JANMABHOOMI

PROGRAMME IN ANDHRA
PRADESH
 'JANMABHOOMI' PROGRAhrl[ME IN ANDHRA PRADESH

India is predominantly rural; about seventy two percent (2001 censue

of India) of the population lives in villages. Yet the rural development has
been one major area which was neglecbd for centuries by the planners as
well as rulere. Only after Independence, the development of rural areas was
given greater attention, and many programmes were designed and
implemented for the betterment of the living conditions of the rural masses.
But the over all impact of those programmes on the well being of the rural
masses is not upto the mark. It has been increasingly felt that socio.
economic progress can not be achieved unless the rural masses are fully
involved in the formulation and execution of programmes of the rural
development, With a view to involve the rural people in the development
process the then Government of Andhra Pradesh under the leadership of
N. Chandrababu Naidu has launched a unique programme called
'Janmabhoomi' on 1st January, 1997.

NEED FOR JANMGBHOOMI

Andhra Pradesh had been lagging behind several states, especially
those in the south in the socio-economicfront. The state of Andhra Pradesh
is under developed in several areas a e literacy, health and employment
generation. The State is plagued with several maladies such as lopsided
agricultural growth, uneven hstribution of benefits; underdeveloped
technologies,'despair, dishonesty, corruption, inequality lethargy and moral
turpitude. Even. though the state of Andhra Pradesh has rich natural
resources, it has not been able to utilise them in proper and planned way.

The Government realised that only micro level planning, which can
set the realistic agenda, would be able to correct the distortions that have
crept into the rural development programmes. Large scale participation in
developmental activitiw ie suppoeed to promote the much needed awareness
among the people about the socio-economic development in the rural areas.
This process was initiated by the Government, of Andhra Pradesh by
launching a highly innovative programme namely 'Janmabhoomi'. In the
words of N. Chandrababu Naidu, "Janmabhoomi Programme is not a
'programme' but it is a 'movement"'.

INSPIRATION FOR JANUGBHOOMI

Janmabhoomi programme is based on the Korean programme of
rural development, namely, 'Saemaul Undong' (New Community
Movement). The essential features of this programme are collective
leadership and people's participation. General Park Chung Hee, who
became the President of South Korea overthrowing the democratic regime,
conceived 'Saemaul Undo& in 1970 to check the alarming rate of
migration of the people from the rural areas to the cities. The three
concepts of diligence, eelf-help and self-reliance far promoting work.ethics,
independence and individuality among the rural Koreans were adopted as
the means for ushering in human and social development. Better living
conditions were achieved through a clean environment and improving the
incomes of farm households through modernisation of agricultural and non-
farm operations, setting up units by giving concessions to Saemaul factories
in the country side.1

The philosophy and principles of Janmabhoomi Programme were

akin to Jayaprakash Narayan's idea of 'Total Revolution' which centred
around the Gandhian concept of Sarvodaya, Community Development
Programme and National Extension Scheme started in 1952, 1953
respectively and the programme of 'TeluguGrameena Kranthi Patham'
started in 1986 in Andhra Pradesh. The objective of Janmabhoomi
Programme is to motivate the people to participate in developmental
activities in all aspects of rural life. The administrative machinery of the
State Government, especially' the Revenue and Rural Development
Departments have been sincerely putting efforts in this direction.
BACKGROUND OF JANMABHOOMI
'Janmabhoomi' is a people centred development programme aimed at
establishing a n ideal society. .It embodies and cherishes the principles of
people's participation, equity, transparency and accountability leading to
sustained economic development and excellence in all walks of life. The goal
is an enhanced quality of life for every man, woman and child in the State.
Thia process has evolved out of the experiences gained in the
implementation of IPrsjala VaddakuPalana '(Taking administration to the
doorsteps of the people), 5!&irmadan' (Contribution of free labour for
development) and Micro-level planning from November 1995 to December
1996 in the State.2 These concepts rire explained in detail in the following
paragraphs:

Micro-Level Planning (MLP)

I t is an exercise through which individuals or groups of people can be
linked to the local programmes. Micro-plan is a unit of a small area,
consisting of a cluster of villages. Planning for each indwidual family is the
final objective, which is obviously not possible. A district or a sub &vision
or a block is too big for preparation of MLP relating to local programmes.
The idea behind MLP is to prepare a plan document for a village or villages
indicating the activities to be executed iq the respective areas based on a
realistic agsessment of relevant resources base. This can be acheved on the
basis of the type of household, community needs, agro-climatic conditions,
individual and the living patterns of community.3 MLP emphasises
involvement of local people in the preparation of their own plans to solve
their own prob1em.s. The objective of the MLP is the preparation of plans by
the people based on the felt needs which are identified on priority basis and
all the available local resources.

The Government ofAndhra Pradesh has succeeded to some extent in

achieving the objectives of MLP by involving the students of the various
universities and colleges. Lakhs of students went to villages and have given
trainiqg to villagers relating to MLP. Under the supervision of Nodal
Officers, MLPe for village habitations and municipal ward groups were
prepared. Village Secretaries, Agricultural Officers, Angan wadi Workers,
Paid Secretaries of Primary Agricultural Committees, Health Sub-centres'
ANMs. School teachers, Municipalities, Municipal Corporations staff have
also participated in MLP. This programme was completed in 3 phases of
Janmabhoomi Programme.4

Prajala Vaddaku Palana (PVP)

The PVP was launched on November lst, 1995 which aims a t
'bringing administration to the doorstep of the people', and in removing the
anomaly in our planning process. It paves the way for rural masses to
involve in the planning process. Later, PVP was taken up in December
1996 and February 1996 and it has become- an integral part of
Janmabhoomi Programme.6

Aime and Objectives of PVP

The aims and objectives of PVP as identified by the Government of
Andhra Pradesh are given below:
(1) To identify the community needs and to provide such facilities a s
per the people's priority, (2) to identify the individual family needs and to
provide the needs in a phased manner as per the eligibility, (3) to identify
the problems in implementation of schemes and the symptoms of
maladministration and to take remedial measures, (4) to identify the issues
of public importance which are having a bearing on law and order and ( 5 ) to
identify the defects in functioning of social service sector.6

The PVP programme was carried out in three phases and it covered
various needs of the people a s shown below:
(1) Individual Needs: Those needs which cover the issues regarding the
distribution of ration cards, pattadar passbooks, house sites, domestic
Lighting etc.
(2) F i n a d N e e b : Ihstitutional and infraatructural needs like
problem of low voltage, extension of milk routes etc.
(3) Non-finandel Neede: ' Complaints against the Government
authorities concerned, communal hsputes, etc. 7

~hrarnadan
Most of the people came forward to contribute money but not
labour for the works identified in the PVP programme. The result was
that getting the daily labourer has become a big problem and more over it
is against the concept of people participation in development
programmes. Keeping this in view, on January 1, 1996, 'Shramadan'
programme was started. This programme was designed to make people
participate in the development of the state. Works under this
programme were divided into two types (a) works with 100 per cent
shramadan and (b) works with small amount or 50 per cent of
government assistance or more than 50 per cent from the people.
Massive participation of people was recorded in this programme during
January and July 1996 in two phases of this programme.

Priority to Shramadan was also given in Community Development

Programme which was launched in 1952 at the national level, but due to
many reasons, there was no satisfactory response from the public even in
Andhra Pradesh. But after the introduction of 'Shramadan' in Andhra
Pradesh in 1996 there was overwhelming response from all sections of
people to participate voluntarily in 'Shramadan' for the overall
development. A wide publicity of the concept was made through
electronic and other media. Thus, 'Shramadan' was initially adopted as a
valuable programme in evoking public response to accelerate the process
of development.
 From the inspiration and experience gained fiom implementing 'PVP'
and 'Shramadan' N. Chandra Babu Naidu, the then Chief Minister of
Andhra Pradesh launched a n innovative programme on 18' January, 1997
by merging PVP and Shramadan and called it 'Janmabhoomi'. This
programme created much enthusiasm among the people of Andhra Pradesh,
irreepective of their political affiliation. This programme has also attracted
the attention of national and international leaders, policy makers, social
reformists, etc.

SIQNIFICAETCE OF JANMABHOOMI
I n the present days, it is observed that, we are missing some of the
important concepts and values in our social ethos, such as hard work,
consistent effort, honesty, team spirit, self-respect, cooperation, self-help,
dedication, spirit of sacrifice, simplicity, austerity, sense of fulfilment, peace.
communal harmony, community participation, dignity of labour, equity and
equality, vision, creativity, planning, accountability, transparency, scientific
temper, excellence etc., Therefore, these concepts and values need to be revived.
Janmabhoomi is a procees and not only a mere programme of Government to
revive and reinforce these values. In addition to the Janmabhoomi Programme,
many innovative approaches have been adopted in the state for ensuring
people's participation in development through Water Users Associations,
Vanasamrakshana Samities, DWCRA Groups, CMEY Groups, School
Education Committees etc.

People's participation as the core of the innovative approach adopted by

'Janmabhoomi' is to bring about social transformation, development of the
down.trodden and the deprived sections of the society. People are expected
to organise themselves, identify their needs through GramSabha and other
grass roots organisations by sharing their ideas for the design and
implementation of policies and programmes. This approach has opened up the
voice of the people, enabling them to express and solve their problems,
'Janmabhoomi' provides the proper environment for participation of people in
decision-making. This, in turn, enhances the level of confidence of the people.9
AIMS AM) OBJECTIVES OF JANMABHOOMI
Janmabhoomi Programme is aimed a t the all round development of
the rural people. This new concept is the outcome of several efforts and
reforma made over the years. The aims and objectives of 'Janmabhoomi' a s
enunciated in the literature distributed by the District administration a s
well a s the Government of Andhra Pradesh are a s follows:
(1) ' To motivate people to take active participation in developmental
programmes,
(2) To undertake a proceos of comprehensive rural development not only
in plan but in process,
(3) To make democracy a real phenomenon,
(4) To achieve sustainable economic and social development,
(5) To enhance the quality of life for every man, woman, and child in the
state,
(6) To minimise the gap between people, officials and non-officials,
(7) To achieve transparency in decision making a t all levels,
(8) To bring developmental programmes to the door steps of the people,
(9) To promote work culture among the people,
(10) To execute the community works by the people through the Self-Help
Groups.
(11) To audit and review their expenditure (social audit) incurred during
this period by the people,
(12) To encourage people to inaugurate an ideal and progressive society
and,
(13) To train the people in accordance with the changing environment of
the society..

PFUNCIPLES AND VALUES OF JANMABHOOMI

Janmabhoomi is a people's movement for reconstruction and
revitalization of the society. I t is aimed a t helping each one of us
internalise the time- tested values of sacrifice, hard work, diligence,
discipline, honesty, self-help, selfrespect, sense of fulfilment and the quest
for excellqnce. Through this movement, every institution i n t e r n a l h e the
guiding principles of participation, equity and equality, transparency and
accountability, innovation of organisational excellency and sustainability.
These principles will guide the policies, programmes and the day to day
activities of all institutions.10 Janmabhoomi Programme also focuses on
environment building, promotion of grassroot people's institutions,
strengthening local bodies through training, orientation and administrative
reforms.

CORE AREAS OF JAMMABHOOMI

The following are the core areas identified for operationalising the
values and principles of Janmabhoomi. 1) Community work, 2) Primary
Education, 3) Primary Health and Family Welfare, 4) Environmental
Conservation and 5 ) Responsive Governance.11 Here an attempt is made to
explain briefly the values and principles of Janmabhoomi Programmk.

1) Community Works
Provision of basic minimum services to the people, strengthening of
infrastructure for social and human development, growth related
infrastructure to provide sustained employment to the unemployed and
under -employed are main objectives of community works.12 All
community works will be divided into the following three categories to
achieve their objectives. They are 1) Priority Community Works, 2)
Permissible Community Works, 3) Restricted Community Works.13 The
details of categorisation of community works are shown in the Annexure- 1.

2) Primary Education
Janmabhoomi helps .in development and implementation of
replicable, sustainable and cost-effective activities aimed a t achieving the
following goals in the core area of primary education:
i) To reduce differences in enrglment, dropout and learning achievement
among gender and social groups to less than five per cent.
ii) To reduce overall primary dropout rates for all the students to lese
than 10 per cent.
iii) To raise average achievement levels by a t least 25 per cent over
measured baseline levelsand ensuring achievement of basic literacy
and numeric competencies and a minimum of 40 per cent
achievement levels in other competencies by all primary school
children.
iv) To provide, according to national norms, access for all children, to
primary education classes (1.V) i.e. primary schooling wherever
possible, or its equivalent non-formal education.14

3) Primary Health and Family Welfare

In the core area of Primary Health and Family Welfare, the focus will
be on the following.
i) Provision of effective, accessible and affordable basic health care
and family welfare services for all.
ii) Implementation of rights of the child to ensure child survival,
development and protection and
iii) Empowerment of women to ensure equal status and
opportunities.15

4) Coneenlation of Environment
The following community level activities will be taken up in the core
area of environmental conservation.
i) Clean and Green for Village and Town Campaign.
ii) Weekly sanitation maintenance drive.
iii) Construction of individual sanitary latrine of a suitable type /
design suited to the local conditions.
iv) Plantation of trees in the institutions, households, waste lands.
V) Popularisation of non-conventional energy sources like bio-gas,
smokeless chulhas, solar energy, wind mills etc.16
6) Reepomive Governance
Janmabhoomi Programme aims a t the redreseal of felt neede,
simplification of rules and procedures in all Government departments, Citizen
Charter indicating the time frame, the quality and type of service6 to be
provided to the citizen. There will be transparency in the functioning of all
Government departments and institutions and every citizen will have right to
information on the functioning of Government departments. These were the
main activities taken up for responsive governance.17

6) People's Contribution
People's contribution,'in case of priority category, will be a minimum of
30 per cent, excluding SC/ST localities, MADA pockets and urban slums where
the people's contributions could be limited to 15per cent, instead of 30 per cent.
Earth work could be paid for in the ratio of 50:50 for formation of new assets
such a s roads, canals, drains etc. Earth work includes transportation and
compacting. Earth work will not be paid for in the case of maintenance works,
except in the case of maintenance of irrigation systems, where the work is to be
executed through the Water Users Aseociation or Ayacutdars Committee. The
pattern of people's contribution for execution of community works are shown in
Annexure-11.
In case of permissible category, the Government's share provided could be
limited to 50 per cent; however, no payment will be made for earth work in
respect of maintenance of works. The people's contributions in SC/ST
localities, MADA pockets and urban slums will be limited to 25 per cent
instead of 60 per cent for all community works including the permissible
category.

In the restricted category of works there could be no counterpart funding

from the Government and the.people were expected to execdte those works
voluntarily in the form of shramadan. All community works in the tribal sub-
plan areas will be executed without insisting on people's contributions
irrespective of the acheme under which the work is sanctioned and the
category to which the community work pertains.ls
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
I) Habitation level JVT in Rural Areae
In every habitation, Janmgbhoomi Volunteers Team (JVT) was formed,
headed by social animators to inobilize the people for participation in the
core area activities. All the members of the JVT will meet once in every
week and review the progress made in bhe habitation. The members of the
team also assist the social animators whenever household survey is to be
undertaken. Habitation / Ward level officer who is incharge of the
habitation I ward acts as the cpnvenor of the KLC in the rural areas 1 WLC
in the urban areas.

Functions of Social Animators

(1) Motivation and mobilization of people for participation in the core
area activities of Janmabhoomi.
(2) Act a s a catalyst in the process of social mobilization.
(3) Sensitize the people in the habitation I urban slums allotted to them
relating to the values and principles of Janmabhoomi.
(4) Create awareness among the people about the various development
programmes and schemes of the government, particularly those
meant for the poor and the disadvantaged.
(5) Sensitize the members of the habitation level committee I
neighbourhood committee (NHC) regarding the preparation of
community development plan for habitation / slum covering the core
areas of Janmabhoomi.
(6) The progress achieved in each of the core areas will be tabulated and
consolidated and submitted to the Nodal Officer of the Mandal in the
fortnightly meeting.
(7) Propagate the concept of 'Sramadhan' among the people in the
community and assist the HLCtNHC in mobilizing the required
people's contributions.
(8) Act a s a link between the people and the adminietration and will
attend the fortnightly meetings to be convened by the Nodal Officer
a t the Mandal Parishad 1 Municipal level.
(9) Highlight the areas of concern in any of the habitations 1 slums and
indicate the interventions required, if any, from the Nodal Officer or
any of the MPDOs.
(10) The Nodal Officers and MPDOs will give the feed back on the
functioning of the village level government institutions so that the
concerned department functionary a t the Mandal level can initiate
necessary correctivg action.
(1 1) Hold discussions with the members of the HLCINHC I JVT and assist
the community in taking necessary action.19

I A) Habitation Level Committee - HCL in Rural Areae

I t is formed a t the habitation level in the rural areas and constituted
with Sarpanch of GP a s Chairman. Member of the Mandal Parishad
Territorial Constituency (MPTC), Group Leader ofDWCRA 1Women SHGs,
Leader of CMEY Group, Presidents of Watershed Association (WA), Water
User Association (WUA), Vana Samrakshana Samithi (VSS), VTDA in
Tribal Sub-Plan Group leader of SHG of wage seekers under EAStJRY,
Member of the Gram Panchayat for the concerned habitation,
representative of the NGO's working in the habitation if any are the
members of this Committee. Habitation Level Officer acts as a member
convenor to this Committee.

11) Janmabhoomi Gram Sabha a t the Village Level

Gram Sabha, a s defined under section 6 (2) of the Andhra Pradesh
Panchayat Raj Act, 1994 consists of all persons whose names are included in
the electoral rolls for the GP and such persons will be deemed to be the
members of the GS. The meetings of the GS will be held once in every
quarter and presided over by the Sarpanch or in his absence, by the Upa-
sarpanch of the Gram Panchyat. Adequate publicity will be given in
advance about the venue,.date and time of GS to ensure the participation of
all the members in the meetings. The Action Taken Report UTRS will be
presented in every GS meeting informing the members about the action
taken on the grievances of the people received in the earlier meeting and the
reasons for their non-redreseal, if any. The Nodal Officer a t the Mandal
Pariehad level will coordinate and ehsure that the Gram Sabhas are
conducted a s per the programme fixed in advance. The other functions /
activities of the Janmabhoomi Gram Sabha are indicated below:
* Janmabhoomi is a people centred development process aimed a t
establishing sustained economic development and excellence in all
walks of life.
* The people centred development process will be consolidated with the
participation of every citizen of the village.
* Section 6 (2) of the Andhra Pradesh Panchayati Raj Act, 1994 enables
all persons whose names are included in the electoral rolls for the
Gram Panchayat to be the members of the Gram Sabha.
* The Panchayat Secretary will give adequate publicity in advance about
the venue, date and time of the Gram Sabha to ensure the participation
of all the members in the meeting.
* Action Taken Report will be preeented in every Gram Sabha informing
the members about t h e action taken on the grievances of the people
received in the earlier meeting.
* The Nodal Officer a t the Mandal Parishad level will coordinate and
ensure that the Gram Sabhas are conducted as per the programme
Gxed. -
* The Sarpanch of the Gram Panchayat concerned will preside over the Gram
Sabha. In his absence the Upa-sarpanch of the Gram Panchayat will
preside over the Gram Sabha.
* The Gram Panchayat ehaU make necessary arrangements like eahmiyana
(Shelter), public address system and drinking water facility for convening of
gram sabha.
* The Gram Panchayats have been permitted to inaur expenditure from
general funds for making necessary arrangements.20

The Ajenda for the Janmabhoomi Gram Sabha

The Agenda for the Gram Sabha during the Janmabhoomi will be a s
follows:
* CM's message (Audio cassette will be used).
* Presentation of agenda for Swema Andhra Pradesh.
* Presentation of Action Taken Report (ATR).
* Review of functioning of all the village / ward level Government
Institutions.
* Presentation of receipt and expenditure of the funds received by the
Gram Panchayat during the year.
* Identification of beneficiaries under Government Programmes and
Schemes.
* Distribution of assets and assistance under Government Programmes
and Schemes including distribution of pensions.
* Inspection of ongoing community works under Janmabhoomi in the
Habitation I Ward.
* Receiving fresh grievance petitions from the people.
* Review of Self Help Groups.21

111) Mandal Pariehad Level Committee (Mandal Level)

It is formed a t the mandal level consisting of Mandal President,
Member of the ZPTC,MRO, MPDO and the Nodal Officer. The President of
the Mandal Parishad is the chairman and the Nodal Office is the member
convenor. The members of the State Legislative Assembly act as ex-officio
members falling within their jurisdictions. I t will meet once in a month to
supervise and monitor the implementation of all the core area activities
under Janmabhoomi. The Nodal Officer furnishes his quarterly self
appraisal report to the District Collector.
 Dietrict Development -Review Committee at the District Level
At the district level, DDRC will review and monitor the
implementation of the core hrea activities under Janmabhoomi. The
representatives of NGOs, research institutions, universities and private
sector will also be invited to participate in the deliberations of the DDRC.
The District Collector shall coordinate all the departments a t the district
level and the officers concerned a t the district level will also act under the
administrative control of the District Collector.

IV A) Neighbourhood Committee (NHC) (Slum Level Committee (Urban

Slume))
I t is formed a t the urban slums level. The NHC comprises of
president of the neighbourhood groups as its chairman, resident community
volunteers, representative of NGO's working in the slums. The
representatives of the government departments working in the slum act as
members of this Committee. Community organizer acts as a member
convenor to this committee.

IV B) Ward Level Committee (Urban Areas)

Ward councillor acts as a chairman to this committee and it is formed
a t ward level in municipalities. Ward level officer is the member convenor
and it consists of all the presidents of the NHCs in the ward which will
meet once in a month to review and monitor the core area activities under
Janmabhoomi.

XV C) Municipal Level Committee

It is constituted a t Municipalities .level and coneists of Municipal
Chairperson I Mayor, the Municipal Vice-Chairperson I Deputy Mayor I
Nodal Officer and the Municipal Commiesioner. The Municipal Chairperson
1 Mayor will head this committee and the Nodal Officer acts as member
convenor. The members of the State Legislative Assembly falling within
their reqpective jurisdictions will be ex-officio members in all the MLCS. It
will meet once in a month to supervise and monitor the implementation of
core area activities under Janmabhoomi in the urban areas.

V) State Level
At the State level, a monitoring cell is setup in the Department of
Planning. The most important function of the SLMC is to assist the Council
of Ministers in reviewing and monitoring the implementation of core area
activities under Janmabhoomi.

MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF JANMABHOOMI

The Janmabhoomi Information System (JIS) developed by the
Planning Department will be used a t all levels for monitoring the
implementation of the core area activities under Janmabhoomi.

At the habitation / slum level, the convenors of the HLC, NHC, Nodal
Officer, maintains registers. MPPO, EORD,will assist the Nodal Officer in
the maintenance of registers. The Registers will be handed over to the CPO
at the district level for updating of the Janmabhoomi database every week.
The District Collector will be responsible a t the district level. He is
incharge of the JIS,a t district level and CPO will assist him.

At the State level, the supervisory officer's incharge of the district

appointed by the General Administration Department will take up 'the
review of the progress of all the activities in the core area of Janmabhoomi
every month and provide necessary feed back to the Planning Department
for taking corrective action. The inspection team is specially appointed by
the General Administration Department for the inspection of the sample
works entrusted to them in different districts from time to time on rotation
basis and it provides necessary feed back to the Planning Department for
taking necessary corrective action a t the State level.
 The State level mo,nitoring cell in the Planning Department will be
responsible for the operatiorialisation of JIS a t all the levels (habitation /
slum, mandal 1 municipality, district and State levels). Every Secretariat
Department through their ~ i a d ofs Departments concerned will evolve
suitable systems of collection of information from their field staff and
monitor closely the progress of community works, redressal of felt needs
and other activities relating to their departments. It also sends senior
officers to the field to inspect the works and to guide the field staff in the
execution of community works and redressal of felt needs. All the Chief
Engineers and Superintending Engineers of the Engineering
Departments will inspect a t least 10.20 works respectively every
fortnight and send their inspection reports to the Principal Secretary /
Secretary concerned to take further action.

PROCESS EVALUATION
It will be taken up by independent agencies and NGOs as selected
by the State Govt. from time to time to evaluate the process of
Janmabhoomi, particularly the social mobilization and community
participation.

IMPACT EVALUATION
It is undertaken by the State Government involving the NGOs and
reputed research institutions. The Directorate of Economics and
Statistics has also taken up evaluation studies in a phased manner.

CONCURRENT EVALUATION
It was undertaken by the State level monitoring cell to initiate mid
course corrections during the implementation of the Janmabhoomi
activities. The results of the evaluation will be made available to the
District Collector for initiating action at the district level.
SOCIAL AUDIT OF WORKS
All community works executed could be subjected to social audit. For
this purpose, works upto a value of Rs.2.00 lakhs could be audited a t
the Gram Panchayat level, between Rs.2 lakhs and Rs.5 lakhs a t the
Mandal level, between Rs.5 lakha and Rs.50 lakhs a t the District level
and the rest a t the State level.22

QUALITY CONTROL CELL

At the district level all the District Collectors will have Quality
Control Cells attached them comprising of two Deputy Executive
Engineers / Asst. Executive Engineers &om among the Departments of
Panchayat Raj, Irrigation, Roads & Buildings, Social welfare or any other
Engineering Department. In addition, there will be one non-technical
person either h m the Department of Cooperatian or Revenue or Local
Funds Audit. The Quality Control Cells will inspect community works a t
random to ascertain whether the estimates prepared are tallying with the
ground situation, whether people's contributions are duly accounted for, the
quality of execution of the work and timely payments. The Quality Control
Cell will also assist the District Collector for enquiring into complaints I
allegations received on execution of community works.23

TRAINING OF FUNCTIONARIES
Training programmes were organised for the Government
functionaries, elected representatives, social animators, non-governmental
organisations, habitation / ward level volunteers and all those involved in
the implementation of Janmabhoomi at various levels. Sustainable training
modules were prepared accordingly. District Resource Persons (DRPs) a t
the rate of 5 per district would be trained a t the State headquarters who in
turn will train the Nodal Officers and the District Level Officers a t the
district headquarters. They in turn, train the Social Animators a t the MP
level. This cycle of continuous training was linked to each Round of
Janmabhoomi,
TRAINING INSTITUTIONS
The training infrastructure available with the Aadhra Pradesh
include Academy of Rural Development, the Extension Training Centres
at Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Srikalahasti, Bapatla and Samarlakot
and the Regional Centre for Urban and Environmental Studiee
(RCUES), Hyderabad which were utitised for imparting training. The
facil!ties available in other training institutions under the control of
different administrative departments were also utilised whenever
required. The Mahila Pragathi Pranganams and other Training
institutions located at the district 1 erstwhile block headquarters were
also utilised for providing training. Training programmes were also
organised at the village / town level in schools and colleges during
vacations for the Janmabhoomi volunteers.24

FOCUS OF JANMABHOOMI PROGRAMME

The focus of JBP was a different socio-economic aspect as
presented in the table-3.1,

An analysis of table 3.1 shows that within six years of duration

nineteen rounds of ~anmabhoomi
Programme were held for a total period
of 152 days. Every round was held for not less than seven days and not
more than eleven days. During the years 1997 and 1998 four rounds
were held each year. During 1999.2003 two rounds were held every year
except in the year 2000. But in the year 2000 three rounds were held.
Here an attempt is made to explain the aims and objectives the
programmes undertaken and involvement of people in each round of
Janmab hoomi Programme.
Table 8.1: Janrnabhoomi Focus Amae
S. Round Period Theme No.of
No. Daye
1 lot 1-8January, JanmabhoomiConcept and Micro 8
1997 Level Planning
2 2nd 1-7 May,1997 Conetitution of HLCs I WLCs, 7
Community Infrastructure
Development Works
3 3rd 1-7August, JanmabhoomiJalachaitanyam- 7
1997 (awareness on water
usage)Immunisation & Health
Camps
4 4th 1-7 October, Clean Village / Town Concept. Free 7
1997 Veterinary camps, Campaign on
Save Energy and Small Savings
5 5th 1-7 January, Participation of Students and 7
1998 Lecturers along with the Habitation 1
Ward Level Committees and the
people in activities promoting Clean
Village I Ward concept and creation
of Community assets
6 6th 1-7 May, 1998 Free Health Camps with focus on 7
TB and Blindness control. Works
Programmes through Self Help
Groups
7 7th 1-7 August, " Cheyutha" for Disabled. Pollution 7
1998 control in Urban areas
Special Janmabhoomi for Physically
Handicapped
8 8th 3-9October, Free Health Camps with focus on 7
1998 AIDS,TB, Eye and Dental care and
Reproductive health care

Table-3.1 continued in next page.

............Cont. tablc3.1
9 9th 2.8 January, MLP, Free Health Campa with focus 7
1999 on curative and preventive aspecta
, of AIDS,TB, Eye and Dental care
and Reproductive health care
10 loth 1-7 May, 1999 Mahila Janmabhoomi 7
(wornin Janrnabhoomi)
11 1l t h 3-11 January, MLP Evaluation of Gram 9
2000 Panchayats / Wards and Nodal
Officers
12 lZth 1-7 May, 2000 Neeru-Meeru h a t e r and you)Focus 7
on Health, Drought and Water
Conservation
13 13'h 1.7 August, Mahila Janmabhoomi 7
2000 (Women Janmabhoomi)
14 14th 2-8 January, Rythu, (Farmer) Janmabhoomi 7
200 1
15 151h 1-10 June, Mahila sishu (Women and Child) 10
2001 Janmabhoomi
16 16th 1-11 January, Eradication of untouchability 11
2002 Special Janmabhoomi for Weaker
Sections
17 171h 1-10 June, Focus on Farmers & women and 10
2002 ' Velugu' 2""hase started
18 18th 2- 11 January, Welfare of Weaker Sections, Pending 10
2003 problem solving Pulse polio & Mid-
day meals programme was started to 4I

school going children

19 lgth 1 10 July, RMu, Mahila (Farmer, Women) 10
2003 Janmabhoomi
-- -

Total 162
Source: The Hindu January 2nd 2001,p. 5. 1" J u n e 2002, 1st January
2002, l e t J u n e 2002, 2nd January 2003, July l s t , 2003.
Advertisements issued by the Informatian and Public Relations
Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.
First Round
The First Round of Janmabhoomi Programme was launched on IBt
January 1997 and it ended on 8th January 1997. The main features of
this programme were: (i) Prajda Vaddaku Paalana, dealing with
identification and redressal of community as well a s individual family
neede; (ii) Shramadan; and (iii) Micro-Level Planning.

During thie phase of Janmabhoomi Programme the villagers and

the students actively participated in the Shramadan Programme. The
students had a four-fold activity, namely (i) Participation in the
Shramadan Programme, (ii) Data Collection, (iii) Sensitizing the people
and (iv) Drawing up of Plans in the designated sectors.

The main emphasis of the micro-level plan was a creating

awareness among the people about the importance of drinking water,
health, family welfare, clean and green, nutritious food, and adult
education.25

Second Round
The second round was started on 1st May 1997 and it went on for
seven days. The activities taken up in this phase were as follows:
(i) Conducting Gram Sabha meetings, (ii) The works to be undertaken
were classified as priority works, agreeable works and non-priority
works.26

Third Round
Third round of Janmabhoomi Programme was started on 1.t
August 1997 and it was closed on 7 t h day of the same month. The main
activities undertaken in this round were: Improvement of Sanitation
condition, Tree Plantation, Literacy and Family Welfare campaign.27
Fourth Round
The fourth round of Janmabhoomi Programme was started on lnt

October 1997 and it was closed on 7th October 1997. The important
activities undertaken during df this round were : 1)continuation of spill
over programmes, 2) construction of individual sanitary latrines, 3)
organisation of veterinary camps, 4) drrangement of smokeless (biogas)
stoves,5) providing biogae plants, 6) encouraging small savings, 7)
motivating people towards family welfare, 8) organizing free medical
camps, 9) enrolment of school going age children, 10) tree plantation,
11) constitution of education committees and 12) clean and green
programme

Fifth Round
The fifth round of Janmabhoomi Programme was held from l b t to
7th January, 1998. The main activities of this round were : 1)Allotment
of works to Water Users Associations 2) participation of public in
d s e r e n t activities, 3) conducting of elections to Water Users
Associations, 4) free health, eye and Veterinary camps.20

Sixth Round
The sixth phase of Janmabhoomi Programme was held during May
1-7, 1988. The main activities undertaken in this phaae were: 1)
conducting health, Eye, Tuberculosis Medical camps and Veterinary
camps, 2) carrying out undertake community works, 3) cleaning of
surroundings, 4) allotment of works for water users associations,
education committees and other self help groups.''5) conducting Gram
Sabha meetings, 6) campaign for sanitation and family planning, 7)
implementation of the back-to-school programme, 8) cleaning and
Chlorination of all drinking water sources, 9) Pre-planting operations,
10) campaign for elimination of child labour and child marriages and
11) sanction of old and widow pensions.30
Seventh ,Round
The Seventh round was started on August l e t , 1998 and closed on 7th
August 1998 i.e. for one week. The purpose of this round was 1) enrolment
of school going children, 2) tree plantation, 3) 'Clean and Green' and
eradication of malaria, 4) construction of individual sanitary latrines,
5) AIDS prevention and awareness camps, 6) helping disabled persons
under 'Cheyuta'Programme and 7) pollution control in cities and towns in
the State.31

Eighth Round
It started on 3rd October, 1998 and continued for seven days till 9 t h
October. The main activities of this round of Janmabhoomi Programme
were:
1) Enrolment of school going children and steps were taken to make
them attend schools regularly, 2) tree plantation programme and
Construction of individual sanitary latrines, 3) cleanliness and prevention
of malaria, and the welfare of the disabled, 4) organisation of free veterinary
and medical camps with main concentration on dental care and women
problems and 5) prevention of epidemics caused due to floods, cyclones,
construction of individual sanitary latrines and, the supply of tool kits to
rural artisans.32

Ninth Round
The ninth round of Janmabhoomi Programme was started on
January 2nd 1999 and went on seven days up to 8 t h January. The following
were the main activities taken up in this phase : 1) Reading of Action
Taken Reports (ATR) by Nodal Officers in Janmabhoomi Gram Sabha
Meetings, 2) citing reasons for delay in the redressal of felt needs of the
habitation. 3) other activities which were taken up routinely in every
phase of Janmabhoomi Programme.93
Tenth Round
The tenth round of Janmabhoomi Programme was scheduled from Int
May 1999 and it was dedared as 'Mahila Janmabhoomi'. This
Janmabhoomi round had the following activities:
1) Creating awareness among women and motivating women towards social
and economic activities. 2) Sensitising thewomen against social evils, outdated
traditions, atrocities and discrimination towards girls, child marriages, dowry,
girl child labour and so on. 3) Sanctioning of pensions for poor women and
widows and implementation of Girl Child Protection Programme. 4) Special
residential schools were opened for drop-out children who were attending to
work in the unorganised sector, agriculture etc. 5) Provision for the constitution
of 48,000 thrift and credit groups with 3 lakhs women. 6)Formation of M a h i '
Banks and organisation of games and sports competitions to girls. 7) Conducting
child health competitions and special health camps to women and appointment
of health workers in rural areas and slums in towns for providing better health
conditions to women. 8) Establishment of Anganwadi Centres and Mother
Committees with the assistance of World Bank and sanctioning of house sites to
women. 9) Financial assistance to women under Apadbandu, National Family
Benefit Scheme, and National Pregnant women benefit programme and 10)
Provision of legal aid to women and creation of legal aid centres in the
State.34

Eleventh Round
The Eleventh Round of Janmabhoomi Programme commenced from
3rd January and closed on 1l t h January 2000. In this round Government of
Andhra Pradesh had decided to prepare micro-plans for every habitation by
involving the research scholars and students of all Universities, Poet-
Graduate Centres, Medical and Engineering Colleges, Polytechnics, Degree
and Junior Colleges under the supervision of faculty members concerned.
Habitation 1ward level micro-plan contained the Human Development Survey of
2000. Provision was also made in providing basic amenities for and preparation
of action plans for Habitations 1 wards and for self-help gr0ups.3~
Tbelfth ,Round
I t was held from I&May to 7th May 2000. This round was named a s
'Neeru-Meeru' (Water and You). The main activities covered under this
round were : Proper utilisation of water and adaptable methods to store
rainwater. Back to School programme, Eradication of Bonded Labour,
Drought Relief Programmes and Distribution of Input Subsidies, Clean and
Green Programme and Annapurna Programme.36

Thirteenth Round
The thirteenth round was named as 'MahihJanmabhoomi'. It was
held from 1" to 7thAuguat 2000. The important works taken up during this
round included : Welfare of women and children, preservation of rain water
to increase ground water level, enrolment of drop-outs under back to
school programme, drought relief measures, distribution of old-age pensions
and patta-pass books to women, combined forest development, employment
through water users associations, £ree veterinary camps, welfare
of the disabled (CheyuthaProgramme), review of functioning of village I
ward level government institutions with a focus on fair-price shops and
schools, distribution of assets and assistance to women and to create legal
awareness among women.37

Fourteenth Round
The fourteenth round of Janmabhoomi Programme was held from 2nd
to 8th January, 2001. It was named as 'Rythu(Farmers) Janmabhoomi' and
it aimed a t solving the problems of farmers, development of agriculture and
welfare of farmers, minimum support prices for agricultural production,
and food grains, collection and storage, the implementation of Rythu
Bandhu Schemes, organization of Rythu Bazaars (Farmers markets) and -
other farmer-related works.38
Fifteenth Round
The fifteenth round of Janmabhoomi Programme was launched on 1"
June, 2001 and closed on 10th J,une 2001. It was also named as 'MahilaSisu
Janmabhoomi' which focussed bn women and children. The main focus of
this round was : 1) Organisation of exhibitions on women and child
welfare, Literacy, Population control, Agriculture and Neeru-Meeru,
2) konduct of bee health and veterinary camps, 3) taking up new
community works and 4) settling all the issues relating to the fifteenth
round of Janmabhoomi Programme.39

Sixteenth Round
The sixteenth round of Janmabhoomi Programme relating to weaker
sections was conducted from 11' to 1l t h January 2002. The main objectives
of this round were : 1) Discussion and implement measures for eradication
of untouchability, 2) review of Neeru-Meeru Programme, Food for Work,
Mid-day Meal Scheme, and AIDS Awareness Programme,
3) presentation of status report on self-help groups, 4) discussion on
housing for the poor and 5 ) initiating of necessary steps for effective
distribution of rice, sugar etc., through fair price shops.40

Seventeenth Round
The>Seventeenth round was held in the state from 11' to 10th June
2002. I t has given top priority to farmers and women. The main activities
undertaken in this phase were 1)Reviewing of Neeru - Meeru and Food for
Works programmes, 2) reviewing the performance of Government
institutions like primary schools, health centres, anganw adis e tc., 3)
exhibitions were organized in the Gram ~ a b h a sin order to create
awareness among villagers towards the achievements made by the village
panchayats, 4) to organise health and veterinary camps, 5 ) redressal of
pending felt needs, 6) distribution of revolving fund for DWCRA groups,
distribution of benefits under the scheme of girl child protection and the gas
connection for poor women under Deepam Scheme, 7) Distribution of
pensions, aids, and appliances to disabled under 'Cheyuths' scheme, 8)
launching of ICDS projects, and Andhra Pradesh Rural Poverty Reduction
Project (APRPRP)."

Eighteenth Round
The Eighteenth Round of Janmabhoomi Programme was launched
during 2nd to 11th January, 2003 and it was named a s "Weaker Sections
Janmabhoomi Programme". The activities undertaken in the lgthround are
indicated below: 1) steps to be taken for effective implementation of "Mid-
day Meals Programme", Poverty eradication alleviation through Veluguand
control of AIDS.2) Organising free Health and Veterinary Medical Camps
3) Encouraging Self-Help Groups for effective participation in Janmabhoomi
programmes, and implementation of programmes for weaker sections.
4) Distribution of pensions and implements to weaker sections and helping
aids to the disabled. 5) Removal of untouchability, atrocities on wdmen,
relating to weaker sections of the society and 6) Eradication of child labour
and redressal of communities' grievances in Gram Sabhas.42

Nineteenth Round
The activities relating related to 19th round of Janmabhoorni started
on July 1st 2003 and ended on 10th July, 2003 , lasting for 10 days. This
round was termed as "RythuMahila Janmabhoomi" ensuring support to the
women farmers, and assuring women's empowerment. The main activities
undertaken in this phase were : 1) Conducting of camps on Akshara
Sankranti (Literacy Festival) and Micro Irrigation-Modern Farming
Methods. 2) Establishment of 2 lakhs 'Rythu Mithra' Self Help Groups,
Khariff Prospects - (promoting increased yields) and Jalachaitanyam -
(Watershed Development). 3) Drought Relief - Total Implementation of
'Grameena Rozgaar Yojana' and organisation of Medical and Health Camps
and Veterinary Camps. 4) Distribution of Gas Connections to poor women
and pensions to the aged and digtribution of 2 lakhs bicycles for girls. 5 )
onducting AIDS Awareness camps. Family Welfare Programmes and
Provision of necessary items, tools of trade and assistance to physically
disabled persons and conduoting of Gram Sabhas to redrees community
grievances.43

Thus, Janmabhoomi programme was a roadmap for 'SwarnaAndhra

Pradesh! Swarna Andhra Pradesh, Vision 2020 was the instrument for
Janmabhoomi spirit and people's participation.44

ACHIEVEMENTS OF J ~ H O O M PROGRAMME
I
UPTO NINETEENTH ROUND
Problems are not static just as society is not. As we are in a state of
flux, new problems are bound to crop up. What is necessary is a quick
response, a positive reaction to old problems and a preparedness to face
new ones. True happiness of people leads to good governance, a happy
society makes for a strong society. Janmabhoomi is a sincere endeavour
in this direction.46 The achievements upto 19th Round shows (table-3.2)
the strong commitment of Government for the overall development of
state, and involvement of people in the developmental activities. This
programme was successful because of massive participation of people.

F r o p the table 3.2 it is evident that 70,898 habitations and wards

are covered during all the phases of Janmabhoomi Programme. In the
light of 73* and 74th amendments to Indian Constitution Gram Sabha
functions more efficiently and effectively. Thus conducting of
Janmabhoomi Gram Sabhas in all the rounds during the Janmabhoomi
programme was a routine exercise. Nearly 25,789 Gram Sabha meetings
on the average were held in each round throughout the state.
 Table-3.2: Performance of Janmabhoomi Programme8 in
\
Andhra Pradesh
S.
Priority Areae Resulte
No.
1 a) HABITATIONS AND WARDS COVERED 70,898
(in each JANMABHOOMI round) (~verage)
b) No, of teams constructed in each 2,256
JANMABHOOMI round (~verage)
2 NO.OF GRAMSABHAS HELD IN EACH ROUND 53,65
(Average)
1 PRIMARY EDUCATION
Additional enrolment in Primary Schools 6.31 lakhs
(1997-1998)
No. of children identified for enrolment 7.90 lakhs
(1998-1999)
Additional enrolment in Primary schools 5.71 lakhs
(1998-1999)
2 PRIMARY HEmTH AND FAMILY WELFARE
(1to 19th Phase)
No. of eligible couples motivated for Family 9.44 lakhs
Planning operation
No. of Free Health Camps Organised 4.19 lakhs
No. of Patient8 treated 293.1 11akhs
No. of Malaria positive cases treated 3.87 lakhs
* No. of AID$ awareness camps conducted 3.82 lakhs
* No. of Dental Camps Organised 11,8761akhs .
No. of School Children Treated in Dental Camps 3.64 lakhs
No. of Women examined under Reproductive 7.12 lakhs
Health Care
No. of Children Immunised 8.11 lakhs
No. of TB patients identified for treatment 1.86 lakhs
No. of pereons identified with eye problems 9.63 lakhs
No. of operations succesefully conducted 11701ij41
Conventional: 1,00,491
IOL 70,060
No. of Persons with cataract 4,44,542
* No. of Persons with refractive errors 69,136
No. of free spectacles distributed for refractive 83201
error8
No, of Glaucoma cases identified 1644
No. of Glaucoma cases operated 77

Table-3.2 continued in next page ........

 ENVIRONMENT CONSERVATION (11' to 19th
Round)
No. of Trees planted. 1087.06
lakhs
No, of Individual Sanitary Latrines grounded 17.42 lakhs
No. of Individual Sanitary Latrines completed 14.60 lakhs
Repairs to Soak pits and Platforms of drinking
Water Sources,.
* Cleaning and Chlorination of drinking water
Sources (No, per round)
I

1
I

I Adoption of bio-gas plants. 0.18 lakhs

Adoption of smokeless chulans (Ovens) 1.76 lakhs
Special sanitation drive undertaken in public 40,948
1 Institutions (no. per round)
Pollution check-up (No. of vehicles) and PUC 29.60 lakhs
I certificates- needed vehicles upto 2002 December
I I PUC Certificates issued vehicles (upto December 10.26 lakhs

REDRESSAL OF FELT NEEDS (let ~ 1 Rounds)

8 ~ ~
I
I I. INDIVIDUAL FAMILY NEEDS (Nos.)
Received
Solved 62.85 lakhs
I
I Balance
1I.NON-FLNANCIAL COMMUNITY NEEDS (Nos.)
- ---

Received 3.69 lakhs

Solved
---- -

Balance 1.52 lakhs

L I I
Table-3.2 continued in next 1 age. ........ ...
 Community Works (1 to 11th rounda)
NOS Value in Rs. (Crores)
-
Received in Gram Sabhas 1,19,673 1725.71
Grounded 1,18,626 1704.23
Completed 1'15,213 1617.30
Government share required for 1174.92
works grounded
Funds released 1040.79
Expenditure 1040.48
14 and 16th rounds
Sanctioned works 7213 122.23
People's share deposited 41.22
Government Share
Credit 29.93
-
Food grains 51.08
Total 81.01
Food grains released 0.9 lakh metric tons
Funds released 29.93
Works grounded 7848 141.23
Completed 7311
Paid funds
Credit 35.94
Food grains 49.67
People's contribution 39.77
Total paid 125.38
Food grains distributed 0.97 lakh metric tons

Table-3.2 continued in next page ............

 ........Cont, table-3.2
16thround 1
Received 1 69934 1
I
1135.39 1
1
I
People contribution works ' '

Received 34530 581.37

People's contribution 95.29
Government share required
I I

1 482.7 1 I
Works sanctioned 17094 253.26
I I

People's share 51.74

I

1
I

Government's share 104.39

Govt.'s share(Food grains) 97.12
t ~ o o grains
d
I I

1 157184.47 metric 1
tons
Funds sanctioned (increase Rs. 102.90
35 lakhs for each constituency)
Funds released 102.90
Works grounded
I

16194
I

234.96 1
I Completed J

Funds given
Government's share 72.31 1akhs
-
I
People's share 42.21 lakhs
Food grains 71.27 lakhs
I I

Total paid 185.78 lakhe

Food grains distributed 116472.06 metric
tone
18th round
Works sanctioned 1075 160.10
People's share 25.76
Government's share 85.97
Govt.'s share (food grains) 48,40
Food grains total
I

1
1 53367.12 metric tons
I

1 1

Table-3.2continued in next page ......,.,,..

 ......Cont. table-3.2 1

Funds allotted Re. 35 lakh to 102.90

each constituency
Funds released 58.28
Works grounded 5680 82.21
Completed 2018
Funds paid
Government's ehare 11.19
People's share 7.69
Govt.'s share (food grains) ' 8.64
Total 27.51
Food grains distributed 10808.50 metric tons
Free Veterinary Campe (1 to 19th round)
No. organized 5.22 lakhs
Animals Treated 1597.95 lakhs
Sheeps Dewormed (8,11, 13, 14, 1010.72 lakhs
16, 17, 18, 19 rounds)
Cattle Vaccinated against Foot 19.72 lakhs
and Mouth diseases
Calves dewormed 22.99 lakhs
Farmers benefited (11, 12, 13, 14, 160.67 lakhs
15, 16, 17, 18, 19 rounds)
Dieabled Welfare (7 t o 19th round)
Distribution of Pensions 3.63
Distribution of implements 1,03,123
(Helping aids)
Financial help 1,73,035
Issue of Certificates 8.53

.Table-3.2 continued in next page ............

 ........Cont. table-3.2
19th PGE
JULY 1 to lOa,2003
Gram Sabhas held 25789 '-r

IFN applications received 1,17,19,247

NFN applications received 33,883
FSN applications received 66,676
L I J
Source: "Andhra Pradesh" Telugu Magazine, Special Supplement, July
2003,p. 8-9.
"Andhra Pradesh" Telugu Magazine, January, 2004, Vol. IV,
issue 8,p.6-7.

Primary education is one of the priority area8 in Janmabhoomi

Programme. Nearly 6.31 lakhs children were enrolled additionally in
primary schools in the year 1997-1998 and 5.71 lakhs during the year 1998-
1999. From l u C phase to 19th phase of Janmabhoomi Program~neprimary
health and family welfare was also given prominence. About 9.44 lakhe
eligible couples were motivated for family planning operation and 4.19 Iakhs
free health camps were organized. In these health camps 293.11 lakh
patients were treated; 3.82 lakhs AIDS awareness camps and 11,876lakh8
dental camps were organized; 3.64 lakhs school children were treated in
dental camps, 7.12 lakhe women examined under reproductive health care
and 8.11 lakhs children were immunized; 9.63 lakhs people were identified
with eye problems. Of them, 1.70.541 people have undergone conventional
and IOL operations.

Conservation of environment ie also one of the main objectives of

Janmabhoomi Programme. Clean and Green Programme was taken up in a
big way during Janmabhoomi Programme once in a month i.e.. Third
Saturday of every month. Planting trees, grounding and completing
individual sanitary latrines, repairs to soak pits and platforms of drinking
water m u m s , cleaning and chlorination of drinking water sources,adoption
of bio-gas plants, adoption of smokeless ovens, pollution check up to vehicles
etc., are the activities undertaken in Janmabhoomi Programme for
conservation of environment, A total of 1087.06 lakhs trees were planted
both by the households and the institutions during Janmabhoomi
Programme. Further, about 17.42 lakhs individual sanitary latrines were
constructed, 0.8 lakh bio.gas plants were adopted, 1.76 lakhs smokeless
chulhas were adopted in Janmabhoomi Programme in all the 19 rounds.
Upto 18 round of Janmabhoomi Programme, 75.34 lakhs petitions were
received about individual family needs. Of these 62.85 lakhs were solved
and 6.32 are still in balance. I n the 19th round 1, 17, 19, 247 applications
were received but no action was initiated because of change in Government;
3.09 lakh non-financial community needs were received upto 18th rounds,
but, only 2.79 lakhs needs were solved and 1.52 lakh needs were still in
balance. In 19th round 33,883 applications wer'e received for N FN.

Upto the 11th round 1,19,673 number of representations for

community works were received in Gram Sabhas of which 1,15,213number
of works with an expenditure of Rs.1040.48 crores were completed. In 14th
and 15th rounds 7213 number of works were sanctioned, of which 7311
works were completed with an amount of Rs.125.38crores. In all 19 rounds
of Janmabhoomi Programme, a total number of 5.22 lakhs free veterinary
camps were organized and 1597.95 lakhs number of animals were treated
in these camps; 1010.72 lakhs sheep are dewormed in 8th, 1l t h , 13th, 14th,
16th, 17th, 18th and 19th rounds. 19.72 lakhs cattle were vaccinated against
foot and mouth diseases; 22.99 lakhs calves were dewormed and the number
of farmers benefited during 1 1 t h to 19th rounds constituting 160.67 lakhs.
During Janmabhoomi Programme held from 7th to 19th rounds, various
programmes were undertaken for the benefit of the disabled people also.
About 3.63 lakhs pensions to the old people were distributed and also
1,03,123 lakhs number of people were given financial assistance.
 The lmt and l9a phase of Janmabhoomi Programme which was
started on let July and ended on 10th July 2003, conducted a total 26.789
Gram Sabhas, of which a total of 1,17,19,247IFN applications, 33,883 NFN
applications and 66,676 FSN applications were received, but all these
applications were kept pending because of elections to the State Assembly.
After elections, the Congress party came into power and decided to scrap
Janmabhoomi Programme and hence no action was taken on the
representations received during the 19th phase of Janmabhoomi Programme.

PARTICIPATION OF LECTURERS AND

STUDENTS IN JANMABHOOMI
Studenta of all the Intermediate and Degree Colleges, ITls,Polytechnics
and the Universities in the state were involved in the implementation of the
programmes under Janmabhoomi, the students stayed in the habitations I
wards allotted to them. Sufficient data at the village level about the nearby
natural resources and human resources, infrastructure and skills was collected
by the students during 'Micro-level-Planning' preparation. Lecturers of Junior
Colleges, Degree Colleges and the Universities have also participated. In
addition to collection of information, the students have
taken steps in enlightening the villagers about the key issues of adult and child
literacy, health, family welfare, sanitation, drinking water, nutrition and other
social issues. To inculcate values and principles of Janmabhoomi to the
students the Government has also taken a decision to introduce this programme
in the school syllabus.

From the table-3.3 it is evident that, a total of 1,47,826 students

participated in Janmabhoomi throughout the state for the preparation of
MLP. A total of 34,318 lecturers participated in the preparation of MLP in
the state as Resource Persons. The student of Srikakulam district stand8
first (13118)followed by the Nellore district students (12356) as far a s the
participation is concerned for the preparation of the MLP a t the village /
habitation levels. The students of Chittoor district are in the third place
and they constitute 11682.
 -
Table 3.3: Participation of Lecturers and Students in Janmabhoomi
1

Programme upto Decernbr- 1999

Total No.of
Sl, Total No.of Total No. of
Name of the District GRPs /
No. MRPe Studente
WRPe
I 1 I I

1. 1 Srikakulam
I
I
I
41 I
I
1196 I
I
13118
2. 1 Vizianagaram
I
I
I
38 I
I
1044 I
I
7150
3. ( Vitaakhapatnam I 46 I 1114 1 9 168
1
1 I I I

4. 1 East Godavari
I I
66 I
I
1272
I
. 8174
6. 1 West Godavari I 54 I 1122 I 4966
6. Krishna 55 1259 6066
7. Guntur 67 1218 5211
8. Prakasam 61 1220 4395
9. Nellore 49 1058 12356
I I I I
10. 1 Chittoor
I
I
I
71 I
I
- 1542 I
I
11682
11. I Cuddapah (Kadapa)
I
I
I
52 I
I
988 I
I
8646
12. 1 Ananthapur I TO 1149 1 6824
13. Kurnool 58 1062 4102
14. Mahbubnagar 68 1442 3795
15. Ranga Reddy 44 836 6000
16. Hyderabad 13 488 5490
17. 1 Medak II 50 II 1173 I 4800
I I
18. 1 Nizamabad
I I
39
I
813 I 3036
I
I

19. 1 Adilabad I 59 I 3325 5262

20. Karimnagar 61 2240 3498
21. Warangal 52 2950 5031
22. Khammam 50 326 1 4400
23. Nalgonda 63 1319 4668
Total 1,227 33,091 1,47,826
lource: The Hindu, January 3, 2000, p: 8, Chennai.
SCWEMES AND PROGRAMMES IMPLEMENTED DURING
JANMABHOOMI PROGRAMME IN ANDHRA PRmESH
The schemes and programmes which were undertaken and implemented
by the then TDP Government in Andhra Pradesh are given below:
1) People's participatory programmes: Janmabhwmi Self-help Groups
- a) DWCRA, b) CMEY, c) Water User,s Committees, d) Vane
'
Samrakshna Samithies, e) Watershed Management Committees,
f) School Education Committees, g) Clean and Green Programmes.

2) Welfare schemes: Rural housing, social welfare, tribal welfare,

backward classes welfare, minorities welfare, women welfare,
welfare of physically handicapped, youth welfare and sports and
social security programmes, family welfare programmes.
3) Natural resource and human resources development schemes: Rural
development, urban development, agriculture and farmers' welfare,
horticulture, sericulture, veterinary, coopera tion, forests, tourism,
rural industries and textile and weaving.

Women empowerment policy, strengthening the local bodies, price

control of essential commodities, disaster m a n a g e ~ e n t use
, of electronic
media, administrative reforms, medical and health, education, civil
supplies, irrigation, electricity, roads and buildings, transport and
communication, rehabilitation law and order are some of the prograrnme~.~e

'CLEAN AND GREEN' PROGRAMME

The essential component of JB Programme was the Clean and Green
Programme, and this was carried out on a regular basis on every third
Saturday of the month. The Clean and Green programme focussed on the
following aspects.
* Identification and preparation of vacant areas for plantations.
* Cleaning of corridors, rooms, tables, almirahs.
* Files already closed to be stitched and sent to the Record Rooms.
* All unwanted papers to be collected and destroyed.
 Cleqing of the premises and toilets.
Removing the old unserviceable furniture and sending them to store
rooms.
Special cleaning of major drains with problems of water logging.
Lifting of garbage, litter and debris, if accumulated without being
lifted in the normal course.
Repairs to pot-holes on roads.
Maintenance of parks, burial grounds.
Special sanitation drive in markets.
Construction of platforms
, and soak pits for the borewells.
Supply of dustbins to Gram Panchayats / Municipalities on cost
sharing basis.

Some of the "Clean and Green" programme achievements in Andhra

Pradesh from September 1998 to February 2001 are indicated in table 3.4.
It shows that about 34231042 students and teachers participated in
household plantation and institutional plantation as part of Clean and
Green Programme. About 40921447 people participated in health
awareness rallies, 3906835 people participated in sanitation work and
1438850 persons engaged to remove garbage.

The table 3.4 also shows that, 38166 km distance of drains were
desilted, 1118547 drinking water sources cleaned and chlorinated. 110093
vehicles were engaged to remove garbage, 433566 tones of garbage was
removed, 93299 water bodies cleaned, 47779 low lying areas treated and
1382305 institutions took part in cleaning.
Table 3.4: 'Clean and Green' under Jamabhoomi in Andhra Pradeeh
- (Pmm September 1998 to February 2001)
I
1. Participation of Stuaents & Teachers I
3 No. of Students & Teachers participated 34231042
ii) No. of Green Brigadee fbrmed in schools 159550
I I

2. 1 Health Awareness rallies organized

i
I
1
I
i) No. of rallies organized ' I
505680
I ii) No. of people participated I
I
40921447
3. Sanitation I
I Desilting of Drains '
I

I
I
i) No. of Persons engaged I
I
3906835
ii) Distance cleaned (in km) I 38166
4. No. of Drinking water sources cleaned and 1118547
chlorinated
5. No. of vehicles engaged to remove garbage 110093
L I

6. No. of persons engaged to remove garbage 1438850

7. Quantity of garbage removed (tonnes) 33566
8. No. of market places cleaned 45802
9. No. of slaughter house cleaned 18030
10 No. of Municipal parks cleaned 7419
11 No, of burial grounds cleaned 33434
12 No. of Memory parks started 2397
13 No. of water bodies cleaned 93299
14 No. of low lying areas treated 47779
15 No. of institutions where cleaning is taken up 1382305
S n ~ i r o ~ : An Economic Survev. Government of Andhra Pradesh
Department of planning, Hyderabad, 2000-2001.
 One 9f the thrust areas under "Clean and Green" Andhra Pradesh
campaign was the construction of individual sanitary latrines in both rural
and urban areas. Special Programmes of desilting of major drains,
disposal of garbage / debris were taken up without insisting on people's
contribution after fully utilising the funds and resources (man-power I
vehicles / equipments) available with the local bodies.47

CRITICISM ON JANMABHOOMI PROGRAMME

There is a strong criticism fkom opposition parties and some sections
of the people on this programme. The then Andhra Pradesh Congress
\

Committee President and Opposition Leader in the Assembly and present

Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhar Reddy urged the then
President K.R. Narayanan to use his power under Article 143 of the
Constitution and ask the Supreme Court to examine the constitutional vaIidity
of Chandrababu Naidu Government's much-hyped Janmabhoomi Prograinme.
He stated that the guidelines issued groda violation of constitutional principles,
particularly the 73rd and 7 4 t h amendments to the Constitution. The Central
Government funds meant for specific development programmes involving the
poor were being diverted for Janmabhoomi works. Under the guise of the
programme, in which more than Rs. 1,000 crores had been spent so far, people in
power resorted to large scale misuse of authority and swindling of funds. The
Gout, had so far failed to reveal the facts and figures as well as the procedure
involved in the selection of beneficiaries for Janmabhoomi. The State
Government was implementing the policy in such a way that all the powers,
duties and functions of local bodies were vindicated. The elected panchayats
had been made defunct. There was conflict a t the grassroots level a s the
Government had created parallel bodies for the purpose of Janmabhoomi
scheme, leading to the .defeat of people's will as xeflected in elected
Panchayats. Government had spent over Rs. 300 crores so far for the
publicity of the scheme alone. "In fact, the entire programme is planned in
such a way that, the programme will give publicity to the Chief Minister N.
Chandrababu Naidu", Y.S.Rajasekar Reddy said.48
 There are many parallel bodies in various states that were created in
the Pre 784 constitutio&l amendment period and those created in the post
7ad constitutional amendment period. The first category (Pre.
Constitutional Amendment period) include those bodies that were functional
even before the 7 3 Constitutional
~ ~ Amendment Act came into being, like
the Joint Forest Management, Water,User groups etc. The second category
(post-amendment period) includes those bodies that were constituted after
the 73d Constitutional Amendment Act came into being, eg., the Expert
Committees in Kerala, Janmabhoomi in Andhra Pradesh, Vigilance
Committee in Himachal Pradesh and the Gram Vikas Samiti in Haryana.
These bodies are the creation of the respective State Governments. Many
areas were overlapped by the parallel bodies and the relationship of the
parallel bodies with PRIs in the respective states deteriorated. Thus, the
laws which have become null and void are being kept alive to thwart, if not
sabotage, the working of the Constitutional Amendments.

SHIFT IN POLICY
The new Government w h c h assumed power in 2004 in AP brought
significant changes in evolving a new system to redress the public
grievances. The Congress Government under the stewardship of Y.S.
Rajasekhar Reddy has designed new programmes replacing the erstwhile
Janmabhoomi Programmes to take administration to the people, and to
resolve their problems immediately, through the programmes like 'Rajeev
Palle Bata', 'Prajapa them' and 'Rytu Chaitanya Yatra'. Though the
programmes are similar in objectives, they differ in approach and content
from the erstwhile Janmabhoomi programmes. The Janmabhoomi
programmes were organized simultaneously in all ;he areas of the State.
But the new programmes are taken up in frequent intervals in selected
Rajeev P d e Bata
The main objective of the programme is to interact with the people
and to elicit first hand information and to solve the problems on the spot.
and has been conducted twice
This programme was launched on 13-06-2004
in a week. The Chief Minister directly interacts with the rural people
including farmers, self-help groups, weaker sections, etc. The Chief
Minister also makes an assessment as to how the Government programmes
are implemented and to find out whether the benefits are trickled down to
the targeted groups and to direct the concerned authorities to take
necessary remedial steps.-

Prajapatham
'Prajapatham' was launched on 11-04-2005with an objective to
encourage people's participation in development programmes and to
evaluate the performance of the Government and to ensure officials to take
active part through social audit. Besides the Chief Minister, the programme
is undertaken simultaneously in other parts by his Cabinet Ministers, local
MLAs and the officials to receive complaints of discrepancies in the selection
of beneficiaries on programmes like housing, land distribution and
complaints of delayed payment of wagers under the National Food for Work
Programme, etc. Officials were instructed to redress the grievances "then
and there" if possible. Under the programme, the administration goes to the
people to meet and discuss with them the developmental plans in the
presence of people's representatives. This programme is organized in three
phases. In the first phase, representatives and officials meet the people,
identify their problems and solve their grievances. Then, public grievances 1
complaints are analysed by officials and representatives, and the
programme ended on 14-05-2005
to commemorate the first anniversary of
the Congress rule in the state.^ For effective redressal of public grievances,
the Government framed certain guidelines. MIAs reviewed the development
activities undertaken in their constituencies a t panchayat level. Priority has
to be given to provide drinking water, housing, income generation, etc.
Officials have to resolve all the pending issues before the end of their tour.
Instead of delivering speeches, priority should be given to listen what people
say. Reviewing works at various levels, and if any hardships, should be
resolved. Giving new assurtbces is not the aim of this programme.

Rythu Chaitanya Yatra

'
This programme was initiated on 25-04-2005 and concluded on
15-05-2005 with an objective to protect framers from fake brand seeds,
fertilizers and pesticides, and to educate the farmers on scientific farming
methods, imparting training to farmers at village level and preparation of
plans and formation of management committees at village level. Officials of
agriculture, veterinary, marketing, fisheries departments participate
actively in this programme.
REFEmVCES
1. -
A.V. Sharma, "Janmabhoomi An M o of Gan&an Pfio~ophj',
The Hindu, January 28, Hyderabad Edition, Vol. 120, No.23, 1997, p:
25.
2, K. Madhava Rao, "JanmabhoomiOparational Guidelines': Govt. of
Andhra Pradesh, 15-12-1997,Hyderabad.
3. Pitabas Sahoo, "Micro-Level Planning: a new strategy for Rural
, XLV, No.9, June, 1997, p: 48.
Development", K m k ~ h e t r aVol.
4. "Jana Geew'thallo Jaya Ka thanam Janma bhoomi' Andhra Pradesh
Supplementary, Hyderabad, Vol. IV, Issue 2, July 2003, p: 4.
5. Bid.,p: 2.
6. Govt.ofAndhraPradesh,"AProgrammefor~sitingViUa~s":996.
7. Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, "Prcy'al~Vaddhpalana': Booklet,
Information and Public Relation Department.
8. N. Chandrababu Naidu, "Janmabhoomi Mahodyamam", 'An'&a
Pradesh', Telugu Magazine, ~ a n u a r y 1997,
, p: 5.
9. N. Chandrababu Naidu, "People'sAgenda Jaamabhmmi', Published
by Special Commission, Information and Public Relations
Department, September, 1997, pp: 5-7.
10. Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, "Janmabhoomi Operational Guideline$',
pp: 4-12.
11. Ibid.,p:17.
12. Ibid.,p: 18.
13. ibid., p: 13.
14. Did., pp: 28-29.
15. Ibid., pp: 29-30.
16. Bid., p: 31.
17. Bid.,pp: 32-33.
18. Bid., p: 19.
19. Bid., p: 35-36.
20. "Chittor D i ~ t r i cPragatbi":PO
t Office, Chittoor.
Interface Advertieement Issued by the Inbrmation and Public
Relations Department, The Hhdu, December, 26, 1999.
Govt. of Andhra Pradesh "Janmabboami O O ~ M & ' Q II~
Guiddirrs&, p:
24.
Bid..,pp: 27-28.
aid.,p: 47.
Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, "Pragati Pathemulo Andhra Pradeeh",
Booklet Published by Dept. of Public Relations, Hyderabad, p: 6,
Bid., p: 6.
Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, " M t a Agragami Andbra h d e h " ,
Booklet Published by Dept. of Public Relations, Hyderabad. p: 5.
"Pragab'PadamloAnd6EaPradeah" (0p.Cit).
Govt. of Andhra Pradesh. &ion 2000",ookle t.
"

G.O. Rt. No. 216, Finance and Planning (PLGIV), dated. 20-09-
1998,CPO Office, Chittoor.
Letter of Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu
addressed to the People of Andhra Pradesh dated 3 1-07-
1998.
Letter of Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister, N. Chandrababu Naidu
addressed to the People on 8th round of Janmabhoomi Programme
dated 30-04-1999,
Hyderabad.
G.O.Rt. No. 178,Finance and Planning (PLG-rV),dept, dated 24.12-
1998, CPO Office, Chittoor.
Letter of Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu, on
10th round of Janmabhoomi Programme addressed to the People of
Andhra Pradesh dated 30-04-1999, Hyderabad,
me Hindu: January 3". 2000. Advertise issued by Dept. of
Information and Public Relation, ~overnmentof Andhra Pradesh,
Hyderabad, p: 4.
Latter of Airdhra Pradeah chiif ~ i n i s t eN.
r Chandrababu Naidu on
12th round of Janmabhoomi Programme on "Neeru-Meeru" to people
of Andhra Pradesh, dated 28-04-2000.
Government of Andhra Pradesh G.O.Rt. No. 489, Finance and
Planning (PLG-IN, dept. dated 25-07-2000, CPO Office, Chittoor.
Govt. of Andhra Pradesh Finance and Planning (PLG-IV), dept.
Memo No. 9916/Plg12000, dated 6-1-2001, CPO Office, Chittoor.
Govt.of Andhra Pradesh Guidelines for Mahila Sisu Janmabhoomi,
issued by Secretary, Planning Dept. dated 30-05-2000, CPO Office
Chittoor,
Govt. of Andhra Pradesh 16th round of Janmabhoomi draft
guidelines, Dept. of Finance and Planning, Hyderabad, dated 30-10-
2002.
Govt. of Andhra Pradeeh 17th round of Janmabhoomi, Rythu and Mahila
Janmabhoomi guidelines, G.O. Rt. No. 295, Planning 0 Dept. dated 28.
05-2002, CPO Office, Chittoor and ' V a h a ' , Telugu Daily,
Advertisement issued by Information and Public Relation Department,
Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, June, lSt,2002.
'Eenadu', Telugu daily, 2- 11-2003, Vol. 29, Issue 144 Tirupati,
Advertisement issued by Information and Public Relation,
Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.
'!CbeHindu:July 1,2003. Advertisement issued by Dept. of Information
and Public Relation, Hyderabad.
The Hindu: 30.6-2003.Advertisement issued by Information and Public
Relation, Department Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.
N.Chandra Babu Naidu, The Hiadu: Vol. 122, No. 1, January, 3, 1999,
p:2.
gllie Hhdu: Nov. 7,1999, p: 5 andlPagatipadamloAndhra Pradesh'
booklet released by the Govt. of Andhra Pradesh, 2002.
' m e Hindu: January, 20, 1999,p: 22.
me Hindustan times: February, 10, 1999,
www.hindustantimes.com.
' Vaartha' Telygu daily, June, 13th 2004, p: 1.
'Vaartha', Telugu daily, April 25th, 2006, Vol. 10, No.84, p: 6.
'AndfiFaPradesh', Telugu Magazine, May, 2005, Vol. V, Issue. 12
p :5.