ON

“IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT ON
EARTH’S MOTION”
By:
SUNIL
Undergraduate Student of B.Sc.(Hons.) Physics 3rd Year
Under Supervision of
Dr. Mukesh Kumar
Assistant Professor in Physics

At
Physics Department
Swami Shraddhanand College
University of Delhi

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It is my pleasure to be indebted to various people, who directly or indirectly contributed in
the development of this work and who influenced my thinking, behaviour, and acts during
the course of study.

I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Parveen Garg, Acting Principal Swami

Shraddhanand College, Alipur, Delhi-36 for providing me an opportunity to undergo summer
research project using available resources.

I am thankful to contemplative Assistant Professor Dr. Mukesh Kumar for his support,
cooperation, and motivation provided to me during the training for constant inspiration,
presence and blessings.

I also extend my sincere appreciation to Mr Krishan Kumar who provided his valuable
suggestions and precious time in accomplishing my research project report.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank the almighty and my parents for their moral
support and my tactful friends with whom I shared my day-to-day experience and received
lots of suggestions that improved my quality of work.

Sunil
BSc. Physics (H)
[4181439007]

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 Declaration
I, Sunil, student of Physics (H) Vth Semester, studying at Swami Shraddhanand College,
Alipur (University of Delhi ), hereby declare that the summer research project report
on “Impact of Development on Earth’s Motion” is a original work conducted by me.

The information and data given in the report is authentic to the best of my knowledge.

This summer research report is not being submitted to any other University for award
of any other Degree, Diploma, Certificate and Fellowship.

Sunil,
BSc. (Hons) Physics
[4181439007]

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4|Page
 Swami Shraddhanand College,
University of Delhi
Alipur, Delhi-110036

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this summer research project report entitled

“Imapact of Development On Earth’s Motion” is a bonafide
record of work done by “Sunil”, a student of Physics (H), Vth
Semester, university roll number 4181439007 under the
supervision of Dr. Mukesh Kumar , Faculty Physics
department, Swami Shraddhanand College, from 3 June, 2015
to 20 July, 2015.

Dr. Mukesh Kumar Dr. Parveen Garg

Supervisor Acting Principal
Summer Research Project Swami Shraddhanand College

PLACE : Delhi
DATE : 27 July 2015

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6|Page
 Table of Contents
I. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY (07)
II. INTRODUCTION of the TOPIC (07)
III. PROPOSED STUDY and SIGNIFICANCE (11)
o Review and Rationale of Study (12)
o Origin of Problem (14)
o Methodology (15)
o Significance of Study (15)
IV. OBSERVATION and DISCUSSION (19)
V. FINDINGS (23)
VI. LIMITATIONS of STUDY (24)
VII. REFERENCES (24)

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 SUMMER PROJECT

1. Objective of Study:

To study the impact of human development activities on the Earth's

rotational speed.

2. Introduction of the Topic

Our universe is full of various examples of continuously rotating object bearing spherical
shape. Earth like these objects is continuously rotating in accordance with the law of
conservation of angular momentum. The moment of inertia I of an object is mainly dependent
on following factor:

I αm Mass m of rotating object and

I α 𝑟2 dependency on the distance r from the axis of rotation.

Therefore moment of inertia is significantly affected by change in mass and even a small
perturbation in the mass element of object. On the other hand change in mass distribution is
also related to shape change of the object and the distance from axis of rotation. As the moment
of inertia of an object strongly depends on mass distribution of the object i.e. two object having
similar shape but with different density will have different moment of inertia.

The moment of inertia is an important property of a rotating object for finding related attributes
like angular velocity, angular momentum, rotational speed or the trajectory of the object etc.
Kinematics of rotational motion explains the change of behaviour of moment of inertia
quantitatively. We have quantitative relations between different components of rotational
motion such like Angular velocity 𝜔 which is rate of change of angular displacement 𝜃 with
respect to some rigid origin (𝜔 = 𝜃̇) and angular acceleration 𝛼 which measured the rate of
⃗ ̇ ).
change of angular velocity(𝛼 = 𝜔

An important relation who relates Angular momentum ⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐿 of a rotating body to angular
frequency is

⃗ = 𝑚𝑟 2 𝜔
𝐿 ⃗ (1.1)

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This relation play a vital role in determining whether the moment of inertia increase or
decreases if there is no external torque applied. If there is no external agency to disturb the
rotating object, it only affects the internal perturbation of mass inside the body. The change
of moment of inertia in isolation reflects that there is something varying inside the body or
mass variation on object surface. If there is no external agency to disturb the rotational motion
of the body the angular Momentum ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐿 of a rotating body will be conserve which means the
initial angular momentum is equal the final angular momentum. So mathematical relation form
of the law of Conservation of Angular Momentum is

𝐼1 𝜔1 = 𝐼2 𝜔2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡(𝐾) . (1.2)

In the absence of any external disturbance / torque the angular velocity is inversely
proportional to its moment of inertia i.e.

𝐼 𝛼 1/𝜔

If moment of inertia increased result in decrement in rotational speed of the object or

vice-versa. Here rotational speed 𝜔 of the object is related to its time period T by

2𝛱
𝜔=
𝑇
2𝜋
So we have 𝑇= 𝐼 (1.3)
𝑘

Therefore T∝ I

Therefore it implies that time-period of rotation increases linearly with increase in the moment
of inertia, and inertia in itself depends upon the mass distribution pattern. If the distribution
pattern changes it results in the change of Time period of Earth rotation or any rotating body.
Therefore the time-period of rotation strongly depends on the mass distribution pattern.

As subject of Physics is highly related to observations so one can easily draw a quantitative
relationships for measurement of time with various historical observations.

It is very hard for anyone to accept that there was a time when quantities relation of time is not
available and no standard definition of time. Even at the time of Galileo about 420 years ago
[R. Feynman, vol. 1], time is somewhat define as :

“ Time is something happens when nothing happens ”.

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In actual what matters is not how we define “time' and also how we measure it. It was the
biggest puzzle for scientist. One of the easiest way was to correlate it with periodic observed
phenomena i.e. regular formation of day & night, but it was observed that days are longer
in summer and shorter in winter. The discussion of evidence of variable rotation include the
examination of observation made by number of telescope from centuries to now but also history
reveals the story by record of lunar and solar eclipses and planetary occultation and conductions
for perhaps the past three millennia. This irregular behaviour forces them to use another
periodic phenomenon such as an hour glass. An hour glass is type of periodic phenomena, but
one has to observe all the day till the last sand particle goes from one to another. These day
we define time more accurately in term of almost periodic wave oscillations. All this help
us to calculate not only the accurate value of Earth rotation speed but also measurement
of any change in rotational time period if any.

The Earth rotational time-period behaviour is can't be completely understood without the
use of frame concept. The Earth is a rotational object so a case of rotating frame which is
a kind of a non-inertial frame. In case of rotating objects there are two types of pseudo forces
acts on continuous uniformly rotating bodies called Centrifugal and Coriolis force. These
pseudo forces result in the development of some internal force. These internal force may
result in the change in angular momentum or moment of inertia of the Earth.

There are various natural phenomena like volcanoes, earthquakes, movement of water etc
which represent mass displacement on earth surface.

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3. PROPOSED STUDY AND SIGNIFICANCE
An important relation between time period of rotation of an object and its moment of inertia
is given by eq.(1.1). On the other hand moment of inertia is strongly depending on mass
distribution and its distance from the axis of rotation . So the spherical object like Earth
rotational time-period is strongly relate to its mass configuration. The present Earth mass
configuration is not a permanent but have gone through various evolution stages / different
mass distribution configurations . This can be easily outdrawn from the various geological
development stages of Earth from 200 million year ago to present as in figure1.1.

From different evolution stages one can easily pin point that the Earth surface are always
load with unsymmetrical distribution of mass. This unsymmetrical mass distribution, shape
of the Earth make difficult to calculate its exact moment of Inertia is always being a hot
topic from many years for various scientists. This is important because the value of the moment
of inertia of Earth play the vital role in calculating the rotational time period of the Earth. The
rotation time-period of the Earth not only provides day and night duration but also affect the
duration and formation of seasons. These seasons affect our way of livings.

In brief one can easily say that exact value of the Earth moment of inertia and its dependent
factor will affect our life . Those factor variation and behaviour help us to prepare for better
life standards.

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3.1. Review and Rationale of Study

The discussion of evidence for the Earth rotation motion include the examination of not only
a variety of optical telescope evidence that goes to some 300 years back, but of historical
records of lunar and solar eclipse. The geophysical study of the Earth’s rotation has been done
by many scientist few of them are Lord Kelvin-2001 [10], Sir George Howard Darwin - 2001
[10] and Sir Harold Jeffrey’s -2001 [10] are amongst theme. Walter Monk and Gordon
MacDonald [4] in 1960 thoroughly reviewed the Earth motion both in observational and
interpretative point of view.

The Earth’s variable rotation, it departure from what it would be if it were a rigid body rotating
in isolation has occupied the interest of astronomers and geophysicist from more than 100
years. The revised pole position from 1900 onwards led to better estimates, although still much
debated ones of the Chandler Wobble parameters[In the paper by Lambeck, 1986] as discussed
in the work of Lambeck [4] . The paleontological evidence has raised the possibility of
extending the record of the Earth’s rotation beyond the 1 millionth of the age of the Earth that
was the case about 10% possibility longer [Lambeck, 1986].
The reason for this is quite clear when one becomes aware of the range of the process that
perturbs the Earth from uniform rotation shown in figure –1.2 (from Lambeck, Nature 286, p.
104, 1980)

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Fig.-1.2 various force components that perturb the Earth’s rotation (from Lambeck, Nature 286, p.104, 1980)

This complete study has not completely included following hidden mechanism:
 complete understanding of the fluid motion in the core,
 magnetic field of the redistribution the mass and
 Motion in the oceans and atmosphere.

Other reviews on this issue for finding the answer behind change of Earth’s rotation i.e. change
in the moment of inertia of the Earth because of geological, redistribution of masses was done
by Merriam -1983 [5], Lambeck - 1983[4], Rochester -1984 and War -1985 [7]. Tectonic
hypothesis, larger earthquakes, surface-loading; improved description of motion in the ocean
and atmosphere have also made a significant contribution to understanding of Earth’s rotation
are reviewed by Lambeck [4] in 1980’s. Lambeck [4] has also tried to calculate the change in
inertia tensor of the Earth using Excitation function.

They also studied the rotation spectra which were dominated by Chandler Wobble peak and
Annual oscillation. The excitation and dissipation of the Chandler Wobble remain unsolved

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problem. Lambeck has also studies various cases such as calculating the Moment of inertia
tensor with respect to fixed axes of Earth, finding the reason for Chandler Wobble peaks,
Annual oscillation peaks etc. He state that it may be treated as geological, ecological process
and a excitation function must be evolved to deal this impact, magnetic coupling, diffusion of
mass to oceans, tidal impacts etc.

B. F. Chao and R.S. Gross 1987 [11] have studied the Earth density variation because of
earthquakes by taking the data from period 1977-1985 in the work “Changes in the Earth’s
rotation and low-degree gravitational field induced by earthquakes”. This study shows a
variation in the density shows high non-randomness in the moment of inertia, length of the day
(LOD) and sum as well as the difference between the two equatorial principle moment of
inertia.

The various researchers have discussed the natural elements causes’ impact on the changes in
the rotational period of the Earth.

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3.2 Origin of Problem
The various researchers like Lambeck [10], Monk and McDonald[1960],B.F. Chao[11] and
R.S. Gross[11], Hide R.[11] and Merriam J.B.[5] has studied the Moment of inertia of Earth
from meteorological and geographical point of view. They tried to access the impact of various
natural phenomena like earthquakes, magnetic coupling, tidal effects and mass diffusion to
oceans on the rotation of Earth. And on the other hand some of the scientists try to calculate
the exact value of the Moment of Inertia in view any mass re-distribution. All of them have
got success in the finding almost the exact value of Moment of Inertia of the Earth.

It is not only the natural phenomena which produced some impact on the Earth rotation but
also human being are aggravate this impact in name of Developments. As human appetite
for the luxuries are heading to which we will say a “Dark Life with a motto”. "Making Life
Easier” needed more and more development and is increasing non-linearly without any limits
to that without any payback to Nature.

Few environmentalists as Lambeck, B.F. Chao etc. had studied the impact of human
development on the environment and the climate change but none of them have discussed the
impact of development in context of Moment of Inertia of the Earth.

In this work we try to co-relate these two important concept i.e. Moment of Inertia is strongly
depend on mass distribution pattern and human development is an ongoing Earth surface
mass displacement process i.e. "To study the Impact of Development on the Earth’s Motion”.

3.3 Methodology

On basis of review and rational study of related studies we have adopted following
methodology :

Stage 1 : First we are going to study the impact of any surface mass element
displacement on the moment of inertia of a perfectly rotating spherical object .
Is this mass element displacement impact play a significant change in the
value of moment of inertia of the object and how it related to different shape
of the object.

Stage 2 : Here we try to make a correlation between the moment of inertia impact of
mass element displacement which is studied in step 1 with our rotating distorted
spherical planet i.e. the Earth ( assuming the Earth as perfectly spherical object).

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 We will also study various factors (natural and manmade) affecting the mass
displacement on the Earth surface.

Stage 3 : Here we are going to assess the impact of human being development on mass
surface displacement and whether this displacement has enough capability to
induced some impact on the moment of inertia of the Earth.

Stage 4 : In the last we study the repercussions of such change in moment of inertia of
the earth due to development process, if any and also how to minimized them.

3.4 Significance of Study

Development is a basic need of human being, but having no boundaries. Many scientist have
proved that development is associated with many undesirable environmental related output
such as earthquakes, flooding etc. Such development output may result in bad effect on the
living of human being instead of any improvement. This study will provide an idea regarding
the consequences of development process on rotational speed of the Earth through the
change in value of moment of inertia. The change in rotational speed of the Earth has
many repercussions on related attributes like duration of day , seasons formation etc. The
attributes also affect our way of living.

Hence this study not only provide human development direct and indirect influence on the
nature which perturb the equilibrium sustainability but also provide some time to prepare
for incoming unfavourable situations or time to avoid such unfavourable situations .

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 4 IMPACT OF MASS ELEMENT DISPLACEMENT TO

MOMENT OF INERTIA:
In order to find the impact of any mass element displacement to the value of moment
of inertia let us consider a perfect spherical object rotating in Z axis. We have taken perfect
spherical object as an example because in latter stage we have to correlate this result with
the solid elliptical object like Earth having mass M and variable radius with non-uniform
mass distribution.

Therefore in order to make problem simple, we started with

assuming a solid spherical object having mass M, radius R and
having a uniform mass distribution.

The moment of inertia of a perfect spherical object as shown

in figure 1 about axis of rotation Z

is given by

2
𝐼 = 5M𝑅 2 (4.1)

If we perturb this uniform mass distribution by displacing a small mass element of mass 𝑑𝑚
from position r to r1, then there will be a change in the value of moment of inertia 𝐼 and also
to its related parameters. The nature of change in the value of moment of inertia 𝐼 can
be understood by following case study :

Case 1: Small mass element displacement from interior to Surface: Let we assume that
a mass element 𝑑𝑚 is displaced from the interior
position x to y on the surface of a perfect sphere as
indicated in fig.2. The resultant moment of inertia
𝐼 𝑐 is

2
𝐼 𝑐 = 5 {(M-dm) 𝑅 2 + 𝑑𝑚 𝑦 2 } (4.2)

Here y is always greater than x and also the

mass of earth M ( ≈ 1024 𝑘𝑔 ) in comparison to displace element mass dm
( 1 − 104 𝑘𝑔) . So one can make approximation M-dm ≈ M. Therefore, eq.(4.2)
become

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 2
𝐼 𝑐 ≈ {M𝑅 2 + 𝑑𝑚 𝑦 2 } (4.3)
5

In view of the eq.(4.1) and eq.(4.3) the change in the moment of inertia is

△ I = Ic − I ≠ 0 (4.4)

This shows that change is not zero but having some positive quantity .

2: Effect of Small Mass displacement on the surface:

If we displace a small mass element 𝑑𝑚 from surface point x to another surface point y
this would produce an impact on the value of radius of gyration R as the centre of mass
shifted. The radius of gyration R is defined as

√𝒎𝟏 𝒓𝟏 𝟐 +𝒎𝟐 𝒓𝟐 𝟐 +𝒎𝟑 𝒓𝟑 𝟐 +⋯……………+𝒎𝒏 𝒓𝒏 𝟐

𝑹= (4.5)
𝑴

This shift in centre of mass of the object would

change the moment of inertia and the value of
moment of inertia 𝐼1 can be calculated from the
parallel axis theorem which is given by 𝐼1 = 𝐼0 +
𝑀𝑥 2 . So change in moment of inertia due to shift in
centre of mass is

∆𝐼 = 𝑀𝑥 2 (4.6)

This result also shows that change in moment of inertia is not zero but having some
positive quantity as value of x is positive.

This displacement of one mass element dm will not cause the much change in moment
of inertia but if this displacement repeated in large number it will make significant
change in the moment of inertia , as a results in shape of object can also change.

Case-3: Mass Displacement Effect on shape of object:

In order to understand the effect of shape on the value of moment of inertia, let us consider
two body - one spherical , one elliptical but having same mass M and equal average Radius.
The moment of spherical object is given by eq. (4.1) and moment of inertia 𝐼 𝑐 along z
axis of an elliptical object with major axis a and minor axis b is given by

2
𝐼 𝑐 = 𝑀(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) (4.5)
5

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 So change in moment of inertia due to effect of shape is
2
△ 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑐 − 𝐼 = 𝑀{𝑎2 + 𝑏2 − 𝑅2} (4.6)
5

As 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 𝑅 2 is always positive because in ellipse a is bulged outside at equator,

Therefore △ 𝑰 is not zero but having some positive significant value.

The above discuss three cases are very general, does not give precise value of change but all
at least give an indication about the change in moment of inertia after displacing a mass
element from one position to another on the surface of Earth. The changed value may be small
but having some significant value not zero.

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5 . DEVELOPMENT PROCESS AND MOMENT OF INERTIA:

In order to increase the life standard of human being lot of development process are going
on all over the world. The development processes requires lot of massive element like
cement, iron, bricks etc. These massive object are not coming from outside the Earth but are
the materials displaced from other position of the Earth. As the radius of Earth is not equal
at any two position because of its ellipsoid structure and therefore the moment of inertia that
will differ by some value at these two position.

In section 4 we have seen that even a small mass element displacement on the surface
of perfectly spherical object indicate some change in the value of moment of inertia. Here
development work are going on the Earth which is not perfect spherical in shape but is
Oblate Spheroid and having irregular structure on the surface. In this situation effect of
displacing a mass element from one position to another on the value of moment of inertia is
increased. The human being development work also contribute towards increment in this
change moment of inertia value because many new developments are focusing on height and
heavy materials. The Guinness-record shows that the Romanian Palace of Parliament in
Bucharest has little competition in terms of weight and the behemoth of a building weighs in
with roughly 700,000 tons of steel and bronze, 1 million cubic meters of marble, 3,500 tons of
crystal glass, and 900,000 cubic meters of wood ( Source : http://therealdeal.com/blog/2013/11/17/a-
look-at-guinness-record-buildings/ )

So development process is not displacing a

object of mass few kilograms but are displacing
mass of the order of 106 kilograms. This
heavier order mass displacement so aggravate the
value of change moment of inertia. The
devolvement process effect the value of change
in moment of inertia in dual ways :

 Mass of element displacement,

 Number of such displacement.

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So development process not only displacing heavy mass element dm but also at a time
million of such development take place . Therefore the net effect of development on the
value of moment of inertia will be the sum of all development mass element displacement
i.e. net change in value of moment of inertia ΔI of the Earth is the summation of single
mass displacement 𝑑𝐼 due to development and will be given as

ΔI = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑑𝐼𝑖 (5.1)

Here the value of n is representing the number of development process. The actual
calculation of change in value of moment of inertia ΔI of the Earth is difficult because it
require :

 Net mass displace,

 Actual displacement made by massive object,
 Actual number of development process.
So exact value of ΔI is very difficult to calculate but one can easily check quantitatively
whether the development work change the value of moment of inertia of Earth or not. For
simple calculation let us assume that amount of mass displace is dm =104 𝑘𝑔 to a
distance of 1 kilometre and about 1010 such development process are going on the
surface of the Earth. As the change of moment 𝑑𝐼 is directly proportional to change of
mass , square of displacement and the number of such displacement, so
ΔI is roughly of the order of 1014
The order is very low as compare to the value of moment of inertia , but it is not zero.

From the above rough calculation we can say that human development can produced some
effect on the value of moment of inertia of the Earth

Therefore we are quite sure that there will be a definite change in moment of inertia of Earth
which will change the rotational time period of earth from the relation of moment of inertia
with time-period of object. So there will be some change in the rotational time period of Earth
due to human being development process and this change in time-period of rotation can
initiate an indefinite chain reaction of the Earth which may lead to worst consequences.

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6 FACTORS CAUSING EARTH MASS DISPLACEMENT:
Our Earth has gone through various changes due to intermittent distribution and migration
of mass over its surface owing to tremors and platonic moments. Even today earth shape
or mass distribution pattern may not be in a permanent state but keep changing over a long
time period. Here we study the various factors that cause mass displacement on the surface
of Earth and whether these factors can significantly contribute to the change in the value of
change of moment of inertia. These are not only due to natural activities like plate moment,
glacier melting etc. but also from various man-made activities. Some of these activities are -

1. Energy greed: Man is excavating fossil-fuels for its energy need from heart of earth. While
fossil fuel extraction process result in displacement of significant mass from interior to the
Earth’s surface. We are extracting millions of tons fuel per year and continuously performing
these activities from last few centuries. To increase the extraction rate we are innovating new
and explosive techniques without any distant thinking of impacts on the Earth’s system. This
quantity of mass is significant and may impact mass distribution pattern or the moment of
inertia of the Earth.

2. Development Work: Human society is going through an enormous change in living pattern
due to large population. Earlier horizontal growth have move to vertical growth. This vertical
growth resulted in accumulation of heavy mass in a smaller area and also material has been
dug out from somewhere else. This results into a significant mass displacement. This is a direct
evidence of non-uniform distribution of mass and such a fundamental processes are going at
larger and faster rate over complete surface which will definitely alter the Earth’s moment of
inertia or its rotational speed.

3. Human Interference : In addition to above human being is also interfering with the
nature counterbalancing cycle through cutting of tree, addition water storage dam etc. All
these result in increasing emission of greenhouse gases as cause of Global Warming which in
turn causes addition melting of glaciers or non-uniform mass flow. All these human
interference activities result in a significant mass displacement which may affect moment
of Inertia .

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 7. POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF CHANGE IN MOMENT OF
INERTIA

If we consider Earth as a system and we are the ingredients with a natural environment, rivers,
forests, even deserts which seems to be unproductive but have some special kind of impact on
our lives. We all are dependent on each other, as there is a saying “ Keep little things in their
places, the bigger one get settled itself”. Man is extracting resources from the nature for the
better life, but without knowing the consequences.

If you believe in physics you must believe Newton’s third law of “Action-Reaction” means for
every action there is equal and opposite reaction. According to Newton’s third law the
displacements of masses is counter balance by the inertia of Earth i.e. the moment of inertia. If
such impact take such long time, and sudden Earth does not have recovery period to counter
balance such forces this may result in undesirable consequences. As human being can-not stop
the developmental process so we can-not deny the possibilities of such miss-happening but
what they can do is that they can slow down the rate of development, so that the Earth have
enough time for recovery.

Therefore Nature also respond (react) to these activities of development, extraction of natural
minerals are in the form of disasters such as Earthquakes, flooding, Tsunami, typhoon
landslides, cloud burst, draught, therefore the law suggest that we have to pay for everything.

The development rate, the rate of extraction fossil fuels from the heart of Earth, the rate at
which deforestation occurring is abundantly increasing which has direct or indirect impacts on
the Earth’s mass configuration, it changes the geological conditions which are the most
fundamental for the growth of “Human Crop”. What does it mean, it can be understand by the
following phenomenon observed in last some decades, The average temperature of Earth is
increasing at a higher rate than any before which initialise the chain reaction at a large scale as
follow- the of glaciers melts, the large amount of mass flow from one scale to another forming
a configuration entirely different from the initial one. The environmental conditions for lives
such as low average temperature, ozone layer corrosion, presence of the gases at a moderate
rate is not same as before.

Therefore it is concluded that the human development has direct and indirect influence on the
nature, which perturb the equilibrium sustained between nature and human, and therefore
nature response back for shifting of equilibrium position in the form of Calamities which try to

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re-gain the equilibrium position and re-enforce the environmental, geographical conditions to
maintained the balance between Human and Nature.

8. FINDINGS:
1. Mass element displacement on surface of the spherical rotating object result in change
in the value of its moment of inertia, the change may be small but having significant
value.
2. The human being development processes is also displacing massive mass element
on the surface of the Earth and development is also a key factor in producing
mass displacement on the complete surface of the Earth.
3. The large number of development process and displacement of massive object may
result in the change of moment of inertia of the Earth.
4. Due to this rapid development Earth has no recovery period this may lead to many
unwanted phenomena. also produces some impact on moment of inertia of Earth.
5. Controlled rate of development with proper environmental factor consideration can
result in a better life style for all of us.

9. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

 This work just give a screen shot of the problem in terms of simple formulae and not consider
important factor like irregular shape of earth, non-uniform mass density, Earth’s magnetic field
with the redistribution of mass, exact value of moment of Earth etc.
 This works make much simplification of Earth rotating system whereas it is a geophysical
problem must be tackle by evaluating the excitation function; the variation with of the torques
‫ ځ‬acting on the Earth, of the changes in the moment of inertia tensor [∆𝐼] and the momentum
of the momentum of the particles making up the Earth relative to earth-fixed axes and Excitation
function etc.
 This work takes approximate order of number of development process, mass displace
and actual displacement made by massive object to get rough estimate of change in
value of moment of inertia ΔI of the Earth.Net mass displace,

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