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Profissional Documentos
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wissen
Outdoor workplaces
13
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Contents
2 Introduction
4 Lighting technology
22 Lighting tables
26 Lamps
28 Luminaires
30 Literature
31 Order forms
32 Imprint
U2
Foreword
C been identified as a
crucial factor for health
and safety at work. The mes-
sage that every lighting crite-
rion needs to be duly consi-
dered in the design of a plant
or facility is communicated in
a variety of ways. But atten-
tion generally focuses on inte-
riors. It is often forgotten that
a considerable amount of
work is performed outdoors –
at workplaces with no or
8
insufficient natural lighting.
Dipl.-Ing. Gerold Soestmeyer
Outdoor workplace lighting Chairman of the "Lighting, light
needs to meet specific requi- and colour" working group of the
rements – requirements that expert committee looking at
differ from those of both clas- "Impacts and work-related health
sical interior lighting and road hazards" for the BG Central
lighting. The issue of good Office for Safety and Health.
4
lighting for outdoor workpla-
ces merits special attention at
present because new stipula- Ensuring that lighting meets
tions have been developed all health and safety require-
to take account of technolo- ments is an attainable goal
gical advances, occupational for any company.
medicine, hygiene and the
results of other occupational Compliance with rules and
research. These requirements standards aside, energy effi-
are set out in BGR 131, the ciency is an important invest-
rule for "Natural and artificial ment criterion. Technically
workplace lighting" developed sophisticated lamps and
by the institutions responsible luminaires offer a grat deal of
for statutory accident insurance scope for optimizing lighting
and prevention in Germany. installations from an ergono-
Aimed at employers, designers mic, economic and environ-
and constructors, it provides mental viewpoint.
pointers on the lighting re-
quired for workplaces outside Some of that scope is created
buildings. by lighting management sys-
tems, which are now available
BGR 131 focuses on the not only for indoor lighting but
health and safety of employees also for outdoor installations.
at work and sets out require-
5
ments for those two areas. I hope this licht.de booklet will
It does not look at what is be widely read and received
needed to meet visual with interest by all those
physiological and production- responsible for good lighting.
related requirements. These
issues are addressed in the
draft European standard DIN
EN 12464-2, which defines
the standards that need to be
observed in practice to meet
the visual comfort and visual
performance requirements of
most outdoor workplaces.
There is thus a clear dividing
6 7
line between the European
standard and the BG rule.
1
Introduction
9 10
Outdoor work often entails hazards
Good lighting for vide around 80% of the Spatial orientation and field Performance decreases
outdoor workplaces sensory impressions we regis- of vision are considerably sharply at night; hence the
Basically speaking, outdoor ter. But at night, the visual reduced in darkness and loss of concentration and the
workplace lighting addresses acuity of the eye drops to just physical performance drops increase in the risk of
the same task as interior 3 - 30% of its day-time to less than 10% as a result accidents. Accidents at night
lighting, ensuring visual task level – depending on lighting. of fatigue due to disruption of are both more frequent and
performance and health and What is more, the risk of glare natural sleep patterns. This is more serious than they are
safety at work. is significantly higher than in why most accidents caused during the day.
However, the design bright conditions. by human error occur at
requirements are different. night. Human biorhythms are
During the day, our eyes pro- subject to marked fluctuation.
11 12 13 14
2
15
Many areas of an airport are outdoor workplaces
In contrast to indoor work, the vated by a dark background, requirements may be higher that need to be met at
visual effort required at resulting in higher luminance than those formulated for outdoor workplaces.
outdoor workplaces is contrasts. The draft standard occupational health and
significantly increased by the DIN EN 12464-2 defines safety. It then profiles a range of
fact that there are generally requirements for ensuring major applications, citing spe-
no walls to reflect light, so on- good visual performance and After a general look at the cific assessment criteria, and
ly direct lighting is possible. good visual comfort. physiology of vision and the presents a useful table of the
This can often produce deep basic variables and quality requirements set out for the
shadows. Due to visual physiological features of lighting, this different applications in the
Generally speaking, the visual needs and the demands of booklet examines some of the draft European standard
situation is then further aggra- production processes, these main lighting requirements DIN EN 12464-2.
h 6 12 18 24 6 12 18 24 6
Cortisol Attention
Melatonin Body temperature
16
Wave patterns of different circadian rhythms
“Cheerfulness”
Max.
18
Melatonin (sleep hormone)
Min.
Note
h 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 02 04 06
Lighting tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 22
Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 26
17
Luminaires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 28
Correlation of melatonin levels and "cheerfulness"
3
Lighting technology
19 20
Even signal-coloured objects that are clearly visible during the day are hard to make out in twilight.
Seeing and being seen: adapt. At low illuminance anteed, so artificial lighting is being seen is a key safety
good lighting avoids levels, however, visual perform- vital for accident prevention. It factor).
accidents ance is impaired. Good light- is absolutely essential, for
Daylight illuminance ranges ing at outdoor workplaces example, at high-risk work- The need for good lighting
from 5,000 to 100,000 lux (lx). helps significantly to guard places at woodworking at outdoor workplaces is
On a moonlit night, however, against accidents, enabling us machines or on scaffolding or explained by the following
it reaches only 1 lx at most. to see well and be seen at all ramps (where safety depends physiological facts.
The fact that we can "see" times. In twilight and at night, on ability to see) or at hazard-
over a vast bandwidth like this perception and recognition ous workplaces near trucks,
is due to the eye's ability to are no longer sufficiently guar- conveyors or tracks (where
21 22
Where cranes are in operation, care must be taken to ensure good visual conditions for both crane operators and ground personnel.
4
23 24
Good bay entrance lighting avoids adaptation hazards.
Colour vision, Visual acuity Adaptation time the visual performance achie-
light/dark vision The eye's ability to make out It takes time for the eye to ved. Visual impairment occurs
Day vision is provided by the contours and details of adapt to different levels of when our eyes have too little
cone receptors in the eye shapes as well as shades of brightness. The adaptation time to adapt to differences in
which are sensitive to colour. colour is determined by visual process – and thus the adap- brightness. This explains, for
This is when visual perform- acuity. Visual acuity improves tation time – depend on the example, the increased risk of
ance is at its best: colours as adaptation luminance luminance at the beginning accident where fork-lift truck
can be distinguished and increases, creating better and end of any change in operators leave a brightly lit
objects can be clearly made conditions for making out brightness: adapting from bay and enter a dark storage
out in 3D. At night, colour- obstructions, etc.. dark to light takes only area outdoors and collide with
insensitive rod receptors take seconds, adapting from light persons or objects they fail to
over, providing a degree of Contrasts to dark can take several see. Correct illuminance levels
light/dark vision that only real- Contrasts are differences in minutes. Visual performance for factory or warehouse bay
ly enables us to get our bear- brightness and colour in the at any one time depends on entrances need to be geared
ings. field of vision. To be perceived the state of adaptation: the to the illuminance inside the
by the human eye, they need more light available, the better bay.
Where not enough daylight is to be sufficiently pronounced.
available – as at outdoor The minimum contrast percei-
workplaces – adequate visual ved depends on the ambient
performance and colour dis- brightness (adaptation lumi-
crimination can only be achie- nance): the brighter the sur-
ved by using artificial lighting roundings, the lower the con-
to activate the cone receptors trast perceived.
that make better visual
performance possible. In darker surroundings, an
object needs either to con-
Contrast sensitivity trast more sharply or to be
Contrast sensitivity is the term larger in order to be percei-
used to describe the ability to ved. So where fine visual
perceive differences in lumi- details need to be made out –
nance in the field of vision. in an aircraft maintenance
25
The higher the brightness zone at an airport, for exam-
level (adaptation luminance), ple – higher illuminance levels Visual performance and colour identification are dependent
the finer the differences in are required. on lighting.
luminance perceived. Con-
trast sensitivity is reduced by
glare. Note
5
Lighting technology
27
6
m
m
m
28
The planes on which primary visual tasks are performed may be horizontal, vertical or inclined – standard illuminance
requirements m apply analogously.
su
the work area. The standard sured. Given this requirement, t ous
or Ligh
oni
a
ting
mf
lp
rm tion lev
cites no dimensions defining the task area defined should Ha tribu
o
erf
el
al c
dis
o
this area more closely. It should not be too small.
rma
Visu
nce
Colour ndering
Glare limitation
Good
re
lighting
Illuminance of the Illuminance of
task area surrounding areas
lx lx
≥ 500 100 Li
ht
gh li g
300 75 tc of
olo
ur ti o n
200 50 D i re c
150 30
50 to 100 20
< 50 no stipulation V is ua l a m bi e n c e
7
Lighting technology
Glare
Glare is produced by bright To avoid errors, fatigue and
surfaces in the field of vision accidents, it is important to
and can be perceived as either limit glare – especially at view-
discomforting (psychological) ing angles above the hori-
glare or disabling (physiologi- zontal. The degree of direct
cal) glare. The glare caused glare caused by luminaires in
by light bouncing off reflective an outdoor lighting installation
surfaces is generally known is described by the glare
as veiling reflection or reflec- rating GR.
ted glare.
GR = 27 + 24log10
[ ] Lvl
0,9
Lve
Where:
■ Lvl is the total veiling ■ Lve is the equivalent veiling
luminance in cd/m2 luminance of the surroun-
caused by the lighting dings in cd/m2.
installation
33
Assessment of glare GR Reflections can affect the clarity with which a visual task is perceived.
unbearable 80 – 90
disturbing 60 – 70
just admissible 40 – 50 Light colour and That matter aside, light colour
noticeable 20 – 30 colour rendering also determines lamp lumi-
unnoticeable 10 The light colour of lamps is nous efficacy, which in turn
expressed by correlated impacts on lighting system
Connection between glare ratings and assessments of glare
colour temperatures. Selec- costs. In Central Europe,
ting a light colour is a matter warm-white high pressure
Veiling reflection and ■ appropriate arrangement of psychology, aesthetics and sodium vapour lamps are the
reflected glare
of luminaires and what is considered natural. light source most widely used
Highly luminous reflections on workplaces, Because these broadly sub- for reasons of economy and
a visual task can affect how ■ finishes (matt surfaces), jective criteria differ from one metal halide lamps for neutral-
well the task is perceived. ■ limitation of luminaire area of Europe to another, white light are the light source
Veiling reflections and reflected luminance, planning value tables contain of choice where better colour
glare can be prevented or ■ enlargement of the no recommendations for light rendering is required.
reduced by luminous surface of the colours.
luminaires.
31 32
Only under directional light (left) do three-dimensional structures
become visible.
8
35 36
Despite identical light colour, the different colour rendering properties of lamps lead to variations in colour perception. Where the spectrum of a lamp contains
little red light, for instance, red surface colours are only incompletely rendered.
Light colour Correlated colour temperature TCP Flicker and Disruptive effects
Warm white below 3 300 K stroboscopic effects Lighting systems for outdoor
Neutral white from 3 300 K to 5 300 K Flickering light can be distrac- workplaces can contribute to
Daylight white over 5 300 K ting and give rise to physiolo- a brighter night sky and sur-
roundings. Apart from this,
gical complaints such as head- light emissions can lead to
For visual performance, com- properties of light sources, aches. Stroboscopic effects physiological problems such
fort and sense of wellbeing, it the general colour rendering can cause dangerous situa- as troubled sleep, and nega-
is important that the colours index Ra was introduced. The tions by interfering with per- tive impacts on fauna and flora
of surroundings, objects and highest Ra value possible is ception of machine parts rota- cannot be ruled out. Hence
human skin are rendered 100. As colour rendering qual- ting or moving back and forth the limits imposed by stan-
accurately and naturally. This ity decreases, this declines. at high speed. On construc- dards to curb light emissions,
makes people look good and Safety colours must always tion sites, for instance, this especially emissions directed
healthy. be identifiable as such. To can result in a heightened risk upwards. Limits are set to
avoid disturbance for local
ensure this, the colour render- of accidents at sawing machi- residents and road users.
To provide an objective yard- ing index needs to be ≥ 20. nes.
stick for the colour rendering
Lighting systems should be
designed so that light flicker
and stroboscopic effects are
avoided. This can be achie-
ved, for example, by using
discharge lamps operated
by electronic ballasts at high
frequencies.
Note
9
Industrial plants and power facilities
37 38
The kind of workplaces most although the list makes no construction sites, in the engi- task. In many cases – provi-
frequently found outdoors claim to be exhaustive. neering, plant construction ded that jobs are comparable
require adequate lighting and and shipbuilding industries as or similar – the lighting guide-
agreeable surroundings to Work at machines well as in the energy sector lines for indoor workplaces
enable night-shift workers to and with tools and agriculture. Alongside (cf. EN 12464-1) can provide
perform their duties reliably Activities in an industrial set- production-oriented opera- pointers on the illuminance
and without interruption. The ting are often characterised tions, a major role is played levels required outdoors.
draft standard DIN EN 12464- by people working with tools, here by storage, logistical and Values between 30 and 60 lx
2 provides recommendations at machines or in plants. Out- transport activities, which will are typical for general activi-
and guideline values for spe- door workplaces are typically be dealt with separately in a ties outdoors. For places
cific lighting design variables found in the chemical and later section. Values need to where special activities are
for a wide variety of concrete petrochemical industry, in be defined for the relevant performed, appropriate
applications (see tables on other industries with outdoor lighting design variables, supplementary lighting is
pages 22 ff). On the following processing facilities, in the depending on the importance required.
pages, we also look at a num- raw materials, waste manage- of the work, the degree of risk
ber of example applications – ment and mining sectors, at or the difficulty of the visual
39
10
40 41
Uniformity This is avoided where work and ranges from 0.25 for when selecting luminaires and
Defining task areas where areas as a whole are brightly brief, straightforward opera- lamps, it is worth paying
quality criteria apply is fre- lit. It also facilitates communi- tions (e.g. handling large con- attention to quality standards,
quently a difficult exercise, cation with the work team struction elements) through to maintenance requirements
especially at industrial work- and the working environment 0.5 (e.g. for inspections or and service life ratings. At the
places. Small illuminated and thus helps promote a installation work). planning stage, care should
spaces give rise to marked sense of wellbeing, heighten be taken to ensure not only
luminance differences in the motivation and boost produc- In addition, lighting in the sur- optimal lighting but also con-
field of vision, which means tivity. rounding area needs to meet venient positioning (access)
the eye constantly needs to the standard requirements set in the outdoor space.
adapt. This leads to an in- So there should be no disturb- out for the illuminance stipula-
creasing loss of concentration ing dark zones in the task ted for the relevant task area High requirements
and premature fatigue, result- area itself. The admissible (see lighting tables). A special Depending on application,
ing, in turn, in work errors and ratio between the lowest and consideration here is the need lighting installations need to
a heightened risk of accidents. average illuminance depends to avoid psychologically nega- stand up to extreme environ-
on the visual task performed tive effects (sense of insecuri- mental conditions. Work-
ty, anxiety, etc.), which can places are typically very dirty,
result, for example, where the dusty, damp and/or wet loca-
work zone is bordered by a tions exposed to aggressive
wall of darkness. or explosive atmospheres,
extremely high or low tempe-
Lighting as a cost factor ratures and – during the day –
As a production overhead, a high incidence of ultraviolet
the cost of a lighting installa- light due to sunlight. These
tion is also a matter of major conditions determine the
significance. So aspects such special requirements that
as energy efficiency, mainte- luminaires need to meet in
nance costs and service life terms of degree of protection,
need to be assessed. Even design or materials used in
simple lamp replacement their construction. Industrial
operations can entail high plant lighting is comprehen-
costs if, for example, the pro- sively covered by standards.
duction process needs to be But beyond the fulfilment of
interrupted or complex appa- standard requirements, there
ratus needs to be used. So are recommendations and
Note
11
Industrial plants and power facilities
43 44
Self-propelled machines are generally fitted with floodlights Luminaires mounted on industrial facilities outdoors need to meet
for manoeuvring and for illuminating the work area. higher requirements in terms of protection against the ingress of dust
and moisture. In some cases, explosion protection is also required.
concepts for harnessing ade- adequately high, especially in that the light is mostly direc- parison to luminaires with
quate lighting to impact posi- areas where encounters may ted onto the defined working high-pressure discharge
tively and significantly on the occur, for example, between plane without giving rise to lamps, fluorescent-lamp
sense of wellbeing and pro- vehicles and pedestrians. glare. Where lighting is required models have the advantage of
ductivity of the persons pre- Secondly, to guarantee easy to illuminate large outdoor significantly lower luminance
sent. recognition of information, areas, such as loading bays, along direct lines of sight.
outdoor area lighting needs to wide-angle flood systems can
High lighting levels and suffi- be particularly effective at limit- be profitably used. At chemical and petrochemi-
cient cylindrical illuminance in ing glare. As a result, asym- cal plants (refineries, etc.) and
the task area are also key metrical reflector luminaires For lighting tasks inside buil- onshore or offshore oil and
requirements outdoors. Work- for high-pressure lamps are dings, e.g. inside a process gas production facilities as
place lighting here needs to the preferred solution here. plant, linear luminaires with well as in mining and other
satisfy two quality criteria. These come with high-grade tubular fluorescent lamps and areas where explosive atmos-
First, for security reasons, the facetted optics and a flat a high degree of protection pheres may be present, one
level of lighting needs to be glass enclosure which ensure are frequently used. In com- important aspect of work-
45
12
46
The draft standard DIN EN 12464-2 also sets out requirements for general traffic areas at outdoor workplaces.
place lighting is that the lumi- line links, insulator sets and Depending on the prevailing tions are carried out. Moun-
naires selected – as electrical switchgear – should present ambient brightness, system ting heights should therefore
fixtures – need to meet the surfaces to the eye with lumi- arrangement clarity and be kept as low as possible so
requirements of the relevant nances that allow the opera- reflectance factors, horizontal that ladders are not needed.
explosion protection classes. ting condition of each element illuminance of 15...30 lx is
to be clearly identified. For recommended in order to
Outdoor switching stations inspecting the bushings, oil meet these requirements. Ver-
At night, the proper operation conservators or protective tical illuminance on the sys-
of outdoor switching stations equipment in the upper trans- tem components mentioned
can only be guaranteed former sections, angled inci- should be in the region of
where artificial lighting permits dent light from below is the 30...60 lx.
all equipment to be quickly, recommended solution. Com-
reliably and safely monitored. munication route lighting Luminaires should be arran-
should ensure that controls ged so that there is no danger
The parts of the high-voltage can be conducted safely. It is of contact with high-voltage
system mounted on support- essential here to avoid deep elements when maintenance
ing structures – e.g. busbars, and large patches of shadow. and lamp replacement opera-
Note
13
Transport, roads and routes
48
Vehicle transport and traffic transport routes, however, are railway lines and shipping visual conditions for all road
Vehicle transport is part of the speed limit on plant roads routes, which present similar users and thus heightens
daily life worldwide. The highly may be 20 km/h or walking requirements in terms of light- road safety.
developed countries are pace, depending on hazard ing characteristics to e.g. the
covered by a dense network potential. apron areas of an airport. Statistics show that standard-
of roads and motorways. While the focus in road light- compliant road lighting sub-
Special attention needs to be ing is traditionally on criteria stantially lowers the risk of
Public transport routes aside, paid to traffic interchanges such as cost-efficiency, relia- accidents and sharply redu-
there are also transport infra- (e.g. intersections, rounda- bility and maintenance-friend- ces the severity of the acci-
structures in and around large bouts, bridges...) as well as ly design, a new aspect is dents that occur. Luminaires
industrial complexes which underpasses and tunnels, becoming increasingly impor- with modern specular reflec-
are used exclusively for plant where lighting installations tant: light immission. This is tor technology, e.g. radial
operations and thus need to need to meet very high requi- the portion of light that radia- facetted optics, in combina-
be regarded as outdoor work- rements in terms of lighting tes upwards from a luminaire tion with tubular lamps permit
places. characteristics, reliability and and could cause an environ- wide spacing between
maintenance. Depending on mental nuisance. As a source columns and thus fewer lumi-
For the safety of those using geographical location, lumi- of "light pollution", it should naires per kilometre. At the
such infrastructures, road and naires may need to withstand be kept as small as possible. same time, they avoid pat-
route lighting must conform to extreme weather and climatic ches of darkness and make
specific standards based on conditions outdoors – a fact Main roads for greater road safety.
the relevant regulations gover- which must be borne in mind Danger lurks at many points
ning lighting for public roads when products are selected. on main roads, especially at
and routes (e.g. EN 13201). Vehicle parking facilities are twilight and after dark. Good
In contrast to many public also outdoor workplaces, so road lighting makes for better
49 50
14
51
Traffic interchanges colour rendering through the surroundings. Where surroun- Road luminaires for access
Roundabouts present a traffic use of metal halide lamps – dings are generally dark, and exit lighting should be
situation that needs a special whose light colour, moreover, however, an excessively high selected from the range of
lighting concept – one that contrasts with the lighting on lighting level can easily "shielded" luminaires. A tran-
calls for vertical illuminance to the converging roads and overstep the mark between quil picture overall is achieved
make motorists, cyclists and makes for greater alertness. conspicuousness and obtru- with luminaires at low mount-
pedestrians clearly visible siveness. ing heights, e.g. bollard lumi-
and, secondly, couples ade- Fuel stations naires. Very low luminance is
quately high and uniform illu- Fuel stations are both sales In bright surroundings, there produced by indirect lighting,
minance on the horizontal outlets and work premises. is less risk of conflict between for example illuminating the
road surfaces with good glare Lighting should draw attention advertising and the needs of underside of a cantilever
limitation. This is achieved, for to the location, the brand of nearby traffic. Excessively canopy.
example, by a combination of the product on sale and the high luminance of the signs
projector-reflector lighting sys- nature of the service offered identifying the fuel station can Emphasizing facades in the
tems positioned at the centre from an adequate distance. lead to information being fuel station area lends visual
of the roundabout and a row obscured and details being appeal, makes for an inte-
of other luminaires on the It needs to provide appropri- missed. grated impact and indicates
periphery. ate work lighting for the pump a facility ready for service.
and service areas and should Luminaire luminance should
These luminaires come with clearly identify access routes generally be low, especially
efficient specular reflector and exits. As with any lighting where luminaires are posi-
technology and flat glass designed to advertise, atten- tioned close to the edge of
enclosures to minimise glare. tion should be drawn here by unlit roads.
They also achieve very good creating a contrast with the
Note
15
Transport, roads and routes
54
55
16
56 57
Port cargo-handling areas distributing mirrors, these jumbo aircraft may be as Railway installations
One lighting option for port high-performance floods not much as 10 m above the In yards and along track, ope-
cargo-handling areas is to only spread light over a wide ground, must not be rational safety and reliability of
erect a mast at each end of area; they also avoid glare. dazzled. lighting installations is a major
the crane rails so that the light An alternative solution is to ■ The lighting masts must consideration. The luminaires
from the floods mounted on use asymmetrical floods, not interfere with flight deployed here need to be
them can reach between the which should be installed operations or traffic on the glare-suppressed to a parti-
rows of wagons. When selec- and angled so that there is ground, i.e. positioning is cularly high standard. This
ting crane lights, account no possibility of their lamps restricted and heights may guarantees a high degree of
needs to be taken of the being directly visible from not exceed 25 m without security for operating person-
vibrations to which lamps the cockpit. special approval. nel.
will be exposed. Furthermore, In railway yards, a great deal
ports shape the face of cities The purpose of airport apron Systems normally feature of the information for opera-
and emphasize their structures. lighting is well-shielded floods fitted tions is conveyed by light sig-
When night descends, a light- ■ to provide guidance for either with particularly cost- nals. If the lighting is wrong,
ing control program can make the pilots of taxiing aircraft, efficient high-pressure sodium that information may be mis-
the importance and role of the ■ to help ensure efficient vapour lamps or metal halide sed or misinterpreted.
port visible and thus forge a and reliable passenger, lamps. At level crossings, asymmetri-
visual and emotional link with baggage and freight cal luminaires with instant hot
the city. Port operations handling operations, re-igniters are used. This per-
establish a presence during ■ to facilitate service and mits optimal video surveillance
the day, illumination takes maintenance work from the control centre.
over the task at night. The ■ to support surveillance In stations or on station plat-
lighting requirements for the and security. forms, good lighting helps
outdoor area are the same as people get their bearings and
for outdoor workplaces. Basically speaking, the task brightness makes for greater
for the lighting planner is to safety.
Airports provide sufficient illuminance
Lighting for airport aprons, – i.e. 5...50 lx horizontally and
i.e. the areas at gates where vertically 2 m above the
aircraft park, needs to meet ground – for a large outdoor
particularly high requirements, area.
a key one being that pilots To guarantee adequate
must never be dazzled. When recognition and colour vision
they touch down after a night at aircraft stands, the average
flight, their eyes are adapted vertical illuminance there
to the dark and extremely should be 20 lx and the mini-
sensitive to high luminance. mum vertical illuminance no
At the same time, large areas lower than 5 lx. Other special Note
need to be illuminated as uni- factors to consider are:
formly as possible. Large pro- Lighting tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 22
jector-reflector lighting sys- ■ Air controllers in the control Lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 26
tems are the solution here. tower must not be dazzled. Luminaires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 28
Thanks to their special light- ■ The pilot, who in a modern
17
Storage and logistics
59 60
61 62
18
periphery and the approach of the loading and transport
zone are thus fully illuminated facilities. However, it would be
to a reasonable depth. wrong to confine lighting to
these areas. The correct solu-
In practice, the vertical illumi- tion is to provide work zones
nance required around 1 m with an appropriate level of
above the ground in the apron supplementary task lighting in
area is between 5 and 30 lx, addition to the general lighting
depending on the lighting for for the site. Portal and bridge
the protected site. If risk levels crane work areas are an
are high, it is advisable to example often cited here.
double-lamp luminaires and As a rule, the crane supports
connect them to two separate provide useful mounting sites
supply circuits. Where a peri- for floodlights, so light inci-
pheral lighting system of this dence is perpendicular to the
kind is installed, however, direction of travel. The illumi-
care must be taken to ensure nance required within the
that there is no risk of light operating range of the crane
disturbing or causing pro- is achieved using luminaires
blems for occupants of neigh- mounted on the bridge of the
bouring properties and that crane. Where light incidence
road safety is not compromi- is from the side, crane bays
sed. It is advisable to seek the with siding track may require
approval of the relevant public further supplementary lighting
agencies and authorities. to dispel shadows cast by
rolling stock superstructures.
Transfer areas
For security reasons, special Supplementary lighting
importance needs to be atta- for loading points
ched to warehouse entrance For operator control lighting,
and exit lighting. Lighting attention needs to be paid to
solutions here must ensure high vertical illuminance. Sup-
a smooth transition between plementary lighting is required
63
the levels of brightness inside for charging and discharging
and outside the building. In facilities as well as for loading
many cases, it is also neces- points. So, for all mobile port
sary to take account of areas facilities such as mobile
where traffic is static, e.g. bridges and travelling and
nearby car parks, and access slewing cranes in the loading
routes. Glare suppression and area, dynamic lighting is an
reduction is an issue here, appropriate choice. Static
and projector-reflector lighting tends to direct atten-
(secondary reflector) systems tion to buildings and highlight
can play an important part in them.
achieving it. Light immission
should also be kept to a Limiting direct glare
minimum. Because of the low general
lighting level, direct glare
Goods-handling needs to be limited in the
operations at night direction of control and moni-
In yards where goods-hand- toring stations. Projectors and
ling operations are conducted floods should always be
at night, work areas are nor- directed away from operating
mally in the immediate vicinity personnel.
64
Note
19
Construction sites
Construction sites
Illuminance should be selec-
ted according to table 5.3.
Key considerations for con-
struction site lighting are the
temporary nature of the need
for lighting, the need to adapt
the lighting to changing activi-
ties, and the variety of visual
tasks. Flexibility is achieved
by facilities such as transport-
able, extendable lighting
masts, which often come
mounted on a trailer with a
generator. Construction
cranes can be another tool of
site lighting design. From the
vantage of the crane operator,
the entire working area (hori-
zontal and vertical) should be
illuminated so that loads are
clearly visible at the full wor-
65
king height. It is common
practice for floods to be
mounted on the crane tower,
nowadays also on the jib.
Correct positioning in relation
to the cabin can ensure that
glare is avoided for the opera-
tor. Attention should also be
paid to creating form sha-
dows on objects in order to
make for sharper contrasts.
67
20
68
Arrangement of luminaires: Securing site traffic Luminaires used The degree of protection of
Wherever possible, no lumi- To make traffic safe and pro- For comparatively small con- the luminaires should be at
naires should be positioned in tect site workers, construction struction sites, floods for least IP 54. When choosing
the actual area where manpo- sites are secured from an tungsten halogen lamps or luminaires, always make sure
wer and machines work. As appropriate distance by spe- high-pressure discharge their enclosure is made of an
work areas often change, cial identification and orienta- lamps are an option. For lar- impact-resistant material. It is
mobile lighting – directed tion lighting. Road users are ger sites, these are supple- also recommended that lumi-
inwards from the perimeter – warned of approaching mented inside buildings by naires should be mechanically
is useful. Generally speaking, hazard zones by dynamic luminaires with tubular fluo- protected by a wire mesh
in addition to the measures light signals, normally coupled rescent lamps (luminaires for shield.
mentioned above, the mobility with a reduced speed limit. damp interiors).
required can be achieved
either with small mobile lumi-
naires or with adjustable
floods on high masts.
Note
21
Lighting tables
22
Table 5.6 – Fuel filling stations
Ref. no. Type of area, task or activity m lx Uo GRL Ra Remarks
5.6.1 Vehicle parking and storage areas 5 0,25 50 20
5.6.2 Entry and exit driveways: dark environment
(i.e. rural areas and suburbs) 20 0,40 45 20
5.6.3 Entry and exit driveways: light environment (i.e. cities) 50 0,40 45 20
5.6.4 Air pressure and water checking points and other service areas 150 0,40 45 20
5.6.5 Meter reading areas 150 0,40 45 20
23
Lighting tables
5.12.20 Covered platforms in freight areas, continuous operation 100 0,50 45 40 Ud ≥ 1/5
5.12.21 Inspection pit 100 0,50 40 40 Use low-glare local lighting
24
Table 5.13 – Saw mils
Ref. no. Type of area, task or activity m lx Uo GRL Ra Remarks
5.13.1 Timber handling on land and in water,
sawdust and chip conveyors 20 0,25 55 20
5.13.2 Sorting of timber on land or in water, timber unloading
points and sawn timber loading points, mechanical
lifting to timber conveyor, stacking 50 0,40 50 20
5.13.3 Reading of addresses and markings of sawn timber 100 0,40 45 40
5.13.4 Grading and packaging 200 0,50 45 40
5.13.5 Feeding and stripping and chopping machines 300 0,50 45 40
25
Lamps
Luminous efficacy
Luminous efficacy is the measure
of a lamp's efficiency, expressed 7
in lumens (lm) per watt: the higher 2 3 8
the ratio of lumens to watts, the
more light a lamp produces from
the energy it consumes. An
ordinary tungsten filament lamp 4 6
generates only 12 lm/W, where-
as the luminous efficacy of
discharge lamps is several times 1 5
higher (see table). Discharge
lamps operated by electronic
ballasts achieve even greater
efficiency. 14
Service life
Service life is the length of time
a lamp is operated before it be-
comes unserviceable. Average
service life is defined as the 17 17
average electrical service life 15
(survival rate) of a number of
lamps operated under standard
conditions. Manufacturers
publish service life ratings,
indicating the switching rhythm
and the failure rate on which
they are based. 16
with base at both ends
double burner
at both ends
ellipsoid (E)
T or E with
tubular (T)
with base
T (quartz)
E (quartz)
Lamp type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Features Type of lamp High-pressure sodium Metal halide
Light colour: ww = warm white (colour temperature below 3,300 K), nw = neutral white (colour temperature 3,300 to 5,300 K), d
1)
Where lamps are EB-operated, luminous efficacy increases to 81–100 lm/W. Power input decreases from 18 W to 16 W, from 36 W
26
When individual lamps fail,
road safety is compromised.
So spent lamps should be
replaced immediately. Group
replacement intervals are
determined by the failure rate
tolerated. This is normally 5%.
20
18
18
19 21
1, 2- and – illustrated –
with base at both ends
longlife Ø 38 mm,
3- or 4-tube lamp
longlife Ø 26 mm
fluorescent lamp
T or E (ceramic)
bulb-shaped
3-tube lamp
ring-shaped
elongated 2)
T (ceramic)
T (ceramic)
Ø 26 mm
ellipsoid
tubular
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Mercury LP sodium Tubular three-band Compact fluorescent Induction
vapour fluorescent
70 35 60 70 50 18 18 18 18 5 60 18 554) 70
250 250 140 400 1 000 180 58 58 58 70 120 803) 1654) 150
5 600 3 100 6 850 5 100 1 600 1 800 1 350 1 350 1 350 250 4 000 1 200 3 650 6 500
22 500 25 000 16 500 37 000 58 000 32 000 5 150 5 150 5 200 5 200 9 000 6 000 12 000 12 000
80 85 114 73 32 100 75 75 75/811) 50 67 67 644) 754)
90 100 118 100 60 178 89 89 93/1001) 82 75 87 734) 794)
ww ww, nw ww ww, nw ww, nw – ww, nw, dw ww, nw, dw ww, nw, dw ww, nw ww, nw ww, nw ww, nw ww, nw
80 – 85 80 – 95 60 – 70 75 – 96 36, 45 – 60 – – 80 – 85 80 – 85 80 – 85 80 – 85 80 – 85 80 – 85 80 – 85
E27 G12, G22 PGZ12 Fc2 E27 BY22d G13 G13 G13 G23 2G8-1 2G11 special special
E40 E40 RX7s E40 G24, 2G7
GX24
dw = daylight white (colour temperature over 5,300 K)
W to 32 W and from 58 W to 50 W. 2) 18–55 W also as special design for outdoor lighting 3)
40 W and 55 W only with EB 4)
System (lamp + EB)
27
Luminaires
Figs. 71 + 72 Figs. 73 + 74
Post-top luminaires for A1, A2, A3 or B1 roads Large-area luminaire, used e.g. for outdoor car park lighting
Figs. 75 + 76 Figs. 77 + 78
Side-entry luminaires, a preferred option for A1, A2, A3 or B1 roads Luminaire with light distribution curve specially designed for
pedestrian crossings
Figs. 79 + 80 Figs. 81 + 82
Post-top luminaire (left) with fluorescent lamps for A1, A2, A3 or B1 Tunnel luminaires with special light distribution curve and higher
roads and as wall luminaire (right) e.g. for paths degree of protection.
28
Figs. 83 + 84 Figs. 85 + 86
Decorative column luminaires, a preferred option for D and E Path luminaires, a preferred option for D and E lighting situation
lighting situation roads as well as for parks and gardens roads as well as for parks and gardens
Figs. 87 + 88 Figs. 89 + 90
Secondary luminaires (also: indirect luminaires), a preferred option Recessed ground luminaires (left) for object illumination and
for D and E lighting situation roads as well as for parks and gardens accentuating lighting as well as orientation luminaires (right)
as recessed wall lights
Figs. 91 + 92 Figs. 93 + 94
Small floods and spots for object illumination; the spot on the right Projector luminaires for spot- (left) and floodlighting (right).
integrates well in facades
96
30
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