomen
are
Decide whether the following statement makes sense (or is clearly true) or does not make
sense (or is clearly false). Explain your reasoning.
Based on the testimonials of dozens of people who have lost weight following my diet, I will
prove to you that my diet works for everyone.
A.
The statement does not make sense. Test cases never constitute a proof.
B.
The statement makes sense. The diet would not have worked for so many people if it didn't
work for everyone.
C.
The statement does not make sense. Some of the testamonials might not be in support of the
diet.
D.
The statement makes sense. Because the diet worked for that many people, it follows
necessarily that the diet works for everyone.
Through the logic of deduction, I will show you that if you accept the truth of my premises, you
must also accept the truth of my conclusion.
A.
The statement does not make sense. In a valid deductive argument, the conclusion must be
true.
B.
The statement makes sense. In a valid deductive argument, the conclusion follows
necessarily from its premises.
C.
The statement makes sense. In a valid deductive argument, the conclusion must be true.
D.
The statement does not make sense. In a valid deductive argument, the conclusion follows
necessarily from its premises.
If you use logic, then your life will be organized. Therefore, if your life is organized, you must
be using logic.
A.
This statement makes sense. If the hypothesis is "you use logic" and the conclusion is "your
life is organized," then this argument is affirming the conclusion, which is a valid argument.
B.
This statement does not make sense. If the hypothesis is "you use logic" and the conclusion
is "your life is organized," then this argument is affirming the conclusion, which is not a valid
argument.
C.
This statement does not make sense. If the hypothesis is "you use logic" and the conclusion
is "your life is organized," then this argument is denying the hypothesis, which is not a valid
argument.
D.
This statement makes sense. If the hypothesis is "you use logic" and the conclusion is "your
life is organized," then this argument is affirming the hypothesis, which is a valid argument.
Rephrase the argument, if necessary, so that the first premise has the form all S are P or no S
are P. Then draw a Venn diagram to determine whether the argument is valid. If possible,
discuss the truth of the premises and whether the argument is sound.
Premise: All fault lines are long
Premise: Short Fault is a fault lineShort Fault is a fault line.
Conclusion: Short Fault is longShort Fault is long.
Let X represent
Short FaultShort Fault
in the Venn diagram. Which Venn diagram below shows the correct placement of the
variable X?
faultlongX
Premise: All valleys are deepvalleys are deep.
Premise: Shallow Hollows is a valleyShallow Hollows is a valley.
Conclusion: Shallow Hollows is deepShallow Hollows is deep.
Let X represent
Shallow HollowsShallow Hollows
variable X?
Premise: FriedFried
foods increase cholesterol.
Premise: PlumsPlums
do not increase cholesterol.
Conclusion: PlumsPlums
are not
friedfried
foods.
Let X represent
plumsplums
variable X?
Premise: Deep friedDeep fried
Premise: PeachesPeaches
Conclusion: PeachesPeaches
are not
deep frieddeep fried
foods.
Let X represent
peachespeaches
variable X?
Premise: Fast foods increase cholesterol.
Premise: Cherries do not increase cholesterol.
Conclusion: Cherries re not fast foods.
Let X represent
cherriescherries
variable X?
Premise: Deep friedDeep fried
Premise: PlumsPlums
Conclusion: PlumsPlums
are not
deep frieddeep fried
foods.
Let X represent
plumsplums
variable X?
Consider the following proposition.

If Company A takes market share from Company B by manufacturing hybrid cars while
Company B is still making SUVs, Company B is punished by the market.
(a) What is the logical conclusion (if any) in the event that company A takes market share from Company B by manu
making SUVs?
(b)What is the logical conclusion (if any) in the event that Company B is not punished by the market?
(c) Can you draw any conclusion about what happens if Company A makes SUVs and Company B makes hybrid ca
(a) Choose the correct answer below.
A.
Company B is punished by the market.
B.
Company B is not punished by the market.
C.
There is no logical conclusion.
D.
Company B starts making hybrid cars.
(b) Choose the correct answer below.
A.
Company A started making SUVs.
B.
C.
Company A did not take market share from Company B.
D.
Company A took market share from Company B.
(c) Choose the correct answer below.
A.
B.
Company A is punished by the market.
C.
Company A takes market share from Company B.
D.
Company B takes market share from Company A.
If necessary, write the given argument as a chain of conditional propositions that have the
form if p, then q. Then determine the validity of the entire argument.
Premise: If a natural number is divisible by
3030,
then it is divisible by
1010.
1010,
55.
Conclusion: If a natural number is divisible by
3030,
55.
1212,
66.
66,
33.
Conclusion: If a natural number is divisible by
1212,
33.
Is the entire argument valid?
A.
Yes, because both of the premises are true.
B.
Yes, because there is a clear chain from "a natural number is divisible by
1212"
to "a natural number is divisible by
33."
C.
No, because the first premise is false.
D.
No, because there is no clear chain from "a natural number is divisible by
1212"
to "a natural number is divisible by
33."
Give an answer and explanation for the following question.
Jose had 13 bagels and ate all but 9 of them. How many bagels were left?
There were
bagels left because he ate
of them.
A farmer's rooster laid an egg in a neighbor's yard. Who owns the egg?
A.
The town owns the egg because no clear ownership can be determined.
B.
The farmer owns the egg because it was the farmer's rooster.
C.
The neighbor owns the egg because it was laid in his or her yard.
D.
Roosters don't lay eggs.
Give an answer and an explanation for the following question.

A large barrel is filled with
1010
different kinds of fruit. At least how many individual fruits must you remove from the
barrel (without looking) to be certain that you have two of the same fruit?
choice.
A.
You must remove at least
11
individual fruits, since it is possible that you will remove a different fruit each time you remove
a fruit from the barrel.
B.
You must remove 2 individual fruits, since it is possible that you will remove the same fruit
twice in a row.
Suppose you go to a party with four Americans and four Canadians, none of whom you have
met. How many people must you meet to be sure of meeting one Canadian and
one American?
You must meet
people.
Explain how the following quote is ambiguous. What additional information is needed to
remove the ambiguity?
Last night I shot an elephant in my pajamas.
dash–Groucho
Marx
A.
The person who shot the elephant is unknown. This information needs to be known to remove
the ambiguity.
B.
It is unknown whether Groucho is wearing his own pajamas or the elephant is
wearing Groucho's pajamas. This information needs to be known to remove the ambiguity.
C.
The time that the shooting took place is unknown. This information needs to be known to
remove the ambiguity.
D.
It is unknown whether Groucho is wearing the elephant's pajamas or the elephant is wearing
his own pajamas. This information needs to be known to remove the ambiguity.
Identify at least two hidden assumptions in the following argument.

Buying a house today makes good sense. The rent money you save can be put into a long-
term investment.
Which of the following are hidden assumptions for this argument? Select all that apply.

I recommend giving to the Charity A because it supports so many worthwhile causes.
A.
Giving to Charity A is better than giving to Charity B.
B.
Charity A supports worthwhile causes.
C.
Charity A does not support unworthy causes.
D.
The money you give is spent on worthwhile causes.

The current governer has campaigned for tax cuts. He gets my vote.
A.
The governer will keep his promise on tax cuts.
B.
Campaigning for tax cuts is important.
C.
Tax cuts are more important than other issues.
D.
Voting for the current governer will put him in office.
I support increased military spending because we need a strong country.
The following argument gives several reasons for a particular political position. Identify at
least one unstated issue that may be the real issue of concern.
I oppose the President's spending proposal. Taxpayer money should not be used for
programs that many taxpayers do not support. Excessive spending also risks increasing
budget deficits. Greater deficits increase the federal debt, which in turn increases our reliance
on foreign investors.
A.
The speaker may be opposed to the government spending money.
B.
The speaker may have an ideological opposition to paying taxes.
C.
The President's spending proposal is significantly under budget.
D.
The speaker may want the country to depend more on foreign investors.
When must a single person who is claimed as a dependent by someone else file a tax return?
Assuming a single person is not age 65 or older and not blind, that person must file a return if
any of the following apply.
(i) unearned income was more than $900; or
(ii) earned income was more than $5450; or
(iii) gross income was more than the larger of $900 or your earned income (up to $5150) plus $300
Determine whether the following dependents (under age 65 and not blind) must file a return.
a. Maria had unearned income of $750, earned income of $5700, and gross income of $6450.
Does Maria have to file a tax return?
No
Yes
b. Van had unearned income of $200, earned income of $3000, and gross income of $3500.
Does Van have to file a tax return?
Yes
No
c. Walt had no unearned income and had earned and gross income of $5400. Does Walt
have to file a tax return?
Yes
No
d. Helena had unearned income of $200, earned income of $5200, and gross income
of $5500. Does Helena have to file a tax return?
Yes
No
Consider the following excerpt from the contract for the lease of an apartment.
Landlord shall return the security deposit to resident within one month after termination of this
lease or surrender and acceptance of the premises, whichever occurs first.
Suppose the lease terminates on
SeptemberSeptember
3030,
and the resident moves out of the apartment on
SeptemberSeptember
77.
Answer parts a through
c.
a. Has the landlord complied with the terms of the lease if the resident receives the security
deposit back on
OctoberOctober
44?
YesYes
NoNo
b. Has the landlord complied with the terms of the lease if the resident receives the security
deposit back on
SeptemberSeptember
2929?
YesYes
NoNo
c. Has the landlord complied with the terms of the lease if the resident receives the security
deposit back on
OctoberOctober
1010?
NoNo
Yes
You are deciding whether to buy a car for
$17 comma 00017,000
or to accept a lease agreement. The lease entails a
$900900
fee plus monthly payments of
$230230
for
3636
months. Under the lease agreement, you are responsible for service on the car and
insurance. At the end of the lease, you may purchase the car for
$80008000.
Complete parts a through c below.
a. Should the cost of service and insurance determine which option you choose?
A.
Yes, because you probably don't have to pay for services when you buy the car.
B.
Yes, because you get a discount on your insurance when you lease the car.
C.
No, because it is cheaper to lease the car than to buy it.
D.
No, because you will probably have to pay for service and insurance with either plan.
b. Does the total cost of purchasing the car at the end of the lease agreement exceed the
cost of purchasing the car at the outset?
A.
No, the total cost of the car at the end of the lease is
$ nothing
B.
Yes, the total cost of the car at the end of the lease is
$ 17,180
Your answer is not correct.
c. What are some possible advantages of leasing the car?
A.
The insurance costs less and you get a service discount.
B.
You can give the car back whenever you want and you can get a new car whenever you want.
C.
Not all of the money is needed up front and you have years to decide if you want to buy the
car.
D.
You can sell the car whenever you want and you can make money on the car when you sell it.
You receive the following e-mail notification.

"Through a random selection from more than 20 million e-mail addresses, you've been
selected as the winner of our grand
prizedash–a
two-week vacation in the Bahamas. To claim your prize, please call our toll-free number. Have
your credit card ready for identification and a small processing fee."
Does this sound like a deal worth taking? Explain.
A.
Yes, because most legitimate sweepstakes ask you to pay a processing fee in order to claim
your prize. There is no reason not to call the toll-free number.
B.
No, because a legitimate sweepstakes would not ask you to pay a processing fee in order to
claim your prize. Note also that the notice never says that your vacation will be fully paid for.
The notification is most likely spam.
C.
Yes, because a two-week vacation in the Bahamas is something worth taking. There is no
reason not to call the toll-free number.
D.
No, because out of 20 million e-mail addresses it is unlikely that yours has been chosen as
the winner. The notification is most likely spam.
Tha fallacy of division has the following form.
Premise: X has some property.
Conclusion: All things or people that belong to X must have the same property.
Example: Americans use more gasoline than Europeans, so Jake, who is American, must
use more gasoline than Europeans.
A.
Jake is not European, so he uses a lot of gasoline.
B.
X is the amount of gasoline used, and Jake uses a lot of gasoline because he is American.
C.
An Americans uses more gasoline than Europeans, and so does every other American on
Earth.
D.
Americans have some property, which is using more gasoline that
Europeans. Therefore, Jake must have the same property of using more gasoline than
Europeans.
members.
The zodiac signs that begin with Upper SThe zodiac signs that begin with S
members.
The zodiac signs that begin with Upper CThe zodiac signs that begin with C
A.
{CapricornCapricorn}
B.
{ Cancer, Capricorn}
C.
{Aries comma Taurus comma Gemini comma Cancer comma Leo comma Virgo comma Libra
comma Scorpio comma Sagittarius comma Capricorn
commaAries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn,
Aquarius comma Pisces right braceAquarius, Pisces}
D.
{CancerCancer}
E.
members.
The zodiac signs that begin with Upper A
The zodiac signs that begin with A
Use the two sets below to answer parts (a) and (b).
kindergarten teacherskindergarten teachers
and athletesathletes
a. Draw a Venn diagram with two circles showing the given relationship between two sets. Let
Upper KKequals=kindergarten teacherskindergarten teachers
and
Upper AAequals=athletesathletes.
mechanicsmechanics
and athletesathletes
Upper MMequals=mechanicsmechanics
and
Upper AAequals=athletesathletes.
Premise: All employeesemployees
can
wiggle their earswiggle their ears.
Premise: SteveSteve
is
anan
employeeemployee.
Conclusion: Steve can wiggle his earsSteve can wiggle his ears.
Let X represent
SteveSteve
variable X?
Premise: All managersmanagers
can
stand on their headsstand on their heads.
Premise: LucyLucy
is
aa
managermanager.
Conclusion: Lucy can stand on her headLucy can stand on her head.
Let X represent
LucyLucy
variable X?
In the following argument, identify the premise(s) and conclusion, explain why the argument
is deceptive, and identify the type of fallacy it represents.
My little boy loves dolls and my little girl loves trucks, so there's no truth to the claim that boys
are more interested in mechanical toys while girls prefer maternal toys.
Identify the premise(s) and conclusion of the argument. Choose the correct answer below.
For the categorical proposition given below, do the following.

a. If necessary, rephrase the statement in standard form.
b. State the subject and predicate sets.
c. Draw a d label all regions of the diagram.
d. Based only on the Venn diagram (not on any other knowledge you have), answer the
question that follows each proposition.
Winners sink.Winners sink.
Is it true that no
swimmersswimmers
are
winnerswinners?

c. Draw a Venn diagram for the proposition and label all regions of the diagram.
Losers swim.Losers swim.
Is it true that no
sinkerssinkers
are
loserslosers?

Students whisper.Students whisper.
Is it true that no
shoutersshouters
are
studentsstudents?
It's illegal to drive over the speed limit and breaking the law makes you a criminal, so people
who exceed the speed limit are criminals.
natural numbersnatural numbers
and integersintegers
Let
Aequals=natural numbersnatural numbers
and
Bequals=integersintegers.
Premise: No states east of the Mississippi River start with Upper
Heast of the Mississippi River start with H.
Premise: Hawaii starts with Upper HHawaii starts with H.
Conclusion: Hawaii is not east of the Mississippi
RiverHawaii is not east of the Mississippi River.
Premise: No states west of the Mississippi River start with Upper
Fwest of the Mississippi River start with F.
Premise: Florida starts with Upper FFlorida starts with F.
Conclusion: Florida is not west of the Mississippi
RiverFlorida is not west of the Mississippi River.
Let X represent
FloridaFlorida
variable X?
Rephrase the argument, if necessary, so that the first premise is in the conditional form if p,
then q. Identify the type of argument and determine its validity with a Venn diagram.
If possible, discuss the truth of the premises and whether the argument is sound.
Premise: If
a gas is a noble gasa gas is a noble gas,
then
it is inertit is inert.
Premise: Argon is a noble gas.Argon is a noble gas.
Conclusion: Argon is inert.
A: In some countries, the number of deaths per year has been increasing.
B: In those same countries, the annual death rate (deaths per 100,000 people in
the population) has been decreasing.
verbsverbs
and wordswords
Let
Aequals=verbsverbs
and
Bequals=wordswords.
dentistsdentists
and menmen
Upper DDequals=dentistsdentists
and
Upper MMequals=menmen.
106 people who grew up in either New York or Los Angeles were surveyed to determine
whether they preferred hip-hop music or rock music (both and neither were not
acceptable responses). Of those who grew up in Los Angeles, 15 preferred hip-hop and 35
prefered rock. Of those who grew up in New York, 35
preferred hip hop. Answer parts (a)-(c) below.
a. Complete the two-way table summarizing the review
Premise: If
taxes are decreasedtaxes are decreased,
then
taxpayers will have more disposable incometaxpayers will have more disposable inco
Premise: With
more disposable incomemore disposable income,
spending will
increaseincrease
and the economy will
speed upspeed up.
Conclusion: A
tax decreasetax decrease
will
speed upspeed up
the economy.
Write the second premise as a conditional proposition that has the form if p, then q. Choose
the correct answer below.
Suppose you go to a party with four Americans and four Canadians, none of whom you have
met. How many people must you meet to be sure of meeting two Canadians?
You must meet
people.
6
Premise: All boulders are largeboulders are large.
Premise: Small Rock is a boulderSmall Rock is a boulder.
Conclusion: Small Rock is largeSmall Rock is large.
Let X represent
Small RockSmall Rock
variable X?
musiciansmusicians
and actorsactors
Let
Aequals=musiciansmusicians
and
Bequals=actorsactors.
Consider the following argument.

Premise: No country is an island.No country is an island.
FinlandFinland
Premise: is a country.
FinlandFinland
is notis not
Conclusion: an island.
If necessary, rephrase the first premise so that it has the form "all S are P." Draw a Venn
diagram to determine whether the argument is valid. Discuss the truth of the premises and
state whether the argument is sound.
Consider the following proposition.

If obsessive individuals express emotion, it is usually righteous indignation.
Premise: All presidents can curl their tonguescurl their tongues.
Premise: MaryMary
is
aa
presidentpresident.
Conclusion: Mary can curl her tongueMary can curl her tongue.
Let X represent
MaryMary
variable X?
Suzanne goes bowling at least one day per week, but never on two consecutive days. List all
the numbers of days per week that Suzanne could go bowling.
How many days a week can Suzanne go bowling?

Dogs and pets
Let A=dogs and B=pets
Sedans and automobiles
Let A=sedans and B=automobiles
Dentists and gardeners
Upper DDequals=dentistsdentists
and
Upper GGequals=gardenersgardeners.
Half of the class consists of communication majors, and half of the class consists of men.
Does it follow that one quarter of the class is male communication majors?
Paramedics and men
Describe one way in which both of the statements in the following pair could be true.
A: The gun homicide rate is greater in country X than in country Y.
B: The gun fatality rate is greater in country Y than in country X.
What is one reason the two statements could both be true?
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MTH/215

does not make sense

does not make sense

Consider the following example of a fallacy. Complete parts a and b below.

Consider the following example of a fallacy. Complete parts a and b below.

Consider the following example of a fallacy. Complete parts a and b below.

does not make sense

does not make sense

Consider the following example of a fallacy. Complete parts a and b below.

Consider the following example of a fallacy. Complete parts a and b below.

Consider the following example of a fallacy. Complete parts a and b below.

This argument involves some kind of fallacy. Identify the fallacy.

This argument involves some kind of fallacy. Identify the fallacy.

StartSet nothing EndSet 16,25,3616 comma 25 comma 36

(Type whole numbers. Use a comma to separate answers as needed.)

StartSet nothing EndSet 15,21,27,33,39 15 comma 21 comma 27 comma 33

b. Provide an explanation of the diagram. Choose the correct answer below.

Consider the following proposition.

bagels left because he ate

Give an answer and an explanation for the following question.

Identify at least two hidden assumptions in the following argument.

Identify at least two hidden assumptions in the following argument.

Identify at least two hidden assumptions in the following argument.

You receive the following e-mail notification.

For the categorical proposition given below, do the following.

For the categorical proposition given below, do the following.

For the categorical proposition given below, do the following.

Consider the following argument.

Consider the following proposition.

For the categorical proposition given below, do the following.

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