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European Standard EN 12831:2003
Heating systems in buildings – Method for calculation of the
design heat load
ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals 2005 Chapter 29, page 29.11-
29.14
1
2. Calculation procedure for a building entity or a building
For sizing of the heat supply, e.g. a heat exchanger or a heat generator,
the total design heat load of the building entity or the building shall be
calculated. The calculation procedure is based on the results of the
heated space by heated space calculation.
2
Total design heat loss for a heated space – basic cases
The total design heat loss for a heated space (i), Φi, is calculated as
follows:
Φi = ΦT,i + ΦV,i [W]
where:
ΦT,i – design transmission heat loss for heated space (i) in Watts (W);
ΦV,i – design ventilation heat loss for heated space (i) in Watts (W).
3
θint,I – internal design temperature of heated space (i) in degrees
Celsius (°C);
θe – external design temperature in degrees Celsius (°C)
Examples:
H T,ie = ∑ Ak ⋅ U k ⋅ ek + ∑ Ψl ⋅ ll ⋅ el [W/K]
k l
H T,ig = fg1 ⋅ f g2 ⋅ ∑ Ak ⋅ U equiv,k ⋅ Gw
k
4
Uequiv is given in diagrams
5
Design ventilation heat loss
The design ventilation heat loss, ΦV,i, for a heated space (i) is
calculated as follows:
(
Φ V,i = H V,i ⋅ θint,i − θ e ) [W]
where:
HV,i – design ventilation heat loss coefficient in Watts per Kelvin
(W/K);
θint,i – internal design temperature of heated space (i) in degrees
Celsius (°C);
θe – external design temperature in degrees Celsius (°C).
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Simplified Calculation Method
EN 12831 9.1 Design heat loss for a heated space
7
Total design heat loss
Φ = (ΦT + ΦV ) ⋅ f∆ϑ ,i
8
Design transmission heat loss
ΦT = ∑ f k ⋅ Ak ⋅ U k (ti − to ), W
k
V&inf – minimum air flow rate of a heated space required for hygienic
reasons, m3/h,
with the air exchange rate n50 (1/h):
V&inf = n50 ⋅ Vi ⋅ ei ⋅ ε i , m3 / h
Where
Vi – volume of heated space, calculated on the basis of internal
dimensions, m3
n50 – air exchange rate, resulting from pressure difference of 50 Pa between
inside and outside, h-1
ei – shielding coefficient, (-)
ε – height correction factor, (-)
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Air exchange rate – n50 – EN 12831:2003 D 5.2
Default values for the air exchange rate, n50 for the whole building resulting
from pressure difference of 50 Pa between inside and outside:
n50 (h-1)
Degree of air-tightness of the building envelope (quality of the
window seal)
Construction
high (high quality medium (double
low (single glaze
sealed windows and glaze windows,
windows, no sealant)
doors) normal seal)
single family
<4 4-10 > 10
dwellings
other dwellings or
<2 2-5 >5
buildings
The whole building air exchange rates may be expressed for other pressure
differences than 50 Pa, but these results should be adapted to suit the equation
above.
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Steps of the calculation:
Step 3 Determination of
• Dimensional characteristics
• Thermal characteristics
of all building elements
External dimensions:
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U-values:
Requirements in Hungary
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Step 4 Determination of indoor design conditions in all heated
and unheated spaces
CR 1752, or EN 12831 Class A, B or C
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Example 1
Calculation of design transmission and ventilation heat loss of a living
room in a single family house. The building project will be built in
Budapest.
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Step 1
Determination of external design temperature
National standard: –13 °C
(Other source: ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals 2001 Ch. 27.36:
Heating Dry Bulb Temperature: –13.2 … – 10.2 °C)
Step 2
Definition of each space of the building. This is a heated space. Above
the heated space there is a loft, below there is a basement.
Step 3
Determination of dimensional characteristics thermal characteristics of
building elements
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Step 4
Determination of indoor design conditions in all heated and unheated
spaces
EN 12831 Annex A, Table A.2 Internal design temperature
Heated spaces
1 – Living room: 20 °C (Table A.2. Residential)
2 – Room: 20 °C
3 – Kitchen: 20 °C
Unheated spaces
Loft: –8 °C
Basement: +5 °C (closed space)
Step 5
Calculation of design transmission heat loss
No Element Area U-Value Tempr.Diff Heat flow
1 W1 6.6 1.6 20-(-13) = 348 W
= 33
2 D1 2.0 1.6 33 106 W
3 OW1 11.2 0.45 33 166 W
4 W2 2.25 1.6 33 119 W
5 OW2 14.4 0.45 33 214 W
6 Ceiling 34.3 0.3 20-(-8)= 288 W
=28
7 Floor 34.3 0.5 20-5=15 257 W
Total ΦT 1498 W
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Step 6
Calculation of design ventilation heat loss
Step 7
Calculation of total design heat loss
Φ = (Φ T + ΦV ) ⋅ f ∆θ
f∆θ = 1.0 (EN 12831:2003 D.7.3, Internal design temperature: normal)
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ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals 2005 Chapter 29, p. 29.11-
29.14
Summary of Heating Load Calculation Equations
Load Source Equation
Exterior surfaces above grade q = U·A·∆t
Where ∆t = ti – to
Partitions to unconditioned buffer space q = U·A·∆t
Where ∆t = tempr. difference across partition
Walls below grade q = Uavg.bw ·A·(tin – tgr)
Where Uavg.bw – below-grade wall average U-factor
tin – below-grade space air temperature
tgr – design ground surface temperature
Floors on grade q = Fp·p·∆t
Where Fp – heat loss coefficient per foot of perimeter
p – perimeter of floor
Floors below grade q = Uavg.bf ·A·(tin – tgr)
Where Uavg.bf – below-grade floor average U-factor
Ventilation/infiltration qvi = Cs·Q·∆t
Where Cs – air sensible heat factor
Q – air volume flow rate
Total sensible load qs = Σq
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