International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering

and Research
www.ijmter.com
e-ISSN No.:2349-9745, Date: 28-30 April, 2016

A Review on Corrosion Behavior of Duplex Stainless Steel in Severe

Working Condition
A. Y. Chaudhari1, S. K. Dahake2, D. D. Deshmukh3
Mechanical Engineering Department1, 2, 3MET’s BKC IOE,Nashikcamol1983@gmail.com

Abstract- Duplex stainless steel exhibits higher resistance to stress corrosion cracking and it has
higher strength than austenitic stainless steel. Taking advantages of these positive factors, duplex
stainless steel is widely used in the marine applications, tubing for heat exchanger, oil and gas,
petrochemical, pulp and paper, and pollution control industries. It is well known that the duplex
stainless steel exhibit good weld ability, but the melting and solidification associated with fusion
welding processes destroy the favorable duplex microstructure of this stainless steel. The heat
treatment process is often used for the refinement of grain structure of the steels to improve the
corrosion and wear resistance properties of the base material e.g. vessels, valve cone, spindle and
valve seat, valves collar and pipes used in marine and other application where the material exposes to
severe atmospheric conditions to improve the mechanical and tribological properties of the key
element like pressure vessels, valve seat and sleeve which is made up of duplex stainless steels or
Inconel for chemical, petrochemical, oil/gas, marine and nuclear industries, for economic reasons. In
this respect a literature review of behavior of duplex stainless steel to severe working conditions is
presented here.
Keywords - Corrosion resistance, Potentiodynamic testing, SEM, XRD, Heat treatment
.

I. INTRODUCTION

Failure of duplex stainless steel in corrosive environment due to corrosion. And what if heat treat
part exposed to corrosive medium orimposed to marine applications? As heat treatment improve the
grain structure would it be beneficial for corrosion resistance or not? This is the main question
behind the problem and analysis. This problems arrived from the failure analysis of the failed part
during the working condition of duplex stainless steel. The failure occur due to stress corrosion
cracking in the marine environments. Various industries facing the problem of failure of mechanical
components due to corrosion and abrasion.
Duplex stainless steel has equal phase balance of approximately equal amounts of ferrite and
austenite. It has a mixed microstructure consisting of ferrite (BCC) and austenite (FCC) phases.
Considering the effects of microstructure with different steps of the heat treatment on the pitting and
sulphide stress cracking (SSC) properties. The corrosion properties of stainless steels can be studied
in marine or chloride environments with the effect of heat treatment and investigation of changes in
microstructure and corrosive property

II. REVIEW OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE SUBJECT

Muhammad Nauman Zafar et. al. [1] studied the evaluation of the corrosion resistance of SA-543
and X65 steels in emulsions containing H2S and CO2 using a novel emulsion flow loop. Thiago J.
Mesquitaet. et. al. [2] have studied the corrosion and metallurgical investigation of two super
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Volume 3, Issue 4, [April 2016] Special Issue of ICRTET’2016

martensitic stainless steels for oil and gas environments in that, the corrosion properties of two super
martensitic stainless steels were studied in chloride and H2S environments. A comparison between
1.4542 and 1.4418 SS grades was made considering the effects of microstructure, different steps of
the heat treatment on the pitting and sulphide stress cracking SSC properties. N. Mundhenket. et. al.
[3] in their investigation of corrosion and scaling as interrelated phenomena in an operating
geothermal power plant the study refers to an experimental research and contributes to a better
understanding of corrosion and scaling in an operating geothermal power plant (Soultz-sous-Forets,
France). An in situ physicochemical monitoring program has been performed in order to characterise
the processed brine. In situ and laboratory corrosion experiments were performed using conventional
and candidate metals
L. Mohan et. al. [4] have investigated the corrosion behavior of titanium alloy Beta-21S coated
with diamond like carbon in Hank’s solution. I.M. Pohrelyuket. al. [5] have investigate the corrosion
resistance of Ti–6Al–4V alloy with nitride coatings in Ringer’s solution. Matteo Gastaldi
,LucaBertolini et. al. [6] investigated the effect of temperature on the corrosion behaviour of low-
nickel duplex stainless steel bars in concrete. Yinqun Hua et. al. [7] investigated the hot corrosion
behavior of TC11 titanium alloy treated by laser shock processing. E. Godlewskaet. al. [8] carried a
research on hot corrosion of Ti–46Al–8Ta (at.%) intermetallic alloy. The samples were purposely
contaminated with salt deposits consisting of NaCl or Na2SO4 or a mixture of these. The progress of
degradation was followed by mass change measurements and visual inspection. KazimieraKonefalet.
al. [9] investigate the methods to improve corrosion resistance by means of stainless steel
X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2 by slide diamond burnishing. S.M. Alvarez et. al. [10] have studied the
Corrosion behaviour of corrugated lean duplex stainless steels in simulated concrete pore solutions.
E. Machnikovaet. al. [11] have studied the Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in hydrochloric acid
by furan derivatives.
F. Iacoviello et al. [12] had studied the Effect of “475 °C embrittlement” on duplex stainless steels
localized corrosion resistance. In their investigations the influence of the 475 °C ageing treatment on
the localized corrosion resistance of austenitic–ferritic (duplex) stainless steels has been investigated
by means of double loop electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation (DL-EPR) and potentiostatic
tests. The effect of different ferrite/austenite (α/γ) volume fractions has been also considered. For this
purpose, two different 22 Cr 5 Ni duplex stainless steels, with different α/γ ratios (respectively equal
to 1 and 1.5) have been investigated. The ageing treatment at 475 °C was conducted up to 1000 h.
The resulting microstructural modifications were analyzed with transmission electron microscopy
observation. The microstructure resulting from solid state transformations, like spinodal
decomposition and G-phase precipitation, were characterized and the relevant mechanisms
identified.
N. Lopez et al. [13] had investigated the Influence of o-phase on mechanical properties and corrosion
resistance of duplex stainless steels In order to find out the influence of s-phase on the behaviour of
duplex stainless steels, two tests are performed. The first one is the double loop electrochemical
potentiodynamic reactivation (DLEPR) test that indicates the degree of sensitisation to intergranular
corrosion. The second one is the slow strain rate test (SSRT) that enables us to the degree of
sensitisation to stress corrosion cracking.
R.A Perren et al. [14] had studied the corrosion resistance of super duplex stainless steels in chloride
ion containing environments: investigations by means of a new microelectrochemical method: I.
Precipitation-free states. In which theattemptd had made to develop a new mircoelectrochemical
method which was applied to perform potentiodynamicpolarisation experiments on areas in the range
of 10 μm. For the first time, the individual corrosion behaviour of both single phases in super duplex
stainless steels was determined. The results show a good correlation with the empirical pitting
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 International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER)
Volume 3, Issue 4, [April 2016] Special Issue of ICRTET’2016

resistance equivalent number (PREN) of the corresponding single phase. The microelectrochemical
experiments have revealed two different kinds of interactions between the ferrite and the austenite
phase at the phase boundary, namely a superposition or a separation of the two polarisation curves of
the single phases.
R. Merello et al. [16] studied the Influence of chemical composition on the pitting corrosion
resistance of non-standard low-Ni high-Mn–N duplex stainless steels. In which the ateempt had been
made to accessed the pitting corrosion resistance of a new family of duplex stainless steels. These
non-standard duplex stainless steels were characterised by low Ni content and high N and Mn levels.

III. METHODOLOGY ADAPTED BY INVESTIGATOR FROM THE

LITERATURE

To carry out this detail investigation a research methodology has been planned and the general steps
involved in the methodology are presented here, by following these steps required investigation can
be done.
Specimen preparation
A standard laid down procedure is available for the specimen preparation, this procedure require to
follow to prepare the specimen for corrosion and microstructural analysis.

Microstructure examination
To carry out this experimentation specimen preparation is required to be done, after the specimen
preparation the detail microstructure analysis need to carry out in order to study the microstructure
before and after the corrosion test by the microscopic examination of material with the help of
microscope.

Corrosion testing of the specimens

There are various corrosion testing are available in which intergranular and pitting corrosion
resistance of the material is evaluated.

Corrosion tests

In order to test the corrosion behavior of the treated surface, salt spray corrosion test require to
perform. A test rig can be repaired accordingly.

Investigation and Analysis of microstructure and corrosion

By proper investigation and analysis of specimen for microstructure and effect of microstructure by
heat treatment and corrosion analysis one can derive a fruitful conclusions and results by
investigation and analysis of corrosion and microstructure test.

IV. DISCUSSION

Duplex Stainless steels (shows both the ferritic and austenitic) have proved to be the most
satisfactory materials for marine and saline applications due to its superior corrosion resistance with
good erosion and wear resistance even at high water velocities, good mechanical properties and
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 International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER)
Volume 3, Issue 4, [April 2016] Special Issue of ICRTET’2016

weldability . Most of the time it is heat treated to improve the mechanical and tribological properties
of the key elements. In addition, they are attractive from a commercial standpoint due to their
availability and relatively low cost. However, the greatest drawback with conventional stainless steel
is susceptibility to localized corrosion in chloride-containing aqueous solutions which limits their use
in seawater systems. The influence of the chloride ion on the pitting behavior of stainless steels has
been the subject of extensive studies due to its importance in seawater processing plants (desalination
plants) and marine installations as it shows the superior characteristics to other marine construction
materials, investigation can be done to improve the resistance of stainless steels to localized
corrosion. The alloying elements that increase the resistance of stainless steels to pitting and crevice
corrosion are chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen.
The problems related to corrosions are worldwide and the research related to corrosion is going on
international level number of researchers have tried to cope up with this problems but the research
related to heat treatment of duplex stainless steels and comparison between heat treat and not heat
treat duplex steels is very scanty and reported research work related to the effect of heat treatment
and evaluation of new microstructure which resulted more corrosion is also very rare. Moreover, no
systematic study has been reported so far to analyze the influence of heat treatment on corrosion and
metallurgical properties of duplex stainless steels.
This investigation aims to carry out a systematic study to investigate the corrosion behavior of plain
duplex stainless steel and the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and corrosion resistance
on the duplex stainless steels in seawater.

V. FUTURE SCOPE FOR STUDY

1) To study the behavior of duplex stainless steel under the action of corrosive environments.
2) To investigate the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of
the duplex stainless steel.
3) To compare the corrosion behavior of simple and heat treat duplex stainless steel.
4) To study and investigate the cause of corrosion and effect of heat treatment on the corrosion
resistance offered by the duplex stainless steels.

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