Building Information Modeling (BIM)

Applications in an Education Context

Alcínia Zita Sampaio ✉

( )

Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Lisbon,

Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
zita@civil.ist.utl.pt

Abstract. Teaching Architecture and Civil Engineering requires a permanent

updating of knowledge concerning procedures and technologies used in Construc‐
tion industry. In this sense, the school should seek to adapt its curriculum to
include innovative issues to support a better construction. The Building Infor‐
mation Modeling (BIM) methodology involves the concept of information
centralized in a unique geometric model and promotes collaboration between all
participants. An important role of teaching is to organize actions to stimulate the
insertion of new issues in school. The present report presents several uses of the
3D/BIM model, the main limitations found in the development a nD/BIM models
and the most remarkable benefits of the BIM methodology when supporting
multitasks, within an education context. Several examples of BIM applications
developed by students as MSc researchers are described in detail: 2D/BIM tech‐
nical drawing representations; conflict analysis based in a 3D/BIM model; coor‐
dination of construction project supported on a 3D/BIM model; structural anal‐
yses using 3D/BIM models; 4D/BIM model for construction planning; materials
take-off supporting 5D/BIM models; energetic analyses based on 6D/BIM model;
development of 7D/BIM model in maintenance activity. The concept of multiuse
of the 3D/BIM model becomes very clear for students, from the development of
different nD/BIM models. The objective is to add competitive skills in the training
of future civil engineers.

Keywords: BIM methodology · nD/BIM models · Engineering training

Competitive skills

1 Introduction

The methodology Building Information Modeling (BIM) is an approach that is essen‐

tially based on the integration of processes, supported by a data-rich 3D model which
allows to seamlessly tracking the whole life-cycle of a construction [1]. The method‐
ology BIM, involving the concept of information centralized in a unique virtual
geometric model, is changing deeply the way how information is managed within the
construction sector, and is strongly supported in advanced modeling technology. BIM
combines the parametric three-dimension (3D) modeling and a height level of informa‐
tion, on the generation of a virtual digital model, the 3D/BIM model. As such, it is
expected that the whole process becomes more accessible to the multiple entities that

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018

I. F. C. Smith and B. Domer (Eds.): EG-ICE 2018, LNCS 10864, pp. 414–428, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91638-5_23
 BIM Applications in an Education Context 415

collaborate in the enterprise either while developing the design and later in the manage‐
ment of the building [2]. Future engineers should be trained in the large spectrum allowed
by BIM methodology.
One important competence of teaching is to promote the introduction of new knowl‐
edge that can enrich the student. In this sense the teacher must analyze the best method
of providing knowledge to the student. One of the methods is to drive the direction of
masters’ theses for the topic, BIM, in order to be able to explore the different applications
that the engineer can perform with the available BIM tools [3]. The BIM theme was
introduced in the Civil Engineering Department only 3 years ago and it is offered to
students of the first curricular year. As so, at this level only the handling of basic BIM
tool is taught. Senior students have a better understanding of what is the activity of the
engineer and some idea that the BIM methodology has been applied in all sectors all
over the world. So it is important that the finalists’ student earn that competence before
leaving school.
Several aspects were study within MSc researches in order to generate nD/BIM
models focuses on a wide perspective of the BIM used in the construction industry. The
main objective of the presented education strategy is to add competitive skills in the
training of future architects and civil engineers [4]. The text describes several research
works developed by MSc students, remarking the positive achievements and contributes
to the construction field. As the works developed by MSc students, are normally the
first contact with BIM, the study cases projects are of low complexity, and the range of
studied situations, are of course limited in order to achieve academic reports with the
depth and extension appropriate.

2 Training and Education

The implementation of BIM covers various sectors of the construction industry [5]. The
text presents several uses of the BIM model to support the analysis of inconsistency
between disciplines, the planning and construction management, the take-off of quan‐
tities of material and the structural design process. All were developed in an educational
context. Based on the presentation of studies applied to real situations there were iden‐
tified the main benefits and limitations in the generation of nD/BIM models. The nD
directions of the BIM use are based on a proper relationship and collaboration among
team members in order to optimize the process of development of the project [6]. The
required collaboration is based on features provided by a sustained methodology and an
effective interoperability of BIM tools.
The capabilities that have been demonstrated in recent reports, together with the
dissemination of technological advances achievements, should be known by the users.
The school, within its educational mission, has the role of encouraging the students,
future engineers and architects, to acquire new knowledge on BIM issue. So, the future
engineers and architects should obtain new knowledge concerning BIM concept and
multiuse. In the context of the education activity in a Civil Engineering and Architectural
school some topics of BIM application were developed by students within MSc research
works [7]. The present text describes several of these research works. The students have
416 A. Z. Sampaio

been conducting research works concerning nD/BIM applications addressing various

activities related to the areas of architecture, structures and construction (Fig. 1):
• Generation and analysis of structural 3D/BIM model [8];
• Conflict analysis based on 3D/BIM model [9];
• Establishment of parametric objects applied in the architectural 3D/BIM model
[10];
• Planning [11] and management [12] of the construction supported on 4D/BIM
model;
• Take-off of quantities of materials from project supported on 5D/BIM model [13];
• Maintenance of buildings supported on 6D/BIM model [14].

Fig. 1. nD/BIM didactic models – structural design, management and construction planning,
maintenance, conflict analyses and materials take-off.

The objective with the introduction of BIM methodology, at the last level of the
student’s school training, is to enable the future engineer with basic knowledge: in
handling BIM tools and in learning how to use them for running usual work, normally
developed based in traditional software. In this context, the study cases are real-projects
but the focus to be analyzed is selected in order give to each student a unique perspective
to follow (structures, planning construction or takeoff material).
 BIM Applications in an Education Context 417

3 BIM Concept and Multiuse

The reference to BIM methodology includes the combination of a set of technologies

related to the generation of the model and with the handling of their data, and the ability
to promote a high level of interdisciplinary collaboration, desirable in the development
and analysis of the project, contributing to achieve better productivity and quality in the
design, construction and maintenance of buildings [1]. Basic BIM technology supports
a clear and precise communication between architects, engineers, builders, facility
managers and owners, with their activities based on the BIM model that allows the
centralization of all the information, which is being raised along the development of a
project. The practical concept of BIM points, currently, two essential aspects:
• The generation of a three-dimensional (3D) geometric model containing all the
information associated with the idealization and development of a project;
• The use of data, able to be provided by the model, in the various activities that are
usually carried over a project.
After the 3D/BIM model is created containing the information considered relevant,
it can be used to establish distinct tasks: technical drawings generation, conflict detection
analyses; construction planning definition; take-off of quantities of material; energy
study; maintenance strategy.
Due to the consistency of design data with quality data and construction process with
quality control process, BIM can generate and maintain information produced during
the whole life-cycle of a building project—from design to maintenance—and can be
applied to various fields [2]. BIM can be considered as a digital representation of a
building, an object-oriented 3D model, and a repository of project information to facil‐
itate interoperability and exchange of information between software. Therefore, BIM
data-rich model allows the extraction of data, appropriate to various users’ needs, and
the generation of information that can be used to make decisions, to improve the process
of delivering the facility and to create better products [6].
A BIM model constitutes a complete and full database, not only concerning the
geometric data, the most visible part of the process, but also the materials applied in the
building and its mechanical and physical characteristics [15]. The methodology BIM
interferes with all aspects involved in a building project:
• The initial stage when the form of the building is generated (architecture);
• The different phases of the structural study (structural solution design, analysis and
production of technical drawings);
• The quantification of materials and budgets and the construction planning process
(definition of geometric model for each construction phase and cost estimation);
• And later in the post-occupation period of the building (management and mainte‐
nance).
418 A. Z. Sampaio

3.1 Generation of Drawings and Sections Views (3D/BIM)

The graphical documentation associated with the project is made up of plants, vertical
sections, elevations and construction details. As the digital 3D/BIM model is formed of
parametric objects, it contains all the information associated with the composition of
each component. The BIM tools admit the ability to manipulate the BIM data is in order
to obtain different type of drawings and perspectives of the model. For example, a plant
is automatically obtained by the application of a horizontal section made by a secant
plane located in a higher level than the top level of the windows (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. Plan representation and section view [16].

On the representation a vertical cut, the location of the intersection plane is shown
over a plan view (intersection plan line, name and guidance). The plant drawing that is
automatically obtained contains a reduced amount of information. The BIM tool allows
adding the missing information such as dimensions and designation of each room and
correspondent area [10]. In addition, vertical cuts can be applied over the 3D/BIM model.
It allows to shown in a perspective view the interior of the building and the graphical
representation of each material (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3. Representation in vertical cut applied over the model [16].

The graphic documentation set that can be obtained from the model is one of the
advantages of BIM, when compared with the traditional process, emphasizing the ability
of automation, updating, adding details, and material composition of elements. To this
 BIM Applications in an Education Context 419

end, the drawings can be organized by selecting drawings, tables, supplementary

schemes details and other information. The software automatically creates a sheet with
all these elements, each representing a certain range, which is automatically actualized
when the 3D/BIM model is changed. This BIM capacity avoids the representation of
incoherent, incorrect or outdated information, as is frequent in CAD drawings when a
project is submitted to adjustments.

3.2 Interoperability Analyses in Structural Design (3D/BIM)

The main objective of the researches consists of a comparative analysis between the
traditional process and the BIM methodology, focusing on the structural component of
the project. Two didactic works were carried out. The studies allow the identification of
limitations and problems resulting from the analysis of two specific cases, and the
proposed recommendations and best practices to promote achieving a higher degree of
efficiency.
In a research work, conducted by Azevedo [17], a structural Revit model was created
over a Revit architecture model. The preliminary design of the structural elements
geometry was carried out based on the architectural constraints of the building, the
imposed actions, and the used materials, and next the Revit structural model was trans‐
posed to the structural software, SAP2000. In the process the degree of interoperability
between software were analyzed. It was analyzed the type of information that is main‐
tained or amended, and which adaptations were necessary to make in order to obtain a
correct analytical model. Although the transposition cannot be described as the ideal
methodology, taking into account constraints that condition the efficiency of BIM model,
it has significant advantages compared with the traditional process (Fig. 4):
• The transposition of data between the Revit and SAP2000 is conducted only in one
direction (not allowing subsequent updates in the original Revit model).
• The main advantages are: decrease of the amount of errors and inconsistencies in
the structural design; decrease of the total project duration; increase of the overall
efficiency;
• However some limitations are found in this process: unidirectional information
workflow (updates not supported); limitations on the type of elements transferred;
difficulty in transposing slabs openings; inability to transfer alignments (grids);
failure to recognize the constraints of foundations.

Fig. 4. Revit models (architecture and structural) and SAP2000 models.

420 A. Z. Sampaio

In a second research work performed by Oliveira [8], after doing the safety check
for structural elements and the detailing of rebar in Robot, it was necessary to transfer
all the information back for the BIM model, but this process is still very limited (Fig. 5):
• Regarding the slab, Revit does not recognize the rebar information exported by
Robot. It is however possible, to create a dwg file in Robot, specifying the detail
drawings of reinforcement;
• The transposition process of information related to beam details between the calcu‐
lation and modeling software admits some degree of integration; however, the results
are still not satisfactory. It becomes necessary to set directly in Revit, the rebar on
each beam. There are still many limitations to full integration between Revit and
Robot;
• Contrary to what occurs for beams, the exportation of detailed rebar information for
columns between Robot and Revit is carried out without any difficulties. This takes
importance if a higher level of detail is desirable and for the account of material;
• For the foundation beams some problems occur when exporting detail information
about the reinforcement and it should be considered the correct splices of rebar in
the connection between columns and foundations to improve the quality of drawings.

Fig. 5. Adjustments performed in Revit of rebar detailing transferred from Robot.

BIM methodology has become particularly popular in the construction industry

however it has been difficult to spread the use of this within structural engineering
workplaces. There is, therefore, the need to demonstrate that this is a valid methodology,
which using the BIM tools is advantageous even when directed at the structural design.
It should be noted that the detail of reinforcement developed for the structural elements,
is possible by two alternatives; by recourse to the structural calculation software Robot
or trough Revit. Both possibilities show different levels of automation and rectifications
for the results are commonly necessary due to the inconsistency of data.

3.3 Conflict Analysis Between Disciplines (3D/BIM)

The BIM methodology and tools associated with it present themselves as an excellent
asset to support the process of conflict analysis, as they make it possible to merge all
disciplines in an integrated virtual environment, the 3D/BIM model. The aim of the
study conducted by [9] was to evaluate the practical capabilities of the BIM concept in
the conflict analysis between building services, namely, the water supply and drainage
 BIM Applications in an Education Context 421

systems design, and the architectural and structural design. As such, it was developed a
3D/BIM model containing the components: architecture, structures and building serv‐
ices. The model was analyzed oriented to the clash detection between elements from all
disciplines and for that the Clash Detective function in Revit was used. This work
contributes to demonstrate the advantages of BIM in the conciliation and coordination
between different specialties, as well as the benefits of its application in conflict analysis
in an engineering design.
The BIM tools admit to overlap three design disciplines and support the analyses of
conflicts verified between elements belonging to distinct disciplines. There are appli‐
cations such as Tekla BIMsight, Solibri Model Checker or Navisworks with additional
capabilities aimed at conflict analysis. The algorithm of conflict detection can evaluate
two modes of inconsistency:
• Conflict detection based on geometry consists in checking for intersections between
3D elements of different specialties;
• Analyze based on rules that allow to detect cases that do not check for compliance
with regulations or rules previously defined by the user (minimum distance between
elements or the space for people circulation may not be obstructed by systems
elements).
Tekla BIMsight can be used on the analysis between the specialties Mechanical,
Electrical, and Plumbing (MEP) and structures. First, the two components, both created
in a BIM modeler software, must be are exported to Tekla, in IFC compatible format.
The two models are then overlapped and the conflict detection is activated by selecting
the rule named MEP vs Structure. A list of points of conflicts is returned from the anal‐
ysis. The perspective of Fig. 6 allows the visualization of several collision points marked
with a symbol.

Fig. 6. Geometric conflict detection between MEP and Structures disciplines.

Then, it must be carried out a detailed analysis of each occurrence because duplicate
events can be considered and some conflicts are inevitability. The conflicting situations
adjustments cannot be carried out directly in Tekla BIMsight, which constitutes a limi‐
tation of most of the BIM viewers, and corrections must be performed in a BIM modeler
tool (Fig. 7).
422 A. Z. Sampaio

Fig. 7. Correction solutions carried out in conflict spots.

3.4 Visual Simulation of Construction Planning (4D/BIM)

Planning and scheduling in construction, involves the sequence of activities both in

space and in time, taking into account the allocation and resource acquisition, quantities
and space constraints amongst others. Using the Revit software the architectural and
infrastructure models of a project were generated [11]. To create a 4D model the Navis‐
works software was used to allow the interconnections amongst sets of 3D elements of
the BIM model, with the planned tasks stablished. For that the link between construction
tasks and groups of elements of the 3D/BIM model is needed. The Navisworks BIM
viewer admits the integration of 3D/BIM model with the construction planning estab‐
lished in the Gant schedule using the Microsoft Project software. This process corre‐
sponds to the generation of a 4D/BIM model of the building construction (Fig. 8).

Fig. 8. Generation of a model 4D/BIM using Navisworks BIM viewer.

The 4D/model allows the visual simulation of the building construction. It allows
the detection of eventual conflict in work and supports the definition of logistics planning
in the shipyard and the coordination of the equipment and material supply. The appli‐
cation is easily manipulated using mobile devices at the construction site. The real
 BIM Applications in an Education Context 423

construction and the planed process can be compared. In accordance with the specific
situation found the 4D/BIM model admits to update the timeline (delays and advances),
the inclusion of new elements and the redefinition of groups associated with each
task [18].

3.5 Take-Off of Material Quantities (5D/BIM)

The 3D/BIM model allows obtaining the amount of materials from the project and in
distinct design phases. The information associated with each parametric object can be
added when needed [10]. For example, to obtain the cost estimation of a project, it is
necessary to add the unit cost to each type of parametric object. Depending on the number
and type of parameters that were associated with the parametric object, it is possible to
automatically obtain several types of tables containing lists of elements and quantities
related with the parameters of the objects [13]. So those tables can cover several fields:
surface area of the elements, the safety coefficient, the sound reduction level, individual
and global cost, thermal transmission coefficient or the function, trademark and manu‐
facturer of components.
For example, it is possible to obtain from a structural BIM model, a table with the
number of reinforced concrete columns of the project. The procedure to obtaining the
table starts with: the creation of a new folder, New Schedules/Quantities; the selecting
of the elements type, Structural Columns; the selection of required fields or parameters.
Table 1 illustrates the list of columns of a project, considering the name, the type of
material and the volume per element. Table 2 presents another list concerning the floor
elements.

Table 1. Take-off table of columns from a 3D/BIM model

424 A. Z. Sampaio

Table 2. Table of quantities of floor materials

3.6 Energy Analysis Support (6D/BIM)

The analysis of energy sustainability performed over a BIM model is named a 6D/BIM
application. One of the factors to consider in selecting particular constructive system is
the ability to reduce energy consumption in a building, providing, at the same time, the
conditions of comfort required.
Regarding the environmental behavior simulation, Revit allows the user to transfer
the 3D/BIM model, using the IFC format, to other software such as Ecotec, Equest or
Energyplus [10]. Revit includes Green Building Studio functionality that allows the
energy simulation, on the BIM model. So, in an initial design the decision-making can
be substantiated in a comparative analysis of results relating to environmental perform‐
ance, reducing carbon dioxide emissions and economic energy consumption [19]. The
parameter concerning the thermal transmission coefficient is a characteristic of the
objects of the BIM model. This fiscal characteristic of the objects is used on the energetic
simulation performed by the software. Thus, the results may be obtained from the energy
simulation, and at different stages of the project (Fig. 9).

Fig. 9. Thermal properties and energy analysis result.

 BIM Applications in an Education Context 425

3.7 Building Maintenance Activity (7D/BIM)

Maintenance is one of the activities that can be explored with BIM, as all the information
of the building, from various disciplines, is centered on a unique BIM model. A 7D/BIM
application can support the inspection of buildings, when integrated with the Navisworks
BIM viewer. An inspection program was developed in by Simões [14]. It contains a
database organized by construction component (exterior and interior walls and roof)
related to the most frequently anomalies verified in each type of component and asso‐
ciated to recommended repair methods (Fig. 10).

Fig. 10. Inspection program interface.

In a building during an inspection visit, the engineer can manipulate the BIM model
using a mobile device. The Navisworks allows incorporating both the BIM model and
the inspection application. Then when the user is faced with an anomaly, detected over
a component of the real building, can select the corresponding model element, and can:
• Consult the composition of the element (thickness and material of each layer), and
the relevant parameters for maintenance that have been associated to the respective
parametric object;
• Run the inspection program and fill out an inspection sheet, including photographs
taken in the real building;
• Archive the inspection sheet in pdf format and link the report to the correspondent
BIM model element.
Once completed the inspection visit to the building and linked each anomaly report
to the model (Fig. 11), the engineering, supported in the information allowed by the BIM
model, can draw up a sustainable rehabilitation work or a preventive maintenance plane.
426 A. Z. Sampaio

Fig. 11. Consulting an inspection report on a BIM model.

4 Conclusions

The report exposes several aspects of BIM methodology, from the generation of
3D/BIM models to the definition of 7D/BIM models. The use of BIM methodology for
the development of construction management emerged several situations that expose
the benefits of using BIM. So, the potential of BIM to support a transformation of the
processes of design and construction has been evident and reported in the multi-sectors
described.
Concerning the 3D/BIM model the automatic definition of drawings and sections,
the analyses of conflict between disciplines and the structural analyses support in the
methodology were described and the main benefits and limitations were worked out.
During the creation and usage of 4D/5D/6D/7D BIM models, some very positive points
where found, from which the following ones are highlighted: The ability to visualize
the schedule and the 4D simulation show that Navisworks can be a useful tool to support
the project planning, in a collaborative environment, as intended in the BIM method‐
ology; the BIM model allows obtaining tables covering several fields concerning surface
area of the elements, volume of materials, individual and global cost (5D/BIM model);
Revit includes the Green Building Studio plugin a functionality that allows the energy
simulation (6D/BIM model), in an initial design, allowing a comparative analysis of
results relating to environmental performance, reducing carbon dioxide emissions and
economic energy consumption; the developed 7D/BIM application demonstrates clearly
how BIM can support building inspections when integrated with a BIM viewer.
The text enabled the knowledge of the subject BIM within an education context but
oriented to the real activity. Research on the subject has exposed several objects of study
covering BIM, from its origin to its application in the Construction sector, seeking to
know the reasons for his development and how this methodology has been developed.
The multiuse methodology applied over the 3D/BIM model becomes very clear to the
new professionals as the students developed different nD/BIM models within their
research works. The main objective of this strategy was to add skills in the training of
future architects and civil engineers, in an innovative area of growing demand in the
 BIM Applications in an Education Context 427

national and international construction. After the student perform successfully the study
set out to achieve, the young engineer has the ability, in a project, to carry out an adequate
analysis of the application of the methodology BIM and of what resources he can use
in its development. Of course, as each student studied only one perspective of the BIM
application, he will meet better the scope he studied. But the BIM concept and use are
cross at any direction of BIM and the student has the necessary knowledge to develop
BIM also in other areas of work.

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