32.4 Pure Bending A pipe subjected to increasing pure bending will fail as a result of increased ovalization of th cross section and reduced slope in the stress-strain curve. Up to a certain level of ovalizatior the decrease in moment of inertia will be counterbalanced by increased pipe wall stress due t strain hardening. When the loss in moment of inertia can no more be compensated for by th strain hardening, the moment capacity has been reached and catastrophic cross section: collapse will occur if additional bending is applied. For low Dit, the failure will be initiated o the tensile side of the pipe due to stresses at the outer fibers exceeding the limitin longitudinal stress. For D/t higher than approximately 30-35, the hoop strength of the pipe Wi be so low compared to the tensile strength that the failure mode will be an inward buckling o the compressive side of the pipe. The geometrical imperfections (excluding corrosion) that ar normally allowed in pipeline design will not significantly influence the moment capacity fe pure bending, and the capacity can be calculated as, SUPERB (1996): M, (103 -o001s-2) susp t G7) where D is the average pipe diameter, r the wall thickness and SMYS the Specified Minimur Yield Strength. ((.03-00015:D/¢)-SMyS represents the average longitudinal cross sectional stres at feilure as a function of the diameter to wall thickness ratio, 32.5 Pure Internal Pressure For pure internal pressure, the failure mode will be bursting of the cross-section, the pipe cros section expands, the pipe wall thickness decreases. The decrease in pipe wall thickness i compensated for by an increase in the hoop stress due to strain-hardening effect. At a critice pressure, the material strain hardening can no longer compensate the pipe wall thinning an the maximum intemal pressure has been reached. The bursting pressure can in accordanc with API (1998) be given as: Pours, = 9-5(SMTS + SMYS) G18)3.2.6 Pure Tension For pure tension, the failure of the pipe will be, as for bursting, the result of pipe wall thinning. When the longitudinal tensile force is increased, the pipe cross section will narrow down and the pipe wall thickness will decrease. At a critical tensile force, the cross sectional area of the pipe will be reduced until the maximum tensile stress for the pipe material is reached. The maximum tensile force can be calculated as: F, =SMTS- 4 G.19) where, 4 is the cross sectional area and SMTS the Specified Minimum Tensile Stress. 32.7 Pure Compression A pipe subjected to increasing compressive force will be subjected to Euler buckling. If the compressive force is additional increased the pipe will finally fail due to local buckling. If the Chapter 3 Buckling/Collapse of Deepwater Metallic Pipes 49 pipe is restraint except from in the longitudinal direction, the maximum compressive force will be close to the tensile failure force. F,=SMIS.A