TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pag
Sr Remar
Subject e
No. k
No.
1 Introduction 02
2 History 02
3 Handset Features 03
3.1 Software and applications 04

3.2 Power supply 05

3.3 SIM card 06

4 Mobile phones in society 07

4.1 Media 07

5 Usage 08
5.1 Examples 08

5.2 Sharing 08

5.3 Restrictions on usage 09

5.3.1 Use while driving 09

5.3.2 Schools 09

5.4 Privacy 10

6 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 10
7 LIST OF BEST SELLING PHONES 10
7.1 By model 10

7.1 By manufacturer 11
Future evolution: Broadband Fourth
8 11
generation (4G)
9 Comparison to similar systems 12

1
 1.INTRODUCTION
A mobile phone (also called mobile, cellular phone, cell phone or hand phone) is an
electronic device used for full duplex two-way radio telecommunications over a cellular network
of base stations known as cell sites. Mobile phones differ from cordless telephones, which only
offer telephone service within limited range through a single base station attached to a fixed land
line, for example within a home or an office.

A mobile phone allows its user to make and receive telephone calls to and from the public
telephone network, which includes other mobiles and fixed line phones across the world. It does
this by connecting to a cellular network owned by a mobile network operator. A key feature of
the cellular network is that it enables seamless telephone calls even when the user is moving
around wide areas via a process known as handoff or handover.

In addition to being a telephone, modern mobile phones also support many additional services,
and accessories, such as SMS (or text) messages, email, Internet access, gaming, Bluetooth,
infrared, camera, MMS messaging, MP3 player, radio and GPS. Low-end mobile phones are
often referred to as feature phones, whereas high-end mobile phones that offer more advanced
computing ability are referred to as smart phones.

The first handheld cellular phone was demonstrated by Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973,
using a handset weighing in at two kilos. In the year 1990, 12.4 million people worldwide had
cellular subscriptions. By the end of 2009, only 20 years later, the number of mobile cellular
subscriptions worldwide reached approximately 4.6 billion, 370 times the 1990 number,
penetrating the developing economies and reaching the bottom of the economic pyramid.

2.History
The first mobile telephone call made from a car occurred in St. Louis, Missouri, USA on
June 17, 1946, but the system was impractical from what is considered a portable handset today.

In 1960, the world’s first partly automatic car phone system, Mobile System A (MTA), was
launched in Sweden. MTA phones were composed of vacuum tubes and relays, and had a weight
of 40 kg. In 1962, a more modern version called Mobile System B (MTB) was launched, which
was a push-button telephone, and which used transistors in order to enhance the telephone’s
calling capacity and improve its operational reliability. In 1971 the MTD version was launched,
opening for several different brands of equipment and gaining commercial success.

Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive is considered the inventor of the first
practical mobile phone for hand-held use in a non-vehicle setting, after a long race against Bell
Labs for the first portable mobile phone. Using a modern, if somewhat heavy portable handset,
Cooper made the first call on a hand-held mobile phone on April 3, 1973 to his rival, Dr. Joel S.
Engel of Bell Labs.

2
The first commercially automated cellular network (the 1G generation) was launched in Japan by
NTT in 1979, initially in the metropolitan area of Tokyo. Within five years, the NTT network
had been expanded to cover the whole population of Japan and became the first nation-wide 1G
network. In 1981, this was followed by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone
(NMT) system in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.[9] NMT was the first mobile phone
network featuring international roaming. The first 1G network launched in the USA was Chicago
based Ameritech in 1983 using the Motorola DynaTAC mobile phone. Several countries then
followed in the early 1980s including the UK, Mexico and Canada.

The first "modern" network technology on digital 2G (second generation) cellular technology
was launched by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Group) in 1991 in Finland on the GSM standard
which also marked the introduction of competition in mobile telecoms when Radiolinja
challenged incumbent Telecom Finland (now part of TeliaSonera) who ran a 1G NMT network.

In 2001 the first commercial launch of 3G (Third Generation) was again in Japan by NTT
DoCoMo on the WCDMA standard.[10]

One of the newest 3G technologies to be implemented is High-Speed Downlink Packet Access

(HSDPA). It is an enhanced 3G (third generation) mobile telephony communications protocol in
the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also coined 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows
networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) to have higher data
transfer speeds and capacity.

3. Handset feature
All mobile phones have a number of features in common, but manufacturers also try to
differentiate their own products by implementing additional functions to make them more
attractive to consumers. This has led to great innovation in mobile phone development over the
last twenty years.

The common components found on all phones are:

• A rechargeable battery providing the power source for the phone functions
• An input mechanism and display to allow the user to interact with the phone. The most
common input mechanism is a keypad, but touch screens are also found in some high-end
smart phones.
• Basic mobile phone services to allow users to make calls and send text messages.
• All GSM phones use a SIM card to allow an account to be swapped among devices.
Some CDMA devices also have a similar card called an R-UIM.
• Individual GSM, WCDMA, iDEN and some satellite phone devices are uniquely
identified by an International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number.

Low-end mobile phones are often referred to as feature phones, and offer basic telephony, as
well as functions such as playing music and taking photos, and sometimes simple applications
3
based on generic managed platforms such as Java ME or BREW. Handsets with more advanced
computing ability through the use of native software applications became known as smart
phones. The first smart phone was the Nokia 9000 Communicator in 1996, which added PDA
functionality to the basic mobile phone at the time. As miniaturization and increased processing
power of microchips has enabled ever more features to be added to phones, the concept of the
smart phone has evolved, and what was a high-end smart phone five years ago, is a standard
phone today.

Several phone series have been introduced to address a given market segment, such as the RIM
BlackBerry focusing on enterprise/corporate customer email needs; the SonyEricsson Walkman
series of music phones and Cyber shot series of camera phones; the Nokia N-series of
multimedia phones, the Palm Pre the HTC Dream and the Apple i-Phone.

Other features that may be found on mobile phones include GPS navigation, music (MP3) and
video (MP4) playback, RDS radio receiver, alarms, memo recording, personal digital assistant
functions, ability to watch streaming video, video download, video calling, built-in cameras
(1.0+ Mpx) and camcorders (video recording), with autofocus and flash, ringtones, games, PTT,
memory card reader (SD), USB (2.0), dual line support, infrared, Bluetooth (2.0) and Wi-Fi
connectivity, instant messaging, Internet e-mail and browsing and serving as a wireless modem.
Nokia and the University of Cambridge demonstrated a bendable cell phone called the Morph.[11]

3.1 Software and application

The most commonly used data application on mobile phones is SMS text messaging. The first
SMS text message was sent from a computer to a mobile phone in 1992 in the UK, while the first
person-to-person SMS from phone to phone was sent in Finland in 1993.

Other non-SMS data services used on mobile phones include mobile music, downloadable logos
and pictures, gaming, gambling, adult entertainment and advertising. The first downloadable
mobile content was sold to a mobile phone in Finland in 1998, when Radiolinja (now Elisa)
introduced the downloadable ring tone service. In 1999 Japanese mobile operator, NTT DoCoMo
introduced its mobile internet service, i-Mode, which today is the world's largest mobile internet
service.

The first mobile news service, delivered via SMS, was launched in Finland in 2000. Mobile news
services are expanding with many organizations providing "on-demand" news services by SMS.
Some also provide "instant" news pushed out by SMS.

3.2 Power supply

Mobile phones generally obtain power from rechargeable batteries. There are a variety of ways
used to charge cell phones, including USB, portable batteries, mains power (using an AC

4
adapter), cigarette lighters (using an adapter), or a dynamo. In 2009, wireless charging became a
reality, and the first wireless charger was released for consumer use.

Standardization of Micro-USB connector for charging

Starting from 2010, many mobile phone manufacturers have agreed to use the Micro-USB
connector for charging their phones.[13] The mobile phone manufacturers who have agreed to this
standard include:

• LG
• Motorola
• Nokia
• Research In Motion
• Samsung
• Sony Ericsson

On 17 February 2009, the GSM Association announced that they had agreed on a standard
charger for mobile phones. The standard connector to be adopted by 17 manufacturers in the
Open Mobile Terminal Platform including Nokia, Motorola and Samsung is to be the micro-USB
connector (several media reports erroneously reported this as the mini-USB). The new chargers
will be much more efficient than existing chargers. Having a standard charger for all phones,
means that manufacturers will no longer have to supply a charger with every new phone.

In addition, on 22 October 2009 the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) announced

that it had embraced micro-USB as the Universal Charger Solution its "energy-efficient one-
charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution", and added: "Based on the Micro-USB interface,
UCS chargers will also include a 4-star or higher efficiency rating — up to three times more
energy-efficient than an unrated charger."

Battery

Formerly, the most common form of mobile phone batteries were nickel metal-hydride, as they
have a low size and weight. Lithium ion batteries are sometimes used, as they are lighter and do
not have the voltage depression that nickel metal-hydride batteries do. Many mobile phone
manufacturers have now switched to using lithium-polymer batteries as opposed to the older
Lithium-Ion, the main advantages of this being even lower weight and the possibility to make the
battery a shape other than strict cuboid.[18] Mobile phone manufacturers have been experimenting
with alternative power sources, including solar cells and Coca Cola.[19]

3.3 SIM card

5
GSM mobile phones require a small microchip called a Subscriber Identity Module or SIM Card,
to function. The SIM card is approximately the size of a small postage stamp and is usually
placed underneath the battery in the rear of the unit. The SIM securely stores the service-
subscriber key (IMSI) used to identify a subscriber on mobile telephony devices (such as mobile
phones and computers). The SIM card allows users to change phones by simply removing the
SIM card from one mobile phone and inserting it into another mobile phone or broadband
telephony device.

A SIM card contains its unique serial number, internationally unique number of the mobile user
(IMSI), security authentication and ciphering information, temporary information related to the
local network, a list of the services the user has access to and two passwords (PIN for usual use
and PUK for unlocking).

SIM cards are available in three standard sizes. The first is the size of a credit card (85.60 mm ×
53.98 mm x 0.76 mm). The newer, most popular miniature version has the same thickness but a
length of 25 mm and a width of 15 mm, and has one of its corners truncated (chamfered) to
prevent misinsertion. The newest incarnation known as the 3FF or micro-SIM has dimensions of
15 mm × 12 mm. Most cards of the two smaller sizes are supplied as a full-sized card with the
smaller card held in place by a few plastic links; it can easily be broken off to be used in a device
that uses the smaller SIM.

The first SIM card was made in 1991 by Munich smart card maker Giesecke & Devrient for the
Finnish wireless network operator Radiolinja. Giesecke & Devrient sold the first 300 SIM cards
to Elisa (ex. Radiolinja).

Those cell phones that do not use a SIM Card have the data programmed in to their memory.
This data is accessed by using a special digit sequence to access the "NAM" as in "Name" or
number programming menu. From there, information can be added including: a new number for
the phone, new Service Provider numbers, new emergency numbers, new Authentication Key or
A-Key code, and a Preferred Roaming List or PRL. However, to prevent the phone being
accidentally disabled or removed from the network, the Service Provider typically locks this data
with a Master Subsidiary Lock (MSL). The MSL also locks the device to a particular carrier
when it is sold as a loss leader.

The MSL applies to the SIM only so once the contract has been completed the MSL still applies
to the SIM. The phone however, is also initially locked by the manufacturer into the Service
Providers MSL. This lock may be disabled so that the phone can use other Service Providers
SIM cards. Most phones purchased outside the US are unlocked phones because there are
numerous Service Providers close to one another or have overlapping coverage. The cost to
unlock a phone varies but is usually very cheap and is sometimes provided by independent phone
vendors.

A similar module called a Removable User Identity Module is present in some CDMA networks,
notably in China.

4. Mobile phone in society

6
 The world's largest individual mobile operator is China Mobile with over 500 million mobile
phone subscribers. The world's largest mobile operator group by subscribers is UK based
Vodafone. There are over 600 mobile operators and carriers in commercial production
worldwide. Over 50 mobile operators have over 10 million subscribers each, and over 150
mobile operators have at least one million subscribers by the end of 2009 (source wireless
intelligence).

LG Sony
Sourc Dat Samsun Referenc
Nokia Electronic RIM Ericsso Others
e e g es
s n

Q1/
[20]
IDC 201 36.6% 21.8% 9.2% 3.6% 3.6% 25.3%
0

Q1/
Gartne [21]
201 35.0% 20.6% 8.6% 3.4% 3.1% 29.3%
r
0

Other manufacturers include Apple Inc., Audiovox (now UTStarcom), CECT, HTC Corporation,
Fujitsu, Kyocera, Mitsubishi Electric, NEC, Panasonic, Palm, Matsushita, Pantech Wireless Inc.,
Philips, Qualcomm Inc., Research In Motion Ltd. (RIM), Sagem, Sanyo, Sharp, Sierra Wireless,
SK Teletech, T&A Alcatel, Huawei, Trium, Toshiba and Vidalco. There are also specialist
communication systems related to (but distinct from) mobile phones.

4.1 Media

In 1998, one of the first examples of selling media content through the mobile phone was the sale
of ringtones by Radiolinja in Finland. Soon afterwards other media content appeared such as
news, videogames, jokes, horoscopes, TV content and advertising. Most early content for mobile
tended to be copies of legacy media, such as the banner advertisement or the TV news highlight
video clip. Recently unique content for mobile has been emerging, from the ringing tones and
ring back tones in music to "mobisodes," video content that has been produced exclusively for
mobile phones.

In 2006 the total value of mobile phone paid media content exceeded internet paid media content
and was worth 31 Billion dollars (source Informa 2007). The value of music on phones was
worth 9.3 Billion dollars in 2007 and gaming was worth over 5 billion dollars in 2007.[22]

The advent of media on the mobile phone has also produced the opportunity to identify and track
Alpha Users or Hubs, the most influential members of any social community. AMF Ventures
measured in 2007 the relative accuracy of three mass media, and found that audience measures
on mobile were nine times more accurate than on the internet and 90 times more accurate than on
TV.

7
The mobile phone is often called the Fourth Screen (if counting cinema, TV and PC screens as
the first three) or Third Screen (counting only TV and PC screens).[weasel words] It is also called the
Seventh of the Mass Media (with Print, Recordings, Cinema, Radio, TV and Internet the first
six).

5. Usage
5.1 Examples

Mobile phones are used for a variety of purposes, including keeping in touch with family
members, conducting business, and having access to a telephone in the event of an emergency.
Some people carry more than one cell phone for different purposes, such as for business and
personal use. Multiple SIM cards may also be used to take advantage of the benefits of different
calling plans—a particular plan might provide cheaper local calls, long-distance calls,
international calls, or roaming. A study by Motorola found that one in ten cell phone subscribers
have a second phone that often is kept secret from other family members. These phones may be
used to engage in activities including extramarital affairs or clandestine business dealings. [23] The
mobile phone has also been used in a variety of diverse contexts in society, for example:

• Organizations that aid victims of domestic violence may offer a cell phone to
potential victims without the abuser's knowledge. These devices are often old
phones that are donated and refurbished to meet the victim's emergency
needs.[24]
• Child predators have taken advantage of cell phones to secretly
communicate with children without the knowledge of their parents or
teachers.[25]
• The advent of widespread text messaging has resulted in the cell phone
novel; the first literary genre to emerge from the cellular age via text
messaging to a website that collects the novels as a whole.[26] Paul Levinson,
in Information on the Move (2004), says "...nowadays, a writer can write just
about as easily, anywhere, as a reader can read" and they are "not only
personal but portable".
• Mobile telephony also facilitates activism and public journalism being
explored by Reuters and Yahoo![27] and small independent news companies
such as Jasmine News in Sri Lanka.

5.2 Sharing

In some parts of the world, mobile phone sharing is common. It is prevalent in urban India, as
families and groups of friends often share one or more mobiles among their members. There are
obvious economic benefits, but often familial customs and traditional gender roles play a part.[28]
For example in Burkina Faso it is not uncommon for a village to have access to only one mobile
phone. The phone is typically owned by a person who is not natively from the village, such as a
teacher or missionary, but it is the expected that other members of the village are allowed to use
the cell phone to make necessary calls.

8
5.3 Restrictions on usage

There exists a community that believes mobile phone use represents a long-term health risk,
although this is currently disputed by the World Health Organization, with forthcoming mobile
phone usage recommendations in 2010. Certain countries, including France, have warned against
the use of cell phones especially by minors due to health risk uncertainties.[31] Groups of
scientists, such as the US based group Bioinitiative, argue that because mobile phone use is
recently introduced technology, long-term "proof" has been impossible and that use should be
restricted, or monitored closely, while the technology is still new.

5.3.1 Use while driving

Mobile phone use while driving is common but controversial. Being distracted while operating a
motor vehicle has been shown to increase the risk of accident. Because of this, many
jurisdictions prohibit the use of mobile phones while driving. Egypt, Israel, Japan, Portugal and
Singapore ban both hand-held and hands-free use of a mobile phone whilst many other
countries –including the UK, France, and many US states– ban hand-held phone use only,
allowing hands-free use.

Due to the increasing complexity of mobile phones –often more like mobile computers in their
available uses– it has introduced additional difficulties for law enforcement officials in being
able to tell one usage from another as drivers use their devices. This is more apparent in those
countries who ban both hand-held and hands-free usage, rather those who have banned hand-held
use only, as officials cannot easily tell which function of the mobile phone is being used simply
by visually looking at the driver. This can mean that drivers may be stopped for using their
device illegally on a phone call, when in fact they were not; instead using the device for a legal
purpose such as the phones' incorporated controls for car stereo or satnav usage – either as part
of the cars' own device or directly on the mobile phone itself.
Cases like these can often only be proved otherwise by a check of the mobile operators phone
call records to see if a call was taking place during the journey concerned. Although in many
countries the law enforcement official may have stopped the driver for a differing offence, for
example, for lack of due care and attention in relation to their driving.

5.3.2 Schools

Some schools limit or restrict the use of mobile phones. Schools set restrictions on the use of
mobile phones because of the use of cell phones for cheating on tests, harassment and bullying,
causing threats to the schools security, distractions to the students and facilitating gossip and
other social activity in school. Many mobile phones are banned in school locker room facilities,
public restrooms and swimming pools due to the built-in cameras that most phones now feature.

A recently published study has reviewed the incidence of mobile phone use while cycling and its
effects on behaviour and safety.

9
5.4 Privacy

Cell phones have numerous privacy issues. Governments, law enforcement and intelligence
services use mobiles to perform surveillance in the UK and the US. They possess technology to
remotely activate the microphones in cell phones in order to listen to conversations that take
place near to the person who holds the phone.

Mobile phones are also commonly used to collect location data. While the phone is turned on,
the geographical location of a mobile phone can be determined easily (whether it is being used or
not), using a technique known multilateration to calculate the differences in time for a signal to
travel from the cell phone to each of several cell towers near the owner of the phone.[35][36]

6. Environmental issues
The ubiquitousness and rapid technological change has led to mobile phones becoming a
component of the waste stream. Electronic waste such as mobile phones contain materials that
are toxic when they enter into ecosystems and recycling is now carried out to some extent.

7. List of best selling phones

7.1 By model
Manufact Release Units
# Model
urer year sold

250
1 Nokia 1100 2003
million

150
2 Nokia 1200 2007
million

150
3 Nokia 1110 2005
million

150
4 Nokia 3200 1999
million

2600/2610/2626/2 135
5 Nokia 2004
630 million

130
6 Nokia 1600/1650/1661 2006
million

130
7 Motorola RAZR V3 2004
million

8 Nokia 3310 2000 126

10
 million

100
9 Nokia 1208/1209 2007
million

1 75
Nokia 6010/6020/6030 2004
0 million

7.2 By manufacturer
Manufactu Release Units
Model
rer year sold

250
Nokia 1100 2003
million

130
Motorola RAZR V3 2004
million

S8300 Tocco 12
Samsung 2009
Ultra million

Sony K310 15
2006
Ericsson W810 million

15
LG Chocolate 2009
million

35
Apple iPhone 3GS 2009
million

M30/M35i 2000 15
Siemens
A50 2002 million

BenQ- 15
S68 2006
Siemens million

BlackBerry Pearl 15
RIM 2006
8100 million

One Touch Mini

Alcatel 2009 5 million
708

Palm Centro 2007 2 million

HTC Touch 2007 2 million

11
8. Future evolution: Broadband Fourth generation
(4G)
The recently released 4th generation, also known as Beyond 3G, aims to provide broadband
wireless access with nominal data rates of 100 Mbit/s to fast moving devices, and 1 Gbit/s to
stationary devices defined by the ITU-R[37] 4G systems may be based on the 3GPP LTE (Long
Term Evolution) cellular standard, offering peak bit rates of 326.4 Mbit/s. It may perhaps also be
based on WiMax or Flash-OFDM wireless metropolitan area network technologies that promise
broadband wireless access with speeds that reaches 233 Mbit/s for mobile users. The radio
interface in these systems is based on all-IP packet switching, MIMO diversity, multi-carrier
modulation schemes, Dynamic Channel Assignment (DCA) and channel-dependent scheduling.
A 4G system should be a complete replacement for current network infrastructure and is
expected to be able to provide a comprehensive and secure IP solution where voice, data, and
streamed multimedia can be given to users on a "Anytime, Anywhere" basis, and at much higher
data rates than previous generations. Sprint in the US has claimed its WiMax network to be "4G
network" which most cellular telecoms standardization experts dispute repeatedly around the
world. Sprint's 4G is seen as a marketing gimmick as WiMax itself is part of the 3G air interface.
The officially accepted, ITU ratified standards-based 4G networks are not expected to be
commercially launched until 2011.

9. Comparison to similar systems

Car phone
A type of telephone permanently mounted in a vehicle, these often have more powerful
transmitters, an external antenna and loudspeaker for hands free use. They usually
connect to the same networks as regular mobile phones.
Cordless telephone (portable phone)
Cordless phones are telephones which use one or more radio handsets in place of a wired
handset. The handsets connect wirelessly to a base station, which in turn connects to a
conventional land line for calling. Unlike mobile phones, cordless phones use private
base stations (belonging to the land-line subscriber), which are not shared.
Professional Mobile Radio
Advanced professional mobile radio systems can be very similar to mobile phone
systems. Notably, the IDEN standard has been used as both a private trunked radio
system as well as the technology for several large public providers. Similar attempts have
even been made to use TETRA, the European digital PMR standard, to implement public
mobile networks.
Radiophone
This is a term, which covers radios, which could connect into the telephone network.
These phones may not be mobile; for example, they may require a mains power supply,
or they may require the assistance of a human operator to set up a PSTN phone call.
Satellite phone
12
 This type of phone communicates directly with an artificial satellite, which in turn relays
calls to a base station or another satellite phone. A single satellite can provide coverage to
a much greater area than terrestrial base stations. Since satellite phones are costly, their
use is typically limited to people in remote areas where no mobile phone coverage exists,
such as mountain climbers, mariners in the open sea, and news reporters at disaster sites.
IP Phone
This type of phone delivers or receives calls over internet, LAN or WAN networks using
VoIP as opposed to traditional CDMA and GSM networks. In business, the majority of
these IP Phones tend to be connected via wired Ethernet, however wireless varieties do
exist. Several vendors have developed standalone Wi-Fi phones. Additionally, some
cellular mobile phones include the ability to place VoIP calls over cellular high speed
data networks and/or wireless internet.

13