Central Electricity Generating Board

The Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) was the cornerstone of the
Central Electricity
British electricity industry for almost forty years, from 1957 to privatisation in the
Generating Board
1990s.[1]

Because of its origins in the immediate post-war period, when electricity demand
grew rapidly but plant and fuel availability was often unreliable, most of the industry
saw its mission as to provide an adequate and secure electricity supply, or "to keep
Former type State owned
the lights on" as they put it, rather than pursuing the cheapest generation route
. company and
regulator
It was created in 1957 from theCentral Electricity Authority, which had replaced the
British Electricity Authority. The Electricity Council was also created at that time, Industry Energy
as a policy-making body for the electricity supply industry
. Fate Privatised
throughout the
1990s
Successors National Grid
Contents Company (1990)
Responsibilities Office of Electricity
Structure Regulation
Constitution National Power
Control of the National Grid (1991)
Research and development
Powergen (1991)
Regions Nuclear Electric
Midlands Region
(1995)
North Eastern Region
North Western Region Founded 1957
South Eastern Region Defunct 2001
South Western Region
Coal Fired Power Stations Headquarters London, United
Hydro Power Stations
Kingdom
Nuclear Power Stations Area served England and Wales
Oil Power Stations
Substations

Privatisation
Publications
See also
References

Responsibilities
The CEGB was responsible for electricity generation in England and Wales, whilst in Scotland electricity generation was carried out
by the South of Scotland Electricity Boardand the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board.

The organisation was unusual in that most of its senior staff were professional engineers, but with excellent support in financial and
risk-management areas.
Some people feel that it represented the best of government planning, others feel that it had become a monolith that exemplified the
worst aspects of central planning and was ripe for reform. It is probably the case that, in its most successful period, up until the mid-
1970s, it was managed in a way broadly comparable to large private-sector energy majors such as BP, but that it was late to respond
to the changed pattern of energy growth following the second oil crisis.

Structure

Constitution
The CEGB was established by section 2 of the Electricity Act 1957.[2] It consisted
of a chairman and seven to nine members, appointed by the Minister of Power, who
had experience or capacity in "the generation or supply of electricity, industrial,
commercial or financial matters, applied science, administration, or the organisation
of workers"

It was under a duty to develop and maintain an efficient, co-ordinated and

economical system of supply of electricity in bulk for all parts of England and
Wales, and for that purpose to generate or acquire supplies of electricity and to
provide bulk supplies of electricity for the Area Boards for distribution by those
Boards. It also had power to supply bulk electricity to the Scottish Boards or
electricity undertakings outside Great Britain.

There were only six chairmen of the CEGB. The first was Christopher Hinton,
Baron Hinton of Bankside, served from 1957 to 1964, Sir Stanley Brown served
from 1965 to 1972, Sir Arthur Hawkins from 1972 to 1977, Glyn England from Christopher Hinton, Baron Hinton of
1977 to 1982, and Walter Marshall, Baron Marshall of Goring from 1982 to 1989. Bankside
Gil Blackman was appointed chairman in January this year
.

Control of the National Grid

At the centre was the National Control Room of the National Grid in London, which
was part of the control hierarchy for the system. There were also both area and
district grid control rooms, which were originally at Newcastle upon Tyne, Leeds,
Manchester, Nottingham, Birmingham, St Albans, East Grinstead and Bristol. The
shift control engineers who worked in these control rooms would cost, schedule and
load dispatch an economic commitment of generation to the main interconnected
system (the 400/275/132kV network) at an adequate level of security. They also had
information about the running costs and availability of every power producing plant
in England and Wales. They constantly anticipated demand, monitored and
instructed power stations to increase, reduce or stop electricity production. They
used what was known as the "merit order", a ranking of each generator in power
stations based upon how much they cost to produce electricity. The objective was to
ensure that electricity production was achieved at the lowest possible cost. Stanley Brown (engineer)

Research and development

The CEGB had an extensive R&D section with its three principal laboratories at Leatherhead (Central Electricity Research
Laboratories, CERL); Marchwood Engineering Laboratory (MEL); and, Berkeley Nuclear Laboratories (BNL). There were also five
regional facilities and four project groups, North, South the Midlands and the Transmission Project Group. These Scientific Service
Departments had a base in each Region. A major SSD role was solving engineering problems with the several designs of 500 MW
units. These were a significant increase in unit size and had many teething problems, most of which were solved to result in reliable
service and gave good experience towards the design of the 660 MW units.

In the 1970s and 1980s, for the real-time control of power stations the R&D team developed the Cutlass programming language and
application system. After privatisation, CUTLASS systems in National Power were phased out and replaced largely with Advanced
Plant Management System (APMS) – a SCADA solution developed in partnership by RWE npower (a descendant company of
CEGB) and Thales UK.[3] APMS itself has since become obsolete.

In contrast, PowerGen, later taken over by E.ON, undertook a programme to port the entire system to current hardware. The most
current version of Cutlass, 'PT-Cutlass Kit 9', runs on Motorola PPC-based hardware, with the engineering workstation and
administrative functions provided by a standard Microsoft Windows PC. It is fully compatible (with a few minor exceptions) with the
DEC PDP-11 version (kit 1) released by PowerGen and has a high level of compatibility with the final version of kit 1 formerly used
at National Power.[4] It is used at four UK power stations:Ratcliffe-on-Soar, Cottam, Fiddlers Ferry, and Ferrybridge.

Regions

Midlands Region
Haslucks Green Road, Shirley, Solihull, West Midlands

The Midlands Region of the Central Electricity Generating Board, was one of five within the CEGB, it was responsible for the
operation of 38 power stations, over 170 sub-stations and nearly 2,000 miles of Grid transmission line in an area which covered
11,000 square miles. The region produced more than a quarter of the electricity used in England and Wales and had the lion's share of
the huge industrial construction programme mounted by the CEGB during the 1960s.

In 1948 the total generating capacity of all the power stations in the Region was 2,016 MW only a little more than a modern 2,000
MW station. By 1957 the Region's capacity was up to 4,000 MW, doubling to 8,000 MW by 1966 and rising to 14,000 MW in 1969
and 16,000 MW by 1971. Previous chairman of the Midlands Region wereArthur Hawkins and Gilbert Blackman.[5]

North Eastern Region

Beckwith Knowle, Otley Road,Harrogate

Extending through Northumberland, Durham, the three Ridings of Yorkshire and Lindsey, North Lincolnshire the North Eastern
Region was responsible for the operation of 32 power stations capable of producing 8,000 MW of electricity. 108 substations and
over 1,200 route miles of overhead lines operating at 400 kV, 132 kV and 275 kV transmitted the electricity to the Yorkshire
Electricity Board and the North Eastern Electricity Boardfor passing onto the customer.

North Western Region

Europa House, Bird Hall Lane, Cheadle Heath,Stockport

South Eastern Region

[6]
Bankside House, Summer Street, London. A past chairman of the South Eastern region was G N Stone.

South Western Region

Bedminster Down, Bridgwater Road,Bristol. Previous chairman of the South Western Region were Douglas Pask and Roy Beatt.[7]
Coal Fired Power Stations
Aberthaw A & B, Carmarthen Bay, Castle Meads, Cowes, Didcot A, East Yelland, Earley, Hayle, Llynfi, Portishead A & B,
Uskmouth A & B Rogerstone, Brighton A & B

Hydro Power Stations

Chagford, Mary Tavy and Morwellham

Nuclear Power Stations

Berkeley, Bradwell, Dungeness A & Dungeness B, Trawsfynydd, Sizewell, Hinkley Point A & Hinkley Point B, Hunterston A &
Hunterston B, Oldbury on Severn, Wylfa, Hartlepool, Heysham 1 & Heysham 2

Oil Power Stations

Fawley, Pembroke, Poole, Portsmouth, Plymouth andTir John

Substations
Abham, Alverdiscott, Bramley, Bridgwater, Cilfynydd, Cowley, Chickerell, Ealing, Exeter Main, Fleet, Indian Queens, Iron Acton,
Iver, Landulph, Lovedean, Mannington, Margam, Melksham, Minety, North Hyde, Nursling, Pyle, Seven Springs, Swansea North,
Taunton, Upper Boat,Walham, Whitson and Eggborough

Privatisation
The electricity market in the UK was built upon the break-up of the CEGB into four companies in the 1990s. Its generation (or
upstream) activities were transferred to three generating companies, 'PowerGen', 'National Power', and 'Nuclear Electric' (later
'British Energy', eventually 'EDF Energy'); and its transmission (or downstream) activities to theNational
' Grid Company'.[8][9]

The shares in National Grid were distributed to the regional electricity companiesprior to their own privatisation in 1990. PowerGen
and National Power were privatised in 1991, with 60% stakes in each company sold to investors, the remaining 40% being held by
the UK government. The privatisation process was initially delayed as it was concluded that the 'earlier decided nuclear power plant
assets in National Power' would not be included in the private National Power. A new company was formed, Nuclear Electric, which
would eventually own and operate the nuclear power assets, and the nuclear power stations were held in public ownership for a
number of years.[10]

In 1995, the government sold its 40% stakes, and the assets of Nuclear Electric and Scottish Nuclear were both combined and split.
The combination process merged operations of UK's eight most advanced nuclear plants – seven Advanced Gas Cooled Reactor
(AGR) and one Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR) – into a new private company founded in 1996, 'British Energy' (now 'EDF
Energy').[11][12] The splitting process created a separate company in 1996 calledMagnox
' Electric' to hold the older Magnox reactors,
later combined with BNFL.

Although electricity privatisation began in 1990, the CEGB continued to exist until the Central Electricity Generating Board
(Dissolution) Order 2001, a statutory instrument, came into force on 9 November 2001.[13]

Powergen is now E.ON UK, owned by the German utility company E.ON. National Power split into a UK business, 'Innogy', now
'RWE npower', owned by the German utility company RWE, and an international business, 'International Power', now Engie Energy
International and owned by the French companyEngie.

Publications
Nuclear Know-How! - with an element of truth. Published by the General Electricity Generating Board Publicity
Services - South East, Bankside House, Sumner Street, London SE1 9JU (n.d. but published c. 1980s-1990s). 20
 pages.

See also
Timeline of the UK electricity supply industry
Energy policy of the United Kingdom
Energy in the United Kingdom

References
1. The CEGB Story (http://www.aboutblyth.co.uk/html/cegbstory.html) Archived (https://archive.is/20121209080524/htt
p://www.aboutblyth.co.uk/html/cegbstory.html) 9 December 2012 at Archive.is by Rob Cochrane (with additional
research by Maryanna Schaefer) (1990)
2. Electricity Act 1957, section 2(http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Eliz2/5-6/48/section/2/enacted)
3. Farewell to CUTLASS (http://www.draxgroup.plc.uk/media/features/?id=47763) Archived (https://archive.is/20130505
161946/http://www.draxgroup.plc.uk/media/features/?id=47763) 5 May 2013 at Archive.is
4. http://esolangs.org/wiki/CUTLASSCUTLASS on Esolangs.org
5. Gilbert, Blackman. "The London Gazette" (https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/45984/supplement/6481/data.
pdf) (PDF). The Gazette. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
6. Ledger, Frank. Crisis Management in the Power Industry : An Inside Story(https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xrA
0DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Crisis+Management+in+the+Power+Industry:+An+Inside+Story&hl=en&sa=
X&ved=0ahUKEwjvg_O73KXaAhXKL8AKHcwIDekQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q&f=false) . Routledge.
ISBN 1351394290. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
7. Ledger, Frank. Crisis Management in the Power Industry : An Inside Story(https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xrA
0DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Crisis+Management+in+the+Power+Industry:+An+Inside+Story&hl=en&sa=
X&ved=0ahUKEwjvg_O73KXaAhXKL8AKHcwIDekQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q&f=false) . Routledge.
ISBN 1351394290. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
8. Page 68 "Lessons from Liberalised Electricity Markets"(https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/
LessonsNet.pdf) IEA / OECD (2005)
9. "Funding Universe – History of BNFL"(http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/british-nuclear-fuels-plc-hi
story/). Retrieved 11 July 2012.
10. "International Power PLC History"(http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/international-power-plc-histor
y/). Retrieved 11 July 2012.
11. "EDF agrees to pay $23 billion for British Energy"(https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/24/business/worldbusiness/24i
ht-edf.1.16429314.html). The New York Times. 24 September 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
12. "The sale of the Government's interest in British Energy"(http://www.nao.org.uk/publications/0910/british_energy.asp
xs). Retrieved 11 July 2012.
13. The Central Electricity Generating Board(http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/si/si2001/20013421.htm)(Dissolution)
Order 2001 full text

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