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1.1.4 BEARINGS........................................................................................................................................7
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3. DATA SHEET............................................................................................................... 21
3.1.1 GENERAL.......................................................................................................................................21
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1. General Characteristics
The document describes in principal the DST-G20 condensing steam turbine and accessories.
Note: All pictures in following chapters are illustrative only and are subject to change as per last
technical development.
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exhaust casing is fabricated of steel plates. The connection of the front and rear casings is provided
by bolting to a vertical flange. The exhaust branch has a circular form.
The front section of the turbine casing is mounted over lugs in the horizontal plane on the front
bearing pedestal. Mounting in the horizontal plane ensures that any expansion due to thermal
effects has a neutral effect and the rotor and stator alignment in the hot and cold conditions remain
the same. The rear exhaust casing is mounted to the base frame by welded brackets located on both
sides of the casing.
The exhaust space is equipped with a spray cooling system. Spray cooling is used when the quantity
of steam passing through the rear section is low and the associated ventilation losses of the blades
increase the temperature (typically during low load or no load operation).
The turbine rotor is fitted with advanced blading with cylindrical or 3D profiles. The rotating blades
are mounted to the rotor by "T" non-clamped, "T" clamped roots or fork type pinned roots. The
rotating blades of the last stage are mounted by fir tree type root. The rotating blades are provided
with shrouds. These shrouds bind the blades to increase the dynamic stiffness, but they are also used
for forming the peripheral sealing of the rotating blades.
typical T root typical fork pinned roots typical fir tree root
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Design of rotor
Erosion protection of the moving blades is achieved by using moisture extraction among last stages
with appropriate flow path design and hollow nozzles used for last LP stage.
Moisture removing
by hollow nozzles
Moisture removing
among stages
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Guide blades are situated in guide blade carriers in the outer casing.
The diaphragms of the last two stages are made of steel and the nozzle cascades are fixed by means
of pins or welded in the diaphragms discs and rims.
The guide blade carriers and diaphragms are divided in the horizontal axis to form upper and lower
halves. They are centre-line supported, to maintain precise inter-stage sealing clearances.
1.1.4 Bearings
The turbine rotor is carried on two tilting pads journal bearings which are horizontally split. The lining
of the sliding portion of the bearings is made from a tin based white metal.
The thrust bearing is combined with the front journal bearing, to manage the unbalanced thrust in
both directions, with pads tilting on the tilting edges. The thrust bearing is axially adjustable.
Inspection of the bearings is possible without removal of the rotor. Bearing temperatures are
measured by thermocouples located directly under the white metal lining of the bottom pads in the
journal bearings and in two diametrically opposed pads on active and inactive sides of the thrust
bearing.
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The thrust bearing combined with one journal bearing is placed in the front bearing pedestal. The
rear bearing is in the rear bearing housing, which is welded to the exhaust duct structure.
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On the individual rings there are alternate higher and lower teeth that form a seal from true
labyrinths. In the seals of the LP turbine, the relative displacements are greater. Teeth of uniform
height are caulked in the rotor and seal casing, forming a look-through labyrinth.
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Note: The steam strainer is installed to capture only the major (sizable) impurities. It does not relieve
the PURCHASER from its obligation to maintain mechanical steam purity as defined in clause 2.4
• HP hydraulic aggregate
• HP hydraulic actuators
• Control fluid
Note: For more info see chapter 5.6 Control and instrumentation.
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• after the turbo-generator shut-down, to ensure uniform cooling of the turbine rotors
• before the start-up of the Unit, before opening of the gland steam feeding valves
The turning gear is of the mechanical gear type, with an AC electric motor drive. It is attached to the
gear box casing and connected through a clutch to the gear box high speed shaft. The turning gear
operation is fully automatic.
• Electric motor
• Gear box
• Automatic clutch
• Components of oil system
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A manual turning of the rotors is ensured by means of a hand wheel. The auxiliary and jacking oil
pumps must be in operation during the manual barring.
Gearbox
First circuit controls the steam pressure. It connects the front and rear turbine glands, and ensures
that the steam extracted from the HP glands is feeding the LP vacuum glands. The rest of the steam
is passed back to the steam flow path and increases the turbine efficiency. Two gland steam valves
achieve the pressure control. One valve delivers steam into the circuit during start-up of the turbine.
The other valve relieves excess steam, typically when the quantity of steam extracted from the HP
glands is higher than the quantity of steam fed into the LP vacuum glands. This condition occurs
during operational modes when there is a higher inlet steam flow. Steam delivered into the gland
steam circuit during start-up or shut down is taken from a steam header.
Second gland steam system is the vent steam circuit. The piping of this circuit connects the front and
rear turbine outer glands. The pressure in the vent steam circuit is slightly under atmospheric
pressure (approximately 0.98 bar). This means that steam and some amount of air (vent steam) are
extracted from the last gland section. The slight vacuum pressure in this system is provided by a vent
steam fan. Vent steam that enters the vent steam condenser (VSC – cooled by main condensate) is
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condensed, and the non-condensable gas (air) is blown out by the motor driven fan to atmosphere.
In case of VSC failure vent steam is blown out directly by vent steam fan.
The pressure section of the front HP gland upstream mentioned two steam circuits, reduces the
gland steam losses by introducing the extracted gland steam back into the working flow (in an
applicable extraction or an appropriate point on turbine or LP steam inlet).
The drain system of turbine has been designed with pneumatically driven valves and with steam
traps (bimetallic or float type) in the parallel lines. Drain valves are controlled by turbine control
system and open during cold start up or according operator´s requirements. Drain valves and steam
traps are located as close as possible to drain header connected to the flash tank. Steam traps ensure
draining in case if drain valves are closed.
The drain pipes are routed into separate drain sections which consist of separators of impurities, pipe
lines with pneumatically operated drain valves and parallel arranged pipe lines with isolating valves
and steam traps. Drains with similar parameters are collected in headers obviously welded to the
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flash tank and connected to condenser. Low pressure and high pressure drains have the same
arrangement.
Steam traps are used in the drain systems of all SUPPLIER´S turbines. These devices are proven to
maintain a high level of performance and reliability.
The lubricating oil system of the turbo-generator is designed for lubrication and cooling of bearings
of the turbine, gear box and generator. The system is independent on the HP control oil system. The
system must ensure safe supply of lubricating oil in all operating modes. In operation, the system
ensures oil pressure 150 – 180 kPa(g) at the inlet to the bearing pedestals and gear box. Turbo-
generator oil system is designed to operate with mineral turbine oil ISO VG46.
Main Oil Pump is designed to ensure the delivery of necessary oil flow for lubrication and cooling of
bearings during operation of the turbo-generator. The pump is of screw type and is installed on the
low speed shaft of gearbox. The pump has sufficient capability to suck oil from the Main Oil Tank
installed below the axis of TG.
Start-up Oil Pump ensures the supply of lubricating oil during barring, start-up, normal and
emergency shutdown of the turbo- generator. The pump fills the suction and discharge lines with oil
and prepares system for operating of turbo-generator. The pump is started automatically from the
control system. The pump is of centrifugal type in a vertical design. It is installed in arrangement of
1x100 % on cover of Main Oil Tank and submerged in oil. It is driven by an electric motor (AC).
Emergency Oil Pump ensures a safe supply of lubricating oil in emergency shutdown of the turbo-
generator, in case of loss of AC power source, Start-up Oil Pump failures, loss of lubricating oil
pressure for other reasons (e.g. oil leakage caused by the pipe failure, etc.). The pump is started in
case of emergency shutdown of the turbine generator automatically through the control system. In
case of malfunction of the control system it is started directly by the binary switch sensor of low
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pressure. For safety reasons, the oil from the pump to the bearing is routed directly bypassing
coolers, filter, pressure valve and temperature control valves. The pump is of centrifugal type in a
vertical design. It is installed in arrangement of 1x100 % (of emergency oil flow) on cover of Main Oil
Tank and submerged in oil. The pump is driven by an electric motor (DC).
Oil coolers are used for removing of the heat dissipated from bearings to lubrication system and for
ensuring of the required temperature of the lubricating oil at the inlet to the turbo-generator
bearings. Coolers are installed in the arrangement of 2 x 100%. Coolers are cooled by water (or
water/glycol) from the closed/open cooling circuit. Coolers are of tube heat exchanger type. In the
event of reduction of cooling power due to fouling cooler can be disconnected during operation of
the turbo-generator (stand by cooler is started). Cooler can be cleaned after draining of the oil and
water.
The required temperature of lubricating oil at the inlet to the turbo-generator bearings is achieved
by mixing of cooled and uncooled oil in Thermostatic Control Valve. The valve operates
automatically on the principle of expansion of the wax filling in the control elements of the valve.
Elements open or close each inlet of oil into the valve depending on the oil temperature at the
outlet. It is possible to use the emergency control to close inlet of warm oil into valve and open only
inlet with cooled oil from coolers.
Lubricating Oil Filter is intended to protect the bearings from damage by impurities. The filter is
installed in arrangement of 2 x 100% (duplex). In case of fouling filter elements in one chamber of the
filter two-stage three-way valve directs the flow of oil into the second chamber with clean filter
elements. The dirty elements can be changed. The chambers are connected by piping for pressure
equalization, which ensures the bumpless redirection of oil flow. The filter is equipped with optical
and electrical signaling of fouling, which enables local visual inspection and remote transmission
(contacts 75 and 100%).
Pressure Relief Valve is designed to control automatically the lubricating oil pressure to the adjusted
value 150 - 180 kPa (g) measured before entering the bearing pedestals. The valve actuator is of
membrane type without auxiliary power. When pressure in the system is increased valve opens and
increases the pressure loss and valve discharges excessive amounts of oil into the Main Oil Tank. The
failure of the actuator results in the automatic valve closing.
Oil Vapor Exhaustion Device is intended for sucking of oil and water vapor from the Main Oil Tank,
pipe of return oil and space of bearing pedestals. Vacuum in the bearing pedestals reduces oil leaks
around the rotor, supports continuous outflow of oil from the pedestals and removes water from the
system. The device is installed in arrangement of 2x100 % on cover of Main Oil Tank. The fan is
driven by an electric motor (AC).
Main Oil Tank is intended for degassing, sludging and dewatering of lube oil. Tank is of single - wall
design. The tank is reinforced for the possibility of installation and operation the equipment on
cover. Entry to the tank is designed to avoid excessive foaming of oil in tank. Oil flows through
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removable strainers. The tank is equipped with level indicators to measure the maximum oil level
upwards the strainers, oil level during operation and minimum oil level downwards the strainers.
Jacking Oil Pump(s) is intended to supply oil for the lifting of the generator rotor in the bearing
shells. It ensures reduced friction when starting the turbine generator, easy to start turning gear and
bearing protection at start-up and run-down of generator. The pump is of volumetric type. It is
installed together with the generator. The pump is driven by an electric motor (AC).
To start-up the turbine generator for normal operation, the operating oil temperature must be at
least 35°C. Achieving the correct temperature is ensured by install of oil heating. Oil is heated by
electric heating elements installed in the Main Oil Tank.
2. Operational Properties
The turbine design insures a high level of operational flexibility. The unit may be connected to the
grid with frequency or load control.
Through thermal fatigue calculations, it can be determined that the maximum allowable additional
stress typically occurs during the start-up. These thermal stresses become very important in
determining the limits for the duration of turbine start-up.
The calculation of the temperature distribution and thermal stress in rotors and casings indicated
that, the component in the Doosan Skoda design with the highest stress is the rotor in the section of
the inner gland. The thermal fatigue calculation for this point therefore determines the rate of
turbine start-up.
In spite of the elevated stress encountered during start-up, none of the exposed turbine components
exceed their allowable stress limit. The service life of the critical point component is characterized by
the number of temperature cycles for the initiation of cracking in relation to the elevated stress level.
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The startup times calculation considers the 25 years’ service life of the unit. The following numbers
of start-ups are considered during the turbine lifetime:
Note:
1) Initial metal temperature – mean integral temperature of the rotor before turbine start-up –
typical values.
2) Number of starts mentioned above is for information only and it can be modified based on
PURCHASER requirements for the start-up times and load cycling.
3) Permanent feeding of steam turbine glands must be provided in case of one or two-shift operation
and weekend shut downs.
Each steam turbine rotor is balanced and evaluated according to ISO 11342 methodology
respectively to comply to ISO 7919 and ISO 10816 standards. The over speed test at 120% rated
speed takes 2 minutes and could be done once per lifetime of the steam turbine rotor and it is
always conducted in the SUPPLIER´S facility..
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Key parameters of steam purity for steam turbines according to IEC/TS 61370 (issued in June 2002):
Even if zero deposit may not be physically achieved, the SUPPLIER advises to maintain the above
stated recommended values of steam purity for the optimal long term operation of the equipment
and avoidance of increased costs for maintenance and connected decreased availability.
Steam blowing of steam boiler plants and associated pipework shall be performed according to the
Guideline VGB-S-513-00-2014-07-EN (third edition 2014).
Supplier requires:
- to provide the steam blowing procedure according to the chapter 7.10.2 Steam blowing at
sliding pressure without pressure accumulation.
- to provide boiler and pipework cooling between each steam blowing to T < 150 °C.
- to locate target plate in position where the steam velocity reach min. 200 m/s and keep
target plate inside piping including boiler heating and stabilization on
parameters. Dimensions of target plate 0.85Dx40mmx6mm, mirror finished equal to Ra0.25
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The steam blowing procedure including evaluation criteria etc. shall be submitted to the Supplier for
his reviewing and approval.
Purchaser shall guarantee mechanical steam purity during long term operational of turbine. Any
damage caused by mechanical impurities/particles or a water ingress coming from steam boiler or
live/reheat steam piping are under Purchaser`s responsibility.
To achieve technically pure steam, the Purchaser shall perform a cleaning of feed water system,
steam boiler and associated live/reheat steam piping and steam blowing procedure according to the
Standard VGB-S-513-00-2014-07-EN (third edition 2014). The mechanical steam purity shall be
certified as per this Standard.
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3. Data sheet
3.1.1 General
Number of cylinders 1
Number of flows 1
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Number of stages 22
Moving blade fixing fork type root, T type root, fir tree type
Thrust bearing
Type Labyrinth
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Number 1
Actuator hydraulic
Control valves
Number 4
Temperature 523 °C
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Number 1 x 100%
Type Screw
Number 1 x 100 %
Type Centrifugal
Number 1
Type Centrifugal
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Number 2 x 100%
Type Centrifugal
Oil coolers
Number 2 × 100 %
Oil filters
Lubrication oil
Oil preheating
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Turbine casing upper half with stop and control valves 22 300 kg
Note: All technical parameters and features specified by item 3 above are for information only and
Supplier reserves the right to change them within the detail design stage.
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