AREVA T&D

Power Electronics – HVDC & FACTS

Name
Title

Date

2 2
 AREVA Group Overview

X AREVA T&D Overview

X AREVA T&D Businesses

X AREVA T&D Offering

3 3
 AREVA

World leader in the energy business

N°1 in the entire nuclear cycle

N°3 in electricity transmission and distribution

Our mission
Innovate to contribute to ever cleaner, safer and economical
CO2-free power generation and electricity transmission
and distrib
distribution
tion

Our strategic objectives

Achieve one-third of the world nuclear market and double-digit
operating margin

Be one of the most profitable leaders in Transmission and

Distribution

4 4
 Energy: our core business

X Front End Division

X Reactors and
Services Division
X Back End Division
X Transmission and
Distribution Division

5 5
 Key data as of 31 December 2005

Sales €10,125M
,

Operating income €551M

Consolidated net income €1,049M*

Employees 58,760

Market capitalization €14,372M

* including €528M in net income from the sale of FCI

N.B.: Key data is presented in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)

6 6
 Key data for 2005

Sales by region Employees by region

(in %) (in %)

[Total sales: €10,125 million] [Total workforce: 58,760 employees]

7% 3%
10%
12%
13%

18% 63%
74%

Europe & CIS North & South America Asia-Pacific Africa / Middle East

7 7
 Key data for 2005

Sales revenue by division Sales by business

(in %) (in %)

[Total sales: €10,125 million]

32% 26% 32%

68%
19% 23%

Front End Division Back End Division Nuclear

Reactors and Services Division Transmission Transmission and Distribution

and Distribution Division

8 8
 AREVA around the globe

40 countries 100 countries €6,754M: 67%

Production & Manufacturing Marketing & Sales of all sales come from outside France

EUROPE & CIS

63% of sales
- Nuclear: 77%
- T&D: 23%
43,279
employees

ASIA-PACIFIC
NORTH & SOUTH
AMERICA 12% of sales
- Nuclear: 45%
18% of sales - T&D: 55%
- Nuclear: 74%
- T&D: 26%
5,824
employees
7,912 AFRICA &
employees
MIDDLE EAST
7% of sales
- Nuclear: 12%
- T&D: 88%
1,745
employees

Production & manufacturing

9 9
 Governance

Chairman of the Supervisory Board: Frédéric Lemoine

Chairman of the Executive Board: Anne Lauvergeon

Shareholders

Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA) – French AEC 79%

French State 5%
Investment certificate holders* 4%
Caisse des dépôts et consignations 4%
ERAP 3%
EDF 2%
Framépargne** 2%
Total 1%
* Listed on Euronext Paris, compartment B, SBF 120 index
** Employee-held investment fund
10 10
 Organization of the group

TRANSMISSION
FRONT END REACTORS & SERVICES BACK END
& DISTRIBUTION
Division Division Division
Division

• Mining • Plants • Treatment • Products

• Chemistry • Equipment • Recycling • Services
• Enrichment • Nuclear Services • Logistics • Systems
• Fuel • Nuclear Measurements • Clean-up • Automation
• Consulting • Engineering
& Information Systems
• AREVA TA

11 11
 A group committed to the 21st century’s
great challenges

Access to energy for everyone

Preservation of the planet
Responsibility toward future generations

Anchored in our industrial strategy and our daily management,

sustainable development combines
Profitable growth
Social responsibility
Respect for the environment

12 12
 A sustainable development program structured
around 10 commitments

13 13
 A group united around sustainable
development values

Clearly expressed values (Values Charter) based on the 10

principles of the U.N. Global Compact linked to human rights,
l b conditions,
labor diti environmental
i t l protection
t ti and
d anti-corruption
ti ti
efforts

Implementation through AREVA Way,

Way a continuous
improvement process structured around our 10 sustainable
development commitments and integrated into the general
management system

AREVA Way is also a way of being and a way of acting,

e e y day
every day: the
t e will to improve,
p o e, anticipation,
a t c pat o , responsiveness
espo s e ess
and openness to dialogue

14 14
 Research & Development

Key figures for 2005

€582M* in total R&D spending,
g i.e. 5.7% of sales
A hundred registered patents

Priorities
Optimize the front end of the cycle: more mining R&D
EPR licensing in key markets
Performance improvement of reactors and fuels
Development of the 3rd-generation
generation treatment
treatment-recycling
recycling
plant: COEX
Preparing 4th-generation reactors and fuel cycle plants

*of which 46% was self-financed

15 15
 Front End Division

All of the activities leading up to the generation

of nuclear power:
U
Uranium
i mining
i i and
d concentration
t ti
Uranium conversion and enrichment
Nuclear fuel fabrication

€2,631M
Sales

11,047
E l
Employees

16 16
 Reactors and Services Division

Design and construction of:

Pressurized water reactors (PWRs)
Boiling water reactors (BWRs)
Research reactors
Supply of products and services to power companies for the
operation and servicing of all types of nuclear power plants

€2,348M
Sales

14,323
Employees

17 17
 Back End Division

Used fuel treatment and recycling after use in nuclear power

plants
Interim storage solutions
Design and supply of casks for transportation and storage of
nuclear materials

€1,921M
Sales

10,864
E l
Employees

18 18
 T&D Division

Complete range of products, systems and services

for electricity transmission and distribution:
Regulation
Transformation
Dispatching of electric current in power grids

€3 212M
€3,212M
Sales

22,094
Employees

19 19
 X AREVA Group Overview

AREVA T&D Overview

X AREVA T&D Businesses

X AREVA T&D Offering

20 20
 Our history

Acquisition of Acquisition of
Alsthom Acquisition of AEG
Sprecher & Schuh (Germany) ALSTOM T&D
(Switzerland) ((France))

1983 1988 1998 2006

1928 1986 1996 2004

Merger with GEC
(UK)
Acquisition of CEM Acquisition of Cegelec - T&D Acquisition of RITZ
(France) (France) High-Voltage
(Germany)
Acquisition of protection relays
and measurement transformers
of Schlumberger Industrie
(France)

Strong development through mergers & acquisitions

21 21
 AREVA T&D within the group

T&D: 1/3 of AREVA’s energy business

Source: AREVAYear End December 2005 Figures

22 22
 AREVA T&D at a glance

Presence in more than

Annual sales

€3,212M 100 countries

Industrial sites
Employees
67
22,094
,

Global and comprehensive assets

Source: AREVA T&D Year End December 2005 Figures

23 23
 Competitive Landscape

Notes:
- 2005 data proforma (estimation)
- For the “Top 3” players (ABB, Siemens and
Areva ,figures based on published
financial figures with scope adjustment)
- Constant exchange rate : 1 USD = 0.80510 €
- Source: Company information, Areva T&D AREVA T&D: n°3 on the market
Strategic
Marketing Analysis
* Following VA Tech acquisition
24 24
 Strong worldwide positioning

Europe

N°1 ABB
N°2 Siemens
N°3 AREVA T&D
Market size: €12 bn

Americas Asia Pacific

N°1 ABB
N°2 Siemens N°1 ABB
N°2 Siemens
N°3 AREVA T&D
N°3 AREVA T&D
Market size: €14 bn
Market size: €9 bn
Africa - Middle East

N°1 ABB
N°2 Siemens
N°3 AREVA T&D
Market size: €7 bn

Source: 2005 AREVA T&D estimates

25 25
 Key data for 2005

X Sales revenue by region (in %) X Employees by region (in %)

Total sales: €3,212M Total workforce: 22,094

Source: 2005 AREVA annual report

26 26
 One commitment to customers

Products BU Sales & Marketing Community

Sales &
Product line 1... Marketing

Product line...

Product line 9

nal Marketing force

untry Sales force

S t
Systems BU

Service
Product line 1... Customers
Product line 4
Key
y Account

Region

Cou
Management
Automation BU

Product line 1...

Product line 3

One commitment to customers

27 27
 Strong proximity to our clients

Central
CentralEurope
Europe&&Western
WesternAsia
Asia

Local presence in 12 regions

28 28
 AREVA T&D organization chart

Chairman & CEO

Philippe Guillemot

International Sales Organization Human Resources

& Sales Community Performance Laurent Mareschal
Marco Graziano

Performance & Country Control & Financing

Shared Services Optimization Karim Vissandjee
Ahmed Bennour

Products Strategy & Marketing

Business Unit Sébastien de Montessus
Marius Vassoille

Automation
A t ti B Business
i U
Unit
it & Legal
Service Product Line Pierre Laporte
Laurent Demortier

Systems
Business Unit Communications
Michel Augonnet Leslie Asch Guillon

29 29
 X AREVA Group Overview
X AREVA T&D Overview

AREVA T&D Businesses

X AREVA T&D Offering

30 30
 Our Businesses

PRODUCTS SYSTEMS AUTOMATION SERVICE

• HV Switchgear • Turnkey Transmission • Automation Products • Network Consulting

• Power and Projects • Automation Systems • Erection &
Distribution • Turnkey Distribution • Automation Support Commissioning
Transformers Projects • Maintenance &
• Measurement • Power Electronics Repair & Retrofit
Transformers • Decentralized Power • Spare Parts
• MV Switchgear Supply Systems • Training and
Expertise
• Proximity Projects
• Total Asset Care

31 31
 Products Business

X Generator circuit breakers, circuit breakers, disconnectors,

GIS equipment, power and distribution transformers,
measurement transformers, primary and secondary
distribution equipment
X Capabilities:
55 sites in 26 countries including:
Manufacturing and assembly sites,
close to markets
Site for final product adjustments
located near the customers

Advanced technologies & superior product offering

Source: AREVA T&D Year End December 2005 Figures

32 32
 Systems Business

X Transmission and distribution substations

X Power electronics for HVDC, DC supply, electrolysis and
FACTs
XConnection to the grid and distribution networks for large
industry/infrastructures and power generation
XDecentralized energy projects, such as biomass and biogas
X Capabilities:
23 sites in 19 countries
in Europe, North & South America,
Asia, the Middle East and Africa

Global engineering & project management expertise

Source: AREVA T&D Year End December 2005 Figures
33 33
 Automation Business

X Automation Products:
Digital protection, measurement and data communication
X Automation Systems:
EMS, DMS, MMS, substation automation and data communication

X Automation Support:
Integrated refurbishment, protection monitoring, hardware life cycle,
system reliability, system upgrade and expert training
X Capabilities:
C biliti
7 product assembly lines, 18 engineering centers
20 service centers

The world leader in EMS / DMS / MMS

Source: AREVA T&D Year End December 2005 Figures
34 34
 Service Business

X Traditional product services covering all T&D equipment

X Network consulting, expertise and training
X Proximity
P i it projects
j t
X Total asset care solutions

X Capabilities:
C biliti
2,100 service experts close to our customers
8 Product service competence centers
Present in more than 20 countries

S
Service
i based
b d on product
d t manufacturing
f t i know-how
k h
Source: AREVA T&D Year End December 2005 Figures

35 35
 XAREVA Group Overview
XAREVA T&D Overview
XAREVA T&D Businesses

AREVA T&D Offering

36 36
 AREVA T&D: A fully-fledged player

Ultra High-voltage High-voltage Primary Secondary Low-voltage

Transmission Transmission Distribution Distribution Applications

g equipment
Gas-insulated switching q p
Circuit breakers including generator circuit breakers

Power transformers Distribution transformers

Products
Instrument transformers

Disconnectors
Switchboards, MV switchgear and
prefabricated substations
High-voltage substations Power distribution
Systems Power electronics

Distributed energy

Automation products

Automation Automation systems

Automation support

Service Care - Imagine - Master - Anticipate

Source: AREVA T&D Year End December 2005 Figures

37 37
 Complete portfolio
of electricity transmission & distribution

Products

Generator Circuit Power Instrument Gas-Insulated Circuit Breakers

Breakers Transformers Transformers Substations

Disconnectors Primary Distribution Secondary Distribution Distribution

Transformers

Systems

Substations Power Electronics Distributed Energy Power Distribution

Automation

Automation Products Automation Systems Automation Support

Service

Maintenance & Erection & Retrofit Spare Parts Total Asset Care Training & Network
Repair Commissioning Consulting

38 38
 Systems, Automation & Products:
leading positions in all areas

Instrument Substations for

Transformers Transmission
Disconnectors Automation
Gas Insulated
Switchgears
N°1
Circuit Breakers
Static Power
Supply Power
Transformers
Generator Circuit
Breakers HVDC
Substations for
N°2 Distribution
Primary
Distribution
Distribution
Transformers
N°3
Secondary
Di t ib ti
Distribution

Transmission focus Distribution and industry focus N°4

39 39
 Transmission & Distribution functionalities

Generation

Transform voltages

Switch

Measure For each function,

AREVA T&D offers:
Protect Products
Systems
g the flows
Manage Service

Interconnect networks

End user

40 40
 AREVA T&D’s Offering

Transform voltage

Power Transformers Distribution Transformers

41 41
 AREVA T&D’s Offering

Switch

High-Voltage Switchgear Medium-Voltage Switchgear

42 42
 AREVA T&D’s Offering

Measure

Current Transformers Voltage Transformers

43 43
 AREVA T&D’s Offering

Protect

HV Protection Relays MV Protection Relays

44 44
 AREVA T&D’s Offering

Manage the flows

E
Energy M
Management S
Systems Di ib i
Distribution Management
M Systems
S

45 45
 AREVA T&D’s Offering

Interconnect networks

HVDC
HVAC

46 46
 Offers adapted to your activities

X Examples:

Power Engineering Oil & Gas Passenger Transport Wind Farms

Nuclear Upstream Interurban Offshore

Hydro Downstream Urban Onshore
Thermal LNG plant

47 47
 Full solutions for Power Plants

X Electrical solutions for connecting power plants to the grid

and for in-house electricity distribution
120 years of expertise in electrical solutions for power generation
Customized contracts from single equipment supply to global
solutions
Power quality and disturbance monitoring
Software solutions for optimizing power
plant assets
Long term service agreements
Long-term

Full solutions for connecting nuclear,

nuclear
hydro, thermal power plants to the grid

48 48
 Full solutions for all Oil & Gas Processes

X At every step of the way, through exploration and production,

storage and transportation and the transformation/refining
process, we offer:
A full range of MV/LV equipment for platforms, FPSO*
HV/MV/LV equipment for onshore applications
Electrical control systems including power management
Energy optimization solutions
Containerized electrical solutions
Long-term service agreements

*FPSO: floating production storage offloading

Full solutions for upstream LNG plants

and downstream Oil & Gas projects
49 49
 Full solutions for Rail, Metro & Tram

X For the entire railway electrical infrastructure: railways,

metros, tramways, and electrified freight carriage, as
well as locomotives, EMU (electrical multiple unit),
stations, tunnels and other facilities, we offer:
A full range of products for AC (16.7/50/60Hz)
or DC electricity supply
Adapted equipment for rolling stock such as
traction transformers
Long-term
Long term service agreements

Advanced solutions and systems for the Rail sector

50 50
 Full solutions for Wind Farms

X For both onshore and offshore wind farms, we offer:

Power system design and grid studies
HVDC and HVAC links
Pre-designed solutions for equipment to connect wind
farms to the grid
SVC for power quality management
Energy trading and asset management software
Switchgear and distribution transformers
for large wind generators
Long-term service agreements

Full solutions to integrate your wind farm to the grid

51 51
 XAREVA Group Overview
XAREVA T&D Overview
XAREVA T&D Businesses
XAREVA T&D Offering

AREVA T&D Power Electronics

– HVDC & FACTS

52 52
 AREVA T&D SYSTEMS BU
SYSTEMS
SYSTEMS BUBU Assistant
Business Unit Dominique
q Dupont
p
Michel
Michel Augonnet
Augonnet
Finance
Support functions Luis Flaquer HR & collective performance
Dominique Vincent
Sourcing
Oli i Seignovert
Olivier S i t Operations
O ti
Paul Brossier
Communications
Toni Lepone

Product lines Region 1 Region 2 Power

Distributed
Energy
Rathin Basu Jean Nakache Electronics Gilles David

Sub-Product lines A. J.C.

Canelhas Iemma

Distribution Segment
(DIS)
Graham Johnson
HVDC
SYS 1 SYS 2 & SPS DEN
FACTS
Transmission
Segment (TRA)
Y. Grandjean /
J. Castro

53 53
 Power Electronics
HVDC & FACTS Scope of Activities
kV S b P d t Line
Sub-Product Li

500
Power Flow Control
HVDC: for both Back to Back and Point to Point
schemes (overhead line or cable)

HVDC
Power Quality
FACTS: SVC, STATCOM….. for Utilities and Industry
Power Supplies
Electrolysis substation: for production of aluminium,
aluminium
chlorine, copper, zinc up to 500kA -1500VDC.
Traction substation: for both AC and DC supplies
38
FACTS
Special
p supplies,
pp , e.g.
g laboratories

15
1.5
TRACTION ELECTROLYSIS
0 kA
0 2 4 6 500

54 54
 Power Electronics
HVDC & FACTS Sub-Product Line

HVDC & FACTS

A.Canelhas VP

Finance Operations (shared with SPL)

R. Subramanian B. Baudry

Technical
T h i l Advisor
Ad i Commercial
C i l Director
Di t
J. Courault E. Moutaux

R&D for Control Systems Business Development

A. Relet S. Jourden, N. Kirby, P. Sauger
R. Bonchang

Marketing Director
R. Critchley

UK (PES) China
A. Canelhas A. Canelhas (acting)

India
Tendering A. Bhardwajj
S t
System E i
Engineering
i
Technology
R&D
Sourcing
55 55
 Power Electronic Activities
Interacting Key Domains

System Studies/Design

Power transformer
Machine

MICROELECTRONIC
C O C O C POWER
COMPONENTS COMPONENTS

ALGORITHMS TOPOLOGY
POWER

R b t
Robustness INTEGRATION
COOLING

AREVA T&D PEA

56 56
 Basic HVDC Transmission

Rectifier Inverter
Sending DC link Receiving
E d
End End
Transformer

Vdc

F Idc F

Harmonic Filter
(Reactive Power)

i i Idc i

Iac Iac
t t t

57 57
 Basic HVDC Transmission
Back to Back

Sending Rectifier Inverter Receiving

E d
End End
Transformer

Vdc

Idc

F F

Harmonic Filter
(Reactive Power)

i i Idc i

Iac Iac
t t t

58 58
 Basic HVDC Transmission
Point to Point – Overhead Line

Rectifier Inverter
Sending Receiving
E d
End DC Line End
Transformer
Vdc

Idc
F F

Harmonic Filter
(Reactive Power)

i i Idc i

Iac Iac
t t t

59 59
 Basic HVDC Transmission
Point to Point – Submarine Cable

Rectifier Inverter
Sending Receiving
E d
End End
Transformer

Vdc

Idc

F F

Harmonic Filter
(Reactive Power)

i i Idc i

Iac Iac
t t t

60 60
 Basic HVDC Transmission
Point to Point – Underground Cable

Rectifier Inverter
Sending Receiving
E d
End End
Transformer

Vdc

Idc

F F

Harmonic Filter
(Reactive Power)

i i Idc i

Iac Iac
t t t

61 61
 Classical 12-pulse HVDC Scheme
Main Equipment

DC Reactances
Converter DC Filters Thyristor
Transformers Bridges
+

~ Vdc ~
_

F F F F DC line F F F F

Switched Filter Switched Filter

Banks Banks

Many
thyristors
connected
3-phase,
3 phase, 6-pulse
6 pulse in series
bridge

62 62
 HVDC Configuration Options
Monopole & Bipole
Monopole example at 500 MW
500 MW Monopole

+ HV Cable +
F F F F F F F F
Pole 1 Pole 1
500 MW 500 MW
AC AC
LV Cable

Bipole example built from two 500 MW poles

1000 MW Bipole

F F F F
+ HV Cable + F F F F
Pole 1 Pole 1
500 MW 500 MW
AC AC
LV Cable
F F F F F F F F
Pole 2 Pole 2
500 MW 500 MW
- HV Cable -
63 63
 HVDC
What are the Market Drivers?

Geographic mismatch of energy supply and load

demand
Including
g off-shore wind farm g
generation
Energy Trading
Deregulation
System Improvement
Insurance against, dips, interruptions & blackouts
How to value in the Return on Investment equation?

The Perfect Tool

64 64
 Advantages of HVDC Links

The Power Flow on an HVDC link is Fully Controllable - Fast and

Accurate!
The Operator or automatic controller determines how much power flows
via the link
An HVDC Link is asynchronous - the ac voltage and frequency in the two
ac networks can be controlled independently of each other.
The HVDC link can be used to assist one (or even both) of the ac
networks (e.g. power system damping)
HVDC links do not increase the Short Circuit Level of the system
Faults don’t transfer across HVDC interconnected systems
HVDC provides increased Transmission Capacity in a fixed corridor
“Up
Up to 3 times more power per tower”
tower
HVDC can transport energy economically and efficiently over longer
distance than ac lines or cables.

Sometimes HVDC is the only option!

65 65
 Why Use HVDC?

C
Connection
ti off remote
t generation
ti Station
>700km Cost

Submarine links
>40km Break Even
DC Distance
Frequency conversion DC
Convertor
50 60Hz
50-60Hz S i
Stations AC

When synchronism of AC
connections is impossible AC
Stations
Transmission
Distance

The Perfect Tool

66 66
 More Power Per Tower

1850MVA 1850MW 5550MW

AC DC DC

Up to 3 Times More Power

67 67
 AREVA - Pioneers in HVDC
Inventors of Phase Locked
Loop (1960s - now Industry
standard))
3-terminal HVDC scheme
AC system damping control
4-terminal HVDC scheme
Largest capacity (2000MW)
submarine cable scheme
scheme, with
highest utilisation of all such
schemes
No smoothing reactor required
Four-winding converter
transformers
68
Operation at less than unity
short-circuit power ratio
Water/Glycol single circuit
cooling system
Unmanned HVDC scheme
“Black-start” capability at
receiving end
I
Inverter
t currentt control
t l
Operation without
telecommunications
Creating a national grid using
back-to-back HVDC
68
 Our HVDC Experience
De-icer+SVC Konti-Skan 1
Nelson River OHL Dürnrohr
Dü h *
250MW 380MW Cable
BP1 1000MW 1973/93 380MW B-B
2006 2006
BP2 2000 MW 1978/85 * 1983/97

Cheju-Haenam
Cheju Haenam
300MW Cable
SACOI 1999
McNeill 380MW Cable +OHL
150MW B-B UK-France
1967/85/93
1989 2000MW Cable
1986 Chandrapur
2 x500MW B-B
1997
GCCIA BtB
Vizag Sasaram
3 x 600MW
500MW B-B 500MW B-B
2008
1999 2001

Rivera
70MW B-B
Cahora Bassa *
2000
1920MW OHL * AREVA T&D partnering with the
1978 German HVDC Group

~20% Market Share of HVDC Projects

69 69
 AREVA T&D
Some Examples of our HVDC Experience

70 70
 Sardinia – Corsica – Italy
SACOI
200 MW 200 kV Monopole
Overhead Line plus
S b
Submarine
i Cable
C bl
Commissioned 1967
Corsica tap added in 1986
Italy

Corsica

Sardinia

71 71
 Nelson River

 1620MW, ±465kV Hudson Bay

MANITOBA
Hydro
y electric over 900km Limestone 1330 MW
supplying half of Manitoba’s Longspruce 980 MW
Kettle 1272 MW
load
Lake Winnipeg

 Co
Commissioned
ss o ed 1972-77
9 ONTARIO
Winnipeg

 Pole 1 re-valved and uprated

in 1992-93
 First scheme where HVDC link
was used for AC system
damping
Generator frequencies

72 72
 Nelson River HVDC
Effect of Damping Controls
OFF ON
Hz Hz
64 64
62 62
60 60
58 58 t (sec)
10 20 30 10 20 30
Kettle Generator Speed
Hz Hz
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
-0.1 -0.1
t (sec)
-0.2 -0.2
10 20 30 10 20 30
Manitoba Equivalent Machine Frequency

73 73
 Cross Channel
Sellindge Converter Station
2000MW double bipole HVDC scheme
In service 1985/86, Air cooled valves
SVC per bipole
World’s largest HVDC cable scheme
Availability
A il bilit
Specified = 95 % Bipole 1

Control
Bipole 2
Achieved > 97
97.5
5% Building

Highest Utilization of Filters

all HVDC Schemes Filters

99.5%
EdF stated that the
scheme paid for itself 4
times over in the first Cable Route SVC 2 400kV GIS
10 years of operation! Substation SVC 1

74 74
 South Korea - Cheju Cable Link

 300 MW, ±180 kV, 840 A

 100km
100k submarine
b i cable
bl link
li k Seoul

 Commissioned 1997
S. KOREA
 Sole power source to load-
load
growth island
 First HVDC link with:
Inverter control of current
Operation without telecoms
“Bl k t t” att receiving
“Black-start” i i end
d
Cheju

75 75
 Korea - Cheju Cable Link

Cheju
Site

Thyristor Valves
Electrode
Station
76 76
 McNeill: Alberta-Saskatchewan, Canada

150MW, Back to Back

Remote site
Extreme climatic conditions
First HVDC link with:
Single circuit water/glycol cooling of
valves
No dc smoothing reactor
Four-winding converter transformers
Short-circuit power ratio of less than
unity Edmonto
n

Completely unmanned operation - CANADA McNeill

remote controlled from regional control +/-150MW

centre
USA
77 77
 ALSTOM HVDC in India -
Creating a National Grid

Sasaram 500 MW
2002

Chandrapur
2 x 500 MW Visakhapatnam 500 MW
1997 1998

2 000 MW HVDC
2,000 C supplied by ALSTOM
S O

78 78
 The Perfect HVDC Solution

Sasaram 500MW Back-to-Back HVDC Project

79 79
 Back to Back HVDC Valve Hall
India

High Reliability, High-tech Valves for India

80 80
 Recent experiences

2006: Successful commissioning of the HVDC link

between Denmark and Sweden

2005: Order booked in Canada for an HVDCiceTM

HVDC that can be reconfigured as an SVC

2005: Order booked in Saudi Arabia for a 3*660 MW

HVDC schemes for Gulf countries networks
interconnection: GCCIA project
p j

81 81
 HVDC link between Denmark and Sweden
Replace Pole 1 of HVDC submarine KS1

link: Denmark to Sweden KS2

Two new converter stations

Danish same site as Pole 2
Swedish move to be at same site as
Pole 2
Addition
Additi off a bi-pole
bi l control
t l system
t
Enables high-level control of the
existing Pole 2 as well as the new
Konti-Skan 1 pole
p
Automatic balancing currents to
cancel current flow in the sea
Converter stations fully automated
Control to be from a dispatch centre
in Stockholm
Power increase to full cable rating
From 275MW to 380MW
From 250kV to 285kV
82 82
 Hydro-Quebec’s problem

During the ice storm in the

winter of 1998, an accumulation
of ice toppled towers and
downed hundreds of kilometres
of high-voltage transmission
lines.
The ice storm generated ice
buildup as much as 75mm
Around 1.4
1 4 million people in
Québec were without power for
up to a week

83 83
 The Solution
AREVA de-icer …. HVDCice™
Another application of HVDC technology
AREVA HVDCice™ technology
Generates up to 7,200 Adc to increase conductor
temperature causing ice to melt and fall off
1st project for Hydro Quebec at Levis
substation,
b t ti a hub
h b that
th t connects
t five
fi strategic
t t i
lines
When not used for de-icing, system will act as
an SVC tot improve
i the
th power quality
lit off the
th
local transmission network.
Mode changeover < 30 minutes
In Service November 2006

HVDCice™ … World's first use of HVDC to de-ice power lines

84 84
 De-Icer Mode of Operation

HP1 5/7/11/13 7,200A dc

55MVAr 70MVAr

DC &
60Hz
Filters

315kV 43kV

20kV

TSC
154MVAr

HP2
55MVAr

85 85
 …. To SVC Mode of Operation

HP1 5/7/11/13
55MVAr 70MVAr

315kV 43kV
TCR

20kV

TSC
154MVAr

HP2
55MVAr

86 86
 GCCIA:Gulf countries networks interconnection

87 87
 GCCIA : first HVDC in Gulf countries

 Turnkey contract
for three 600 MW
nominal
i l power
back-to-back
HVDC schemes
616MW to be
installed per
scheme to
compensate
f tolerances
for t l
and
transmission
losses
 Contract signed in
Nov 2005
 Commissioning by
end 2008.
GCCIA: Site Location
88 88
 GCCIA: Scope of Works

Turnkey Solution
3 HVDC Back to Back schemes will connect the 50Hz 400kV
(Saudi Arabia) and 60Hz 380 kV ac grids
Each Back to Back rated at 600MW & located at the same site
But independent in operation

Each converter station will consist of:

AC switchyards with harmonic filter bays
Converter transformers
Thyristor valves and controls
Civil Works
Cable connection to existing & New Substations
Onerous cooling requirements as ambient is +55
550C
Stringent limitations in use of water prevents use of evaporative
cooling techniques
89 89
 Latest Technology
H400 HVDC Valves

Uses considerably fewer, state-of-the-art thyristor devices

Future-proofed
p for devices known to be made available duringg
next 10 years
Modular using a standardised
approach
Significant increase in reliability
Greater power per valve module
Reduces building sizes
>40% reduction in cost
compared to previous version
Classified as world-beating by
TransEnergie of Canada
World’s most advanced HVDC
user
90 90
 HVDC Valves

91 91
 H400 Valve Module
Building Block

Thyristor Clamped
Assemblies
92 92
 Thyristor Clamped Assembly

GRP clamping
p
straps

Heatsink
with coolant
Thyristor connection
Power connection

Loading adaptor for thyristor

changing tool

93 93
 H400: Latest Technology HVDC Valves
KontiSkan HVDC Scheme

94 94
 VSC HVDC

95 95
 VSC HVDC Scheme
Main Equipment
DC Chopper,
DC Link discharge & O/V
Capacitors protection
Transistor
Converter
Bridge
Converter Reactor
Transformer + RFI Reactor
Vdc

0V

Vdc
F F _ F F
Non-switched
DC cable High Frequency
Filters

Many
transistors
connected
in series
3-phase bridge, PWM 1- 2kHz

96 96
 Why VSC HVDC? - 1

VSC is close to an ideal component for use in T&D networks

It acts as a motor or a generator, without mass, that can
control active and reactive p
power simultaneously
y
VSC offers many benefits compared to classical LCC
Black Start capability
VSC generates
t its
it own AC voltage
lt in
i the
th receiving
i i system
t with
ith
controlled amplitude and phase angle
Can connect to a weak or isolated network (or load) without the need
for equipment to provide a commutation voltage (Synchronous
Compensator)
No possibility of commutation failure
Can use standard transformers
Minimal filtering requirements – only high frequency (2-4kHz)
Active and reactive power independently controlled in one
equipment
Capacitive as well as inductive reactive power
Fast response
97 97
 Why VSC HVDC? - 2

VSC offers many benefits compared to classical LCC – Cont’d

No filter or other reactive power switching required
Compact dimensions and lower weight
Mainly due to very small filtering requirements
Power reversal by adjusting the DC voltage at both converter
stations
No polarity reversal required – ideal for cable schemes using much
lower cost and weight extruded cables
No control mode changes or blocking required
S
Smooth
th power flow,
fl right
i ht down
d to
t zero
No discontinuous current flows
High dynamic control performance
Built-in STATCOM functionality to help support the grid
Multi-terminal configurations are simple
Many
y terminals can easily
y incorporated
p
Very fast recovery from network faults
Due to no need for large reactive power banks
98 98
 Disadvantages of VSC HVDC

Higher capital equipment cost

T i ll 15%
Typically
Higher power loss
More than double that of classical LCC, usually 3 times
EMC issues much more important
Immature technology
Inherently has lower reliability
Due to much greater component count
100s of small IGBT chips versus 1 thyristor slice

Not used for overhead lines yet

Most probably because of problems of protection against lightning

99 99
 Typical Classical & VSC HVDC Losses
~500MW nominal load

Converter stations
Classical 0.6%
VSC HVDC 1.8% (2 level with optimised PWM)

200km of cable
Cl
Classical
i l 1 4%
1.4%
VSC HVDC 1.8%

Scheme total
Classical 2.0% - need 510MW in to get 500MW out

VSC HVDC 5.4% - need 528MW in to get 500MW out

100 100
 Reliability/Availability Issues
Classical HVDC
Uses single slice thyristors, which are easier to protect:
They have a significant surge rating capability
Switching is regenerative
Fewer devices in series and associated auxiliaries
State of art is 8.5kV, 125mm diameter devices
Pressure contact double sided cooling keeps silicon cooler
Simple gate drive with low PSU requirements
Less cooling plant
For devices and the building
Filters are at lower frequencies
More complex transformers
Well proven technology
Developed over >40 years

101 101
 Reliability/Availability issues
VSC HVDC
E h IGBT iis made
Each d ffrom many small
ll chips
hi
Virtually no surge rating
Non-regenerative switching
- Devices de
de-saturate
saturate under overcurrent
2.5kV devices, therefore many more items to put in series
Pressure contact to emmiter has to be via springs
Th f
Therefore effectively
ff ti l single
i l sided
id d cooled
l d
Even more devices needed to meet ratings
More cooling plant equipment needed
F both
For b th d
devices
i and
d building
b ildi
Very complex gate drive with high PSU requirements
Created from switching action
Filters are at higher frequency
Simpler transformer
As yet, immature technology

IGBT chip

102 102
 Monopole, Bipole and “Bipolar”

Monopole
Loss of link if one cable or one leg of converter goes out of service

Classical
HV Cable +V
F F F F F F F F
Pole 1 Pole 1
LV Cable

12 pulse 0V
bridge
+V
VSC HVDC

6 pulse -V
bridge
+V and –V equates to “bipolar” operation to create sinewave at the AC side
It is not a BIPOLE
103 103
 HVDC Configuration Options
Bipole
p
Loss of only 50% power if one cable or one leg of converter goes out
of service
Classical
HV Cable
F F F F

Pole 1 Pole 1

LV Cable

F F Requires 2 fully F F
Pole 2 insulated cables Pole 2

HV Cable

VSC HVDC
Requires
4 fully
insulated
cables

104 104
 Comparison of Classical HVDC and VSC
Transmission
Classical HVDC VSC Transmission

Station Cost ☺
Power Losses ☺
Reliability/Availability ☺
Control of reactive power
☺
Operation into passive
AC network ☺
Footprint ☺
Proven experience
P i
(Service life) ☺
Power range ☺
Long distance transmission ☺
105 105
Various FACTS Applications
 Network System Operation Concerns

System insecurity
Continuous change and restructuring
Power transfers: utility/utility….country/country
Network congestion & constraints
Becoming more & more heavily loaded
Operated in ways not originally designed/planned
Flexibility required to cope with diverse generation and
load patterns…….Renewables
Stability and voltage limits, network flow control
Lack of previously held “tools”
Control of generation, etc
All in an environment of:
Deregulation, politics, economics, environmental issues...
107 107
 The Solution - FACTS

Flexible AC Transmission Systems

FACTS devices are used for the dynamic control of voltage,
impedance
p and phase
p angle
g of high
g voltage
g AC transmission
lines. They offer:
Better utilisation (optimisation) of existing, and new, AC systems
Increase transfer capacity (by at least 30%), reduce losses
Maintain voltage profile under many network operating conditions
Increased system reliability & availability
Improved dynamic system stability
Both during and after faults
Increased quality of supply for sensitive industries
Environmental benefits
All with substantially less investment and environmental
impact than classical reinforcement of the grid.
Insurance for the
Transmission System Operator
108 108
 FACTS Types
Shunt connected
MSC Mechanically Switched Capacitor
MSCDN Mechanically Switched Capacitive Damping Network
SVC Static VAr Compensator
RSVC Relocatable Static VAr Compensator
STATCOM Static Synchronous Compensator (VSC based)

Series connected
FSC Fixed Series Capacitor compensator
TCSC Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor Compensator
SSSC St ti S
Static Series
i Synchronous
S h Compensator
C t (VSC b
based)
d)
UPFC Unified Power Flow Controller (VSC based)
IPFC Interline Power Flow Controller ((VSC based))

SVC is the most popular FACTS device

109 109
 MSC
MSCDN

110 110
 Purposes of MSC/MSCDN

Non-dynamic steady state voltage control

Features
F t
Stepwise control arrangement
Infrequent use only

MSCDNs require system studies to determine required

d
damping
i characteristics
h t i ti

111 111
 SVCs

112 112
 What are SVCs?

An SVC is a continuously adjustable impedance from

capacitance (+ve) through to inductance (-ve)
It can q
quickly
y respond
p to network changes
g to precisely
p y
counterbalance the variations caused by a load or a fault
SVCs are shunt compensation systems
IIndependent
d d t devices
d i connected
t d att appropriate
i t points
i t on
the transmission system

113 113
 SVCs
A Washing Line Analogy

114 114
 SVCs
A Washing Line Analogy

115 115
 SVCs
A Washing Line Analogy

116 116
 SVCs
A Washing Line Analogy

117 117
 SVCs
A Washing Line Analogy

118 118
 SVCs
A Washing Line Analogy

Props

119 119
 Why use Utility SVCs?
No Load 0MW
Ferranti Overvoltage Effect

400kV

Full Load: 800MW 800 km

System Collapse

800MW
800MW
800MW 800MW
800MW
800MW
Generati
Generati
Generation Variable
Variable
Variable
Load
on
on Load
Load

Uncompensated lines are too “short”

120 120
 Why use Utility SVCs?

0MW
400kV
800MW

800 km

800MW
800MW
800MW SVC SVC 800MW
800MW
800MW
Generati
Generation
Generati Variable
Variable
Variable Load
on
on Load
Load

SVCs dynamically regulate the network

by providing or absorbing reactive power
power.
- Transmission line capacity is increased
121 121
 SVC dynamic stability in action

Voltage
PU With SVC
(fast recovery and low
voltage dip
1.0
With SVC
(much faster recovery
with lower voltage dip)

0.75 Without SVC

(may just recover, but large
voltage dip experienced )

Without SVC
0.5 (heading for system
collapse)
Time
Seconds
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0

122 122
 SVC: Power Oscillation Damping

Transmitted
Power

With SVC

No SVC

Time

123 123
 Summary of Purposes of SVC

XSt d State
XSteady St t
Regulates voltage profile, particularly in weak systems
By providing or absorbing reactive power
Improves system power flow capacity
Reduce or eliminate requirement for new lines
Reduces system
y losses & maximizes capability
p y of assets

X Dynamic
Post fault recovery
Power oscillation/swing damping
Improves system stability margins
Reduction of voltage fluctuations (flicker)
Balancing single phase loads
Reduces
educes the
t e incidence
c de ce o
of b
black/brown-outs
ac /b o outs

SVC increases transmission line capacity

124 124
 Components of an SVC
Example: +150/-75MVAr

Local network voltage

support
Better utilisation of
existing AC systems
75MVAr 75MVAr 75MVAr
Thyristor Thyristor Improves system
Switched Controlle stability
Capacitor d Reactor
s
125 125
 Our SVC Experience

8568 MVAr

1654 MVAr

8951 MVAr

3753 MVAr 1422 MVAr

24.3 GVAr SVCs Installed World-wide

21% Market Share of World-wide SVC Projects

225 projects in 38 different countries
126 126
 Some Recent SVC References

127 127
 -75/+150MVAr SVC
NGT, Lovedean, UK

Customer - National Grid

Transco
Utility SVC
Local network voltage
support
400kV substation
Connected to 13kV
transformer tertiary
winding

128 128
 Inner City SVC
St. Johns Wood, London. 2 x -106/+150MVAr

129 129
 -200/+237MVAr SVC
WAPA, Watertown, USA

130 130
 145MVAr SVC
Xcel Energy, Lake Yankton, USA

To minimize voltage

fluctuations during
weak AC system
conditions
Associated with
connection of wind
farms
115kV
In-service: September
2004
No trips
p to date

131 131
 -120/+280Mvar SVC
Transgrid, Armidale, Australia

132 132
 150MVAr SVC Project
Manitoba Hydro, Ponton, Canada

Very remote location:

600km north of Winnipeg
Extremely weak point in
the electrical network
Operating temperatures:
-500C to + 400C

Un-manned
Un manned substation
230kV
Immunity
u ty against
aga st
Geomagnetic Interference
Very low noise limits!

133 133
 Compact
Relocatable SVCs (RSVC)

134 134
 What are Relocatable SVCs?

A relocatable SVC adds flexibility

C bi for
Cabins f indoor
i d equipment
i t
Valves and controls, etc
Skids for outdoor equipment
Reactors, capacitors, etc
Factory assembled & tested
Reduced civil works
Small footprint
Site work minimized
3-6 month relocation

The Flexible Option

135 135
 ‘Compact SVC’: World’s First Relocatable Unit

 Delivered to CERN,, Switzerland in 1987

 Single cabin ratings up to 38kV, 200 Mvar
T 0738

136 136
 Relocatable SVC
on its way to Iron Acton

Power on the Move

137 137
 RSVC at Iron Acton, UK

138 138
 Relocatablity

Two SVCs relocated in

UK during 2004/05

X 8 relocatable SVCs
delivered to NGT, UK
starting
t ti from
f 1992

Reactive Power Compensation on the Move

139 139
 RSVC on the Move

140 140
 AREVA T&D’s latest SVC technology

141 141
 S500 SVC
Features

 25% of physical size of previous versions

 Up to 38kV AC connection
 Fixed or Re-locatable versions
 Shares 80% of components with
H400 HVDC valve

 New low cost, advanced, SVC control system already

available
il bl
Proven on Manitoba Hydro/Ponton SVC
 Delivery times from 9 to 15 months depending on scheme
complexity

142 142
 Technical Solution
Electrically equivalent valve modules
Physical size comparison

S500
module
S350
equivalent
rated
module

143 143
 S500 SVC Valve

3-phase valve
1 module per phase
200 MVA
MVAr valve
l
TCR and TSC versions
Relocatable or
traditional buildings

144 144
 VSC Based FACTS

145 145
 Types of VSC FACTS
STATCOM
Static
St ti Synchronous
S h Compensator
C t
Connected in shunt to the network
Acts like a Synchronous Condenser without inertia and moving
parts, but with much faster response to disturbances

Transistor
Bridge
RFI
R
Reactor
t
DC Link
Capacitor
Coupling
Transformer F F
Non-switched Transistor bridge can be built
High Frequency using same PEBB modules as
Filters used in VSC HVDC

Many
transistors
connected
in series

3-phase bridge, PWM 1- 2kHz

146 146
 STATCOM Characteristics
Compared to Classical SVC

System Voltage
Classical SVC (p.u.)
(p u)
STATCOM
1.0 p.u.

0.4 p.u.

1.0 p
p.u. Capacitive Current Inductive Current 1.0 p
p.u.
(Leading) (Lagging)

147 147
 Types of VSC FACTS
SSSC
Static Synchronous Series Compensator
Similar to STATCOM but connected in series with the
network,
k with
i h transformer
f coupling
li
Provides series compensation by directly controlling the
voltage across the series impedance effected by the
t
transformer
f primary
i winding
i di
Uses:
To control power flow in lines
To prevent sub-synchronous resonance

Transistor bridge can be built

using same PEBB modules as
used in VSC HVDC

148 148
 Types of VSC FACTS
UPFC
Unified Power Flow Controller
Combination of a STATCOM and an SSSC
STATCOM keeps the DC link charged as well as controlling
the ac voltage amplitude at the point of connection
As DC charge is maintained the SSSC can inject a voltage
into the ac line at any phase angle
Can control, individually or in combination, all three
important transmission parameters
Voltage impedance
Voltage, impedance, angle
Can control both active and reactive power flows in the line

Transistor bridges can be built

using
i same PEBB modulesd l as
used in VSC HVDC
SSSC STATCOM
149 149
 Why VSC FACTS? - 1

Grid sees the device as a synchronous machine without

inertia
Offers sub-cycle
sub cycle response

Do not require large reactive components (capacitors and

shunt reactors) to provide inductive and capacitive reactive
power
Compact leading to minimum footprint

Operating range is wider than a classical SVC

Higher reactive output at lower system voltages
Robust recovery support under severe system disturbances
Significantly improved voltage control, particularly under
contingencies

Higher dynamic response characteristics than a classical

SVC
Due to high switching frequency PWM
Can mitigate voltage flicker problems

150 150
 Why VSC FACTS? - 2

Power oscillation damping capabilities

For optimum dynamic voltage balancing/support the phases
are independently controlled during system disturbances
Important for rapidly fluctuating asymmetrical loads

Low losses at zero output, losses increase smoothly with

b th capacitive
both iti and
d inductive
i d ti output
t t
Active filtering capability
Modular converter design leads to wide range of ratings and
a wide range of operational topologies

151 151
 Disadvantages of VSC FACTS

Higher capital equipment cost

~15%
EMC issues much more important
Immature technology
Inherently has lower reliability
Due to much greater component count
100s of little IGBT chips v 1 thyristor slice

Complexity

152 152
 Recent VSC Based FACTS Reference

153 153
 Glenbrook STATCOM
Northeast Utilities, USA

Two ±75Mvar
STATCOMs

Required to assist in
post fault recovery

From double circuit

faults

Commissioned 2004

154 154
 FACTS Solutions
S l ti
Comparison Charts

155 155
 Choice of Shunt Reactive Power Compensator

Equipment Land Cost Losses Speed of Voltage Harmonic Application

area response control performance

MSC 0.8 0.6 0.2 Slow Step Possible Predictable, slow, 2x day
resonance load changes

MSCDN 0.8 0.7 0.25 Slow p

Step Harmonic Predictable, slow, 2x day
y
damping load changes

SVC 1.0 1.0 1.0 Fast Vernier Needs filters Dynamic compensation
Fault recovery

RSVC 1.0 1.05 1.0 Fast Vernier Needs filters Dynamic compensation
Fault recovery

STATCOM 0.6
06 1 15
1.15 10
1.0 Very fast Vernier Low Dynamic compensation
harmonic Fault recovery, LV
output operation, land
constraints

156 156
 ☺ Best Reactive Power Solutions
Adequate
Not appropriate FACTS Devices
Shunt Series Combined
SVC STAT
Solution
M M SC SR P (TSR/ -COM SSSC TCSC
S S S
C R T TCR/ D-STAT (DVR) TSSC IPFC UPFC
Problem TSC) -COM TPSC

Voltage Control
C
Steady State
–
☺ ☺ ☺
Voltage Control –
Dynamic ☺ ☺ ☺
Phase Balancing –
Steady State ☺ ☺
Phase Balancing –
Dynamic ☺ ☺
Power Oscillation
Damping
☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺
Transient Stability ☺ ☺ ☺
Power Flow –
Steady
y State ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺
Fault Current
Limitation ☺

Circuit
MSC = Switched Capacitor
MSR = Switched Reactor
SC = Series Capacitor
SR = Series Reactor
PST = Phase Shifting Transformer
SVC = Static Var Compensator
TSC = Thyristor Switched Capacitor
TSR = Thyristor Switched Reactor
TCR = Thyristor Controlled Reactor
DVR = Dynamic Voltage Restorer
STATCOM = Static Synchronous Compensator
D-STATCOM = Distribution STATCOM
TSSC = Thyristor Switched Series Capacitor
TCSC = Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor
TPSC = Thyristor Protected Series Capacitor
IPFC = Interline Power Flow Controller
UPFC = Unified Power Flow Controller
SSSC = Static Synchronous Series Compensator

157 157
 FACTS Applications
The Way Forward

Detailed Network Study

Investigate critical grid conditions
Risks of voltage problems, power swings, resonances…
Define technical solution options
Traditional
FACTS based
Economical study to compare various options against
benefits
Create a functional specification
VAR compensation requirements
Dynamics
A ailabilit reliability
Availability, reliabilit
Environmental conditions
158 158
 Control Systems

159 159
 Latest Technology
Series V Control System
Common modular platform for all
power electronics solutions
Scalable,
Scalable flexible and fully digital
 High Dynamic Performance
 Extremely easy re-use of engineering
Experience capitalization
 Future proofed
“Evergreen”
Evergreen Controls
S/W architecture divorced from
hardware as much as possible
Classified as significantly superior to
its closest rival by TransEnergie of
Canada
World’s
World s most advanced HVDC user

160 160
 Series V: Overview of implementation
Duplicated system for Back to Back HVDC

161 161
 Valve Test Facilities

162 162
 HVDC & FACTS Testing

Valves are constructed from many large, high voltage

thyristors connected in series
Many hundreds of devices for HVDC
IEC standards dictate complex testing regimes for
thyristor valves which will get connected to transmission
networks
Conventional testing laboratories cannot provide the
required:
Level of power and its duration (days not seconds)
Waveform complexity

So we have our own purpose built Valve Testing Facility

163 163
 Valve Test Facility
Essential to be able to test HVDC and SVC valves to
international standards
During development
D i contracts
During t t
Facility established 1960s
Only 3 similar facilities exist in the world
Currently undergoing ~€10M investment

164 164
 Valve Testing

Dielectric testing
Requires amps not microamps

Operational Testing
Apply Representative Heating Current to the Valve
Realistically Simulate the Required Repetitive Voltage and
Current Switching Stresses
Apply Voltage Impulses at Selected Times, while the Valve
is Operating

165 165
 Valve Testing Simplified Circuit

 Operation is based on interleaving of the outputs of two

independent, but synchronized, oscillators:
High Current circuit
High Voltage Circuit

High
Hi h Current
C t High
Hi hVVoltage
lt
Circuit Circuit
V1

Test Valve
and local
circuit

 Can operate anywhere between 45Hz and 65Hz

166 166