Asmeviii Uw PPT 140819093515 Phpapp02 PDF

SUBSECTION B
REQUIREMENTS PERTAINING
TO METHODS OF FABRICATION
OF PRESSURE VESSELS
My Self Study Note
Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong Sub-B

PART UW
REQUIREMENTS FOR PRESSURE VESSELS
FABRICATED BY WELDING.
Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW

PART UW
Overview

Vessel
Service limitations? UW-2
Joint Categories
UW-3
Joint type, UW-12 type 1~8
RT UW-11
How ASME-UW works: Joint efficiencies, E

A vessel is to be built, next is to determine the intent of the vessel (UW-2), UW-2 set
the limitations on type of joints, and the NDT requirements. Next proceed to UW-12,
UW-12 provide a combinations of joint categories and extents of radiographic testing
which give the value “E”, the joint efficiency.

Type Joint description Limitations Joint Degree of Radiographic
number Categories Examination.
Full Spot None
1 •Butt joints as attained by A, B, C & D 1.00 0.85 0.7
double-welding or by other
means which will obtain the
same quality of deposited weld
metal on the inside and outside
weld surfaces to agree with the
requirements of UW-35. Welds
using metal backing strips
which remain in place are
excluded.
2 •Single-welded butt joint with (a) None except as in A, B, C & D 0.90 0.80 0.65
backing strip other than those (b) below
included under (1) (b) Circumferential A, B & C 0.90 0.80 0.65
butt joints with
one plate offset;
see UW-13(b)
(4) and Fig.
UW-13.1, sketch
(i)

ASME design codes are built around the
idea of a joint efficiency factor denoted
by the symbol “E”. The factor “E”
appears in the internal pressure
equations and depends on:
• The amount of NDE carried out on the

weld.
• The weld joint arrangement (single or
double groove, etc.).

UW-2 SERVICE RESTRICTIONS.
Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-02

UW-2 gives guidance on which types of pressure vessels / parts have
restrictions on what type of weld should be used for each joint category.
The four types of vessels referenced are:
(a) Vessels for lethal service (containing a lethal substance).

(b) Low-temperature vessels that require impact testing.
(c) Unfired steam boilers.
(d) Direct-fired vessels.

UW-2 SERVICE RESTRICTIONS
Class Description. Service restrictions
a vessels are to Following key points:
contain lethal • Butt-welded joints must be fully radiographed.
substance. • Carbon or low alloy steel vessels need PWHT.
• Cat “A” joints need to be type 1(double “V” or
equivalent) welds (the types are given in table
UW-12).
• Cat B joints can be either type 1 or type 2 (single
“V” with backing strip).
• Cat D joints must be full penetration welds.
b Low-temperature
vessels that require
impact testing
c Unfired steam boilers
d Direct-fired vessels

Cat. C
Lethal
service
Cat. B
Cat. A
Cat. D
UW-2 Description. Service restrictions
Class
a Vessels are Following key points:
to contain 1. Butt-welded joints must be fully radiographed.
lethal 2. Carbon or low alloy steel vessels need PWHT.
substance. 3. Cat A joints need to be type 1 welds (double
welded) (the types are given in table UW-12).
4. Cat B joints can be either type 1 or type 2
(single welded - single V with backing strip).
5. Cat D must be full penetration welds.* note1
Note1: For radiography joints only type 1 & 2
are allowed.

UW-3 WELDED JOINT CATEGORY.

WELDED JOINT CATEGORY
ASME VIII pressure vessel welded joints are given a letter
designation A, B, C or D depending on their location in the
vessel.

FIG. UW-3 ILLUSTRATION OF WELDED JOINT LOCATIONS
TYPICAL OF CATEGORIES A, B, C, and D

 Cat “A” includes all longitudinal welds and critical circumferential
welds such as hemispherical head to shell welds.
 Cat “B” includes most circumferential welded joints including
formed heads (other than hemispherical) to main shells welds.
 Cat “C” includes welded joints connecting: . flanges to nozzles or
shell components. one side plate to another in a flat-sided vessel.
 Cat “D” includes welded joints connecting nozzles to shells, heads
or flat-sided vessels.

 Cat A includes all longitudinal welds and critical
circumferential welds such as hemispherical head to shell
welds.

Critical Circumferential weld:
Non-hemispherical Hemispherical head
head

Hemispherical
Heads
A
Critical Circumferential weld:

 Cat B includes most circumferential welded joints including
formed heads (other than hemispherical) to main shells welds.

 Cat C includes welded joints connecting: . flanges to nozzles or
shell components.
Flange Joint

 Cat D includes welded joints connecting nozzles to shells, heads
or flat-sided vessels.

UW-9 DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS

The main content relates to two areas:
 Taper transitions between welded sections of unequal thickness
 ‘Stagger’ of longitudinal welds in vessels

(c) Tapered transitions requires that tapered transitions must have a
taper of at least 3:1 between sections if the sections differ by the
smaller of:
 more than ¼ of the thickness of the thinner section or
 1/8 in. (3.2 mm).
1 ∆t > .25t1.
3
t2 ∆t > 1/8 in.
t1

(d) Except when the longitudinal joints are radiographed 4 in. (100 mm)
each side of each circumferential welded intersection, vessels made up
of two or more courses shall have the centers of the welded longitudinal
joints of adjacent courses staggered or separated by a distance of at least
five times the thickness of the thicker plate.

if d<5t, RT radiographed 4 in.
(100 mm) each side of each
circumferential welded
intersection.
Joint 1
d≥5t
Joint 2
d<5t

staggered or separated by a
distance of at least five times the
thickness of the thicker plate.

UW-11 Radiographic & Ultrasonic
Examinations

Based on the ASME Code requirement UG-116, manufacturers have to
mark the type of RT i.e. RT1, RT2, RT3 and RT4 in the pressure vessel
name plate and state the same in Pressure Vessel Data Report.
We have seen many professionals, from inspectors to quality control
engineers who are confused between RT1 and RT2, specifically when
they see ASME Pressure Vessel Joint Efficiencies for both RT1 and
RT2 is the same and equal to 1(E=1).They say both RT1 and RT2 are
categorized in the “Full Radiography” part in UW-11 clause ...
So why are some joints in RT2 radiographed in spots? We are making
spot radiography, but it is categorized in full radiography!!! So in this
"ASME Pressure Vessel Joint Efficiencies" article we want to answer
this question in very simple way, but before this, we need review joint
categories and summarize them as below:
RT1, RT2, RT3 and RT4

Category A: All longitudinal welds in shell and nozzles All welds in
heads, Hemisphere-head to shell weld joint
Category B: All circumferential welds in shell and nozzles Head to
shell joint (other than Hemisphere.)
Category C and D are flange welds and nozzle attachment welds
respectively.
Longitudinal welds (Category A) are more critical than
Circumferential welds (Category B) because they are under double
stress. This the reason why in different part of ASME code we have
stringent rules in category A joint compared to category B joint. See
the following Fig. for joint categories:

Now let's get back to the ASME Pressure Vessel Joint Efficiencies
subject, to remove the above confusion about RT1 and RT2. We
need to know: When and where is there a code requirement for full
radiography?
Item 1: All butt welds in vessels used to contain a lethal substance
(UW-11(a)).Lethal substances have specific definitions in ASME
Code in UW-2 and it is the responsibility of the end user to
determine if they ordered a vessel that contains lethal substances.
Item 2: All butt welds in vessels in which the nominal thickness at
the welded joint exceeds 1 ½ in. (38 mm), or exceeds the lesser
thicknesses prescribed in UCS-57,etc. For example, this value for P-
No.1 in UCS-57 is 1 ¼ inch.

Item 3: All butt welds in an unfired steam boiler with design
pressure > 50 psi (UW-11(a)).
Item 4: All category A and D butt welds in vessel when “Full
Radiography” optionally selected from table UW-12(column (a)
in this table is selected); and categories B and C which intersect
Category A shall meet the spot radiography requirement (UW-
11(a) (5) (b)).

The point is this: item 1, 2 and 3 are similar, but item 4 is completely
different. In item 1, 2 and 3 it is mandated by code; to do full
radiography in all butt welds in vessel so it means it is mandatory for
designer to select column (a) in UW-12 table.
But in item 4, there is no mandating rule. A manufacturer with its own
decision has chosen to use column (a) in table UW-12 for full
radiography. So here there is a concession or bonus to manufacturers for
categories B and C.
RT2- categories B and C which intersect Category “A”

shall meet the spot radiography requirement (UW-11(a)
(5) (b)), instead of radiography of full length.

RT Item Note Joint Radiography details
Efficiency
(Type-1)
1 1,2,3 Required 1.0 All butt welds-full length
by code radiography.
2 4 Optionally 1.0 Category A and D butt welds full
selected length radiography and category
B and C butt welds spot
Radiography.
3 0.85 Spot radiography butt welds.
4 0.7 Partial / No radiography.
http://www.inspection-for-industry.com/asme-pressure-vessel-joint-efficiencies.html

Item 2: All butt welds in vessels in which the nominal thickness at the
welded joint exceeds 1 ½ in. (38 mm), or exceeds the lesser
thicknesses prescribed in UCS-57,etc. For example, this value for
P-No.1 in UCS-57 is 1 ¼ inch.
UCS-57 RADIOGRAPHIC
EXAMINATION
In addition to the requirements
of UW-11, complete
radiographic examination is
required for each butt welded
joint at which the thinner of the
plate or vessel wall thicknesses
at the welded joint exceeds the
thickness limit above which full
radiography is required in
Table UCS-57.

UCS-57 RADIOGRAPHIC
EXAMINATION
of UW-11, complete
joint at which the thinner of the
thickness limit above which
full radiography is required in
Table UCS-57.

RT 1 UG-116(e1) “RT 1”
when all pressure-retaining butt welds, other than Category B and C butt welds
associated with nozzles and communicating chambers that neither exceed NPS 10
(DN 250) nor 1 1⁄8 in. (29 mm) wall thickness [except as required by UHT-57(a)],
satisfy the full radiography requirements of UW-11(a) for their full length; full
radiography of the above exempted Category B and C butt welds, if performed, may
be recorded on the Manufacturer’s Data Report; or
RT 2 UG-116(e2) “RT 2”
when the complete vessel satisfies the requirements of UW-11(a)(5) and
when the spot radiography requirements of UW-11(a)(5)(b) have been
applied; or
RT 3 UG-116(e3) “RT 3”
when the complete vessel satisfies the spot radiography requirements of
UW-11(b); or
RT 4 UG-116(e4) “RT 4”
when only part of the complete vessel has satisfied the radiographic
requirements of UW-11(a) or where none of the markings “RT 1,” “RT 2,”
or “RT 3” are applicable.

UW-11(a2) all butt welds in vessels in
which the nominal thickness [see (g)
below] at the welded joint exceeds 1
½ in. (38 mm), or exceeds the lesser
thicknesses prescribed in UCS-57,
UNF-57, UHA-33, UCL-35, or
UCL-36 for the materials covered
therein, or as otherwise prescribed in
UHT-57, ULW-51, ULW-52(d),
ULW-54, or ULT-57; however,
except as required by UHT-57(a),
Categories B and C butt welds in
nozzles and communicating
chambers that neither exceed NPS
10 (DN 250) nor 11⁄8 in. (29 mm)
wall thickness do not require any
radiographic examination;

UW-11(a2) …Categories B and C butt
welds in nozzles and communicating
chambers that neither exceed
• NPS 10 (DN 250) nor

• 1 1/8 in. (29 mm) wall thickness
do not require any radiographic

examination;

UW-11 RADIOGRAPHIC AND ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION
UW-11 (a) Full Radiography. The following welded joints shall be examined
radiographically for their full length in the manner prescribed in UW-51:
UW-11(a5) all Category A and D butt welds in vessel sections and heads where the
design of the joint or part is based on a joint efficiency permitted by UW-12(a), in
which case:
UW-11(a5a) Category A and B welds connecting the vessel sections or heads shall be
of Type No. (1) or Type No.(2) of Table UW-12;
UW-11(a5b) Category B or C butt welds [but not including those in nozzles or

communicating chambers except as required in (2) above] which intersect the Category
A butt welds in vessel sections or heads or connect seamless vessel sections or
heads shall, as a minimum, meet the requirements for spot radiography in
accordance with UW-52. Spot radiographs required by this paragraph shall not be
used to satisfy the spot radiography rules as applied to any other weld increment.

UW-11 (a8) exemptions from radiographic examination for certain welds in nozzles
and communicating chambers as described in (2), (4), and (5) above take
precedence over the radiographic requirements of Subsection C of this Division.
This means that even though P-

No. 5 for example requires RT in
all thicknesses the small/thin
nozzles are exempt.

UW-11(a) Full Radiography
(1) all butt welds in the shell and heads of vessels used to contain lethal substances.
(2) all butt welds in the shell and heads of unfired steam boilers having design pressures
exceeding 50 psi (350 KPa).
(3) all butt welds in nozzles, communicating chambers, etc., attached to vessel sections
or heads that are required to be fully radiographed under (1) or (2) above;
• however, except as required by UHT-57(a), Categories B and C butt welds in

nozzles and communicating chambers that neither exceed NPS 10 (DN 250) nor 1
1⁄8 in. (29 mm) wall thickness do not require any radiographic examination;
Keywords:
contain lethal substances
unfired steam boilers having design pressures exceeding 50 psi

Full radiography:
all butt welds in the
shell and heads of
unfired steam boilers
having design pressures
exceeding 50 psi
(350 KPa).

Except as required by UHT-57(a), Categories B and C butt welds in
nozzles and communicating chambers that neither exceed NPS 10 (DN
250) nor 11⁄8 in. (29 mm) wall thickness do not require any radiographic
examination;
neither exceed NPS10 nor
t >11⁄8 in. NO Radiography

• all butt welds in vessels in which the nominal thickness at the welded
joint exceeds 1 ½ in. (38 mm), or
• exceeds the lesser thicknesses prescribed in UCS-57, UNF-57, UHA-
33, UCL-35, or UCL-36 for the materials covered therein, or as
otherwise prescribed in UHT-57, ULW-51, ULW-52(d), ULW-54, or
ULT-57; however, except as required by UHT-57(a).
• Categories B and C butt welds in nozzles and communicating

chambers that neither exceed NPS 10 (DN 250) nor 1 1⁄8 in. (29 mm)
wall thickness do not require any radiographic examination.
Keywords:
Any vessel with welded joint exceeds 1 ½ in. (38mm).

Any vessel with welded joint exceeds 1 ½ in.

(5) all Category A and D butt welds in vessel sections and heads where the design of
the joint or part is based on a joint efficiency permitted by UW-12(a).
Joint Joint Degree of Radiographic

Type Categories Examination.
Full Spot None
1 A, B, C & D 1.00 0.85 0.7
2 A, B, C & D 0.90 0.80 0.65

A, B & C 0.90 0.80 0.65

in which case:
(a)Category A and B welds connecting the vessel sections or heads shall

be of Type No. (1) or Type No. (2) of Table UW-12;
(b)Category B or C butt welds [but not including those in nozzles or
communicating chambers except as required in (2) above] which
intersect the Category A butt welds in vessel sections or heads or
connect seamless vessel sections or heads shall, as a minimum, meet
the requirements for spot radiography in accordance with UW-52.
Spot radiographs required by this paragraph shall not be used to
satisfy the spot radiography rules as applied to any other weld
increment.

(6) all butt welds joined by electrogas welding with any single pass greater than 1 ½ in.
(38 mm) and all butt welds joined by electroslag welding;

(7) ultrasonic examination in accordance with UW-53 may be substituted
for radiography for the final closure seam of a pressure vessel if the
construction of the vessel does not permit interpretable radiographs in
accordance with Code requirements. The absence of suitable radiographic
equipment shall not be justification for such substitution.
(8) exemptions from radiographic examination for certain welds in

nozzles and communicating chambers as described in (2), (4), and (5)
above take precedence over the radiographic requirements of Subsection
C of this Division.

Full Radiography means UW-11(a-1, a-2, a-3, a-4)- lethal, unfired
steam boilers having design pressures exceeding 50 psi and nominal thickness at the welded joint
exceeds 1 ½ in. (38 mm).
Except as required by UHT-57(a),

Radiographically for their full length. Categories B and C butt welds in
nozzles and communicating chambers
Requirements for spot radiography. that neither exceed NPS 10 (DN 250)
nor 11⁄8 in. (29 mm) wall thickness do
No radiography. not require any radiographic
examination;
Full Radiography means UW-11 (a-5): non lethal, non unfired steam boilers
having design pressures exceeding 50 psi, nominal wall thickness less than 1 ½ in.
Except as required by UHT-57(a),

Radiographically for their full length. Categories B and C butt welds in
nozzles and communicating chambers
Requirements for spot radiography. that neither exceed NPS 10 (DN 250)
nor 11⁄8 in. (29 mm) wall thickness do
No radiography. not require any radiographic
examination;
UW-11(b) Spot Radiography
Except when spot radiography is required for Category B or C butt welds
by (a)(5)(b) above, butt welded joints made in accordance with Type No.
(1) or (2) of Table UW-12 which are not required to be fully
radiographed by (a) above, may be examined by spot radiography.
Spot radiography shall be in accordance with UW-52. If spot radiography

is specified for the entire vessel, radiographic examination is not required
of Category B and C butt welds in nozzles and communicating chambers
that exceed neither NPS 10 (DN 250) nor 1 1⁄8 in. (29 mm) wall
thickness.

Radiographic examination is not required of
Category B and C butt welds in nozzles and
communicating chambers that exceed neither
NPS 10 (DN 250) nor 1 1⁄8 in. (29 mm) wall
thickness.

(c) No Radiography.
Except as required in (a) above, no radiographic examination of welded joints is
required when the vessel or vessel part is designed for external pressure only, or when
the joint design complies with UW-12(c).

Full Spot None
same quality of deposited
weld metal on the inside and
outside weld surfaces to
agree with the requirements
of UW-35. Welds using metal
backing strips which remain
in place are excluded.

UW-11(d,e,f) Special welding processes.
Welding Conditions
Process
Electrogas ferritic materials with ultrasonic examination examined
any single pass throughout their entire length and
greater that 11⁄2 in. shall be done following the grain
(38 mm) refining (austenitizing) heat treatment
Electroslag ferritic materials or postweld heat treatment.
Electron In addition to the ultrasonic examination examined

beam requirements in (a) throughout their entire length
and (b)
Friction When radiography is ultrasonic examination examined
required for a welded throughout their entire length
joint in accordance
with (a) and (b).

(g) For radiographic and ultrasonic examination of butt welds, the
definition of nominal thickness at the welded joint under consideration
shall be the nominal thickness of the thinner of the two parts joined.
Nominal thickness is defined in 3-2.

http://www.mechanicalengine
eringblog.com/3635-welding-
technology-electro-gas-
welding-egw/

UW-12 JOINT EFFICIENCIES

Weld Types:
Here is some clarification about the different type of welds that have
specific definitions in ASME Code SEC VIII DIV 1 and related to the
pressure vessel RT test.
The concept is to define the different types and then introduce some
restriction for using them.
For example, a Type 1 weld is defined as a full penetration weld,
typically double welded and Type 2 is welds with backing strips.
So when you go to service restriction for a vessel containing a lethal
substance, you see there is a restriction there that says all category A
joints shall be weld Type 1 and Category B and C shall be type 1 or
type 2.You should take this point in to account, which is this: the same
joint category with different weld types have different joint efficiencies.

Summary of weld types:
Type 1: Full penetration welds (Typically Double welded).
Type 2: Welds with backing strip.
Type 3: Single welded partial penetration welds.
Type 4, 5 and 6: Various Lap welds (rarely used)

TABLE UW-12
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE JOINT
EFFICIENCIES FOR ARC AND GAS
WELDED JOINTS

Full Spot None
excluded.
butt joints with
one plate offset;
see UW-13(b)
(4) and Fig.
UW-13.1, sketch
(i)

Full Spot None
butt joints with
one plate offset;
see UW-13(b)
(4) and Fig.
UW-13.1, sketch
(i)

Full Spot None
3 Single-welded butt joint Circumferential butt joints only, A, B, C NA NA 0.6
with out used of backing not over 5⁄8 in. (16 mm) thick
strip. and not over 24 in. (600 mm
outside diameter)
4 Double full fillet lap joint. (a) Longitudinal joints not over A NA NA 0.55
3/8 in. (10mm) thick
(b) Circumferential joints not B, C [note 3] NA NA 0.55
over 5/8 in. (16mm) thick.
5 Single full fillet lap joints (a) Circumferential joints [Note B NA NA 0.50
with plug welds 4 (exclude hemispherical) ] for
conforming to attachment of heads not over 24
in. (600 mm) outside diameter to
shells not over 1⁄2 in. (13 mm)
thick.
(b) Circumferential joints for the C NA NA 0.50
attachment to shells of jackets
not over 5⁄8 in. (16 mm) in
nominal thickness where the
distance from the center of the
plug weld to the edge of the plate
is not less than 1 ½ times the
diameter of the hole for the plug.

Full Spot None
6 Single full fillet lap joints (a) For the attachment of heads A, B NA NA 0.45
without plug welds convex to pressure to shells not
over 5⁄8 in.(16 mm) required
thickness, only with use of fillet
weld on inside of shell; or
(b) for attachment of heads A, B NA NA 0.45
having pressure on either side, to
shells not over 24 in. (600 mm)
inside diameter and not over 1⁄4
in. (6 mm) required thickness
with fillet weld on outside of
head flange only.
7 Corner joints, full As limited by Fig. UW-13.2 and C, D NA NA NA
penetration, partial Fig UW-16. [Note (5)]
penetration, and/or fillet
welded.
8 Angle joints Design per U-2(g) for Category B, C, D NA NA NA
B and C joints

Summary Maximum Weld Joint Efficiency: Joint Type 1~6

Summary of weld types:
Type 1: Full penetration welds (Typically Double welded)
Type 2: Welds with backing strip
Type 3: Single welded partial penetration welds
Type 4, 5 and 6: Various Lap welds (rarely used)
http://www.inspection-for-industry.com/asme-pressure-vessel-joint-efficiencies.html

Butt joints as attained by double-welding or by other means
which will obtain the same quality of deposited weld metal on
the inside and outside weld surface. Backing strip, if used, shall
be removed after completion of weld.
Single-welded butt joint with backing strip which remains

in place after welding.
Type 2: For circumferential joint only
Single-welded butt joint without backing strip.
Double-full fillet lap joint.
Single-full fillet lap joint with plug welds.
Single-full fillet lap joint without plug welds.

UW-12
Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong
TABLE UW-12
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE JOINT
EFFICIENCIES FOR ARC AND GAS
WELDED JOINTS
With
illustrations
UW-13 ATTACHMENT
DETAILS

Full Spot None
excluded.

Weld type number 1: Single “V” with back-gouge.

Full Spot None
butt joints with
one plate offset;
see UW-13(b)
(4) and Fig.
UW-13.1, sketch
(i)

Full Spot None
3 Single-welded butt joint Circumferential butt joints only, A, B, C NA NA 0.6
with out used of backing not over 5⁄8 in. (16 mm) thick
strip. and not over 24 in. (600 mm
outside diameter)

If the type number 3 weld was radiographed the full
length, could it be grouped as type 1 weld?
Type Joint description
number
1 •Butt joints as attained by double-welding or by
other means which will obtain the same quality of
deposited weld metal on the inside and outside
weld surfaces to agree with the requirements of
UW-35. Welds using metal backing strips which
remain in place are excluded.

Full Spot None
4 Double full fillet lap joint. (a) Longitudinal joints not over A NA NA 0.55
3/8 in. (10mm) thick
(b) Circumferential joints not B, C [note 3] NA NA 0.55
over 5/8 in. (16mm) thick.

number Cat. Examination.
Full Spot None
5 Single full fillet lap (a) Circumferential joints [Note 4 (exclude B NA NA 0.50
joints with plug welds hemispherical) ] for attachment of heads not
conforming toUW-17 over 24 in. (600 mm) outside diameter to
shells not over 1⁄2 in. (13 mm) thick.
C NA NA 0.50
(b) Circumferential joints for the attachment

to shells of jackets not over 5⁄8 in. (16 mm) in
nominal thickness where the distance from the
center of the plug weld to the edge of the plate
is not less than 1 ½ times the diameter of the
hole for the plug

Full Spot None
6 Single full fillet lap joints (a) For the attachment of heads A, B NA NA 0.45
without plug welds convex to pressure to shells not
over 5⁄8 in.(16 mm) required
thickness, only with use of fillet
weld on inside of shell; or
A, B NA NA 0.45
(b) for attachment of heads having

pressure on either side, to shells not
over 24 in. (600 mm) inside
diameter and not over 1⁄4 in. (6 mm)
required thickness with fillet weld
on outside of head flange only.

Full Spot None
7 Corner joints, full As limited by Fig. UW-13.2 and C, D NA NA NA
penetration, partial Fig UW-16. [Note (5)]
penetration, and/or fillet
welded.
8 Angle joints Design per U-2(g) for Category B, C, D NA NA NA
B and C joints

GENERAL NOTES:
(a) The single factor shown for each combination of joint category and degree of
radiographic examination replaces both the stress reduction factor and the joint
efficiency factor considerations previously used in this Division.
(b) E = 1.0 for butt joints in compression.
NOTES:
1. See UW-12(a) and UW-51.
2. See UW-12(b) and UW-52.
3. For Type No. 4 Category C joint, limitation not applicable for bolted flange
connections.
4. Joints attaching hemispherical heads to shells are excluded.
5. There is no joint efficiency “E” in the design formulas of this Division for
Category C and D corner joints. When needed, a value of E not greater than 1.00
may be used.

NOTES:
(1) See UW-13(b)(4) for limitation
when
weld bead is deposited from inside.
(2) For joints connecting
hemispherical heads
to shells, the following shall apply:
(a) t or t1 = 3/8 in. (10 mm)
maximum
(b) maximum difference in thickness
between t or t1 = 3/32 in. (2.5 mm);
(c) use of this figure for joints
connecting hemispherical heads to
(i) Butt Weld With One Plate Edge Offset shells shall be noted in the “Remarks”
part of the Data Report Form.

UW12(d) Seamless vessel sections or heads.

UW12(d) Seamless vessel sections or heads shall be
considered equivalent to welded parts of the same geometry in
which all Category A welds are Type No. 1. For calculations
involving circumferential stress in seamless vessel sections or
for thickness of seamless heads, E = 1.0 when the spot
radiography requirements of UW-11(a)(5)(b) are met. E =
0.85 when the spot radiography requirements of UW-
11(a)(5)(b) are not met, or when the Category A or B welds
connecting seamless vessel sections or heads are Type No. 3,
4, 5, or 6 of Table UW-12.

UW12(d)
 all Category A welds are Type No. 1.
- hemispherical head- Category “A”
- non-hemispherical head- Category “B”
 E = 1.0 when the spot radiography requirements of UW-

11(a)(5)(b) are met.
- non-hemispherical head- Category “B” as 11(a)(5)(b) applicable to category
“B” and “C” only.
 E = 0.85 when the spot radiography requirements of UW-
11(a)(5)(b) are not met, or when the Category A or B welds
connecting seamless vessel sections or heads are Type No.
3, 4, 5, or 6 of Table UW-12.
- non-hemispherical head- Category “B”

UW-11(a)(5)(b), Category B or C butt welds…
which intersect the Category “A” butt welds in
vessel sections or heads or connect seamless vessel
sections or heads shall, as a minimum, meet the
requirements for spot radiography in accordance
with UW-52. …

Q. Given a seamless head or shell section, other than a
hemispherical head (see UG-32), what is the design
efficiency of the seamless section?
A. Paragraph UW-12(d) answers this question with a

question, as follows: Was the weld(s) joining the seamless
head or seamless shell spot examined per the rules given in
UW-11(a)(5)(b)? If yes, the seamless head or shell efficiency
is set at 100 percent E=1. If no, the seamless head or shell
efficiency will be set at 85 percent E=0.85.
http://www.nationalboard.org/PrintPage.aspx?NewsPageID=144

Q. Given a seamless head or shell section of hemispherical
head (see UG-32), what is the design efficiency of the
seamless section?
 100% RT UW-51, E= 1 ?
 Spot RT UW-52, E= 0.85 ?
 No RT, E= 0.7 ?

Hemispherical head Ellipsoidal & Torispherical
 100% RT UW-51, E= 1  Spot RT UW-52, E= 1
 Spot RT UW-52, E= 0.85  No RT, E= 0.85
 No RT, E= 0.7
UW-16 MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR
ATTACHMENT WELDS AT OPENINGS.

FIG. UW-16.1 SOME ACCEPTABLE TYPES OF WELDED NOZZLES AND
OTHER CONNECTIONS TO SHELLS, HEADS, ETC.
UW-16.1 sketches (i), (j), (k), and (l).

UW-16
These are variables that will apply to the Exam.
t = nominal thickness of vessel shell or head, in.

tn= nominal thickness of nozzle wall, in.
• tmin= the smaller of 3/4 in. or the thickness of the thinner of the
parts joined by a fillet, single-bevel, or single-J weld, in.
• tc= not less than the smaller of 1/4 in. or 0.7tmin

• t1 or t2 = not less than the smaller of 1/4 in. or 0.7tmin
• tc= t1 or t2

UW-16
tc= not less than the smaller of 1/4 in. or 0.7tmin

UW-16
2 conditions to satisfied;
• t1 or t2 ≥ smaller of ¼ in. or 0.7 tmin

• t1 + t2 ≥ 1 ¼ tmin ( not applicable to all sketched)
UW-16(d) Neck Attached by Fillet or Partial Penetration Welds
(1) Necks inserted into or through the vessel wall may be attached by fillet or
partial penetration welds, one on each face of the vessel wall. The welds
may be any desired combination of fillet, single-bevel, and single-J welds.
The dimension of t1 or t2 for each weld shall be not less than the smaller of 1⁄4
in. (6 mm) or 0.7tmin, and their sum shall be not less than 11⁄4tmin. See Fig.

UW-16
Exercise:
Problem: A nozzle is being attached to a shell as shown in Fig.UW-16.1 (i)
using two equal size fillet welds. The shell's thickness is 7/8 in. and the
nozzle's thickness is 1/2 inch. The fillet welds are 3/8 inch in leg size. Does
this meet Code?
tmin = smaller of ¾ in. or ½ in. ( used ½ in. in this case).

Fillet throat sizes t1 = t2 = 0.707x0.375 = 0.265 in.
Conditions to satisfied;
1. t1 or t2 ≥ ¼ in. or 0.7 tmin ( used 0.25 in. in this case)
2. t1 + t2 ≥ 1 ¼ tmin ( equal to 0.625 in.)
Actual;
t1 & t2 = 0.265 in. (condition 1 – ok)
t1 + t2 = 0.53 in. (condition 2 – Not ok)
Conclusion: the fillet leg sizes are undersized.#

UW-16
Fillet
Leg size ≠ throat size

UW-16
FIG. UW-16.1 SOME
ACCEPTABLE TYPES OF
WELDED NOZZLES AND
OTHER CONNECTIONS TO
SHELLS, HEADS, ETC.

UW-16
 t = nominal thickness of vessel shell or head
 tn = nominal thickness of nozzle wall
 te = thickness of reinforcing plate
 tw = dimension of attachment welds (fillet, single-bevel or single-J),
measured as shown in figure UW-16.1
 tmin = the smaller of ¾ in (19 mm) or the thickness of the thinner of

the parts joined by a fillet, single-bevel or single-J weld
 tc = not less than the smaller of ¼ in. (6 mm) or 0.7 tmin
 t1 or t2=not less than the smaller of ¼ in. (6 mm) or 0.7tmin
tw = 0.7tmin (see fig.UW-16.1)

tc = t1 or t2=not less than the smaller of ¼ in. (6 mm) or 0.7tmin

tmin = the smaller of ¾ in (19 mm) or the
thickness of the thinner of the parts joined by a
fillet, single-bevel or single-J weld
tc =t1 = t2= not less than the smaller of ¼ in. (6

mm) or 0.7tmin

where it meets a set-on nozzle, by a full
penetration butt weld plus a fillet weld with
minimum throat dimension tw = 0.7tmin
if it does not meet the nozzle. The

fillet weld will have a minimum
throat dimension of ½ tmin.

Integral reinforcement (also known as self-reinforcement).

Q3. ASME VIII section UW-16 (c) figure 16.1(a) A vessel is manufactured from P1
Grade 2 material. It has a shell thickness of 18 mm and is used to contain lethal
substances. A set-on (abutting) nozzle of 12 mm thickness is attached using a
category D full penetration weld with reinforcing fillet. What is the minimum
required throat thickness of the reinforcing fillet weld?
(a) 12 mm (tmin)
(b) 8.4 mm (0.7tmin)
(c) 6 mm (tc)
(d) 12.6 mm
tmin = 12mm (the smaller of 3⁄4 in. (19 mm) or the

thickness of the thinner of the parts joined.)
tc = 6mm (not less than the smaller of 1⁄4 in. (6 mm) or
0.7tmin)

Q4. ASME VIII section UW-16 (c)(2)(c)
A vessel has a shell thickness of 3 4 in (19 mm). A set-on (abutting)
nozzle of ½ in. (13 mm) thickness is attached using a category D full penetration
weld. A reinforcing plate of 1/4 in. (6 mm) is required. What welds will be
required to attach the reinforcing plate to the nozzle?
(a) A full penetration weld plus a fillet with a 4.2 mm throat &
(b) A full penetration weld plus a fillet with a 6 mm throat &
(c) A fillet weld with a 3 mm throat &
(d) A full penetration weld plus a fillet with a 3 mm throat &
• tc =4.2 (not less than

the smaller of 1/4 in. (6
mm) or 0.7t min.)
• tmin = 6 mm.

Q5. ASME VIII section UW-16 (d)(1)
A nozzle of NPS 10 (DN 250) is inserted through a vessel wall and protrudes into the
vessel by an amount equal to the nozzle thickness. The nozzle thickness is one half of
the shell thickness. Which of the following weld combinations are acceptable to attach
the nozzle?
(a)Partial penetration groove or fillet weld on inside and outside face

(b)Partial penetration groove with reinforcing fillet on outside face
(c)Partial penetration groove with reinforcing fillet on inside face
(d)Any of the above is acceptable
• t1+ t2≥ 1 ¼ tmin.

• t1 or t2 not less
than the smaller
of ¼ in. (6 mm)
or 0.7tmin.

UW-40 PROCEDURES FOR POSTWELD HEAT
TREATMENT.

UW-40(f ) The term nominal thickness as used in Tables UCS-56,
UCS-56.1, UHA-32, and UHT-56, is the thickness of the welded
joint as defined below. For pressure vessels or parts of pressure
vessels being postweld heat treated in a furnace charge, it is the
greatest weld thickness in any vessel or vessel part which has not
previously been postweld heat treated.
See also: UCS-56 REQUIREMENTS FOR

POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT

UW-40
UW-40(a), the soak band shall contain the weld, heat affected zone,
and a portion of base metal adjacent to the weld being heat treated. The
minimum width of this volume is the widest width of weld plus 1t or 2
in. (50 mm), whichever is less, on each side or end of the weld.
widest width of weld plus 1t or 2 in.

(50 mm), whichever is less

Mr. “t” the nominal thickness UW-40(f)
1. it is the greatest weld thickness in any vessel or

vessel part which has not previously been postweld
heat treated.
2. Same thickness, using a full penetration butt weld,
the nominal thickness is the total depth of the weld
exclusive of any permitted weld reinforcement.
3. For groove welds, the nominal thickness is the
depth of the groove.
4. fillet welds, the nominal thickness is the throat
dimension.
5. If a fillet weld is used in conjunction with a groove
weld, the nominal thickness is the depth of the
groove or the fillet throat dimension, whichever is
greater.

fillet welds, the nominal
thickness is the throat
dimension

the nominal thickness is
the total depth of the weld
exclusive of any
permitted weld
reinforcement

The nominal thickness
6. When a welded joint connects parts of unequal thicknesses
(a) the thinner of two adjacent butt-welded parts including head to shell
connections;
the thinner of two adjacent butt-welded

The nominal thickness
(b) the thickness of the shell or the fillet weld, whichever is greater, in
connections to intermediate heads of the type shown in Fig. UW-13.1
sketch (e);

Mr. “t” the nominal thickness
(c) the thickness of the shell in connections to tubesheets, flat heads,
covers, flanges (except for welded parts depicted in Fig. 2-4(7), where
the thickness of the weld shall govern), or similar constructions;

(d) in Figs. UW-16.1 and UW-16.2, the thickness of the weld across
the nozzle neck or shell or head or reinforcing pad or attachment fillet
weld, whichever is the greater;

e) the thickness of the nozzle neck at the joint in nozzle neck to flange
connections;
f) the thickness of the weld at the point of attachment when a non
pressure part is welded to a pressure part;
g) the thickness of the weld in tube-to-tubesheet connections.

(6) For repairs, the nominal thickness is the depth of the repair weld.
Nominal thickness Defects

Depth of
excavation

UW-50 NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF
WELDS ON PNEUMATICALLY TESTED VESSELS.

On welded pressure vessels to be pneumatically tested in accordance
with UG-100, the full length of the following welds shall be
examined7 for the purpose of detecting cracks:
a) all welds around openings;

b) all attachment welds, including welds attaching non-pressure parts to
pressure parts, having a throat thickness greater than ¼ in. (6 mm).
Note:
7 Examination shall be by magnetic particle or liquid penetrant methods
when the material is ferromagnetic, or by the liquid penetrant method

when the material is nonmagnetic.

UW-51 RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF
WELDED JOINTS.

• UW-51 (a1) A complete set of radiographs and records, as described
in Article 2 of Section V, for each vessel or vessel part shall be
retained by the Manufacturer, as follows:
a) films until the Manufacturer’s Data Report has been signed by the
Inspector;
b) records as required by this Division (10-13).
RT films; After signing of MDR
Records;
(10-13) at least 3 years
MDR

10-13 RECORDS RETENTION
a) The Manufacturer or Assembler shall have a system for the
maintenance of radiographs (UW-51), Manufacturer’s Data Reports
(UG-120), and Certificates of Compliance/Conformance (UG-120) as
required by this Division.

10-13 RECORDS RETENTION
b) The Manufacturer or Assembler shall maintain the documents outlined
below for a period of at least 3 years:
1. Manufacturer’s Partial Data Reports.
2. manufacturing drawings.
3. design calculations, including any applicable Proof Test Reports.
4. Material Test Reports and or material certifications.
5. Welding Procedure Specifications and Procedure Qualification Records.
6. Welders Qualification Records.
7. RT and UT reports.
8. repair procedure and records.
9. process control sheets.
10.heat treatment records and test results.
11.postweld heat treatment records.
12.non-conformances and dispositions.
13.hydrostatic test records.

(c) For manufacturers of UM stamped vessels or vessels constructed
under the provisions of UG-90(c)(2) rules, the records listed in (b)
above, for six representative vessels per year, shall be maintained as
follows:
1. UM stamped vessels for a period of 1 year.
2. vessels constructed under the provisions of UG-90(c)(2) rules for a
period of 3 years.
ASME certification is symbolized by the “U Stamp” for

pressure vessels and “UM Stamp” for miniature pressure
vessels.
When do you need full RT

UW-11, (a1) all butt welds in the shell and heads of
vessels used to contain lethal substances [see UW-
2(a)].

UW-11, a(2). All materials; welded joint exceeds 1 ½
in. (38 mm)

UW-11, a(2)………
UCS-57 RADIOGRAPHIC
EXAMINATION
of UW-11, complete
joint at which the thinner! of the
thickness limit above which full
radiography is required in Table
UCS-57.

UW-11 (a3) all butt welds in the shell and heads of
unfired steam boilers having design pressures
exceeding 50 psi (350 kPa) [see UW-2(c)].

UW-11 (a5) all Category A and D butt welds in
vessel sections and heads where the design of the
joint or part is based on a joint efficiency permitted
by UW-12(a), ….(RT2)
Type Joint Degree of Radiographic

Full Spot None
1 A, B, C & D 1.00 0.85 0.7
2 A, B, C & D 0.90 0.80 0.65

A, B & C 0.90 0.80 0.65

UW-11 (a6) all butt welds joined by electrogas
welding with any single pass greater than 1½in.
(38 mm)

UW-11 (a6) ….. all butt welds joined by electroslag
welding;

UW-51 (a2) A written radiographic examination procedure is not
required. Demonstration of (1) density and (2) penetrameter
image requirements on production or technique radiographs shall be
considered satisfactory evidence of compliance with
Article 2 of Section V.

A written radiographic examination procedure is not required.
Demonstration of (1) density and (2) penetrameter image
requirements on production or technique radiographs shall be
Density
Penetrameter

Demonstration of (1) density and (2) penetrameter image
requirements on production or technique radiographs shall be

Demonstration of (1) density and (2) penetrameter image requirements
on production or technique radiographs shall be considered satisfactory
evidence of compliance with Article 2 of Section V.

Repaired weld
radiographic testing
substituted by UT?

• Repaired welding, at the option of the Manufacturer, ultrasonically
examined in accordance with the method described in Appendix 12
and the standards specified in this paragraph, provided;
 The defect has been confirmed by the ultrasonic examination to the

satisfaction of the Authorized Inspector prior to making the repair.
 For material thicknesses in excess of 1 in. (25 mm), the concurrence of
the user shall be obtained.
 This ultrasonic examination shall be noted under remarks on the
Manufacturer’s Data Report Form.
Repaired weld
radiographic testing
substituted by UT?

UW-51 (b)
Degree of Unacceptable imperfections
Radiographic
Examination.
Full (1) indication characterized as a crack or zone of incomplete fusion
or penetration;
(2) any other elongated indication on the radiograph which has
length greater than:
(a) ¼ in. (6 mm) for t up to ¾ in. (19 mm)
(b) ⅓ t for t from ¾ in. (19 mm) to 2 ¼ in. (57 mm)
(c) ¾ in. (19 mm) for t over 2 ¼ in. (57mm)
(3) any group of aligned indications that have an aggregate length
greater than “t” in a length of 12t, except when the distance between
the successive imperfections exceeds 6L where L is the length of
the longest imperfection in the group;
(4) rounded indications in excess of that specified by the acceptance
standards given in Appendix 4.

Unacceptable imperfections
UW-51 (b1)
UW-51 (b4)
UW-51 (b1) indication characterized as a crack or zone of incomplete fusion or

penetration;

UW-51 (b1)
UW-51 (b2)
UW-51 (b1) indication characterized as a crack or zone of incomplete fusion or

penetration;

UW-51 (b2)
UW-51 (b2) any other elongated indication on the radiograph which has length
greater than:

UW-51 (b1)
UW-51 (b2)
greater than:

greater than:

Unacceptable imperfections UW-51 (b1)
UW-51 (b3) any group of aligned indications that have an aggregate length greater
than “t” in a length of 12t, except when the distance between the successive
imperfections exceeds 6L where L is the length of the longest imperfection in the
group;
UW-51 (b2)

UW-51 (b3) any group of aligned indications that have an aggregate length greater
than “t” in a length of 12t, except when the distance between the successive
imperfections exceeds 6L where L is the length of the longest imperfection in the
group;

UW-51 (b1)
UW-51 (b4) rounded indications in excess of that specified by the acceptance
UW-51 (b4)

UW-51 (b4) rounded indications in excess of that specified by the acceptance


UW-51 (b1)
UW-51 (b2)

http://www.ndt-
ed.org/EducationResources/
CommunityCollege/Radiogr
aphy/TechCalibrations/Radi
ographInterp.htm
UW-51 (b2)
UW-51 (b2)

UW-52 SPOT EXAMINATION OF WELDED JOINTS

In-progress RT for quality improvement.
NOTE: Spot radiographing of a welded joint is recognized as an effective inspection
tool. The spot radiography rules are also considered to be an aid to quality control.
Spot radiographs made directly after a welder or an operator has completed a unit of
weld proves that the work is or is not being done in accordance with a satisfactory
procedure. If the work is unsatisfactory, corrective steps can then be taken to improve
the welding in the subsequent units, which unquestionably will improve the weld
quality.
Spot radiography doe not ensure defect

free welds.
Spot radiography in accordance with these rules will not ensure a fabrication product
of predetermined quality level throughout. It must be realized that an accepted vessel
under these spot radiography rules may still contain defects which might be disclosed
on further examination. If all radiographically disclosed weld defects must be
eliminated from a vessel, then 100% radiography must be employed.

UW-52 (b1) Minimum Extent of Spot Radiographic Examination (1) One
spot shall be examined on each vessel for each 50 ft (15 m) increment of
weld or fraction thereof for which a joint efficiency from column (b) of
Table UW-12 is selected. However, for identical vessels or parts, each
with less than 50 ft (15 m) of weld for which a joint efficiency from
column (b) of Table UW-12 is selected, 50 ft (15m) increments of weld
may be represented by one spot examination.
Table UW-12
One spot shall be
Type
number
Joint Degree of Radiographic examined on each
Categorie Examination.
s (a) Full (b) Spot None
vessel (or other
1 A, B, C & 1.00 0.85 0.7
identical vessels) for
D each 50 ft (15m)
increment of weld.
2 A, B, C & 0.90 0.80 0.65
D
A, B & C 0.90 0.80 0.65

This rule also addresses smaller, often machine welded
vessels such as small air receivers. One is picked at
random for spot radiography. If it passes, all are
approved.
One spot shall be

examined on each
vessel (or other
identical vessels) for
each 50 ft (15 m)
increment of weld.

One spot shall be examined on each vessel for each 50
ft (15 m) increment of weld.

UW-52 (b2) For each increment of weld to be examined, a sufficient
number of spot radiographs shall be taken to examine the welding of each
welder or welding operator. Under conditions where two or more welders
or welding operators make weld layers in a joint, or on the two sides of a
double-welded butt joint, one spot may represent the work of all welders
or welding operators.

a sufficient number of spot
radiographs shall be taken to
examine the welding of each welder
or welding operator.

Welder-C
Welder-B
Welder-A
Under conditions where two or
more welders or welding
operators make weld layers in a
joint, or on the two sides of a
double-welded butt joint, one
spot may represent the work of
all welders or welding operators.

Every welder in a given 50’ increment must have his work
radiographed. It can be a individual radiographed or a group
picture. Here “welder A” was radiographed alone and
welders B & C’s work was examined on the same radiograph.
Welder-A

UW-52 (b3) Each spot examination shall be made as soon as
practicable after completion of the increment of weld to be
examined. The location of the spot shall be chosen by the Inspector
after completion of the increment of welding to be examined, except
that when the Inspector has been notified in advance and cannot be
present or otherwise make the selection, the Manufacturer may
exercise his own judgment in selecting the spots.

The idea of this rule is that each 50’ increment is to be
a hold point for approval; the next increment is not to
be started until the previous one has been accepted. The
drawing below is the simplest case; you will not see this
often.
UW-52 (c) L=6” min.

UW-52 (b4) Radiographs required at specific locations to satisfy the
rules of other paragraphs, such as UW-9(d), UW-11(a)(5)(b), and UW-
14(b), shall not be used to satisfy the requirements for spot radiography.
UW-9 DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS

(d) Except when the longitudinal joints are radiographed 4 in. (100 mm)
each side of each circumferential welded intersection, vessels made up of
two or more courses shall have the centers of the welded longitudinal
joints of adjacent courses staggered or separated by a distance of at least
five times the thickness of the thicker plate.
4 in 4 in
five times the thickness of the thicker plate

UW-11 (a5b) Category B or C butt welds [but not including those in

nozzles or communicating chambers except as required in (2) above]
which intersect the Category A butt welds in vessel sections or heads or
connect seamless vessel sections or heads shall, as a minimum, meet the
requirements for spot radiography in accordance with UW-52. Spot
radiographs required by this paragraph shall not be used to satisfy the
spot radiography rules as applied to any other weld increment.

UW-14 OPENINGS IN OR ADJACENT TO WELDS

UW-14(b) Single openings meeting the requirements given in UG-
36(c)(3) may be located in head-to-shell or Category B or C butt
welded joints, provided the weld meets the radiographic
requirements in UW-51 for a length equal to three times the
diameter of the opening with the center of the hole at mid-length.
Defects that are completely removed in cutting the hole shall not be
considered in judging the acceptability of the weld.
Length equal to three times the

diameter of the opening with
the center of the hole at mid-
length.

UW-52(c) Standards for Spot Radiographic Examination. Spot
examination by radiography shall be made in accordance with the
technique prescribed in UW-51(a). The minimum length of spot
radiograph shall be 6 in. Spot radiographs may be retained or be
discarded by the Manufacturer after acceptance of the vessel by the
Inspector. The acceptability of welds examined by spot radiography shall
be judged by the following standards:

UW-52 (c) Standards for Spot Radiographic Examination. Spot
examination by radiography shall be made in accordance with the
technique prescribed in UW-51(a). The minimum length of spot
radiograph shall be 6 in. Spot radiographs may be retained or be
discarded by the Manufacturer after acceptance of the vessel by the
Inspector.
discarded
Spot radiographic examination films
discard after acceptance by the Inspector

UW-52 (c) Standards for Spot Radiographic Examination. Spot examination by radiography shall
The minimum
be made in accordance with the technique prescribed in UW-51(a).
length of spot radiograph shall be 6 in. Spot radiographs may

be retained or be discarded by the Manufacturer after acceptance of the vessel by the Inspector.

Spot radiographs may be retained or be discarded
by the Manufacturer after acceptance of the vessel
by the Inspector.

UW-52 (c)
Degree of RT Unacceptable imperfections
Spot 1. indication characterized as a crack or zone of incomplete fusion or

penetration.
2. Welds having indications characterized as slag inclusions or cavities
are unacceptable when;
a. the indication length exceeds 2/3 t, where t is defined as shown in
UW-51(b)(2).
b. For all thicknesses, indications less than ¼ in. (6 mm) are acceptable,
and indications greater than ¾ in. (19 mm) are unacceptable.
c. Multiple aligned indications meeting these acceptance criteria are
acceptable when the sum of their longest dimensions indications does
not exceed t within a length of 6t (or proportionally for radiographs
shorter than 6t), and when the longest length L for each indication is
separated by a distance not less than 3L from adjacent indications.
(3) Rounded indications are not a factor in the acceptability of welds not
required to be fully radiographed.

UW-51 (b2)
t = the thickness of the weld excluding
any allowable reinforcement. For a butt
weld joining two members having
different thicknesses at the weld, t is the
thinner of these two thicknesses. If a full
penetration weld includes a fillet weld,
the thickness of the throat of the fillet
shall be included in t.

UW-52(d) Evaluation and Retests
Spot RT unacceptable, 2 additional

spots in the same increment
Spot RT
acceptable
Both Spot RT Any of the Spot

acceptable RT unacceptable
the entire weld increment represented the entire weld increment represented by
the radiographic testing is acceptable the three radiographs is unacceptable

UW-52(d2b) If either of the two additional spots examined shows

welding which does not comply with the minimum quality
requirements of (c)(1) or (c)(2) above, the entire increment of weld
represented shall be rejected.
1. The entire rejected weld shall be removed and the joint shall be re-
welded or, at the fabricator’s option,
2. the entire increment of weld represented shall be completely
radiographed and only defects need be corrected.
UW-52(d2c) Repair welding shall be performed using a qualified

procedure and in a manner acceptable to the Inspector. The rewelded
joint, or the weld repaired areas, shall be spot radiographically
examined at one location in accordance with the foregoing
requirements of UW-52.
UW-52(d a) If the two

additional spots examined
show welding which meets the
minimum quality requirements
of (c)(1) and (c)(2) above, the
entire weld increment
represented by the three
radiographs is acceptable
provided the defects disclosed
by the first of the three
radiographs are removed and
the area repaired by welding.
The weld repaired area shall be
radiographically examined in
accordance with the foregoing
requirements of UW-52.

(1)全部拍片,修
复或 (2)全部清
除,重焊,再次执
行抽样拍片
UW-52(d2c)


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SUBSECTION B

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong Sub-B

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW

Service limitations? UW-2

How ASME-UW works: Joint efficiencies, E

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW

• The amount of NDE carried out on the

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-02

(a) Vessels for lethal service (containing a lethal substance).

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-02

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-02

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-02

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-03

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-03

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-03

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-03

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-03

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-03

Critical Circumferential weld:

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-03

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-03

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-03

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-03

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-09

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-09

t2 ∆t > 1/8 in.

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-09

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-09

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-09

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-09

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-11

RT1, RT2, RT3 and RT4

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-11

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-11

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-11

RT2- categories B and C which intersect Category “A”

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-11

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-11

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-11

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-11

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-11

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-11

• NPS 10 (DN 250) nor

do not require any radiographic

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-11

UW-11(a5b) Category B or C butt welds [but not including those in nozzles or

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-11

This means that even though P-

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-11

• however, except as required by UHT-57(a), Categories B and C butt welds in

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-11

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-11

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-11

• Categories B and C butt welds in nozzles and communicating

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-11

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-11

Joint Joint Degree of Radiographic

2 A, B, C & D 0.90 0.80 0.65

Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong UW-11

(a)Category A and B welds connecting the vessel sections or heads shall