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dp ⎛V 2 ⎞
gΔZ + ∫ +Δ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = Wo − ∑ F
ρ ⎝ 2 ⎠
potential expansion kinetic work added/ sum of
energy work energy change subtracted by friction
change pumps or losses
compressors
dp dZ dV δF δWo
= − ρg + ρV +ρ −ρ
dL Tot dL dL δL δL
or: dp ⎞ dp ⎞ dp ⎞ dp ⎞
⎟ = ⎟ + ⎟ + ⎟
dL ⎠Tot dL ⎠ elev dL ⎠ accel dL ⎠ frict
δWo
is usually ignored, as the equation applies to a pipe
δL section.
The above equation is an alternative way of writing the
mechanical energy balance. It is not a different equation
dL
dZ
dZ g = g sin φ
φ dL
Friction Losses:
Fanning equation:
2V 2 f
dF = dL
D
This equation applies to single phase fluids.
Integral form: ⎡ L + Le ⎤
Δp = − ρ ⎢ g ⋅ ΔZ + 2V ⋅ f ⋅
2
+ ∑ F⎥
⎣ D ⎦
b) Nonisothermal
It will not have a big error if you use ρ(Taverage)
Compressible Flow
a) Relatively small change in T (known)
For small pressure drop (something you can check after you
are done) can use Bernoulli and fanning equation as follows
⎛V 2 ⎞
g ⋅ dz + v ⋅ dp + d ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = −δF
⎝ 2 ⎠
g 1 V δF
⋅ dz + ⋅ dp + ⋅ dV = −
v2 v v2 v2
V = Velocity v = Specific volume (m3/Kg)=1/ρ
G = Mass flow (Kg/hr) A = Cross sectional area
G
Note: V = v⋅
A
⎟⎟ = −2⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ f av
out G L
ρ av2 gΔz + ∫ + ⎜ ⎟ ln⎜⎜
in v ⎝ A ⎠ ⎝ Vin ⎠ ⎝ A⎠ D
Z RT
Recall: pv= M: Molecular weight
M
RTav
Then: v ≅ Z av
pM
and dp M
∫ v = Z av RTav ∫ p ⋅ dp =
M
2 ⋅ Z av RTav
(p 2
out − p 2
in )
ChE 4253 - Design I
Mechanical Energy Balance - Fluid Flow
ρ av2 g ⋅ Δz +
M
2 ⋅ Z av RTav
( 2
pout 2
)
− pin + ⎜ ⎟ ln⎜ ⎟ = − 2
⎛G⎞
⎜ ⎟ av
f
L
⎝ A ⎠ ⎝ Vin ⎠ ⎝ A⎠ D
Algorithm:
a) Assume out
(1)
p
b) Use formula to get a new value ( 2)
pout ( )
= F pout
(1)
p ( i +1)
c) Continue using out = F p( )
(i )
out
( i +1)
until p − p (i )
out
(i )
out
≤ε
pout
OR BETTER: Use Solver in EXCEL, or even use PRO II,
or any other fluid flow simulator.
Pout
• PS = Pin - 14.696
PS
• α = 1000 ; SS ==> Characteristic of pipe (6500 –
SS 9000 psi)
Sch > a