Paper ppt- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Abstract:
This paper aims at presenting the concept of "Artificial Intelligence." It is th
e branch of Computer Science concerned with making computers behave like humans.
It is the Science and Engineering of making intelligent machines, especially in
telligent computer programs. It is the hot topic on many boards and software hou
ses. The term was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology.
This paper briefly describes how Artificial Intelligence works and the various t
echniques used in AI. It further describes, the greatest advances that have occu
rred in the field of Medicine, Military, Expert Systems, Robotics and Natural La
nguage Processing. This paper deals with latest advances that have occurred in t
he field of games playing. The best computer chess programs are now capable of b
eating humans. In May 1997, an IBM super-computer called Deep Blue defeated worl
d chess champion Gary Kasparov in a chess match.
Today, the hottest area of Artificial Intelligence is neural networks, which are
proving successful in a number of disciplines such as voice recognition and nat
ural language processing. Robotics incorporating artificial intelligence interac
tion with laser, ultrasound, MRI scanning, are performing delicate brain surgery
more accurately than by traditional surgical approaches. A.I. was used in the i
nvestigation of Mars in July 1997. This paper reflects the potential impact of A
I on our lives. Artificial Intelligence is likely to continue to creep into our
lives without us really noticing.
Contents
Introduction
Why Artificial Intelligence?
• Motivation
How does Artificial Intelligence work?
• Planning
• Pattern Recognition
• Ontology
• Robotics
• Artificial Life
• Epistemology
Who uses Artificial Intelligence?
• Medicine
• Artificial Nose
• Military
• Game AI
• Natural Language Processing
• Expert Systems
Future of AI Technology
• Telephone Translator
• A Greater Use of Expert Systems
• Passing the Turing Test
• Research assistants

Artificial Intelligence
Introduction:
Artificial Intelligence is a branch of Science which deals with helping machines
find solutions to complex problems in a more human-like fashion. This generally
involves borrowing characteristics from human intelligence, and applying them a
s algorithm in human friendly way. It is basically the ability of a machine to t
hink for itself. It aims at getting computers to do tasks which require human in
telligence. In short it can be described as:
Simple things turn out to be the hardest to automate:
*Recognizing a face.
*Navigating a busy street.
*Understanding what someone says.
Why Artificial Intelligence?
Motivation...
Computers are fundamentally well suited to performing mechanical computations, u
sing fixed programmed rules. This allows artificial machines to perform monotono
us tasks efficiently and reliably, which humans are ill - suited to. For more co
mplex problems, things get more difficult. Unlike humans, computers have trouble
understanding specific situations, and adapting to new situations. Artificial I
ntelligence aims to improve machine behaviour in tackling such complex tasks.
How does Artificial Intelligence work?
Technology...
Over the past five decades, AI research has mostly been focusing on solving spec
ific problems. Numerous solutions have been devised and improved to do so effici
ently and reliably. This explains why the field of Artificial Intelligence is sp
lit into many branches. Some of the branches have been explained below:
Planning:
Planning programs start with general facts about the world (especially facts abo
ut the effects of actions), facts about the particular situation and a statement
of a goal. From these, they generate a strategy for achieving the goal. In the
most common cases, the strategy is just the sequence of actions.
Pattern recognition:
The main focus in AI today is getting a computer to recognize, make senses and r
ecreate in what it sees and hears.
The two major divisions of pattern recognition are machine vision and sound.
Pattern-Recognition-Vision:
It's goal is to get a computer to recognize pictures so that it can recognize ob
jects in its surroundings that would be helpful in robotics.
Pattern-Recognition-Sound:
It wants to achieve a similar goal but is a primary concern with companies that
want to produce a new means in which a person interacts with a computer by talki
ng.

Ontology:Ontology is the study of what objects are and what are they made of. It
is the study of kinds of things that exist. In AI, the programs and sentences d
eal with various kinds of objects, and we study what these kinds are and what th
eir basic properties are.
Robotics:
Robotics is the study of how to design, build, use, and work with robots. Robots
are mechanical devices that can move and react to sensory input giving them som
e degree of autonomous control.
Robots are widely used in the industrial sector performing high-precision jobs s
uch as painting and wielding. They are used in laboratories for repetitive tasks
in chemistry and biology, and in situations, which would be dangerous for human
s such as cleaning toxic waste or defusing bombs.
Three laws of robotics:
1. A robot may not injure or harm a human being or allow a human being to come t
o harm.
2. 2. A robot must follow the instructions given to it by a human being without
violating Rule 1
3. 3. A robot must protect itself as long as such protection does not violate Ru
les 1 and 2.

Artificial life:
Artificial life is a field of scientific study that attempts to model living bio
logical systems through complex algorithms. Scientists use these models to test
and experiment with a multitude of factors on the behaviour of the systems.
Artificial life: From robot dreams to reality
It is a diverse field of research, but a common theme is testing out the fundame
ntal principles of life by building detailed working models. One of the most amb
itious goals of artificial-life research is the construction of living systems o
ut of non-living parts. Artificial life is a blanket term used to refer to human
attempts at setting up systems with lifelike properties all biological organism
s possess, such as self-reproduction, homeostasis, adaptability, mutational vari
ation, optimization of external states, and so on.
Epistemology:
Epistemology is a study of knowledge that are required for solving problems in t
he world.

Who uses Artificial Intelligence?

Applications...
To be useful, a system has to be able to do more than just correctly perform som
e task.
-- Johan McDermott
Artificial Intelligence is helping people in every field to make better use of i
nformation to work harder not smarter. The potential applications of Artificial
Intelligence are abundant. However, some of the applications of AI have been lis
ted below:

Medicine:
NEW BLOOD TEST SPOTS CANCER:
In one of the biggest advances in cancer research in years, scientists have deve
loped a blood test that can detect cancer with a greater than 90% accuracy. This
artificial intelligence --already tested for cancers of the breast, ovary, and
lung--could one day be used to detect many types cancer. 'All that's needed is a
single drop of blood’… The computer does the rest. ...In tests on several hundred
blood samples, some taken from women with ovarian cancer and others from healthy
women, the test proved an astonishing 100% accurate in detecting cancer, even
at the earliest stages.
Artificial nose:
Scientists have endowed computers with eyes to see, thanks to digital cameras, a
nd ears to hear, via microphones and sophisticated recognition software. Now the
y re taking computers further into the realm of the senses with the development
of an artificial nose.
E-NOSE TO SNIFF OUT HOSPITAL SUPERBUGS:
"E-nose analyses gas samples by passing the gas over an array of electrodes coat
ed with different conducting polymers. Each electrode reacts to particular subst
ance by changing its electrical resistance in a characteristic way. Combining th
e signals from all the electrodes gives a smell-print of the chemicals in the
mixture that neural network software built into the e-nose can learn to recogniz
e. As a result, it can be detected from the smell alone that what the bacterial
infections are.

Military:
A NEW MODEL OF ARMY SOLDIER ROLLS CLOSER TO THE BATTLEFIELD:
The American military is working on a new generation of soldier, far different f
rom the army it has. They don t feel hungry, said Gordon Johnson of the Joint
Forces Command at the Pentagon. They are not afraid. They don t forget their or
ders. They don t care if the guy next to them has just been shot. Will they do a
better job than humans? Yes. The robot soldier is coming. The Pentagon predict
s that robots will be a major fighting force in American military in less than a
decade, hunting and killing enemies in combat. Robots are a crucial part of the
Army s effort to rebuild itself as a 21st-century fighting force, and a $127 bi
llion project called Future Combat Systems is the biggest military contract in A
merican history.
Game AI:
ONLY A PAWN IN IT S GAME:
Hydra is the latest chess supercomputer to lay down the gauntlet to the world s
top players. Its architects say it is the greatest ever built, but don t expect
it to rejoice in victory or get the post-match drinks in.
It is a behemoth of a machine that pits 32-linked processor against its flesh-an
d-blood opponents. Hydra s backers claim it can analyze 200 million chess moves
in a second and project the game up to 40 moves ahead.
Natural Language processing:
The goal of the Natural Language Processing (NLP) group is to design and build s
oftware that will analyze, understand, and generate languages that humans use na
turally, so that eventually you will be able to address your computer as though
you were addressing another person.
This goal is not easy to reach. "Understanding" language means, among other thin
gs, knowing what concepts a word or phrase stands for and knowing how to link th
ose concepts together in a meaningful way. It s ironic that natural language, th
e symbol system that is easiest for humans to learn and use, is hardest for a co
mputer to master. Long after machines have proven capable of inverting large mat
rices with speed and grace, they still fail to master the basics of our spoken a
nd written languages.
Expert Systems:
The primary goal of expert systems research is to make expertise available to de
cision makers and technicians who need answers quickly. There is never enough ex
pertise to go around--certainly it is not always available at the right place an
d the right time. Portable with computers loaded with in-depth knowledge of spec
ific subjects can bring decades worth of knowledge to a problem.

EXPERT SYSTEMS - MAKE A DIAGNOSIS:

Intution may seem like a human trick, but machines can be pretty good at it too.
Underlying a hunch are dozens of tiny, subconscious rules-truths we that have l
earned from experience. Add them up and you get instinct: a doctor s sense that
a patient s stomach-ache might really be appendicitis, for example. Program thos
e rules into a computer and you get an expert system- one of many that can scree
n lab tests, diagnose blood infections, and identify tumors on a mammogram.

Future of AI Technology:
Artificial Intelligence and robotics are likely to creep into our lives without
us really noticing. However, AI has spawned some useful applications like expert
systems and game AI, but the truly pervasive use of AI is still to come as more
research and improved technology surfaces in the future. Here are a few applied
innovations that AI promises in the future and the technologies behind them.
Telephone Translators:
One of the common cliches when one talks about the future is how the world is sh
rinking every day. Distance used to be a barrier in travel and the invention of
the airplane changed all that. Time used to be a factor in communication since t
he mail system took months to deliver a letter across the United States, but the
telephone dissolved such a hurdle. The combinations of travel and communication
s has brought whole nations together except now the last barrier in internationa
l relationship is language. This is where telephone translators will change all
that.
Essentially, a person from the United States says some things in English into hi
s telephone. Almost instantaneously, a computer intercepts the voice, translates
what was said, and synthetically generate the appropriate Japanese words to the
person on the other line. Of Course, the translator would need advanced voice r
ecognition, natural language processing and inferencing to extract what was mean
t by the English-speaker, and then synthesize a human-sounding Japanese person s
voice in conversational Japanese.
A Greater Use of Expert Systems:
With such success as a diagnostic in medic and mechanics presently, expert syste
ms will be more prevalent in other applications that require an expert with whom
people can consult with. Need to identify the perfect pet for a friend? A pet e
xpert system could ask some questions related to the person s personality so tha
t it can conclude the types of animals that would be suited for them. What kinds
of dishes can one make tonight with the food in the refrigerator? Input the foo
ds into a cook expert system and find out. The possibilities for expert systems
are almost endless. If expert systems are designed and built correctly, users sh
ould be able to easily program their own expert and should make better decisions
in their lives.
Passing the Turing Test:
The idea behind the test is that if a machine could make a person think he/she w
as interacting with an intelligent person, why not consider the machine intellig
ent in its own right? The controversy over the Turing Test will probably continu
e into the future, but once a computer convincingly passes the test and becomes
more and more integrated with society, this test would be at least the best appr
oximation of intelligence possible.
Research Assistants:
The world is moving from the Industrial Age to the Information Age where the phr
ase "knowledge is power" is becoming a reality. With so much information out the
re, it has become harder and harder to find what is really relevant. This is whe
re a research assistant powered by AI can help. Not only can the assistant under
stand what one is looking for, which requires natural language processing, it is
smart enough to know where to look and compare what it finds to what it is look
ing for to see how relevant the information is, so the person doesn t have to do
the dirty work. Research assistants will be an important tool in the future b
y keeping the world of information from exploding into an infinite chaos of unor
ganized facts and figures.