PROCEEDINGS PIT IAGI LOMBOK 2010

The 39th IAGI Annual Convention and Exhibition

DEVELOPMENT OF MAKASSAR STRAIT AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR

PREDICTING HYDROCARBON

Amanda, R., Panggabean, Y. B., Ramahwanto, A., Prasetya, A. W.

Geological Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology, 40132, Bandung

ABSTRACT

The Makassar Strait is subject of debate, because uncertainity for determine age and mechanism of
formation this strait. Makassar Strait is affected by tectonic activity since Pre-Tertiary Tectonic, a old
subduction path, In Java it is correlate with Karangsambung, Ciletuh, and Bayat. Basement of Makassar
Strait is the southeastern edge of Sundalan. Convergent interaction from the Australian micro continent is
affected the basement. Compressional activity at this time, trending NW-SE resulting Paternosfer Fault
and Palu-Koro transform Fault. The fault in this area is controlling the configuration the old basin. The
opening of Makassar Strait at Eocene-Recent with 2500m depths in present day resulting two basin of this
area. North Makassar Basin and South Makassar Basin is separated by Paternosfer Fault. Nowadays,
Makassar Strait is the oil and gas target exploration. The unique geological condition on this area and
hydrocarbon proven, especially on the western side of the North Makassar Straits. There is the Mahakam
Delta with Kutai Basin, the largest and deepest basin in Indonesia and one of the richest hydrocarbon
provinces in Indonesia. The frist deep-water production of oil and gas in Indonesia came from eastern
edge of the Kutai Basin, on the western side of the Makassar Straits, at the foot of the Mahakam Delta.
Mahakam Delta probably is estimated as source sediment of basin in Makassar Strait.

INTRODUCTION Australia plate relative mobile (Hamilton, 1979).

Oil and gas is the important factor in this life. So
many ways is doing by oil and gas company to
exploration and have a oil and gas production.
The Makassar Strait is predicted as a potential
resource of oil and gas in Indonesia. The
exploration is doing in this area by oil and gas
company. Some former researcher said the
Makassar Strait is the Rifting Basin and the others
said is Foreland Basin. The formation of this area
is still be the subject of debate.
The purpose of this project is answered the
formation of Makassar Strait and the implication
for predicting hydrocarbon in this area, because
the Mahakam Delta is estimated as a source
sediment in this area.
REGIONAL GEOLOGY
Indonesia have an unique geological condition,
according to Plate Tectonic Theory, Indonesia is
resulted from three plate activity. Eurasia plate
relative static in northwest but pacific and Hindia-
The interaction between this plate resulting the
different tectonic condition between Western
Indonesia and Eastern Indonesia. Western
Indonesia featured by more simple geological
condition if compared with the Eastern Indonesia,
hence influence the petroleum system between
this area.
The Makassar Strait is located between
Kalimantan Island and Sulawesi Island (figure 1).
In 1864, Wallace established “Wallace Line” that
separated blodiversity between Asiatic fauna in
the west and Australia fauna in the east. The
Makassar Strait is bounded by the long lateral
Palu-Koro fault toward in north, which separates
this basin from the Sulawesi sea. It is divided into
the North Makassar and South Makassar basin by
another lateral fault, so called Paternosfer fault.
The occurrence of these two fault is clearly
reflected by the steep gradients indicated by the
bathymetric contours. A thick sequence of
relatively undisturbed Neogen and probably
Paleogen sediments showing good lateral
continuity.
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TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF MAKASSAR
STAIT
The origin of Makassar Strait is the subject of
continuing debate. Guntoro (1999) has established
the regional structure and stratigraphy of
Makassar Strait which gives considerably better
understanding of the evolution of Makassar Strait.
The stratigraphic regional of the basin is
interpreted base on seismic reflection profiles
,TT-1 and TT-2, drilled by Union Carbide in
1970.
Development of Makassar Strait is associated with
evolution southern West Sulawesi. This
development divided into two phase. Hall (2002),
established two-phase with assumption North
Makassar Basin is same with South Makassar
Basin (figure 1).
The first phase begin in Cretaceous-Paleocene, in
Early-late Cretaceous the subduction between
Pacific Plate force the Kalimantan area is affected
volcanism at Kalimantan and resulted the
metamorphic rock as a basement of this area and
deposited of chert and flysch shale. In Late
Cretaceous the Pacific plate activity increasing
caused the Oceanic plate failure.
In Paleocene the subduction is continue and
decrease resulted the Meratus complex at
Kalimantan. The depositional environment is
down to transisional environment showed by
Quartz Sandstone. The depression of the
depositional environment caused the deposited of
limestone.
The second phase begin in Eocene-Miocene. In
Eocene the pacific plate activity is decreasing.
The slab roll back occurs and resulted the mélange
complex at West Sulawesi. In this time the first
tensile between Kalimantan and West Sulawesi is
happen and resulted the Makassar Strait Basin.
This activity is still continuing until the Oligocene
and Miocene and resulted the Bantimala Complex
at Sulawesi.
METHOD AND ANALYSIS
The method for predicting hydrocarbon
(petroleum system) is from correlation well,
gravity and from regional geology of Makassar
Strait. Stratigraphic of Makassar Strait is achieved
from correlation between TT-1 and TT-2 well
(figure 2), but only for South Makassar Basin. The
two deep basin in the strait such as North
Makassar Basin and South Makassar Basin is
controlled by NW-SE trending Fault. It resulting
NE-SW from tension tectonic at Eocene
TECTONOSTRATIGRAPHY OF
MAKASSAR STRAIT
Tectonostratigraphy of Makassar Strait divided
into three sequence :
1. Pre-Rift
These sequence is represented by slightly
metamorphic rock and Igneous rock that has Pre-
Tertiary age. These sequence is classified into
seismic sequence-1 and called Accoustic
Basement.
2. Syn-Rift
These sequence is manifestation of ext4ensional
tectonic and resulting normal fault and controlling
basin formation and indicate Late Eocene age.
The opening of Makassar Strait related to syn-rift
deposition. The fault cut the basement but do not
disturb the Pre-Tectonic activity. The top of this
syn-rift is designated marks the end of rifting.
3. Post-Rift
These sequence have not been affected by normal
fault and represented by shallow to deep water
environment. These sequence marked on H-3 until
H-6.
Sedimentary basin is past of the earth’s crust
where sedimentary strata have been deposited in
much greater thickness than its surrounding area
(Koesoemadinata, 2009). Rifting on Makassar
Strait is resulted from extensional regime and
forming normal fault in Makassar Strait.
DISCUSSION
The basement of Makassar Strait has an important
factor for petroleum system history since it will
determine the subsidence history, thermal history,
and consequently source rock maturation, as well
as the style of traps. The continental crust
interpretation is favoured by the observation that
rifting structures can be seen below basal
 PROCEEDINGS PIT IAGI LOMBOK 2010
The 39th IAGI Annual Convention and Exhibition
unconformity. Half-graben and graben are evident
in places and the patter of faulting mapped below
the basal unconformity is similar to that expected.
The deep unconformity in this straits is most
likely the top of the syn-rift sequence and marks
the beginning of the sag phase of dominantly
thermal subsidence that continued during
Oligocene (Situmorang, 1982., Bergman, et al.,
1996, Guntoro et al., 1996).
If continental, its is likely there are Eocene
lacustrine source rocks, tilted fault blocks and
carbonate and clastic reservoirs. If there is oceanic
crust beneath the Makassar Straits, Miocene
organic material transported from Kutai Basin into
deep water would probably be required for
petroleum system to work in this area.
Gravity modeling by Situmorang (1982) indicate
the basement of south Makassar Strait Basin is
continental crust, but in Nort Makassar basin the
basement can’t be identifying. Sout Makassar
basin is narrow and located on Abyssal Zona
(<2000km). this is featured by mound-like
carbonate deposition (based on TT-1 and TT-2
well)
In the recent publication said that had been found
hydrocarbon in Sebuku gas field, pangkat-1,
sultan-1 (Pireno, 2010)
Based on the source of sediment, the
sedimentation system at North and South
Makassar Basin maybe had a differences, because
at the North, Mahakam Delta is predicted as a
source, and at the South, Tanjung Formation
predicted as a source of sediment.
CONCLUSION
The Makassar Strait formed by rifting on Late
Eocene and forming graben and hal-graben.
Because of this tectonic activity the Makassar
Strait is divided into two basin, they are North
Makassar basin and South Makassar Basin, and
both of them separated by Paternosfer Platform.
The evolution of Makassar Strait is affected by
plate compresional in Pre-Tertiary.
The development of tectonic in this area is rifting
and controlled by NW-SE normal fault caused by
the NE-SW main pull
Based on the TT-1 and TT-2 well, the basement
rock in this area is Igneous and Metamorphic
rock. Basement of Makassar Strait is the
important factor to answered the economic
potential in oil and gas. If the basement is
continental crust, that has a good thick of
sedimen, certainly has a good prospect. But if it is
oceanic crust, the supply sediment from Mahakam
Delta since Miocene is possible good source rock
in Makassar Strait.
For exploration in Makassar Strait, need more
investigation because it is has hard data on
Makassar Starit well for know the detailed
regional geology of Makassar Strait.
REFERENCES
Allen, A. P. & Allen, S. R., 1990, Basin Analysis,
Principle and Applications, Black Well
Scientific Publication, Oxford London
Guntoro, A., 1999, The formation of Makassar
Strait and the separation between SE
Kalimantan and SW Sulawesi, Journal of
Asian Earth Sciences vol. 17, no. 1-2, p. 79-
98
Hall, R., 2002, The North Makassar Strait: what
lies beneath?. Petroleum geosciences, p. 147-
158
Koesoemadinata, Rp. P., 2009. AAPG-IPA
Distinguished Lecture Seles, Unpublished
Momen, M., 2008, Studi perkembangan cekungan
Daerah Lari-Larian di Cekungan Selat
Makassar Selatan, Skripsi Sarjana ITB,
Unpublished
Pireno, G. E., Darussalam, D. N., 2010,
PETROLEUM SYSTEM OVERVIEW OF
THE SEBUKU BLOCK AND THE
SURROUNDING AREA: POTENTIAL AS
A NEW OIL AND GAS PROVINCE IN
SOUTH MAKASSAR BASIN,MAKASSAR
STRAITS, PROCEEDINGS, INDONESIAN
PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION Thirty-
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fourth Annual Convention & Exhibition,
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Situmorang, B., 1962a, The formation and
evolution of the Makassar Basin, Indonesia,
PhD thesis, University of London
Situmorang, B., 1982b. Formation, evolution, and
hydrocarbon prospects of the Makassar
Basin, Indonesia. In : Watson, S. T.(ed.),
Transactions of the 3rd Circum Pacific
Energy and Mineral Resources Conference,
Honolulu, Hawaii, 227-232

FIGURE 1 : Tectonic phase development of Makasar Strait (Guntoro, 1999 op. cit Hall, 2002)
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0 H6

Mid-Miocene to Recent
Shallow marine
(limestone)
191 H5

Early to Mid-Miocene
Marine deposits
(shales+marls)

1237 H4

Shelf margin
Early Miocene (conglomeratic
2181 H3 limestone)
Shallow marine
Oligocene (limestone)
2691 H2

Eocene
Marginal
(marine clastic)
? Near shore
(clastic deposit)
3560 H1
Cretaceous Igneous basement
(dolerites and gabbro)

FIGURE 2 : Correlation and lithologies of Well TT-1 and TT-2 ( Guntoro, 1999, after Situmorang 1982)

FIGURE 3 : Regional structural architecture of the Makassar Straits (modified from Cloke et al., 1999)
 PROCEEDINGS PIT IAGI LOMBOK 2010
The 39th IAGI Annual Convention and Exhibition

FIGURE 4 : NE-SW seismic line across South Makassar Basin indicate the occurence of posibble source
rocks ( Pireno,2010)