An Introduction to

Cast Stainless Steels &

Duplex Stainless Steels
Dr G Balachandran

Visiting Professor,
Indian Institute of Technology
Madras, Chennai – 600 036
gbalu12@gmail.com

Former,
Chief Technology Officer
Kalyani Carpenter Special Steels Ltd.,
Mundhwa, Pune – 411 036.
Martensitic & Ferritic Grades
13Cr-0.5Ni-1Mo-V 420F 17Cr-2Mo-0.2S 446 Duplex Stainless
13Cr-0.25S 26Cr

Increased C Increased Cr content

Alloyed with Mo, V Increased Ni content
For oxidation resistance Better toughness
increased high High S-content for
temperature strength better machinability

Decreased Cr content and 430

MARTENSITIC 410 FERRITIC
increased C for hardenability
(13%Cr) & carbide strengthening
(17%Cr)

Increased Ni for Increased C for Increased Cr content Increased Mo for

better toughness High strength for better corrosion better corrosion resistance
resistance Increased
Ni for toughness
FERRITIC 420R
MARTENSITIC 439
13Cr-0.12C 18Cr-2Mo

13Cr-5Ni 431 Low C content &

420L 17Cr-Ni Stabilisation to improve
13Cr-0.2C toughness & weldability
Increased Cr & Mo
For better corrosion resistance
Low Carbon for weld 444
properties 18Cr-2Mo-Ti
420
16Cr-5Ni-1Mo 13Cr-0.3C
Duplex & Austenitic Grades
DUPLEX 253 MA 310H 17-12-2.5+0.2S
2304 21-11-Ce 25-20-Si
FERRITIC 303
Cr for increased Ni for
Increased Mo 18-9+0.2S
Oxidation resistance
For better corrosion
resistance Decreased Ni for
Increased Cr, Ni &Si High S for machinability
better corrosion
2205 for Oxidation resistance
Resistance to SCC
22-5-3 & higher strength Oxidation
Cold work to
Increased Mo &N Increase strength
for better corrosion resistance AUSTENITIC 304 301
18-9 17-7
2207 Intergranular
25-7-4 Corrosion, General Corrosion,
pitting & Crevice Strength
corrosion resistance
Ti & Nb for better Low C for better
Weld properties Increased N for
Weld properties
316 higher Strength
347 321 17-11-2
18-10-Nb 18-10-Ti 304L 304LN
18-10L 316 High Mo 18-10-N
17-12-2.5
316Ti 316LN
17-11-2Ti 17-12-2.5LN
317L 904L 254 SMO 654 SMO
18-13-3L 20-25-4.5L 20-18-6LN 24-22-7.3LN
Cr-Ni-Mo
Detrimental phases in
Stainless Steels
Detrimental Phases
Detrimental Phases
Temperature Regime -Detrimental Phases

All stainless steels are affected by

- detrimental phases
- formed at certain temperature regimes

Care required during

- heat treatment
- high temperature service
Role of Chromium carbide in Stainless Steel
M23C6 carbides form on grain boundaries, dislocations
Region close to grain boundary are depleted in Cr and C.
When Cr <10% depletion
corrosion resistance is lost
To prevent M23C6 from forming
add strong carbide former Ti, Nb

Cr23C6

Cr depleted
Region
Cr<10.5%
Sensitised HAZ
Grain boundary Cr23C6
Strategies to Minimize damages due to
Sensitization

1. Re-solution treatment:
reheated steel to 950–1100◦C to dissolve Cr23C6 & rapid cool

2. Reduction of Carbon Content: <0.03wt% or L grade steels

- Modern steel-making methods involving oxygen lancing
- at 0.02% C complete immunity from intergranular corrosion in 18/8 steels

3. Control of M23C6 kinetics:

- Mo addition lengthens sensitization time
- Ni addition has an adverse effect
- Increasing Cr has beneficial effect

4. Use of strong carbide-forming elements:

- Nb,Ti addition form trans granular carbides & scavenge C
- Less chances of Cr23C6
Detrimental Phases
Annealed 300 min σ- phase

Annealed 100 min ζ Chi phase

Steel
24.5Cr-3.54Mo-3.90Ni
-0.17Nb-0.32Al
Annealed at 850oC
Detrimental phases in Duplex SS

Sigma Phase in duplex stainless steel

Grain boundary carbides

in duplex stainless steel
Detrimental phases in Duplex SS
475oC embrittlement

Complete Cleavage facets

Detrimental Phases in Fe-Cr-Mo steels
Detrimental Phases

Embrittlement
- 475oC spinodal
- sigma
Detrimental Phases

Embrittlement
- 475oC spinodal
- sigma, Laves, Chi, G
- M23C6
Behaviour of Martensitic Stainless Steels
Stainless Steel Characteristics
CCT Diagram - 410

Through Air hardening

Martensitic SS Grades & Hardness
Effect of Tempering Temp- Martensitic SS
Sec hardening

Carbides formed:
M3C
M7C3 [sec hardening]
M23C6 [ grain boundaries]
W promotes M23C6
V stabilizes M7C3

0.2% PS = 710 + 772 (C + 2N) N/mm2

Effect of Mo & V in Martensitic
Stainless Steel

Carbides formed:
M3C
M7C3 [sec hardening]
M23C6 [ grain boundaries]
W promotes M23C6
V stabilizes M7C3
Mo can promote Mo2C
Tempering of Martensitic
Stainless Steel
T, oC C N (C+N) (12 to 17)% Cr- (0.1 to 1.2)%C –(0.1 to 0.3)%N

100 domains 700

200 ε-(Fe,Cr)2C ε-(Fe,Cr)2N Very fine 650
ε-(Fe,Cr)2C 600
ε-(Fe,Cr)2N

(HV-30)
550

Hardness (HV
500
300 Growth Grows & Growth
transform 450
to ζ- 400
(Fe,Cr)2N Carbon alone
350 Nitrogen alone
400 Growth Growth cubic- 300 Carbon + Nitrogen
(Fe,Cr)2N &
250
Orthorhombi 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
c (Fe,Cr)3C
Tempering temperature (oC)
550 Coarsen Coarsen Growth

600 to Cemetite+ Lamellar Cementite+

(Cr,Fe)2N & Cr7C3  Nitrogen Alloying to martensitics
650 (Fe,Cr)7C3
 Lath martensite
Age further Some NbV(CN)
globular
 Tougher than C-martensite
(Fe,Cr)23C6 CrV(CN)
 Secondary hardening & tougher
(Cr,Fe)2N
 Ultra High Strength Possible
Effect of Carbon on Martensitic SS

Based on Allgheny Ludlum data sheet

Room Temperature Impact Properties
Martensitic Stainless Steels

• Martenistic stainless steels exhibit DBTT

• High Nitrogen austenitic stainless steels exhibit DBTT
• Conventional austenitic stainless steels do not show DBTT
• Nitrogen alloyed austenitic grade o exhibit DBTT
Elevated Temperature Strength

Elevated temperature strength

Martensitic > Duplex > Ferritic >Austenitic
High Temperature Tensile Properties
Martenstic Stainless Steels

• In martensitic grades [410]

Strength sharply drop with
temperature
Corresponding ductility increases
• In austenitic grades
Strength value decrease dominant
between 600 to 800oC
Correspondingly ductility improves
Creep Rupture Properties

410 430 321 316 304 F91

• Austenitic grades exhibit superior stress rupture strength than martensitic [410] & ferritic [430]
Creep Rupture Properties of Martensitics

Cr23 C6
Coarse NbX
Fine NbX
Fine VX

Initial Microstructure :
 High dislocation density along lath & grain boundaries
 Sub grain hardening
 Carbide delay sub grain migration
 Carbide size differences
Service Microstructure that give improved creep strength & life :
 Martensite lath widening
 Disappearance of prior austenite grain boundaries [ Laves dissolves M23C6 ]
 Formation of sub grains
 Coarsening of precipitates
 Formation of Laves & Z phases
Stainless Steel Castings
Stainless Steel Castings

Principal Applications:

Materials for chemical-processing

involving corrosion service in aqueous

Materials for power generating equipment

liquid-vapor environments at <315 °C

Special services at temperatures to 650 °C

Stainless Steel Castings Vs Wrought
They have equivalent corrosion resistance to their wrought equivalents

They can become less corrosion resistant due to

- localized contamination
- mold quality affects surface composition
- C pick up ; reaction at surface with mold release agent
- microsegregation
- Thicker the casting coarser the dendrites

- lack of homogeneity

- Heat treatment & weld performance are affected

The inclusions in cast stainless steel appear differently to wrought

Gas levels in steel castings can be higher

Solidification Regimes in Stainless Steels
Solidification Considerations
Creq = Cr + 1⋅⋅37Mo + 1⋅⋅5Si + 2Nb + 3Ti,
Nieq = Ni + 0⋅⋅31Mn + 22C + 14⋅⋅2N + Cu.
FP = 5⋅⋅26 (0⋅⋅74 – Nieq/Creq).
Ingot Casting of Steel

High C martensitic
Stainless steels can show
defects such as this
Continuously Cast Steel
Continuously Cast Steel
Stainless Steel Microstructures

Fe–17.93Cr–8.76Ni–0.76Mn–0.55Si–
0.048C–0.031P–0.013S (wt.%)
Stainless Steel Microstructures
The Dendritic Growth
The Dendritic Growth

Iso Concentration Diagram

As-Solidified
Stainless Steel Microstructures
Stainless Steel Microstructures
Stainless Steel Microstructures
Stainless Steel Microstructures
Solidification Considerations
Grade Specific Concast Parameters
Solidification Solidification Phenomenon Remedy
Range/Grade Regime
< 0⋅⋅04% C; δ-mode, δ is Solidifying shell & strand have very low Lower mould taper (~
high Si ; present up to creep strength; Tendency for sticking in 0⋅⋅7%); High intensity
Ferritic or 100–250°C mould & bulging of strand is very high. mould and secondary
Martensitic below actual Cast slab in very prone to inter- cooling ; Basicity of mould
Stainless solidification columnar cracks, [surfaces during powder < 1 for a glassy
Steel grades temperature subsequent rolling] slag for better lubrication
0⋅⋅08% – δ- mode, δ
γ Solidifying shell is thick with high creep mould taper should be
0⋅⋅14% C & at actual strength; High shrinkage tendency; high (>0⋅⋅9–1⋅⋅0%). Mould
austenitic solidification Formation of depression along with heat transfer should be
stainless temperature. cracks on surface and at subsurface, lower using powder with
(AISI-304) deep oscillation mark; Coarse γ grains basicity > 1 to increase
grades give intergranular embrittlement at thickness of crystalline
1000–1100°C rolled product; slag layer in mould.
Depression, subsurface crack & deep
oscillation mark in cast slab leads to
lamination & surface defects in rolled
product
 Grade Specific Concast Parameters
Solidification Solidification Phenomenon Remedy
Range/Grade Regime
> 0⋅⋅25% C solidification – mode with high shrinkage Large mould taper (0⋅⋅9–1⋅⋅0)%
and AISI-310 predominantly – tendency for micro-segregation minimum P & S, High Mn/S
stainless through γ is high resulting in deep mushy ratio; High intensity of
grades zone and thin shell secondary cooling at the upper
– tendency for strand bulging is segments & smaller dia rolls
high, resulting in inter-columnar with low pitch useful in
crack minimising bulging. Central
- centreline crack and macro- crack and macrosegregation
segregation minimised through low
superheat, soft reduction, low
casting speed, and thermal
reduction
Chemistry Optimisation in Concast
Utilised to change solidification mode
- alter relative proportion of δ & γ subsequent to solidification or
- restrict the extent of micro-segregation

The relative proportions of δ and γ during and subsequent to solidification of the stainless steels

AISI-430 solidifies through δ-mode, and the δ → γ transformation starts

- 300°C below Tsolidus normal chemistry
- Increase in Nieq/Creq from 0⋅⋅17 to 0⋅⋅22 effected δ
γ in the strand during
cooling subsequent to solidification
- Controlled coarsening of δ grains & enhanced shell strength
prevents inter columnar cracking of slab
Chemistry Optimisation in Concast
AISI-304 grade solidifies through γ-solidification
by keep the ratio Nieq/Creq below 0⋅⋅55
Decrease the ratio from 0.58 to 0.54 & with increase in mould taper has
restricted formation of longitudinal depression in concast slabs [AISI-304]
Considerable improvement in surface quality

AISI-310
Solidifies entirely through γ mode
Microsegregation is expected to be severe
Wide mushy zone with uneven and shallow thickness of shell
generates intercolumnar cracks, resulting in surface tears during hot rolling
Decrease in (P + S) from 0⋅⋅06 to 0⋅⋅04%
Lowering of Nieq/Creq from 0⋅⋅9 to 0⋅⋅77 have eliminated this problem
Stainless Steel Conventional Castings
Stainless Steel Conventional Castings
Stainless Steel Conventional Castings
Stainless Steel Conventional Castings
Stainless Steel Investment Castings

Wax Pattern Assembly Investing Stuccoing Dewaxing

Firing Pouring Knockout Finishing Inspection

Stainless Steel Conventional Castings
Stainless Steel Conventional Castings
Stainless Steel Conventional Castings
Stainless Steel Compared with
Conventional Steel
Stainless Steel Precision Investment
Casting

Investment cast 17-4PH fan exit case (96 kg)

Air craft fuel sensor strut 17-4PH

ESR Furnaces
The Process:
Resistive melting through slag
Layer wise melting enables refining with slag
Controlled solidification
-small melt pool in water cooled Cu crucible
Absence of macro-inclusion & macrosegregation
Excellent surface
Minimised micro segregation

Typical power consumed 1400 to 1650 kWh/t

AC power input 20 to 70V

Current is a function of ingot diameter

ESR Slags: (50/80)%CaF2-(15/40)%CaO-(15/30)%Al2O3
Maintenance of electrode melting & pool shape
 Vacuum Arc Remelting
A Arc Zone
B Water Jacket
C High Velocity Guide
F
D Water In
E Water Out
-
F Electrode
G Crucible A
H Ingot
E
Advantages:
Refining of molten metal droplets in vacuum
- Excellent removal of gases (N, H, O) B H
- Good inclusion removal by flotation
- Absence of macro inclusions C
Controlled solidification of the molten metal
Martensitic grade
avoids macro segregation G

Disadvantages:
- Freckles, Tree rings D
Stainless Steel Fluidity
Stainless Steel Foundry Aspects
Stainless steel C<0.3%
- Resin- bonded shell moulds causes carbon pick up

Stainless steel [Cr & Mo rich melts of super duplex type]

- form high m. pt. dry solid oxide crust on surface
- thicker casting cause this
- clusters near ingate or under cope
- radiography detects dispersed microshrinkage porosity
- loose grain effect under microscope
- For small casting in-fate design can prevent

From liquid steel it is difficult to nucleate austenite grains [γγ]

Grain refinement of austenitic stainless steels from melt is a challenge
CaCN2 was useful, but N -content has to be raised to 0.3 % for 18/8 steel

Steel 18Cr-10Ni-3Mo->0.08N stainless steel

- Modest grain size improvement

Ti additions in ferritic steels can refine grains & also 17-4 PH

Stainless Steel Foundry Aspects
Presence of Si affects rate of N pick up in molten stainless steel
- SiO2 film in preference to Cr-O film

Stainless steels that solidified to delta-iron

- were insensitive to the impurities As, Bi, Pb, Sn, P and Cu

Stainless steel solidified to gamma-iron

suffered serious loss of hot ductility
due to S and P embrittlement of gamma-iron

Resistance to embrittlement was provided by a mixture of gamma- and delta-irons.

Inclusion in cast steel

Sulphides – type-I, II & III depending on degree of deoxidation
Stainless Steel Cast MnS Inclusions
Stainless steel Solidification
Jacobi Micro-segregation
2.5
300 Low
1C-5Cr alloy
steel
250
0.7C-13Cr
Solidification range

20
200
Ts)oC

%Cr
1C-0.5Cr
(TL-T

150 1C

0.3C-13Cr 0.1C-5Cr 1.5

100 5%Cr
0.2C
50
13%Cr

0 1.0
0.1 0.5 2.0 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.0
Cooling rate, oC
%C
Microsegregation effects are lower in low C stainless steels irrespective of cooling rate
Stainless Steel Solidification
Jacobi

Microsegregation effects are lower in low C stainless steels irrespective of cooling rate
Stainless Steel Solidification

Microsegregation effects are lower in low C stainless steels

Stainless Steel Castings

 Cr > 10.5%
 Castings for use in
- aqueous environment < 650o C
- heat resistance applications > 650o C
Typical usage of casting 480 to 650o C

 Major difference between cast & wrought

- Cast will have higher ferrite in the matrix of austenitic steel castings

 Presence of ferrite
- good for improved strength, weldability, SCC
- Si up to 1.5% improves melt fluidity & oxidation resistance in castings
- Local composition difference give intermetallics, carbides etc.
Designation of Stainless Steel Castings
First Letter:
C => Used primarily for corrosive service
H=> Used primarily for high temperature service ( > 649°C).
Second letter:
Ni & Cr contents of the alloy grade [FeCrNi ternary diagram] (ASTM A 781)

Single or Double digit number: Max Carbon (% x 100)

For H This number is midpoint of %C in units of 0.01 ± 0.05% limit

Next Few Letters:

Other alloying elements if present

Example: Grade CF8M

C => Corrosion resistance application (C)
F => 17-21 % Cr & 8 to 12% Ni
8 => 8/100 = 0.08% C max
M => Molybdenum (M)
Grade HD
Heat resistance application (H)
26 to 30% Cr & 4 to 7% Ni (D)
Stainless Steel Designation

Martensitic SS Castings
Stainless Steel Designation

Austenitic SS Castings
Stainless Steel Designation

Duplex SS Castings
Stainless Steel Casting Microstructure
Stainless Steel Casting Microstructure
Solidification Sequence in Duplex SS
Why are blow holes appearing in some ingots?

E
Stainless Steel Casting Strength

Duplex SS Castings have good strength & ductility

Stainless Steel Casting Mech Prop

Austenitic Castings have excellent toughness

Stainless Steel Casting Mech Prop

Martensitic SS Castings have higher Strength but lower ductility

Stainless Steel Casting Strength
Stainless Steel Casting Ferrite Content & Strength
Stainless Steel Casting High Temp Prop
Stainless Steel Casting Impact Toughness

Austenitics have good toughness low strength

Stainless Steel Casting Ferrite Content

Stress required increases with ferrite content

Stainless Steel Casting Ferrite Content &
Impact Toughness

Impact toughness fall with ferrite content

Stainless Steel Casting Ferrite Content &
Mechanical Property

Strength increases with ferrite content

Ductility falls
PH Stainless Steel Casting

Good age hardening and strength increase observed

Ductility is lower than wrought steel
PH Stainless Steel Casting

Good age hardening and strength increase observed

Ductility is lower than wrought steel
Stainless Steel Casting High Temp Strength

Good high temp strength observed in castings

Stainless Steel Casting Elevated Temp Prop

Good high temp strength

& ductility observed in castings
Effects of time at elevated temperature on
the tensile properties of static and
centrifugal CF-8 alloy castings. Parts had a
ferrite number of 9 to 11 and contained
0.081% N
Stainless Steel Casting Heat Treatment
Stainless Steel Casting Heat Treatment
Stainless Steel Casting Homogenisation

Alloy segregation and dendritic structures occur in castings

It is pronounced in heavy sections

Homogenise at >1095oC
chemical composition and microstructure

Full annealing of martensitic castings results in

recrystallization & maximum softness
Less effective than homogenization in eliminating segregation.

Homogenization is a common procedure in the

heat treatment of precipitation-hardening castings.
Stainless Steel Ferritic & Austentic Castings
Heat treatment

Ferritic and Austenitic Alloys & mixed ferritic-austenitic alloys

- Not hardenable by heat treatment

Heat treated to improve corrosion resistance & machining

- Ferritic alloys CB-30 & CC-50 stress relief annealed at > 790 °C

Austenitic alloys
- maximum resistance to intergranular corrosion by solution annealing

As-cast structures, or castings exposed to 425 to 870 °C

- complex chromium carbides along grain boundaries
- sensitisiation in oxidizing solutions

Partially ferritic alloys, carbides precipitate in discontinuous ferrite pools

- less susceptible to intergranular attack

Solution annealing ensure complete solution of carbides in the matrix in solid solution
- ~ 1095 °C , hold for sufficient time for carbide solution
- quench at a rate fast enough to prevent reprecipitation of carbides
-- avoid slow cooling through 870 to 540 °C
Stainless Steel Casting Heat Treatment

CF-8C
- Nb containing steel
- A two-step heat-treating procedure
- Solution annealing
- stabilizing treatment at 870 to 925 °C to precipitate NbC
- Prevents formation of the damaging chromium carbides,
- Provides maximum resistance to intergranular attack.

CF-3 & CF-3M

- Very low carbon contents,
- as-cast do not have enough chromium carbides to cause intergranular attack
- Preferred in some environments in this condition
- For maximum corrosion resistance solution annealing is also done
Stainless Steel Martensitic Casting Heat Treatment

CA-6NM
Hardening:
- Normally supplied in the noralised & tempered 620oC condition
- air or oil hardened from a temperature of 1010 to 1065 °C
- Addition of Mo & Ni complete hardening without retained austenite
- Cooling medium is a function of section size
- for section sizes >125 mm (5 in.) air hardened.
- Not susceptible to cracking during cooling from elevated temperatures

Tempering
Tempering above 620 °C forms Reaustenitizing
Cooling from this condition will form martensite
- adversely affect both ductility & toughness through
Impact toughness decrease from 370 to 595 °C
Best combination of strength & toughness when tempered above 510 °C
Lesser degree of tempering will lower toughness & ductility
Addition of Mo to 12% Cr makes them unusually stable thermally
Not susceptible to embrittlement in annealed or annealed + cold-worked conditions
When exposed for long periods of time at 370 to 480 °C
Stainless Steel Martensitic Casting Heat Treatment

CA-15
Hardening procedures for CA-15 castings similar to those for wrought alloy (type 410)
Austenitizing consists of heating to 955 to 1010 °C & soaking for at least 30 min
High side of this temperature range is normally employed
Cooled in air or quenched in oil
To reduce cracking tendency tempering done immediately after quenching

Tempering done in ranges:

up to 370 °C for maximum strength & Corrosion resistance
from 595 to 760 °C for improved ductility at lower strength levels
from 370 to 595 °C to be avoided due to low impact strength

CA-40
Hardened & tempered
Higher tensile strength & lower ductility than CA-15 tempered at the same temperature

Both CA-15 & CA 40 can be annealed by cooling slowly from the range 845 to 900 °C
Stainless Steel Physical Properties
Stainless Steel Casting Physical Properties
Stainless Steel Casting Iso corrosion Diagram
Duplex Stainless Steels
Advantages of Duplex Stainless Steels
• Higher strength leading to weight saving
- Twice design strength of austenitic and ferritic stainless steels

• Greater corrosion resistance particularly stress corrosion cracking

• Better price stability

• Lower price

• Wide range of corrosion resistance to match application

• Good toughness down to -80o C but not genuine cryogenic applications

• Weldable with care in thick sections

• More difficult to form and machine than austenitics

• Restricted to 300 oC maximum

Behaviour of Duplex Stainless Steels
Chemical composition
balanced to give equal mixture of ferrite and austenite

Higher strength
Range of 0.2% PS for the current duplex grades [400 – 550 MPa]
Reduced section thicknesses & weight.

Applications
o Pressure Vessels and Storage Tanks
o Structural Applications e.g. bridges
• Weldability
- Good in thick sections
– Not as straightforward as austenitics but much better than ferritics

•Toughness
-Much better than ferritics especially at low temperature (-50oC to - 80oC)
•Stress corrosion cracking resistance
– better than austenitic steels
o Hot water tanks
o Brewing tanks
o Process plant
o Swimming pool structures
Application of Duplex Stainless Steel
Applications
Applications
Applications
Applications
Application
Micro structures
Microstructures Duplex SS
Microstructures Duplex SS

50% Ferrite + Austenite

Alloy Design of Duplex Stainless Steels
Lean Duplex:
2304 :0.05-4Ni-0.6Mo
(50%α+50%γ) Duplex:
2205 : 22 Cr-5Ni- 3Mo-0.16 N]
25Cr duplex
Super Duplex
Alloy 255 [25Cr-5Ni-3Mo-0.2N]
DP-3W[25Cr-7Ni-3Mo-2W-0.25N];
2507 [25Cr-7Ni-4Mo-0.25N]
UR52N+[25Cr-7Ni-4Mo-0.3N-2Cu]

High Mn Duplex SS
Ni-Containing Steels
(22-25)Cr-(5-7)Ni-(2-6)Mn-(0.2-0.4)N
α/γ >1 for Cr,Mn
α/γ <1 for Ni, Mn, N
M2N, MN, intermetallic σ,χ, R
475oC embrittlement
DBTT=-50oC; PREN=35 to 39
Ni-Free Steels
(20-26)Cr-(10-19)Mn -(0.35-0.6)N
Saves Nickel; Strain hardens rapidly
 Higher strength [ UTS ~750MPa] than austenitics & Tougher than ferritics
 A balance of ferrite and austenite had better resistance to chloride SCC than austenitics
 Superior corrosion resistance in 2205 than AISI 304, 316 &317 ;
 Superior pitting corrosion resistance by Mo, W & N; resistance against sulphide SCC;
Phase Diagram

N alloying enhances the

α+γγ)duplex steel range
(α
To higher temp regime
Phase Transformation in Duplex
Stainless Steels
Composition
Grade EN No/UNS Type Approx Composition
Cr Ni Mo N Mn W Cu
1.4162/
2101 LDX Lean 21.5 1.5 0.3 0.22 5 - -
S32101
DX2202 1.4062/ S32202 Lean 23 2.5 0.3 0.2 1.5 - -

RDN 903 1.4482/ S32001 Lean 20 1.8 0.2 0.11 4.2 - -

2304 1.4362/ S32304 Lean 23 4.8 0.3 0.10 - - -

2205 1.4462/ S31803/S32205 Standard 22 5.7 3.1 0.17 - - -

2507 1.4410/ S32750 Super 25 7 4 0.27 - - -

Zeron 100 1.4501/ S32760 Super 25 7 3.2 0.25 - 0.7 0.7

Ferrinox 255/
1.4507/ S32520/S32550 Super 25 6.5 3.5 0.25 - - 1.5
Uranus 2507Cu
Composition

Cast
Duplex
Stainless
Steels
Composition Cast Duplex Stainless Steels
Composition
Grade & Microstructures
Grade EN No/UNS Type Typical PREN
430 1.4016/ S43000 Ferritic 18
304 1.4301/ S30400 Austenitic 19
441 1.4509/ S43932 Ferritic 19
RDN 903 1.4482/ S32001 Duplex 22
316 1.4401/S31600 Austenitic 24
444 1.4521/ S44400 Ferritic 24
316L 2.5 Mo 1.4435 Austenitic 26
2101 LDX 1.4162/ S32101 Duplex 26
2304 1.4362/ S32304 Duplex 26
DX2202 1.4062/ S32202 Duplex 27
904L 1.4539/ N08904 Austenitic 34
2205 1.4462/ S31803/ S32205 Duplex 35
Zeron 100 1.4501/ S32760 Duplex 41
Ferrinox 255/
1.4507/ S32520/ S32550 Duplex 41
Uranus 2507Cu
2507 1.4410/ S32750 Duplex 43
6% Mo 1.4547/ S31254 Austenitic 44

PREN = %Cr + 3.3 x %Mo + 16 x %N

Detrimental Phases in Duplex SS
Detrimental Phases in Duplex SS
Detrimental Phases
Detrimental Phases
Hot Forming Regime
Hot Forging & Heat Treatment
Hot Forging & Heat Treatment
Thin film of sigma phase
Precipitations at boundaries

Cr2N
Fine micro structure
& Coarse microstructure at interior
Hot Forging & Heat Treatment
Solution Annealing Temperature
Stress Corrosion Cracking
SCC is a form of corrosion which occurs with a particular combination of factors:
Tensile stress
Corrosive environment
Sufficiently high temperature. [Normally 50oC but can may occur at 25oC in
specific environments, notably swimming pools]

Standard austenitic steels like 304 (1.4301) & 316 (1.4401) are most susceptible to SCC

The following materials are much less prone to SCC:

Ferritic stainless steels
Duplex stainless steels
High nickel austenitic stainless steels

The resistance to SCC makes duplex steels suitable materials for many processes which
operate at higher temperatures, notably:
• Hot water boilers
• Brewing tanks
• Desalination
Upper Limits of Service
Mechanical Properties
Ductility
Spring Back in Forming
Effect of Cold Working
Physical Properties
Elevated Temp Physical Properties
Elevated Temp Physical Properties
Physical
Properties
Bending Force in Forming
Machinability
Machinability
Corrosion in Aerated Solution
Corrosion in Boiling Acetic Acid
Corrosion Resistance of Duplex SS
Critical Temperature of Corrosion
Stress Corrosion Cracking

904L austenitic
22Cr-25Ni -1 Cu-4.5 Mo- 0.03C

2507
26Cr-7Ni- 4 Mo- 0.3N-0.03C
Stress Corrosion Cracking
SCC in Sulphide Environment
Cyclic Properties
Weld Microstructure
Weld Consumables
Conclusion

A review was made on

Martensitic steels
Stainless steels casting
Duplex Stainless Steels