Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
A THESIS
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE A WARD OF THE DEGREE
OF
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
(THERMAL) ' ^ V ^ \ V - 0 • ^ / ^ " V ^
BY
VINEET KUMAR
(ROLL NO. 209475)
Date: lj//S./io/i
^{kv-^
Place: Kurukshetra VINEET KUMAR
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis report entitled "DESIGN AND THERMAL STRESS
ANALYSIS OF HOT REHEAT LINE FOR 500MW COAL BASED POWER
STATION", submitted by Mr. VINEET KUMAR, in partial fulfillment of the requirement
for the award of the degree of Master of Technology in Thermal Engineering to National
Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India, is a record of student's own work
carried out under my supervision and guidance. To the best of my knowledge, this thesis has
not been submitted in part or full elsewhere in any other University or Institution for the
award of any degree. It is further understood that by this certificate the undersigned do not
endorse or approve any statement made, opinion expressed or conclusion drawn there in but
approve the thesis only for the purpose for which it is submitted.
The thesis has been made possible by bountifiil mercy and grace of God. It is my great
pleasure to express my sincere thanks to all the magnanimous persons who rendered their full
support to my work directly or indirectly.
I would like to express my special and sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Gulshan
Sachdeva, Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute
of Technology, Kurukshetra, who has constantly given valuable suggestions and
encouragement apart from providing useful material and facilities for completion of this
work. Without his inspiration and generous guidance the work would have not been
successful. I have learned many things from him pertaining to dissertation and which would
lead to success in my future career.
I would like to extend my deep appreciation to my Father Sh. Hari Ram Khandelwal, Mother
Smt. Om Wati Devi, Sisters Anita and Sangeeta for their love and moral support. I am
thankful to all my close friends especially to Mr. Shiv Kumar Sharma (M.Tech. from NITK),
Ravi Kant Kush (M.Tech. from NITK), Manoj, Ravi Kant Ravi who were always present
there to help me during my thesis work.
(VINEET KUMAR)
ABSTRACT
Piping is very important for any process industry. It is the piping which connects all the
equipments to make a plant able to carry out the process. Thus, piping forms the arteries,
veins, and capillaries of the plant, taking the process fluid from one location to another.
While doing this it has to encounter high pressures, high temperatures and sometimes ultra
low pressures and temperatures as well. Pipes are routed in all the nooks and comers carrying
the process fluid and thus it has to take many bends. Further, if pipe is subjected to higher
operating temperature, in order to take care of expansion, loops are required to be introduced
to make the piping system flexible thus preventing overstressing during operation.
The force due to pipe loading, and thermal effects must not pass on to equipment
beyond the allowable limit. I have used CAESAR II for carrying out stress analysis. Firstly,
isometric drawing based on the pipe routing prepared. Then based on the isometric input a 3D
model is developed in CAESAR 11 environment. After that the boundary conditions, load
data, restraints, support data are specified as input in Caesar II and analysis is done.
8
LIST OF TABLES
ID Inside diameter in mm
Q flow in tonnes/hr
Vs specific volume in m^/kg
V Velocity in m/s
I Stress Intensification factor
MA Resultant Moment loading on cross section due to weight and
other sustained loads (mm- N)
Sh Basic material Allowable stress at maximum (hot) temperature
SL Sum of longitudinal stresses due to pressure, weight, and other
sustained loads
Z Section Modulus (mm^)
f Stress range reduction factor for cyclic conditions for total
number (N) of fiill temperature cycles over total number of
years the system is expected to be in operation(f= 1, for
N=7000 and less)
Sc basic material allowable stress at minimum (cold) temperature
from allowable stress tables
hf head loss due to friction (m)
f friction factor
L length of pipe work (m)
V velocity of fluid (m/s)
g acceleration due to gravity (m/s^)
Rh hydraulic radius
ff Fanning friction factor
e internal roughness of the pipe
Ap pressure drop in Pascals (Pa)
V velocity in metres per second (m/sec)
L length of pipe or hose in metres (m)
10
d inside diameter of pipe or hose in metres (m)
tmin Minimum pipe wall thickness in mm
D Outside diameter of pipe in mm
S Allowable design stress in kg/cm'^
E Weldjoint efficiency factor (=1)
C Corrosion allowance (= 0.75 mm) as per IBR
A Corrosion allowance (= 1.6 mm ) as per NTPC specification
P Internal design pressure in kg/cm^
Y Coefficient having values as given in Table 104.1.2(A) of
ASMEB31.1
11
Greek symbols
P Density of the fluid in kilograms per cubic metre (870-890
kg/m' for hydraulic oil)
Subscripts
12
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
13
• SV Exhaust, misc. drains from equipment & piping system
Various aspects related to engineering of power cycle piping systems were studied
during the on-job training. In order to understand and familiarize various activities
involved in the design of piping system. Design of Hot Reheat steam piping system
for a typical 500MW Coal based Power plant has been taken for the case study. The
major criteria / aspects involved in Power Cycle piping design are discussed as under:
1.3.1 General:
All the piping systems shall be designed to operate without replacement and with
normal maintenance for a plant service life of 30 years and shall withstand the
operating parameter fluctuations and cycling which can be normally expected during
this period.
Power plant piping falls under the requirements of Power Piping Code, ASME B31.1.
The Code address such items as materials, allowable stress levels to be used, design
14
rules to be satisfied and welding requirements including mandatory inspections and
testing. In addition to the above, it references allowable ASTM Material
specifications and various ANSI, AWWA and MSS standards covering requirements
of valves and fittings.
15
1.4 Material Allowable Stress:
One of the major problems in the design of piping systems intended for long
service (such as 10, 15 or 25 years) at elevated temp is that the design values must be
based on extrapolation of relatively short time laboratory test data. In addition to the
relation between deformation and time (creep rate), it is also important to know the
total amount of deformation at the elevated temp, which the material can experience
before it ruptures. Otherwise the piping that is designed on the basis of extrapolated
creep data may fail because the particular material ruptured before attaining the
contemplated strain. Thus the engineer should consider stress to rupture data as well
as the creep data. In power cycle piping design the main steam and hot reheat are
subjected to creep operating continuously at temp of 540°C.
In power plant piping material are subjected to high temp and high stresses.
Due to this the strength of materials at high temp has become of practical importance.
Experiments indicate that the yield point and ultimate strength of materials in tension
depends very much on temperature.
Ultimate stress
Stress
Yield stress
Temperature
16
Piping systems that operate under loads continuously at elevated temperature needs to
be studied in great depth. Experiments show that under such conditions a continuous
deformation may take place, which is an important factor to be considered while
establishing allowable stress for piping materials.
This phenomenon is generally known as creep. For commonly used piping materials
creep begins after 350-400°C. So for establishing allowable stress the designer should
identify whether piping systems fall under creep or not.
When the load is first applied there is an immediate elastic extension OA. The
specimen then begins to stretch at a slower rate in the region BC. At C the specimen
starts extending at very fast rate and finally at D it fractures. For the stress
encountered in practice the time to reach A is very short and the entire life time of the
specimen lies between B&C. So the designer shall restrict the stress value in such a
way that the time elapsed between point B&C shall be sufficient to give expected life
of this system. The slope of the portion BC representing the rate of extension at a
certain stress and temperature is therefore of practical interest.
Elongation
Time
17
CHAPTER!
LITERATURE REVIEW
In recent years, with the rapid development of China's national economy, oil, power,
chemical developing rapidly. Laying a large number of high temperature and high
pressure pipeline, the design level as a measure of whether a design unit in the fierce
market competition to win the key, here, one of the core technology pipe stress
analysis is more complicated. To this end, the design department has used pipe stress
analysis computer. CAESAR II pipe stress analysis software developed by the U.S.
pressure on the company COADE Pipe Stress Analysis of international authoritative
professional software. It can be calculated static analysis, dynamic analysis can also
be, CAESAR II to provide users with comprehensive international general pipeline
design specifications, software, easy to use and quick.
Fang Li [1] presented that high temperature and pressure piping systems such as static
analysis will need to calculate the conditions (temperature, pressure, etc.), pipe
material properties (Young's modulus, linear expansion coefficient, the basic
allowable stress, etc.), pipe size (diameter, wall thickness, length) space direction,
constrained methods as the basic data input the computer. These data are subject to
change along the pipeline, where the change in the establishment of nodes, so that the
entire piping system was divided into several units, each composed of two nodes.
CAESAR II input method used by one unit, the unit's input to fill in a form manner.
CAESAR II software program that is generally considered by three-dimensional x, y,
z in three directions, the program will generally set the first node coordinates (0,0,0).
Zhang Shujun, Li Guobin, Chen Bai-lian [2] determined the safety and reliability of
pipeline and pressure vessel design conventional methods, high temperature and high
pressure pipeline running at an early stage, allowing local pipe yield tightening
method, or by cold pre opposite direction of the stress. Temperature and high pressure
piping stress is broadly divided into based on the nature a stress, secondary stress and
peak stress categories, a stress refers to the internal pressure from the pipeline, gravity
and other external load, stress, self-limiting; secondary stress that is blocked by the
18
pipe deformation caused by normal stress and shear stress; peak stress is the local tube
structural discontinuity, a stress concentration or local thermal stress, attached to a
secondary stress. Static high pressure pipeline results generally include: piping stress
points, the constraints on the pipeline by the force, displacement of various points on
the pipeline,
R. N. Nevin [3] Some Aspects of the Design of Modem Piping System; R. N. Nevin
explained about the specifications, design stress, velocities & pressure drops,
selection of materials, joints. Welding & Non- destructive testing of welds, support &
anchor design. Piping flexibility and drainage for the design of a modem piping
system. The aspects of design of piping systems presented indicate clearly the need
for giving specialized attention to these matters. Correct design will reduce plant
outages and maintenance costs. Too frequently piping considerations play second
fiddle to the consideration of other plant, the result being that the piping is "thrown
together" just before the commissioning of the major plant. If due recognition is given
to its importance and design, manufacture and erection are properly planned, a saving
in initial capital cost can be made in many instances.
Blair, J. S. (1963). [4] The Design of High Temperature Steam Pipes; Ace. To Blair,
J. S., The object should be to arrange the piping such that it can absorb its own
expansion without being overstressed and without imposing excessive thrusts or
moments on plant to which it is connected. The complexity of the analysis is such that
it has become essential to resort to the use of an electronic digital computer-it is
estimated that the average high pressure flexibility analysis, if done manually, would
take one man six months. Besides determining the stresses in the pipes and the
moments and forces which would be imposed on plant to which the piping system
connects, and the moments and forces at anchor and restraint points so that these can
be designed, the analysis gives deflections at any point in the system.
Mao You Ren, Zhao Xiaozheng, Jiang-Tao Liu. [5] CAESAR II software piping
stress analysis in the Power Plant applications [J] .2006.3 (3) presented a theory
which enables spring supports to be designed and a check to be made that, due to
expansion movement, no fouls occur with other pipes, structural steelwork or items of
19
plant. Furthermore, the designer can ensure that joints do not occur at points of high
bending moment, thus ensuring that the erector does not have undue difficulty in
lining up the joint for welding (or flanging).
20
CHAPTERS
METHOD OF CALCULATION OF VARIOUS DESIGN
PARAMETERS FOR PIPING DESIGN
A. Pipes:
ASTMA182Gr. F91
ASTMA182Gr. F22
21
3.2 Pipe Sizing:
Inside diameters of piping are first calculated for the flow requirement of the system
considering a suitable value within the "Recommended range of velocities" for the
service application listed below at Para 1.3. Inside diameters thus calculated are then
checked for allowable pressure differentials for various systems. The allowable
pressure drop is 90% of the available pressure drop in the system which provides the
designer a 10% margin. In case the calculated pressure drop exceeds the allowable
value the pipe sizes are changed to contain the pressure drop within allowable limit
Please note that selection of pipe sizes, besides affecting initial cost, will also affect
operating costs due to their sensitivity to changes in pressure drop, heat losses and
maintenance requirements.
• Noise: - it can result form high velocity flow. Cavitation or two phase flow.
• Erosion/corrosion: - these are caused apart from chemical action of the fluid by
excessive velocities, Cavitation and turbulence at tees, valves, bends etc.
• Flow distribution: It is an important consideration. The more even the cross sectional
velocity profile, more likely is the reduction in the above factors. Thus using
reasonable velocity ranges along with a simple piping layout results in smooth flow
22
pattern. Also too low a velocity will cause higher pipe sizes thereby costly, more
weight on structure, hangers etc. Hence, piping design is a Trade-off between flow
velocity and size of the pipe.
• Cavitation: It can result from the collapse of bubbles close to a metallic surface at a
high velocity enough to cause erosion. NPSH of pumps including accepted margins
must be met to avoid Cavitation.
• Two phase flow: This can be best handled by avoiding piping arrangements that will
produce this condition. Piping layout should avoid flashing upstream of heater drains
control valves.
23
Condensate Discharge 3.0-5.0 m/sec
ID = (595f x O x V ,
V
Where,
ID = Inside diameter in mm
Q = flow in tonnes/hr.
Vs = specific volume in m^/kg
V = Velocity in m/s.
Inside diameters thus calculated are checked for allowable pressure differentials for
various systems. The allowable pressure drop is 90% of the available pressure drop in
the system which provides the designer a 10% margin.
For piping systems which are under IBR purview, pipe thickness calculation shall also
to be performed as per procedure and formula given in IBR Reg.350. In such cases,
based on the higher value of the two calculations, i.e., as per ASME & IBR (after
adding manufacturing tolerance), the next heavier commercial wall thickness shall
then be selected from thickness schedules (e.g. Sch.-40, Sch-80, etc) as contained in
24
ANSI/ ASME B36.10 for OD controlled pipes and from manufacturer's schedules for
ID controlled pipes.
Allowable stresses of material are selected from Appendix-A of ASME B31.1 after
choosing the pipe material, its grade & construction type and design temperature.
Straight-line interpolations of allowable stress between the temperature points in the
stress tables are permitted. Allowance in the form of additional thickness has to be
selected for material removed in threading, bending, machining, expected corrosion,
erosion etc.. As per NTPC practice corrosion allowance of 1.6mm is considered for
pipe thickness calculation as per ASME B31 and an allowance of 0.75mm is
considered for thickness calculation as per IBR-1950.
Lightly bonded mineral wool as per IS 8183 in the form of pipe sections and machine
stitched mattresses is considered for insulation. The density of bonded mineral wool is
about 100 kg/m3 for temperatures below 400°C and 150 kg/m3 for temperature above
400°C. Thermal conductivity of this material being less by about 25 to 30%, less
quantity of material is required as compared to the unbonded mineral wool. As this
material is available in the form of machine stitched mattresses and snap-on type pipe
sections, it is easier to apply this type of insulation. Removing and replacement of
insulation at the time of maintenance is also much easier. This being of bonded type
there is no flaking off of mineral wool.
25
3.3.1 Method of calculation:
As we know that there is going to be considerable difference in the temp at the pipe
surface and the insulation surface. So, we cannot take the thermal conductivity of the
insulation to be constant over the entire range of thickness, because the K value of a
material is dependent on the temp. It is only practicable for insulation layer with
infinitesimal thickness such that the pipe and the insulation surface temp are same. To
take care of above we need to go for the iterative process as described below:
"We assume the thickness at a certain value. Assuming the constant value of K we
find the temp at the insulation surface. Now having got the two temp i.e. pipe and
insulation surface, we find the mean temp and hence the K value at that temp. Now
based on this new K value we again find the insulation surface temp.
Now again we find the new temperatures we find a new K and then again a new T.
This goes until the difference between the successive K and T values tends to saturate.
Thus we get the near accurate value of temp at the insulation surface with selected
thickness. This is all done by always keeping the principle of "heat by cond. = heat by
conv. + heat by radiation". We now go on carrying the same procedure by gradually
increasing the thickness. A stage will come when the insulation surface temp will tend
to 60°C or less. This will be the desired thickness of insulation."
Above process is used for pipes having higher value of insulation thickness. For pipes
which will have a thinner insulation layer or those whose operating temperature is less
we go for finding the thickness in one step instead of going for the iterative process.
This will indeed be a very tedious process, and will require great deal of labour if
tried manually. So we have developed a program in MS office excel on above lines to
make the job easy.
For calculation of the insulation thickness over a pipe having a fluid flowing through
it, we need two basic data. Temperature of the fluid & Pipe size (i.e. OD)
The guiding criteria which governs the insulation thickness is the allowable surface
temperature fi-om safety considerations. Generally, a pipe surface temp of 60°C max
is permitted. Sometimes the maximum allowable heat loss is also taken as guideline.
26
In power cycle piping we are using light bonded mineral wool as the insulation
material. For operating temp < 400°C we are going for the material with bulk density
of 100 kg/m3, while for >= 400°C we are going for the material with bulk density of
150kg/m3.
27
3.4 Pipe Routing (Layout):
Layout is dictated by the relative positions of the connecting equipments and the
requirements of stress analysis of piping systems. Suitable clearance with respect to
structures and other equipments is to be maintained. Valves location must be
accessible for operation and maintenance. Distance between adjoining running pipes
must be kept sufficient to take care of the location of hanger lugs/clamps/pipe
movements, insulation on piping. The pipe routing should be such that clear
headroom of not less than 2.5 m above the walkways/ working area is available.
All high points in piping system shall be provided with vents. All low points need to
be provided with drains. No piping should be routed in the TG hall above the
operating floor. All access platforms for operation and maintenance of valves strainers
and other specialties and cross over-bridges shall be provided with suitable access.
Floor and valve sleeves pipe crossing shall be provided.
28
3.5 Stress Analysis:
This is a very important phase of the entire piping process. It is also called as
flexibility analysis. Stress analysis is done to assure the safe operation of pipe under
sustained load conditions. The stresses arise out of thermal expansion and contraction,
fluid weight, load variation and pipe weight itself
To validate the design as per ASME B31.1 Clause No. 104.8 and to meet the
IBR Regulation 370, the complete piping system must be analyzed between anchors
for the effects of thermal expansion, weight, other Sustained loads.
S,'L =•
(1000)4f„ Z
Where,
i = Stress Intensification factor
MA = Resultant Moment loading on cross section due to weight and other sustained
loads (mm- N)
Sh = Basic material Allowable stress at maximum (hot) temperature
SL = Sum of longitudinal stresses due to pressure, weight, and other sustained loads
Z = Section Modulus (mm^)
s,:^'-^<s,+ns,-sj
Where,
f = Stress range reduction factor for cyclic conditions for total number (N) of fill 1
29
temperature cycles over total number of years the system is expected to be in
operation(f= 1, for N=7000 and less)
S,=fil.25S^+0.25S,)
Sc= basic material allowable stress at minimum (cold) temperature from allowable
stress tables
f(Sf, -S^)= Additional thermal expansion allowance when Sh>SL
MA = Range of resultant Moments due to thermal expansion (mm- N)
We use CAESAR II for carrying out stress analysis. Firstly, isometric drawing
based on the pipe routing prepared. Then based on the isometric input a 3D model is
developed in CAESAR II environment. We then specify the boundary conditions,
load data, restraints, support data and do the analysis. The software merely calculates
the stresses at various nodes. It is the designer whose wit and experience decides the
optimality of design.
• ^
Figure 3.2 3D Model in CAESAR II environment
30
3.5.3 Importance of Stress Analysis:
Pipes connect various equipment. The force due to pipe loading, and thermal effects
must not pass on to equipment beyond the allowable limit. The designer gets real time
behaviour of the piping model in CAESAR II and he can better analyze the exact
practical situation.
He can decide the location of supports, expansion loops, restraints, expansion bellows
etc. Commercially available Piping flexibility analysis software called "CAESAR 11"
helps the designer to apply various loading conditions to the piping model, which
otherwise would have been a tedious and a cumbersome job.
Thus a really well performed analysis helps in avoiding catastrophes due to pipe
failure during load conditions.
NPS ft m ft m
25 7 2.1 9 2.7
50 10 3.0 13 4.0
65 12 3.7 15 4.6
32
Figure 4.1 Hot Reheat Line coming out from Reheater Outlet Header
Figure 4.2 Hot Reheat Line from Reheater Outlet Header towards TG Hall
33
Figure 4.3 Main Steam, Hot Reheat and Cold Reheat Line from Boiler to TG Hall
Figure 4.4 Main Steam, Hot Reheat and Cold Reheat Line bending to form Y-
connection
34
Figure 4.5 Hot Reheat Line strainers located before Interceptor Valve
35
4.3 Design Philosophy for HRH Line (SOOmw):
Pipe sizing and piping system design has been done here considering the requirements
of ASME B 31.1 and IBR and following whichever is more stringent. A pipe wall
thiciaiess has been calculated by ASME B31.1 Code formula and also by IBR formula
Friction drop in the piping system has been calculated by using Darcy Weishbach
equation and the friction factor has been calculated by using the Colebrook Method.
Pipe flexibility analysis including the calculation of stresses set up in piping systems
has been carried out and results has been included in the text.
Design pressure from reheater header outlet to IP turbine inlet shall be the
greater of A & B.
A. = 1 (A) + 1 (B)
36
A. = 42.75 + 1.06 = 43.81 kg/cm^ (ata)
So the selected design pressure for HRH piping is 49.433 lig/cm^ (ata).
A. AsperANSIB31.1
I. Reheater outlet temperature = 568°C
II. Boiler manufacturer specified tolerance = 5°C
III. Selected design temperature (As per ANSI B31.1) = 573°C
B. As per IBR
I. Selected design temp, (as per IBR) = 573°C.
37
4.3.2 Material Selection based on temperature and pressure
range:
• SA 335 P91 is a ferritic alloy that can withstand high temperature (570°C - 600°C)
and high pressure (up to 230 bar). It Is also called as 9Cr IMo steel based on its
composition.
• Chromium improves high temp, strength and increases oxidation resistance.
• Molybdenum increases the creep resistance when material operates at high
temperatures.
• So this material allows the designers to engineer components with less thickness. This
contributes to a higher thermal fatigue life of almost ten times.
So I have selected SA 335 P91 for the design of Hot reheat line for 500 MW unit.
38
Extraction Steam (Super heated) 60 m/sec
ID = ( 5 9 5 r x Q x V .
V
Where,
ID = Inside diameter in mm
Q = flow in tonnes/hr.
Vs = specific volume in m^/kg
V = Velocity in m/s.
Inside diameters thus calculated are checked for allowable pressure differentials for
various systems. The allowable pressure drop is 90% of the available pressure drop in
the system which provides the designer a 10% margin.
39
SPECIFIC SELECTED
PIPE PIPE DESIGN DESIGN STEAM VOLUME PIPE ID (mm
FLOW
SEGMEN SECTIO PRESSUR TEMP, VELOCITY OF
(T/hr.)
T N E(Ksc) (°c) (m/s) STEAM
(m'/kg)
Inside diameters thus calculated are then checked for allowable pressure differentials
for HRH line. The allowable pressure drop is 90% of the available pressure drop in
the system which provides the designer a 10% margin.
40
ni.PRESSURE DROP CALCULATION:
Figure 4.6 Division of Hot Reheat Line into various sections for pressure
drop calculation
41
After the layout and routing of the pipe is finalized, the next step involves sizing the
pipe, which is actually a trade-off between velocity and recommended pressure drop.
As per NTPC technical specification, the maximum velocity recommended for HRH
flow is 76 m/s. In order to obtain the optimum pipe size involving pressure drop
calculation the whole pipe is divided into four sections as mentioned below:
Section 1 From 1 to 3
Section 2 From 3 to 4
Section 3 From 4 to 5
Section 4 From 4 to 6
1. Combined pressure drop in cold and hot reheat piping will not exceed 90% of the
pressure differential between HP turbine exhaust and IP turbine inlet valves minus
pressure drop in reheater.
Thus maximum allowable Ap = 90% of (HPT exhaust Pressure - IPT inlet Pressure -
pressure drop in the reheater)
= 0.9 X (46.87 - 42.75 - 2.65) kg/cm^
= 1.323 kg/cm^
2. The pressure drop in the complete reheat line from HPT exhaust to IPT inlet shall not
be more than 10% of the pressure at HPT exhaust.
So on the basis of above two conditions, the maximum allowable pressure drop shall
not be more than 1.323 kg/cm^.
42
IV. FINAL CALCULATED PRESSURE DROP:
Friction drop in the piping system has been calculated by using Darcy Weishbach
equation and the friction factor has been calculated by using the Colebrook Method.
Darcy-Weisbach Formula:
The flow of liquid through a pipe is resisted by viscous shear stresses within the liquid
and the turbulence that occurs along the internal walls of the pipe, created by the
roughness of the pipe material. This resistance is usually known as pipe friction and is
measured is feet or metres head of the fluid, thus the term head loss is also used to
express the resistance to flow.
Many factors affect the head loss in pipes, the viscosity of the fluid being handled, the
size of the pipes, the roughness of the internal surface of the pipes, the changes in
elevations within the system and the length of travel of the fluid.
The resistance through various valves and fittings will also contribute to the overall
head loss. A method to model the resistances for valves and fittings is described
elsewhere. In a well designed system the resistance through valves and fittings will be
of minor significance to the overall head loss, many designers choose to ignore the
head loss for valves and fittings at least in the initial stages of a design.
Much research has been carried out over many years and various formulae to
calculate head loss have been developed based on experimental data. Among these is
the Chezy formula which dealt with water flow in open channels. Using the concept
of 'wetted perimeter' and the internal diameter of a pipe the Chezy formula could be
adapted to estimate the head loss in a pipe, although the constant ' C had to be
determined experimentally.
Weisbach first proposed the equation we now know as the Darcy-Weisbach formula
or Darcy-Weisbach equation:
hf=f(L/D)x(v^/2g)
43
Where,
hf= head loss (m)
f = friction factor
L = length of pipe work (m)
d = inner diameter of pipe work (m)
V = velocity of fluid (m/s)
g = acceleration due to gravity (m/s^)
Friction Factors:
Fanning did much experimentation to provide data for friction factors, however the
head loss calculation using the Fanning Friction factors has to be applied using the
hydraulic radius equation (not the pipe diameter). The hydraulic radius calculation
involves dividing the cross sectional area of flow by the wetted perimeter. For a round
pipe with fall flow the hydraulic radius is equal to Vi of the pipe diameter, so the head
loss equation becomes:
hf=ff(L/Rh)x(v'/2g)
where Rh = hydraulic radius, ff = Fanning friction factor
Darcy introduced the concept of relative roughness, where the ratio of the internal
roughness of a pipe to the internal diameter of a pipe, will affect the friction factor for
turbulent flow. In a relatively smoother pipe the turbulence along the pipe walls has
less overall effect; hence a lower friction factor is applied.
The work of many others including Poiseuille, Hagen, Reynolds, Prandtl, Colebrook
and White have contributed to the development of formulae for calculation of friction
factors and head loss due to friction.
The Darcy Friction factor (which is 4 times greater than the Fanning Friction factor)
used with Weisbach equation has now become the standard head loss equation for
calculating head loss in pipes where the flow is turbulent.
' e 9.35 ^
l/v7=1.14-21og, 10 + for Re > 4000
, ^ ReV/ /
where:
f = friction factor
e = internal roughness of the pipe
D = inner diameter of pipe work
45
Turbulent flow
Kl :—W7K}-
0.03.
0.07 .. 0.05003
0.04000
O.CS '•
0.03000
0.05 •• 0.02000
0.04 •
0.03 (
002
Frdion factor
h
/=
d 2g
0.01 i
K,:~:-sir:.r
0C03' 0.00001
1,030,OCO 10,000,000 100,000,000
After the determination of friction factor, this value can be put in the Darcy-Weisbach
equation and from there the value of head loss due to friction can be determined and
Finally, pressure drop can be calculated using the following formula:
Ap = v^ X f X L X p
2D
Where
Ap = pressure drop in Pascals (Pa)
V = velocity in metres per second (m/sec)
f = friction factor
L = length of pipe or hose in metres (m)
p = density of the fluid in kilograms per cubic metre (870-890 kg/m^ for
hydraulic oil)
D = inside diameter of pipe or hose in metres (m)
I have used a simple Ms-Excel software to calculate pressure drop by inserting all the
required inputs. The output and complete input data for hot Reheat Line is shown on
the excel sheet on the next Page.
46
'mu'm ifmim Aim :-
. 'i=i;;ii "y;; :::
ni""mm L iJil-IJ i ==
• 1."" M
IJt--i
1_ _j__j—
S" li lib
Ii5="' mm L lE ! ••'•
k:::..M :::
mum if nil!!! HIHH-:*
i:::::; LI.
iN-= '-mm L.... f t ! ••:..
_
I as
fl S i
, =;::::: Lll
U^-' .im|=: |... f t 1 .
_
J!! ri
Ill = 2
Aihu_fnk 1 m
1
J
i
|.„„p.|i|.>-|,p|...|.. p., f / j . 1 1 . | , . . | . ,
Table 4.2 Pressure Drop Calculation by using simple Ms-Excel software
47
PIPE PRESSURE
PIPE SECTION SELECTED ID FLOW(T/hr)
SEGMENT DROP (in ksc)
(mm)
SEGMENT 1 1-3 661 679.007 0.352
SEGMENT 2 3-4 854 1358.014 0.416
SEGMENT 3 4-5 661 679.007 0.289
SEGMENT 4 4-6 661 679.007 0.210
As the final calculated pressure drop (1.06 kg/cm2) is less than maximum allowable
pressure drop (1.323 kg/cm^) in complete hot reheat line as per the NTPC
specification. Hence the pipe ID sizes are finalized.
where.
t min = Minimum pipe wall thickness in mm
D = Outside diameter of pipe in mm
48
d = Inside diameter of pipe in mm
S = Allowable design stress in kg/cm2
E = Weldjoint efficiency factor (=1)
C = Corrosion allowance (= 0.75 mm) as per IBR
A = Corrosion allowance (= 1.6 mm ) as per NTPC specification
P = Internal design pressure in kg/cm^
Y = Coefficient having values as given in Table 104.1.2(A) of
ASMEB31.1
As per ASTM A 530 for NFS 3 to 18 incl., for t/D > 5% the tolerance is +15%
and -12.5%. Thus for OD controlled pipes for this purpose in order to be in safer side
negative tolerance has been considered.
Thus minimum thickness has been calculated for various design temperature zones as
follows:
49
Design
PIPE PIPE CALCULATED
Pressure, OD(min)
SEGMENT SECTION THICKNESS(mni)
P(kg/cin^)
Design
PIPE PIPE CALCULATED
Pressure, OD(niin)
SEGMENT SECTION THICKNESS(nini)
P(lig/cm^)
Hence it is found that the thickness calculated as per ASME B 31.1 are more in all
cases, thus they are considered further in calculation. Since OD controlled pipes are
economical, thus it is imperative that the designer goes for the next higher OD and
thickness if the pipe with calculated thickness and OD is not commercially available.
50
Abiding by this principle the thickness of the pipe has been calculated including the
manufacturing tolerance and hence combination of next higher commercially
available OD and thickness has been chosen to serve the purpose as mentioned in the
table below.
Based on the selected OD and thickness, ID has been found out and the Pressure Drop
Calculation has again been carried out for the pipe. The pressure drop is found as 1.06
kgfi'cm^ against maximum allowable 4.687 kgf/cm^. Hence the Pipe Size is finalized.
51
4.4 PIPE ROUTING / PIPE LAYOUT:
52
Layout is dictated by the relative positions of the connecting equipments and the
requirements of stress analysis of piping systems. Suitable clearance with respect to
structures and other equipments is to be maintained. Valves location must be
accessible for operation and maintenance. Distance between adjoining running pipes
must be kept sufficient to take care of the location of hanger lugs/clamps/pipe
movements, insulation on piping. The pipe routing should be such that clear
headroom of not less than 2.5 m above the walkways/ working area is available.
All high points in piping system shall be provided with vents. All low points
need to be provided with drains. No piping should be routed in the TG hall above the
operating floor. All access platforms for operation and maintenance of valves strainers
and other specialties and cross over-bridges shall be provided with suitable access.
Floor and valve sleeves pipe crossing shall be provided.
53
4.5 INSULATION THICKNESS CALCULATION:
DESIGN PARAMETERS:
Cold face temperature in °C 60
Ambient temperature in °C 40 / 45 (Inside TG / Outside)
Wind velocity in m/sec 0.5 / 0.25 (Inside TG / Outside)
Emissivity (Dimensionless) 0.2
In this case bonded mineral rock wool of 150 kg/m^ has been taken as the insulation
and thickness of the following segments have been calculated for the design
parameters considered above.
The density of bonded mineral wool is about 100 kg/m3 for temperatures
below 400°C and 150 kg/m3 for temperature above 400°C. Thermal conductivity of
this material being less by about 25 to 30%, less quantity of material is required as
compared to the unbonded mineral wool. As this material is available in the form of
machine stitched mattresses and snap-on type pipe sections, it is easier to apply this
type of insulation. Removing and replacement of insulation at the time of
maintenance is also much easier. This being of bonded type there is no flaking off of
mineral wool. "For insulation thickness calculation we assume the thickness at a
certain value. Assuming the constant value of K we find the temp at the insulation
surface. Now having got the two temp i.e. pipe and insulation surface, we find the
54
mean temp and hence the K value at that temp. Now based on this new K value we
again find the insulation surface temp.
Now again we find the new temperatures we find a new K and then again a new T.
This goes until the difference between the successive K and T values tends to saturate.
Thus we get the near accurate value of temp at the insulation surface with selected
thickness. This is all done by always keeping the principle of "heat by cond. = heat by
conv, + heat by radiation". We now go on carrying the same procedure by gradually
increasing the thickness. A stage will come when the insulation surface temp will tend
to 60°C or less. This will be the desired thickness of insulation."
55
CHAPTERS
'
s? w 5]
II II 1 1
-S -S
I 1"
I"
-§ J 1 I
•-5
•!6
«:i
g
(T3
s1
1
i
3
CD
1
1
1
!=i '^
§ 3
a§
•
.£2
- J 1
s j §
i
•
Q *« <t>
i
1
1
•1 iT :i-
^ cn
<=>
• CZI • <<f fif
•g i
1| ^ =- <£
C3
| 13 3 _**
1 -g - „
1 ?
•Q CC LU
1 11 i
Gc
•
13:
[Via
3:: iS li [3 J 3
EE ii J
• • • • • •
-
a a
1 1
1
i
s 5 fc^
•=3
iij
Levi
-S L h
1
.<.^
3?
><: >^ rJ S ^
JIZI Ci CI:!
'* 5 c3
Figure 5.1 Various inputs required while making model in CAESAR 5.0
56
5.2 Piping Model Built in Caesar 5.0:
57
Figure 5.3 Piping Model Built in Caesar Environment up to Y-piece
58
Figure 5.4 Piping Model Built in Caesar Environment from Y-piece to Intermediate
Turbine Inlet
59
CHAPTER 6
60
From Code Allovvable Code AUowable 1
Load Case Stress Stress To Node Stress Stress 1
Node
Kl'a KPa KPa KPa 1
4 (SUS) 79 2100.7 94281.5 80 2420.4 94281.5
61
Code Allowable Code Allowable
From
Load Case Stress Stress To Node Stress Stress
Node
KPa . KFa KPa KPa
62
From Code Allowable Code Allowable 1
Load Case Stress Stress To Node Stress Stress 1
Node
KPa KPa KPa KPa 1
4 (SUS) 390 3332.5 94281.5 400 4723.4 94281.5
63
From Code Allowable Code Allowable 1
Load Case Stress Stress To Node Stress Stress 1
Node
KPa KPa KPa KPa
64
Code Allowable Code Allowable 1
ad Case From Stress Stress To Node Stress Stress 1
Node KPa KPa KPa KPa 1
4 (SUS) 700 2286.6 94281.5 708 2108.3 94281.5
65
From Code Allowable Code Allowable 1
Load Case Stress Stress To Node Stress Stress 1
Node
KPa KPa KPa KPa
66
From Code Allowable Code Allowable 1
Load Case Stress Stress To Node Stress Stress 1
Node
KPa KPa KPa KPa 1
4 (SUS) 1070 0.0 0.0 1080 o!oT 0.0
67
Code Allowable Code Allowable
From
Load Case Stress Stress To Node Stress Stress
Node
KPa KPa KPa KPa
68
6.2 Stress Analysis Report:
Piping Code: B31.1 -2004, April 29, 2005
Mav
Axial Bending Torsion Hoop SIF SrP Code Allowable
Stress
NODF Stress Stress Stress Stress In Out Stress Stress
Inteiisitj'
KPa KPa KPa KPa Plane Plane KPa KPa
KPa
10 504.5 4803.7 571.1 826.6 5429.7 1.000 1.000 5308.2 0.0 0.0
20 813.6 5468.2 -652.6 1296.4 6074.8 1.000 1.000 6281.8 0.0 0.0
20 813.6 5468.2 652.6 1296.4 6415.9 1.000 1.000 6281.8 94281.5 6.7
30 854.3 S446.0 -652.6 1296.4 6094.6 1.000 1.000 6300.3 94281.5 6.7
30 208.7 5446.0 652.6 1296.4 6277.7 1.000 1.000 5654.7 94281.5 6.0
38 235.7 5431.3 -652.6 1296.4 6575.7 1.000 1.000 5667.1 94281.5 6.0
38 235.7 8246.3 652.6 1296.4 8827.8 1.536 1.280 8482.1 94281.5 9.0
39 434.0 10013.9 44.7 1296.4 10829.5 1.536 1.280 10447.9 94281.5 11.1
39 434.0 10013.9 -44.7 1296.4 10448.3 1.536 1.280 10447.9 94281.5 11.1
40 620.3 12541.3 680.3 1296.4 13240.2 1.536 1.280 13161.6 94281.5 14.0
40 620.3 8191.9 -680.3 1296.4 8916.6 1.000 1.000 8812.2 94281.5 9.3
50 620.3 7316.6 680.3 1296.4 8061.1 1.000 1.000 7936.9 94281.5 8.4
50 620.3 7316.6 -680.3 1296.4 8052.6 1.000 1.000 7936.9 94281.5 8.4
58 620.3 4624.4 680.3 1296.4 5426.6 1.000 1.000 5244.7 94281.5 5.6
58 620.3 7088.8 -680.3 1296.4 7828.3 1.536 1.280 7709.1 94281.5 8.2
59 759.6 3558.6 645.8 1296.4 4292.6 1.536 1.280 4318.2 94281.5 4.6
59 759.6 3558.6 -645.8 1296.4 4507.2 1.536 1.280 4318.2 94281.5 4.6
60 696.2 3151.9 197.4 1296.4 3739.3 1.536 1.280 3848.2 94281.5 4.1
60 696.2 2209.6 -197.4 1296.4 2932.6 1.000 1.000 2905.9 94281.5 3.1
70 673.8 2215.6 197.4 1296.4 2855.5 1.000 1.000 2889.3 94281.5 3.1
70 916.2 2215.6 -197.4 1296.4 3156.6 1.000 1.000 3131.8 94281.5 3.3
78 811.3 2245.2 197.4 1296.4 3018.1 1.000 1.000 3056.5 94281.5 3.2
78 811.3 3220.3 -197.4 1296.4 4050.9 1.536 1.280 4031.6 94281.5 4.3
79 675.7 2692.8 -364.4 1296.4 3346.6 1.536 1.280 3368.5 94281.5 3.6
79 675.7 2692.8 364.4 1296.4 3446.5 1.536 1.280 3368.5 94281.5 3.6
80 633.7 2275.9 -693.9 1296.4 3207.2 1.536 1.280 2909.7 94281.5 3.1
80 633.7 1493.1 693.9 1296.4 2539.5 1.000 1.000 2126.8 94281.5 2.3
90 633.7 2122.0 -693.9 1296.4 3069.1 1.000 1.000 2755.7 94281.5 2.9
69
Max-
Axial Bending Torsion Hoop SIF SIF Code Allowable
Stress
NODH Stress Stress Stress Stress In Out Stress Stress
Intensity
KPa KPa KPa KPa Plane Plane KPa KPa
KPa
90 633.7 2122.0 693.9 1296.4 3085.4 1.000 1.000 2755.7 94281.5 2.9
100 633.7 1559.4 -693.9 1296.4 2579.9 1.000 1.000 2193.1 94281.5 2.3
100 633.7 1559.4 693.9 1296.4 2595.3 1.000 1.000 2193.1 94281.5 2.3
110 633.7 2316.4 -693.9 1296.4 3243.7 1.000 1.000 2950.1 94281.5 3.1
no 633.7 2316.4 693.9 1296.4 3260.3 1.000 1.000 2950.1 94281.5 3.1
120 633.7 1951.4 -693.9 1296.4 2917.9 1.000 1.000 2585.1 94281.5 2.7
120 633.7 1951.4 693.9 1296.4 2934.1 1.000 1.000 2585.1 94281.5 2.7
130 633.7 799.5 -693.9 1296.4 2105.5 1.000 1.000 1433.3 94281.5 1.5
130 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
140 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
140 633.7 254.6 693.9 1296.4 1888.7 1.000 1.000 888.4 94281.5 0.9
150 633.7 537.0 -693.9 1296.4 1992.1 1.000 1.000 1170.8 94281.5 1.2
150 633.7 537.0 693.9 1296.4 1984.5 1.000 1.000 1170.8 94281.5 1.2
158 633.7 399.2 -693.9 1296.4 1941.5 1.000 1.000 1033.0 94281.5 1.1
158 633.7 440.6 693.9 1296.4 1949.1 1.159 1.000 1074.4 94281.5 1.1
159 673.6 2928.0 -590.0 1296.4 3697.0 1.159 1.000 3601.6 94281.5 3.8
159 673.6 2928.0 590.0 1296.4 3790.0 1.159 1.000 3601.6 94281.5 3.8
160 496.5 2958.0 -169.3 1296.4 3726.1 1.159 1.000 3454.5 94281.5 3.7
160 496.5 2635.0 169.3 1296.4 3313.7 1.000 1.000 3131.4 94281.5 3.3
170 372.9 2530.7 -169.3 1296.4 3423.8 1.000 1.000 2903.6 94281.5 3.1
170 977.4 2530.7 169.3 1296.4 3524.5 1.000 1.000 3508.2 94281.5 3.7
180 280.7 1943.2 -169.3 1296.4 2931.3 1.000 1.000 2223.9 94281.5 2.4
180 842.6 1943.2 169.3 1296.4 2806.3 1.000 1.000 2785.8 94281.5 3.0
190 415.5 1583.1 -169.3 1296.4 2440.4 1.000 1.000 1998.7 94281.5 2.1
190 900.6 1583.1 169.3 1296.4 2506.8 1.000 1.000 2483.8 94281.5 2.6
200 357.5 1125.1 -169.3 1296.4 2060.0 1.000 1.000 1482.6 94281.5 1.6
200 1078.3 1125.1 169.3 1296.4 2244.6 1.000 1.000 2203.4 94281.5 2.3
208 636.3 752.4 -169.3 1296.4 1597.1 1.000 1.000 1388.7 94281.5 1.5
208 636.3 1110.9 169.3 1296.4 1811.4 1.536 1.280 1747.2 94281.5 1.9
209 552.0 478.7 -242.8 1296.4 1555.9 1.536 1.280 1030.7 94281.5 1.1
209 S52.0 478.7 242.8 1296.4 1590.7 1.536 1.280 1030.7 94281.5 1.1
210 633.7 2076.1 -155.2 1296.4 2709.4 1.536 1.280 2709.8 94281.5 2.9
210 633.7 1370.0 155.2 1296.4 2027.6 1.000 1.000 2003.7 94281.5 2.1
220 633.7 1509.4 -155.2 1296.4 2164.0 1.000 1.000 2143.1 94281.5 2.3
220 633.7 1509.4 155.2 1296.4 2165.5 1.000 1.000 2143.1 94281.5 2.3
228 633.7 984.1 -155.2 1296.4 1721.9 1.000 1.000 1617.8 94281.5 1.7
228 633.7 1014.0 155.2 1296.4 1729.5 1.159 1.000 1647.8 94281.5 1.7
70
Max
Axial Bending Torsion Hoop SIF SIF Code Allowable
Stress
NOOK Stress Stress Stress Stress In Out Stress Stress
Intensity
KPa KPa KPa KPa Plane Plane KPa KPa
KPa
229 634.7 1315.0 11.4 1296.4 1955.5 1.159 1.000 1949.7 94281.5 2.1
229 634.7 1315.0 -11.4 1296.4 1955.4 1.159 1.000 1949.7 94281.5 2.1
230 629.7 407.6 340.8 1296.4 1635.2 1.159 1.000 1037.3 94281.5 1.1
230 629.7 355.8 -340.8 1296.4 1620.7 1.000 1.000 985.4 94281.5 1.0
240 629.7 2344.3 340.8 1296.4 3041.2 1.000 1.000 2974.0 94281.5 3.2
240 629.7 2344.3 -340.8 1296.4 3051.1 1.000 1.000 2974.0 94281.5 3.2
250 629.7 276.3 340.8 1296.4 1606.6 1.000 1.000 906.0 94281.5 1.0
250 629.7 276.3 -340.8 1296.4 1604.6 1.000 1.000 906.0 94281.5 1.0
258 629.7 497.1 340.8 1296.4 1659.2 1.000 1.000 1126.7 94281.5 1.2
258 629.7 573.1 -340.8 1296.4 1679.3 1.159 1.000 1202.8 94281.5 1.3
259 585.0 1172.8 300.8 1296.4 1935.2 1.159 1.000 1757.8 94281.5 1.9
259 S8S.0 1172.8 -300.8 1296.4 1994.9 1.159 1.000 1757.8 94281.5 1.9
260 375.2 557.3 136.5 1296.4 1511.5 1.159 1.000 932.5 94281.5 1.0
260 375.2 544.4 -136.5 1296.4 1589.6 1.000 1.000 919.6 94281.5 1.0
270 315.3 494.3 136.5 1296.4 1512.9 1.000 1.000 809.6 94281.5 0.9
270 928.4 494.3 -136.5 1296.4 1507.4 1.000 1.000 1422.6 94281.5 1.5
279 688.8 873.8 217.7 1296.4 1738.8 1.536 1.280 1562.5 94281.5 1.7
279 688.8 873.8 -217.7 1296.4 1660.9 1.536 1.280 1562.5 94281.5 1.7
280 662.7 1051.8 213.9 1296.4 1839.0 1.536 1.280 1714.5 94281.5 1.8
280 662.7 686.7 -213.9 1296.4 1592.2 1.000 1.000 1349.4 94281.5 1.4
290 607.6 745.6 213.9 1296.4 1622.3 1.000 1.000 1353.3 94281.5 1.4
290 607.6 745.6 -213.9 1296.4 1638.0 1.000 1.000 1353.2 0.0 0.0
295 560.0 362.5 193.6 1296.4 1508.4 1.000 1.000 922.5 0.0 0.0
300 458.8 2364.0 -383.2 826.6 2925.0 1.000 1.000 2822.8 0.0 0.0
310 755.4 2677.9 437.9 1296.4 3426.6 1.000 1.000 3433.3 0.0 0.0
310 755.4 2677.9 -437.9 1296.4 3543.2 1.000 1.000 3433.3 94281.5 3.6
320 796.2 2652.7 437.9 1296.4 3443.3 1.000 1.000 3448.9 94281.5 3.7
320 153.6 2652.7 -437.9 1296.4 3732.3 1.000 1.000 2806.3 94281.5 3.0
328 180.6 2636.1 437.9 1296.4 3806.8 1.000 1.000 2816.6 94281.5 3.0
328 180.6 4018.8 -437.9 1296.4 4950.2 1.536 1.280 4199.4 94281.5 4.5
329 393.0 6055.5 111.5 1296.4 6915.3 1.536 1.280 6448.4 94281.5 6.8
329 393.0 6055.5 -111.5 1296.4 6586.0 1.536 1.280 6448.4 94281.5 6.8
330 617.5 9452.8 -268.5 1296.4 10098.8 1.536 1.280 10070.2 94281.5 10.7
330 617.5 6172.0 268.5 1296.4 6810.7 1.000 1.000 6789.5 94281.5 7.2
340 617.5 5546.7 -268.5 1296.4 6201.7 1.000 1.000 6164.2 94281.5 6.5
340 617.5 5546.7 268.5 1296.4 6187.5 1.000 1.000 6164.2 94281.5 6.5
348 617.5 3506.6 -268.5 1296.4 4173.0 1.000 1.000 4124.0 94281.5 4.4
71
Max
Axial Bending Torsion Hoop SIF SIF Code Allowable
Stress
NODK Stress Stress Stress Stress In Out Stress Stress
Intensity
KPa KPa KPa KPa Plane Plane KPa KPa
KPa
348 617.5 5360.1 268.5 1296.4 6001.6 1.536 1 1.280 5977.6 1 94281.5 1 6.3
349 701.3 2773.2 -401.8 1296.4 3447.2 1.536 1.280 3474.4 94281.5 3.7
349 701.3 2773.2 401.8 1296.4 3566.2 1.536 1.280 3474.4 94281.5 3.7
350 616.6 2373.3 -287.9 1296.4 3060.S 1.536 1.280 2989.9 94281.5 3.2
350 616.6 1577.8 287.9 1296.4 2283.0 1.000 1.000 2194.5 94281.5 2.3
360 594.2 1568.0 -287.9 1296.4 2296.4 1.000 1.000 2162.1 94281.5 2.3
360 851.4 1568.0 287.9 1296.4 2487.0 1.000 1.000 2419.4 94281.5 2.6
368 746.6 1522.7 -287.9 1296.4 2340.3 1.000 1.000 2269.3 94281.5 2.4
368 746.6 2016.4 287.9 1296.4 2822.4 1.536 1.280 2763.0 94281.5 2.9
369 625.7 1859.8 276.5 1296.4 2544.0 1.536 1.280 2485.5 94281.5 2.6
369 625.7 1859.8 -276.5 1296.4 2546.2 1.536 1.280 2485.5 94281.5 2.6
370 627.8 1797.2 652.4 1296.4 2748.2 1.536 1.280 2425.0 94281.5 2.6
370 627.8 1200.6 -652.4 1296.4 2277.7 1.000 1.000 1828.3 94281.5 1.9
380 627.8 2200.9 652.4 1296.4 3109.4 1.000 1.000 2828.7 94281.5 3.0
380 627.8 2200.9 -652.4 1296.4 3115.1 1.000 1.000 2828.7 94281.5 3.0
390 627.8 2507.7 652.4 1296.4 3390.3 1.000 1.000 3135.5 94281.5 3.3
390 627.8 2507.7 -652.4 1296.4 3396.2 1.000 1.000 3135.5 94281.5 3.3
400 627.8 3674.3 652.4 1296.4 4489.6 1.000 1.000 4302.1 94281.5 4.6
400 627.8 3674.3 -652.4 1296.4 4495.7 1.000 1.000 4302.1 94281.5 4.6
410 627.8 3304.2 652.4 1296.4 4136.8 1.000 1.000 3931.9 94281.5 4.2
410 627.8 3304.2 -652.4 1296.4 4142.8 1.000 1.000 3931.9 94281.5 4.2
420 627.8 2126.3 652.4 1296.4 3041.8 1.000 1.000 2754.1 94281.5 2.9
420 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
430 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
430 627.8 1520.4 -652.4 1296.4 2513.4 1.000 1.000 2148.1 94281.5 2.3
440 627.8 1783.1 652.4 1296.4 2735.8 1.000 1.000 2410.8 94281.5 2.6
440 627.8 1783.1 -652.4 1296.4 2741.3 1.000 1.000 2410.8 94281.5 2.6
448 627.8 989.8 652.4 1296.4 2160.5 1.000 1.000 1617.6 94281.5 1.7
448 627.8 1129.7 -652.4 1296.4 2235.4 1.159 1.000 1757.5 94281.5 1.9
449 673.6 1627.0 600.4 1296.4 2563.0 1.159 1.000 2300.5 94281.5 2.4
449 673.6 1627.0 -600.4 1296.4 2595.1 1.159 1.000 2300.5 94281.5 2.4
450 502.4 1884.9 237.1 1296.4 2674.0 1.159 1.000 2387.2 94281.5 2.5
450 502.4 1730.4 -237.1 1296.4 2499.6 1.000 1.000 2232.8 94281.5 2.4
460 378.8 1659.4 237.1 1296.4 2573.9 1.000 1.000 2038.2 94281.5 2.2
460 976.3 1659.4 -237.1 1296.4 2678.0 1.000 1.000 2635.7 94281.5 2.8
470 279.5 1274.5 237.1 1296.4 2295.3 1.000 1.000 1554.0 94281.5 1.6
470 841.4 1274.5 -237.1 1296.4 2169.6 1.000 1.000 2115.9 94281.5 2.2
480 414.4 1059.2 237.1 1296.4 1967.6 1.000 1.000 1473.6 94281.5 1.6
72
Max
Axial Bending Torsion Hoop SIF SIF Code Allowable
Stress
NODI Stress Stress Stress Stress In Out Stress Stress
Intensity
KPa KPa KPa KPa Plane Plane KPa KPa
KPa
480 899.5 1059.2 -237.1 1296.4 2030.7 1.000 1.000 1958.7 94281.5 2.1
490 356.3 831.6 237.1 1296.4 1818.2 1.000 1.000 1187.9 94281.5 1.3
490 1084.6 831.6 -237.1 1296.4 2004.8 1.000 1.000 1916.2 94281.5 2.0
498 642.6 716.6 237.1 1296.4 1647.3 1.000 1.000 1359.1 94281.5 1.4
498 642.6 1096.1 -237.1 1296.4 1845.2 1.536 1.280 1738.7 94281.5 1.8
499 552.2 917.6 113.3 1296.4 1661.6 1.536 1.280 1469.8 94281.5 1.6
499 552.2 917.6 -113.3 1296.4 1693.0 1.536 1.280 1469.8 94281.5 1.6
500 627.8 1836.5 -103.3 1296.4 2466.6 1.536 1.280 2464.3 94281.5 2.6
500 627.8 1235.8 103.3 1296.4 1889.1 1.000 1.000 1863.6 94281.5 2.0
510 627.8 1364.2 -103.3 1296.4 2010.4 1.000 1.000 1991.9 94281.5 2.1
510 627.8 1364.2 103.3 1296.4 2004.2 1.000 1.000 1991.9 94281.5 2.1
518 627.8 896.6 -103.3 1296.4 1614.0 1.000 1.000 1524.3 94281.5 1.6
518 627.8 959.9 103.3 1296.4 1655.7 1.159 1.000 1587.7 94281.5 1.7
519 631.9 1254.2 -267.2 1296.4 2006.0 1.159 1.000 1886.1 94281.5 2.0
519 631.9 1254.2 267.2 1296.4 1993.9 1.159 1.000 1886.1 94281.5 2.0
520 631.7 996.2 -440.2 1296.4 1973.2 1.159 1.000 1627.9 94281.5 1.7
520 631.7 917.7 440.2 1296.4 1920.9 1.000 1.000 1549.4 94281.5 1.6
530 631.7 2936.7 -440.2 1296.4 3661.6 1.000 1.000 3568.5 94281.5 3.8
530 631.7 2936.7 440.2 1296.4 3675.5 1.000 1.000 3568.5 94281.5 3.8
540 631.7 1007.4 -440.2 1296.4 1979.8 1.000 1.000 1639.2 94281.5 1.7
540 631.7 1007.4 440.2 1296.4 1970.8 1.000 1.000 1639.2 94281.5 1.7
548 631.7 520.2 -440.2 1296.4 1754.7 1.000 1.000 1151.9 94281.5 1.2
548 631.7 523.1 440.2 1296.4 1750.6 1.159 1.000 1154.9 94281.5 1.2
549 587.1 1048.8 -139.4 1296.4 1754.4 1.159 1.000 1636.0 94281.5 1.7
549 587.1 1048.8 139.4 1296.4 1784.7 1.159 1.000 1636.0 94281.5 1.7
550 376.2 941.0 225.1 1296.4 1892.7 1.159 1.000 1317.2 94281.5 1.4
550 376.2 911.5 -225.1 1296.4 1912.2 1.000 1.000 1287.7 94281.5 1.4
560 316.3 913.6 225.1 1296.4 1926.4 1.000 1.000 1229.9 94281.5 1.3
560 895.2 913.6 -225.1 1296.4 1889.5 1.000 1.000 1808.8 94281.5 1.9
569 666.7 1120.4 -110.6 1296.4 1833.6 1.536 1.280 1787.1 94281.5 1.9
569 666.7 1120.4 110.6 1296.4 1818.0 1.536 1.280 1787.1 94281.5 1.9
570 645.2 1030.0 -179.9 1296.4 1783.5 1.536 1.280 1675.2 94281.5 1.8
570 645.2 798.7 179.9 1296.4 1612.2 1.000 1.000 1444.0 94281.5 1.5
580 590.2 824.3 -179.9 1296.4 1617.2 1.000 1.000 1414.5 94281.5 1.5
580 590.2 824.3 179.9 1296.4 1656.1 1.000 1.000 1414.5 0.0 0.0
295 542.5 1201.9 -162.8 1296.4 1945.8 1.000 1.000 1744.4 0.0 0.0
295 498.8 776.8 -187.0 1395.8 1795.3 1.000 1.000 1275.6 0.0 0.0
73
Max
Axial Bending Torsion Hoop SIF SIF Code Allowable
Stress
NODK Stress Stress Stress Stress In Out
Intensity
KPa KPa KPa KPa Plane Plane
KPa
590 451.2 765.9 206.6 1395.8 1753.9 1.000 1.000 1217.1 0.0 0.0
590 451.2 765.9 -206.6 1395.8 1837.9 1.000 1.000 1217.1 94281.5 1.3
600 311.6 737.4 206.6 1395.8 1864.3 1.000 1.000 1049.0 94281.5 1.1
600 515.5 737.4 -206.6 1395.8 2334.7 1.000 1.000 2252.9 94281.5 2.4
608 964.7 686.5 206.6 1395.8 1833.3 1.000 1.000 1651.2 94281.5 1.8
608 964.7 984.1 -206.6 1395.8 2019.5 1.439 1.199 1948.8 94281.5 2.1
609 747.4 341.7 126.6 1395.8 1578.4 1.439 1.199 1089.1 94281.5 1.2
609 747.4 341.7 -126.6 1395.8 1569.9 1.439 1.199 1089.1 94281.5 1.2
610 675.5 362.9 7.3 1395.8 1544.7 1.439 1.199 1038.4 94281.5 1.1
610 675.5 300.1 -7.3 1395.8 1544.7 1.000 1.000 975.6 94281.5 1.0
620 675.5 1686.2 7.3 1395.8 2359.1 1.000 1.000 2361.7 94281.5 2.5
620 675.5 1686.2 -7.3 1395.8 2361.7 1.000 1.000 2361.7 94281.5 2.5
630 675.5 1050.7 7.3 1395.8 1755.5 1.000 1.000 1726.2 94281.5 1.8
630 675.5 1050.7 -7.3 1395.8 1755.4 1.000 1.000 1726.2 94281.5 1.8
640 675.5 538.3 7.3 1395.8 1544.7 1.000 1.000 1213.9 94281.5 1.3
640 675.5 538.3 -7.3 1395.8 1544.7 1.000 1.000 1213.9 94281.5 1.3
650 675.5 3250.6 7.3 1395.8 3923.6 1.000 1.000 3926.2 94281.5 4.2
650 675.5 3250.6 -7.3 1395.8 3926.2 1.000 1.000 3926.2 94281.5 4.2
658 675.5 703.8 7.3 1395.8 1545.0 1.000 1.000 1379.3 94281.5 1.5
658 675.5 898.6 -7.3 1395.8 1613.3 1.439 1.199 1574.2 94281.5 1.7
659 680.8 940.3 76.5 1395.8 1692.0 1.439 1.199 1621.0 94281.5 1.7
659 680.8 940.3 -76.5 1395.8 1681.5 1.439 1.199 1621.0 94281.5 1.7
660 682.2 1130.7 114.1 1395.8 1871.5 1.439 1.199 1812.9 94281.5 1.9
660 682.2 885.8 -114.1 1395.8 1677.4 1.000 1.000 1567.9 94281.5 1.7
670 682.2 4934.1 114.1 1395.8 5605.0 1.000 1.000 5616.3 94281.5 6.0
670 682.2 4934.1 -114.1 1395.8 5621.0 1.000 1.000 5616.3 94281.5 6.0
678 682.2 2181.6 114.1 1395.8 2857.0 1.000 1.000 2863.8 94281.5 3.0
678 682.2 3412.3 -114.1 1395.8 4100.8 1.573 1.311 4094.5 94281.5 4.3
679 498.0 1024.8 -66.1 1395.8 1910.0 1.573 1.311 1522.7 94281.5 1.6
679 498.0 1024.8 66.1 1395.8 1916.3 1.573 1.311 1522.7 94281.5 1.6
680 252.2 1197.0 -202.5 1395.8 2343.4 1.573 1.311 1449.3 94281.5 1.5
680 252.2 769.8 202.5 1395.8 1993.3 1.000 1.000 1022.0 94281.5 1.1
690 235.0 777.6 -202.5 1395.8 1974.7 1.000 1.000 1012.7 94281.5 1.1
690 941.3 777.6 202.5 1395.8 1806.0 1.000 1.000 1719.0 94281.5 1.8
700 417.2 1023.0 -202.5 1395.8 2020.9 1.000 1.000 1440.1 94281.5 1.5
700 1286.8 1023.0 202.5 1395.8 2371.0 1.000 1.000 2309.7 94281.5 2.4
708 1011.5 1155.1 -202.5 1395.8 2240.3 1.000 1.000 2166.6 94281.5 2.3
74
Max
Axial Bending Torsion Hoop SIF SIF Code Allowable
Stress
N()i:)l, Stress Stress Stress Stress In Out Stress Stress
Intensity
KPa KPa KPa KPa Plane Plane KPa KPa
KPa
708 1011.5 1657.8 202.5 1395.8 2699.9 1.439 1.199 2669.3 94281.5 2.8
709 785.2 619.1 -95.4 1395.8 1601.4 1.439 1.199 1404.4 94281.5 1.5
709 785.2 619.1 95.4 1395.8 1568.7 1.439 1.199 1404.4 94281.5 1.5
710 682.2 539.3 61.8 1395.8 1556.8 1.439 1.199 1221.5 94281.5 1.3
710 682.2 431.1 -61.8 1395.8 1553.2 1.000 1.000 1113.3 94281.5 1.2
720 682.2 1732.0 61.8 1395.8 2402.5 1.000 1.000 2414.2 94281.5 2.6
720 682.2 1732.0 -61.8 1395.8 2417.4 1.000 1.000 2414.2 94281.5 2.6
730 682.2 838.8 61.8 1395.8 1612.8 1.000 1.000 1521.0 94281.5 1.6
730 682.2 838.8 -61.8 1395.8 1604.1 1.000 1.000 1521.0 94281.5 1.6
740 682.2 379.7 61.8 1395.8 1552.5 1.000 1.000 1061.9 94281.5 1.1
740 682.2 379.7 -61.8 1395.8 1552.3 1.000 1.000 1061.9 0.0 0.0
750 682.2 957.7 55.9 1395.8 1693.4 2.158 2.544 1639.8 0.0 0.0
750 628.3 807.9 -122.3 1296.4 1572.0 2.158 2.544 1436.2 0.0 0.0
760 628.3 756.0 167.8 1296.4 1593.5 1.000 1.000 1384.3 0.0 0.0
760 628.3 756.0 -167.8 1296.4 1590.0 1.000 1.000 1384.3 94281.5 1.5
770 628.3 902.8 167.8 1296.4 1672.8 1.000 1.000 1531.2 94281.5 1.6
770 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
780 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
780 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
790 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
780 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
800 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
800 764.6 435.5 -331.3 1296.4 1600.2 1.000 1.000 1200.1 94281.5 1.3
810 1208.6 489.2 331.3 1296.4 1949.6 1.000 1.000 1697.8 94281.5 1.8
810 310.8 489.2 -331.3 1296.4 1777.1 1.000 1.000 800.0 94281.5 0.8
818 329.0 497.1 331.3 1296.4 1603.4 1.000 1.000 826.1 94281.5 0.9
818 329.0 1193.9 -331.3 1296.4 2246.6 2.415 2.013 1522.9 94281.5 1.6
819 457.3 724.6 276.5 1296.4 1645.9 2.415 2.013 1181.9 94281.5 1.3
819 457.3 724.6 -276.5 1296.4 1768.2 2.415 2.013 1181.9 94281.5 1.3
820 620.8 2438.1 77.7 1296.4 3070.4 2.415 2.013 3059.0 94281.5 3.2
820 620.8 1062.8 -77.7 1296.4 1732.7 1.000 1.000 1683.7 94281.5 1.8
830 620.8 1264.4 77.7 1296.4 1907.4 1.000 1.000 1885.3 94281.5 2.0
830 620.8 1264.4 -77.7 1296.4 1913.1 1.000 1.000 1885.3 94281.5 2.0
839 623.4 1290.7 173.0 1296.4 1970.7 2.415 2.013 1914.2 94281.5 2.0
839 623.4 1290.7 -173.0 1296.4 1972.8 2.415 2.013 1914.2 94281.5 2.0
840 626.1 777.3 231.7 1296.4 1661.5 2.415 2.013 1403.4 94281.5 1.5
840 626.1 364.2 -231.7 1296.4 1541.6 1.000 1.000 990.3 94281.5 1.1
850 626.1 334.9 231.7 1296.4 1537.7 1.000 1.000 961.0 94281.5 1.0
75
Max
Axial Bending Torsion Hoop SIF SIF Code Allowable
Stress
NODH Stress Stress Stress Stress In Out Stress Stress
Intensity
KPa KPa KPa KPa Plane Plane KPa KPa
.KP"a
850 626.1 334.9 -231.7 1296.4 1537.2 1.000 1.000 961.0 0.0 0.0
860 433.6 70.7 90.3 912.2 1075.7 1.000 1.000 504.2 0.0 0.0
860 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
870 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
870 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
880 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0
870 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
890 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
890 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
900 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
890 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
910 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
910 431.1 181.7 -75.9 912.2 1074.3 1.000 1.000 612.8 0.0 0.0
920 620.8 643.6 194.6 1296.4 1573.2 1.000 1.000 1264.5 0.0 0.0
750 676.0 1105.2 -45.1 1395.8 1809.8 2.158 2.544 1781.3 0.0 0.0
930 676.0 160.0 49.8 1395.8 1548.0 1.000 1.000 836.1 0.0 0.0
930 676.0 160.0 -49.8 1395.8 1548.0 1.000 1.000 836.1 0.0 0.0
940 510.9 1155.5 84.7 1064.0 1679.9 1.000 1.000 1666.4 0.0 0.0
940 510.9 1155.5 -84.7 1064.0 1675.3 1.000 1.000 1666.4 94281.5 1.8
950 510.9 1350.5 84.7 1064.0 1864.4 1.000 1.000 1861.4 94281.5 2.0
950 510.9 1350.5 -84.7 1064.0 1869.1 1.000 1.000 1861.4 94281.5 2.0
958 510.9 1187.9 84.7 1064.0 1708.7 1.000 1.000 1698.8 94281.5 1.8
958 510.9 2107.5 -84.7 1064.0 2623.9 2.120 1.766 2618.4 94281.5 2.8
959 509.2 388.5 307.8 1064.0 1396.5 2.120 1.766 897.7 94281.5 1.0
959 509.2 388.5 -307.8 1064.0 1396.1 2.120 1.766 897.7 94281.5 1.0
960 507.1 1696.7 94.5 1064.0 2214.8 2.120 1.766 2203.9 94281.5 2.3
960 507.1 952.0 -94.5 1064.0 1505.3 1.000 1.000 1459.1 94281.5 1.5
970 507.1 1090.4 94.5 1064.0 1621.9 1.000 1.000 1597.6 94281.5 1.7
970 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
980 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
980 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
990 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
980 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
1000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
1000 757.6 955.6 -133.9 1296.4 1761.8 1.000 1.000 1713.3 94281.5 1.8
1010 1173.6 884.1 133.9 1296.4 2116.7 1.000 1.000 2057.7 94281.5 2.2
1010 260.8 884.1 -133.9 1296.4 1939.7 1.000 1.000 1144.9 94281.5 1.2
76
A\ial Bending Torsion Hoop Max SIF SIF Code Allowable
Stress Ratio
ODH Stress Stress Stress Stress In Out Stress Stress
KPa [ntensitv %
KPa KPa KPa Plane Plane KPa KPa
KPa
1018 316.5 875.1 133.9 1296.4 1861.1 1.000 1.000 1191.6 94281.5 Tv
lOIS 316.5 2109.8 -133.9 1296.4 3002.1 2.415 2.013 2426.2 94281.5 2.6
1019 452.3 996.1 64.1 1296.4 1824.9 2.415 2.013 1448.4 94281.5 1.5
1019 452.3 996.1 -64.1 1296.4 1830.2 2.415 2.013 1448.4 94281.5 1.5
1020 626.3 1557.4 -38.0 1296.4 2181.7 2.415 2.013 2183.7 94281.5 2.3
1020 626.3 659.5 38.0 1296.4 1455.6 1.000 1.000 1285.8 94281.5 1.4
1030 626.3 1055.1 -38.0 1296.4 1710.0 1.000 1.000 1681.4 94281.5 1.8
1030 626.3 1055.1 38.0 1296.4 1706.7 1.000 1.000 1681.4 94281.5 1.8
1039 627.0 968.9 35.2 1296.4 1631.6 2.415 2.013 1595.9 94281.5 1.7
1039 627.0 968.9 -35.2 1296.4 1627.1 2.415 2.013 1595.9 94281.5 1.7
1040 627.5 587.5 80.8 1296.4 1473.3 2.415 2.013 1215.0 94281.5 1.3
1040 627.5 278.3 -80.8 1296.4 1457.1 1.000 1.000 905.8 94281.5 1.0
1050 627.5 249.2 80.8 1296.4 1456.6 1.000 1.000 876.6 94281.5 0.9
1050 627.5 249.2 -80.8 1296.4 1456.5 1.000 1.000 876.6 0.0 0.0
1060 434.2 50.1 31.5 912.2 1063.5 1.000 1.000 484.3 0.0 0.0
1060 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
1070 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
1070 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
1080 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
1070 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
1090 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
1090 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
1100 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
1090 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
1110 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0
1110 433.7 95.7 -43.7 912.2 1065.3 1.000 1.000 529.4 0.0 0.0
1120 626.3 409.7 112.2 1296.4 1474.8 1.000 1.000 1036.0 0.0 0.0
920 620.8 643.6 -194.6 1296.4 1575.7 1.000 1.000 1264.5 94281.5 1.3
1130 620.8 1138.8 194.6 1296.4 1857.1 1.000 1.000 1759.6 94281.5 1.9
1130 620.8 1138.8 -194.6 1296.4 1863.4 1.000 1.000 1759.6 94281.5 1.9
1140 620.8 598.2 194.6 1296.4 1560.1 1.000 1.000 1219.1 94281.5 1.3
1140 620.8 598.2 -194.6 1296.4 1562.3 1.000 1.000 1219.1 94281.5 1.3
1149 623.4 1137.6 215.2 1296.4 1872.7 2.415 2.013 1761.0 94281.5 1.9
1149 623.4 1137.6 -215.2 1296.4 1874.6 2.415 2.013 1761.0 94281.5 1.9
1150 626.1 1224.3 206.3 1296.4 1937.1 2.415 2.013 1850.4 94281.5 2.0
1150 626.1 515.4 -206.3 1296.4 1550.4 1.000 1.000 1141.5 94281.5 1.2
1158 626.1 585.6 206.3 1296.4 1568.1 1.000 1.000 1211.7 94281.5 1.3
77
Max
Axial Bending Torsion Hoop SIF SIF Code Allowable
Stress
NODK Stress Stress Stress Stress In Out Stress Stress
Intensity
KPa KPa KPa KPa Plane Plane KPa KPa
KPa
1158 626.1 1227.1 -206.3 1296.4 1936.8 2.415 2.013 1853.2 94281.5 2.0
1159 671.3 1456.4 -49.9 1296.4 2126.6 2.415 2.013 2127.8 94281.5 2.3
1159 671.3 1456.4 49.9 1296.4 2130.1 2.415 2.013 2127.8 94281.5 2.3
1160 752.0 966.4 -295.9 1296.4 1911.0 2.415 2.013 1718.4 94281.5 1.8
1160 752.0 479.5 295.9 1296.4 1584.6 1.000 1.000 1231.4 94281.5 1.3
1170 878.1 581.2 -295.9 1296.4 1758.3 1.000 1.000 1459.2 94281.5 1.5
1170 -116.5 581.2 295.9 1296.4 2116.7 1.000 1.000 697.6 94281.5 0.7
1180 231.9 865.0 -295.9 1296.4 1996.8 1.000 1.000 1096.9 94281.5 1.2
1180 231.9 865.0 295.9 1296.4 2045.6 1.000 1.000 1096.9 94281.5 1.2
1190 168.5 358.5 -118.4 669.5 890.4 1.000 1.000 527.0 94281.5 0.6
1190 168.5 358.5 118.4 669.5 948.9 1.000 1.000 527.0 94281.5 0.6
1270 213.4 373.2 -118.4 669.5 866.5 1.000 1.000 586.7 94281.5 0.6
1270 213.4 373.2 118.4 669.5 930.5 1.000 1.000 586.7 94281.5 0.6
1279 362.6 449.6 4.7 669.5 853.3 1.123 1.000 812.2 94281.5 0.9
1279 362.6 449.6 -4.7 669.5 852.9 1.123 1.000 812.2 94281.5 0.9
1280 315.7 902.0 132.6 669.5 1238.9 1.123 1.000 1217.7 94281.5 1.3
1280 315.7 811.9 -132.6 669.5 1158.3 1.000 1.000 1127.5 94281.5 1.2
1288 315.7 1493.0 132.6 669.5 1820.5 1.000 1.000 1808.7 94281.5 1.9
1288 315.7 2952.8 -132.6 669.5 3279.2 1.988 1.656 3268.5 94281.5 3.5
1289 116.0 4625.5 191.0 669.5 5147.4 1.988 1.656 4741.5 94281.5 5.0
1289 116.0 4625.5 -191.0 669.5 4756.9 1.988 1.656 4741.5 94281.5 5.0
1290 -18.9 5489.4 140.7 669.5 6138.5 1.988 1.656 5508.2 94281.5 5.8
1290 -18.9 2765.1 -140.7 669.5 3159.0 1.000 1.000 2784.0 94281.5 3.0
1300 -30.1 2768.1 140.7 669.5 3433.6 1.000 1.000 2798.2 94281.5 3.0
1300 597.9 0.0 -0.0 882.6 1032.3 1.000 1.000 597.9 188171.7 0.3
1380 418.1 0.0 0.0 882.6 1032.3 1.000 1.000 418.1 188171.7 0.2
1120 626.3 409.7 -112.2 1296.4 1474.5 1.000 1.000 1036.0 188171.7 0.6
1200 626.3 575.9 112.2 1296.4 1492.1 1.000 1.000 1202.2 188171.7 0.6
1200 6263 575.9 -112.2 1296.4 1491.6 1.000 1.000 1202.2 188171.7 0.6
1210 626.3 90.3 112.2 1296.4 1462.0 1.000 1.000 716.6 188171.7 0.4
1210 626.3 90.3 -112.2 1296.4 1461.9 1.000 1.000 716.6 188171.7 0.4
1219 627.0 772.1 72.4 1296.4 1511.4 2.366 1.972 1399.0 188171.7 0.7
1219 627.0 772.1 -72.4 1296.4 1509.1 2.366 1.972 1399.0 188171.7 0.7
1220 627.5 1004.6 13.0 1296.4 1660.2 2.366 1.972 1632.1 188171.7 0.9
1220 627.5 508.8 -13.0 1296.4 1445.9 1.000 1.000 1136.3 188171.7 0.6
1228 627.5 255.2 13.0 1296.4 1445.6 1.000 1.000 882.6 188171.7 0.5
1228 627.5 598.9 -13.0 1296.4 1446.2 2.366 1.972 1226.4 188171.7 0.7
1229 736.3 726.5 -12.8 1296.4 1511.9 2.366 1.972 1462.8 188171.7 0.8
78
Max
Axial Bending Torsion Hoop SIF SIF Code Allowable
Stress
NODH Stress Stress Stress Stress In Out Stress Stress
Intensity
KPa KPa KPa KPa Plane Plane KPa KPa
KPa
1229 736.3 726.5 12.8 1296.4 1510.0 2.366 1.972 1462.8 188171.7 0.8
1230 842.6 1473.2 -34.1 1296.4 2311.4 2.366 1.972 2315.8 188171.7 1.2
1230 842.6 623.0 34.1 1296.4 1521.1 1.000 1.000 1465.5 188171.7 0.8
1240 968.6 595.1 -34.1 1296.4 1625.6 1.000 1.000 1563.8 188171.7 0.8
1240 629.9 595.1 34.1 1296.4 1450.9 1.000 1.000 1225.1 188171.7 0.7
1250 787.3 561.2 -34.1 1296.4 1463.2 1.000 1.000 1348.5 188171.7 0.7
1250 787.3 561.2 34.1 1296.4 1448.1 1.000 1.000 1348.5 188171.7 0.7
1260 408.9 221.5 -13.6 669.5 821.1 1.000 1.000 630.3 188171.7 0.3
1260 247.6 0.0 0.0 882.6 1032.3 1.000 1.000 247.6 188171.7 0.1
1370 418.1 0.0 0.0 882.6 1032.3 1.000 1.000 418.1 188171.7 0.2
79
6.3 Conclusion:
• Code stress (as per the stress analysis report) at each node is less than the maximum
allowable stress, hence the HRH design is safe.
• In CAESAR II 5.0 software we can also change the input to see what are the affects of
those changes like; we can change material of piping and reduce weight which results
in low stress values in piping system, we can reduce insulation thickness which again
results in less material so less cost and low stress values.
• If anyhow we are able to reduce the weight we can also reduce the number of hangers
and other piping supports. Hence reduction in the cost of piping supports.
80
REFERENCES
[1] Fang Li. CAESAR II software pipeline with computation Several problems of
stress. Chemical Equipment [J] 2004.12 (6).
[2] Zhang Shujun, Li Guobin, Chen Bai-lian. AutoPSA and CAESAR II pipe stress
analysis in the comparison. Boiler manufacturing [J] .2008.1 (I)
[4] Blair, J. S. (1963). The Design of High Temperature Steam Pipes: Proc. Joint
International Conference on Creep, 4-77.
[5] Mao You Ren, Zhao Xiaozheng, Jiang-Tao Liu, CAESAR II software piping
stress analysis in the Power Plant applications [J] .2006.3 (3)
[6] Indian Boiler Regulations containing Indian Boiler Regulations, 1950 and Indian
Boiler Act, 1923
[7] ASME B 16.34 - 2004, Valves - Flanged, Threaded and Welding end, An
American National Standard, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Three
Park Avenue. New York, NY 10016
[8] ASME B3I.1 - 2004, Power Piping, ASME Code for pressure piping, B31. An
American National Standard, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Three
Park Avenue. New York, NY 10016
81
[11] J. Phillip Ellenberger, "Piping System and Pipeline, ASME Code simplified"
82