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SEPARATION OF VARIABLES
Graham S McDonald
● Table of contents
● Begin Tutorial
c 2004 g.s.mcdonald@salford.ac.uk
Table of contents
1. Theory
2. Exercises
3. Answers
4. Standard integrals
5. Tips on using solutions
Full worked solutions
Section 1: Theory 3
1. Theory
If one can re-arrange an ordinary differential equation into the follow-
ing standard form:
dy
= f (x)g(y),
dx
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Section 2: Exercises 4
2. Exercises
Click on Exercise links for full worked solutions (there are 16 exer-
cises in total)
Exercise 1.
dy
Find the general solution of = 3x2 e−y and the particular solution
dx
that satisfies the condition y(0) = 1
Exercise 2.
dy y
Find the general solution of =
dx x
Exercise 3.
dy y+1
Solve the equation = given the boundary condition: y = 1
dx x−1
at x = 0
Exercise 4.
dy
Solve y 2 = x and find the particular solution when y(0) = 1
dx
Exercise 5.
dy
Find the solution of = e2x+y that has y = 0 when x = 0
dx
Exercise 6.
xy dy
Find the general solution of =
x+1 dx
Exercise 7.
dy
Find the general solution of x sin2 y. = (x + 1)2
dx
Exercise 8.
dy π
Solve = −2x tan y subject to the condition: y = 2 when x = 0
dx
Exercise 9.
dy
Solve (1 + x2 ) + xy = 0
dx
and find the particular solution when y(0) = 2
Exercise 10.
dy
Solve x = y 2 + 1 and find the particular solution when y(1) = 1
dx
Exercise 11.
dy
Find the general solution of x = y2 − 1
dx
Exercise 12.
1 dy x
Find the general solution of = 2
y dx x +1
Exercise 13.
dy y
Solve = and find the particular solution when y(1) = 3
dx x(x + 1)
Exercise 14.
dy
Find the general solution of sec x · = sec2 y
dx
Exercise 15.
dy
Find the general solution of cosec3 x = cos2 y
dx
Exercise 16.
dy
Find the general solution of (1 − x2 ) + x(y − a) = 0 , where a is
dx
a constant
3. Answers
2. General solution is y = kx ,
1 2x
5. General solution is y = − ln − 2 e − C , and particular
2x
solution is y = − ln 3−e
2 ,
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Section 3: Answers 10
y 2
1 x
7. General solution is 2 − 4 sin 2y = 2 + 2x + ln x + C ,
2
8. General solution is sin y = e−x +A
, and particular solution is
2
sin y = e−x ,
1
9. General solution is y(1 + x2 ) 2 = k , and particular solution is
1
y(1 + x2 ) 2 = 2 ,
kx 6x
13. General solution is y = x+1 , and particular solution is y = x+1 ,
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Section 3: Answers 11
1
15. General solution is tan y = − cos x + 3 cos3 x + C ,
1
16. General solution is y − a = k(1 − x2 ) 2 .
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Section 4: Standard integrals 12
4. Standard integrals
R R
f (x) f (x)dx f (x) f (x)dx
n xn+1 n 0 [g(x)]n+1
x n+1 (n 6= −1) [g (x)] g (x) n+1 (n 6= −1)
1 g 0 (x)
x ln |x| g(x) ln |g (x)|
x ax
e ex a x
ln a (a > 0)
sin x − cos x sinh x cosh x
cos x sin x cosh x sinh x
tan x − ln
|cos x| tanh x ln cosh x
cosec x ln tan x2 cosech x ln tanh x2
sec x ln |sec x + tan x| sech x 2 tan−1 ex
sec2 x tan x sech2 x tanh x
cot x ln |sin x| coth x ln |sinh x|
sin2 x x
2 −
sin 2x
4 sinh2 x sinh 2x
4 − x2
cos2 x x
2 +
sin 2x
4 cosh2 x sinh 2x
4 + x2
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Section 4: Standard integrals 13
R R
f (x) f (x) dx f (x) f (x) dx
1 1
tan−1 x 1 1 a+x
a2 +x2 a a a2 −x2 2a ln a−x (0 < |x| < a)
1 1 x−a
(a > 0) x2 −a2 2a ln x+a (|x| > a > 0)
√
2 2
√ 1 sin−1 x √ 1 ln x+ aa +x (a > 0)
a2 −x2 a a2 +x2
√
2 2
(−a < x < a) √ 1 ln x+ xa −a (x > a > 0)
x2 −a2
√ a2
√ a2
h √ i
sinh−1 x a2 +x2
−1 x
x
a2 − x2 2 sin a a2 +x2 2 a + a2
√ i √ h √ i
a2
a2 −x2
− cosh−1
2 2
+x x
+ x xa2−a
a2 x2 −a2 2 a
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Section 5: Tips on using solutions 14
● Use the solutions intelligently. For example, they can help you get
started on an exercise, or they can allow you to check whether your
intermediate results are correct.
● Try to make less use of the full solutions as you work your way
through the Tutorial.
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Solutions to exercises 15
Return to Exercise 1
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Solutions to exercises 16
Exercise 2.
dy
This is of the form = f (x)g(y) , where f (x) = x1 and
dx
g(y) = y, so we can separate the variables and then integrate,
Z Z
dy dx
=
y x
i.e. ln y
= ln x + C
= ln x + ln k (ln k = C = constant)
i.e. ln y − ln x = ln k
i.e. ln(y/x) = ln k
i.e. y = kx .
Return to Exercise 2
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Solutions to exercises 17
Exercise 3.
Find the general solution first. Then apply the boundary condition
to get the particular solution.
dy 1
Equation is of the form: = f (x)g(y), where f (x) = x−1
dx
g(y) = y + 1
so separate variables and integrate.
Z Z
dy dx
i.e. =
y+1 x−1
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Solutions to exercises 18
y+1
i.e. =k
x−1
x=0
gives 1 + 1 = k(0 − 1)
y=1
i.e. 2 = −k
i.e. k = −2
Return to Exercise 3
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Solutions to exercises 19
Exercise 4.
Use separation of variables to find the general solution first.
y3 x2
Z Z
y 2 dy = x dx i.e. = +C
3 2
(general solution)
1 1
Particular solution with y = 1, x = 0 : 3 = 0 + C i.e. C = 3
3x2
i.e. y 3 = 2 +1.
Return to Exercise 4
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Solutions to exercises 20
Exercise 5.
General solution first then find particular solution.
dy
Write equation as: = e2x ey (≡ f (x)g(y))
dx
Separate variables Z Z
dy
and integrate: = e2x dx
ey
−y = ln − 12 e2x − C
i.e.
y = − ln − 12 e2x − C .
i.e.
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Solutions to exercises 21
x=0
0 = − ln − 21 − C
Particular solution: gives
y=0
i.e. − 12 − C = 1
i.e. C = − 32
3−e2x
∴ y = − ln 2 .
Return to Exercise 5
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Solutions to exercises 22
Exercise 6.
Separate variables and integrate:
Z Z
x dy
dx =
x+1 y
%
Numerator and denominator of same degree in x: reduce degree of
numerator using long division.
x x+1−1 x+1 1 1
i.e. x+1 = x+1 = x+1 − x+1 =1− x+1
R 1
R dy
i.e. 1− x+1 dx = y
Exercise 7.
Separate variables and integrate:
(x + 1)2
Z Z
2
i.e. sin ydy = dx
x
Z Z 2
1 x + 2x + 1
i.e. (1 − cos 2y)dy = dx
2 x
Z Z Z
1 1 1
i.e. dy − cos 2ydy = x+2+ dx
2 2 x
1 1 1 1 2
i.e. y − · sin 2y = x + 2x + ln x + C .
2 2 2 2
Return to Exercise 7
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Solutions to exercises 24
Exercise 8.
General solution first.
dy
Separate variables: i.e. = −2x dx
tan y
Z Z
Integrate: i.e. cot y dy = −2 xdx
x2
i.e. ln(sin y) = −2 · 2 +A
Z Z 0
cos y f (y)
Note: dy is of form dy = ln[f (y)] + C
sin y f (y)
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Solutions to exercises 25
π
Particular solution: y= 2 when x = 0
gives sin π2 = eA
i.e. 1 = eA
i.e. A=0
2
∴ Required solution is sin y = e−x .
Return to Exercise 8
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Solutions to exercises 26
Exercise 9.
Separate variables and integrate:
dy
(1 + x2 ) = −xy
Z dx Z
dy x
i.e. = − dx
y 1 + x2
Z Z
dy 1 2x
i.e. = − dx
y 2 1 + x2
R 0 (x)
[compare with ff (x) dx]
i.e. ln y = − 12 ln(1 + x2 ) + ln k (ln k = constant)
1
i.e. ln y + ln(1 + x2 ) 2 = ln k
h 1
i
i.e. ln y(1 + x2 ) 2 = ln k
1
i.e. y(1 + x2 ) 2 = k, (general solution).
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Solutions to exercises 27
Particular solution
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Solutions to exercises 28
Exercise 10.
Z Z
dy dx
2
=
y +1 x
Z
dy
Standard integral: = tan−1 y + C
1 + y2
i.e. tan−1 y = ln x + C. General solution.
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Solutions to exercises 29
Exercise 11.
Z Z
dy dx
=
y2 − 1 x
1 A B A(y + 1) + B(y − 1)
Partial fractions : 2 = + =
y −1 y−1 y+1 (y − 1)(y + 1)
(A + B)y + (A − B)
=
y2 − 1
∴
A+B =0
A−B =1
2A = 1
∴ A = 12 , B = − 12 .
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Solutions to exercises 30
A B dx
R R
i.e. y−1 + y+1 dy = x
1 1 1 dx
R R
i.e. 2 y−1 − y+1 dy = x
1
i.e. 2 [ln(y − 1) − ln(y + 1)] = ln x + ln k
Return to Exercise 11
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Solutions to exercises 31
Exercise 12.
Z Z Z
dy x 1 2x
= 2
dx = 2
dx
y x +1 2 x +1
Z 0
f (x)
Note : dx = ln[f (x)] + A
f (x)
1
ln x2 + 1 + C
i.e. ln y =
2
1 1
ln y 2 = ln x2 + 1 + C {get same coefficients to
i.e.
2 2
allow log manipulations}
2
1 y
i.e. ln 2 = C
2 x +1
y2
i.e. = e2C
x2 + 1
i.e. y 2 = k x2 + 1 , (where k = e2C = constant) .
Return to Exercise 12
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Solutions to exercises 32
Exercise 13. Z Z
dy dx
=
y x(x + 1)
Use partial fractions:
1 A B A(x + 1) + Bx
= + =
x(x + 1) x x+1 x(x + 1)
(A + B)x + A
=
x(x + 1)
i.e. ln y = ln x − ln (x + 1) + C
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Solutions to exercises 33
y(x + 1)
i.e. =k
x
kx
i.e. y = . General solution.
x+1
i.e. k = 6
6x
i.e. y = x+1 .
Return to Exercise 13
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Solutions to exercises 34
Exercise 14.
Z Z
dy dx
=
sec2 y sec x
Z Z
2
i.e. cos y dy = cos x dx
Z Z
1 + cos 2y
i.e. dy = cos x dx
2
y 1 1
i.e. + · sin 2y = sin x + C
2 2 2
i.e. 2y + sin 2y = 4 sin x + C 0
(where C 0 = 4C = constant) .
Return to Exercise 14
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Solutions to exercises 35
Exercise 15.
Z Z
dy dx
i.e. =
cos2 y cosec3 x
Z
= sin3 x dx
Z
= sin2 x · sin x dx
Z
= (1 − cos2 x) · sin x dx
Z Z
= sin x dx − cos2 x · sin x dx
| {z }
du
set u = cos x , so = − sin x
dx
and cos2 x · sin x dx = −u2 du
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Solutions to exercises 36
sec2 y dy = tan y + A .
R
3
This gives, tan y = − cos x − − cos3 x + C
cos3 x
i.e. tan y = − cos x + 3 +C .
Return to Exercise 15
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Solutions to exercises 37
Exercise 16.
dy
i.e. (1 − x2 ) dx = −x(y − a)
R dy R x
i.e. y−a = − 1−x2 dx
dy −2x f 0 (x)
= + 12
R R R
i.e. y−a 1−x2 dx [compare RHS integral with f (x) dx]
1
i.e. ln(y − a) = 2 ln(1 − x2 ) + ln k
1
i.e. ln(y − a) − ln(1 − x2 ) 2 = ln k
y−a
i.e. ln 2
1 = ln k
(1−x ) 2
1
∴ y − a = k(1 − x2 ) 2 .
Return to Exercise 16
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