In electric utility distribution, when the objective of volt-var optimization is load reduction or energy conservation, in most ca

by devices that impact the voltages at a number of nodes, there will always be some nodes where the voltage reaches its low
node”. If several nodes reach their voltage limit at the same time (within the limit of accuracy of modeling or measuring, w
For example, consider only two nodes: A and B. The voltage limit at node A is -5%, and it is -2.5% at node B. The actual volta
B the distance of its actual voltage to its voltage limit is 0.5%. Hence, node B is the critical one, because the voltage limit wil
If the voltage controlling device is a substation transformer with an under-load tap control (LTC), the critical nodes are amon
If the controlling device is a feeder capacitor, the critical nodes are among all the nodes connected to the feeder. If a combin
When seeking the critical nodes either by monitoring nodal voltages, or by simulating operating conditions, the errors of me
If an objective of volt/var control requires raising the voltages, one of the limiting parameters is the high voltage limit at the
Notes:
1. In this exercise, the incremental losses in the transmission system are 5% for the real load and 1% for the reactive load.
2. The losses are accounted in the customer bills via fixed Loss Multiplier.
3. Total CVR benefit = reduction of needed generation.
4. All questions are on a blue background
 Conditions f
1 Condition 1. Morning. CX=OFF (Time control). Central LTC control. Broadcast DER Control by feeder.
Nodes 1 2
Low Voltage limit, % -5 -5
Average secVolt at service terminals,% -0.21 0.77
Possible low voltage at service terminals. % -1.6 -0.3
Possible high voltage at service terminals. % 1.2 1.9

Bus voltage, kV 12.6

Total natural load 15.45
Losses in Distribution 0.44
Substation PF 0.95
DER Mvar in Feeder1 2.8
DER Mvar in Feeder2 0.9
Capacitor Mvar 0.0
Substation Mvars 5.2
2 Condition 1a Morning. CX=ON (Time control). Central LTC control. Broadcast DER Control by feeder.
Nodes 1 2
Low Voltage limit, % -5.0 -5.0
Average secVolt at service terminals,% -2.2 -0.6
Possible low voltage at service terminals. % -3.6 -1.7
Possible high voltage at service terminals. % -0.8 0.5

Bus voltage, kV 12.4

Total natural load 15.37
Losses in Distribution 0.42
Substation PF 1.00
DER Mvar in Feeder1 1.6
DER Mvar in Feeder2 0.5
Capacitor Mvar 6.1
Substation Mvars 0.5
3 Condition 1b.Morning. CX=Central control. Central LTC control. Individual DER Control by a central function.
Nodes 1 2
Low Voltage limit, % -5.0 -5.0
Average secVolt at service terminals,% -2.4 -1.2
Possible low voltage at service terminals. % -3.8 -2.3
Possible high voltage at service terminals. % -1.0 -0.1

Bus voltage, kV 12.4

Total natural load 15.33
Losses in Distribution 0.42
Substation PF 0.99
DER Mvar in Feeder1 1.1
DER Mvar in Feeder2 0.4
 Capacitor Mvar 4.9
Substation Mvars 2.2
4 Condition 1c. Morning. Central control of LTC, CX, and DER. Some service terminals are located either at low, or at th
Nodes 1 2
Low Voltage limit, % -5.0 -5.0
Average secVolt at service terminals,% -3.2 -0.4
Possible low voltage at service terminals. % -4.6 -1.5
Possible high voltage at service terminals. % -1.8 0.7

Bus voltage, kV 12.4

Total natural load 15.46
Losses in Distribution 0.43
Substation PF 1.00
DER Mvar in Feeder1 2.2
DER Mvar in Feeder2 -0.7
Capacitor Mvar 6.1
Substation Mvars 1.1

5 Condition 1d. Morning. Central control of LTC, CX, and DER. Some DT tap positions at #2
Nodes 1 2
Low Voltage limit, % -5.0 -5.0
Average secVolt at service terminals,% -2.3 -0.7
Possible low voltage at service terminals. % -3.7 -1.8
Possible high voltage at service terminals. % -0.9 0.4

Bus voltage, kV 12.6

Total natural load 15.51
Losses in Distribution 0.42
Substation PF 1.00
DER Mvar in Feeder1 2.6
DER Mvar in Feeder2 1.4
Capacitor Mvar 5.1
Substation Mvars -0.3

6 Condition 2. Noon. Sunny. All CX=ON. Central LTC . Broadcast DER Control.
Nodes 1 2
Low Voltage limit, % -5.0 -5.0
Average secVolt at service terminals,% -1.3 -2.4
Possible low voltage at service terminals. % -2.7 -3.5
Possible high voltage at service terminals. % 0.1 -1.3

Bus voltage, kV 12.1

 Total natural load 15.75
Losses in Distribution 0.06
Substation PF 1.00
DER Mvar in Feeder1 1.1
DER Mvar in Feeder2 0.4
Capacitor Mvar 6.0
Substation Mvars -0.1

7 Condition 2a. Noon, Sunny. All CX=ON. Central LTC and DER control. Differernt DER var control
Nodes 1 2
Low Voltage limit, % -5.0 -5.0
Average secVolt at service terminals,% -2.2 -2.8
Possible low voltage at service terminals. % -3.6 -3.9
Possible high voltage at service terminals. % -0.8 -1.7

Bus voltage, kV 12.1

Total natural load 15.73
Losses in Distribution 0.06
Substation PF 1.00
DER Mvar in Feeder1 0.4
DER Mvar in Feeder2 1.1
Capacitor Mvar 6.0
Substation Mvars 0.4

8 Condition 2b. NOON. Sunny. Central control of LTC, CX, and DER. Some - service terminals are located either at lo
Nodes 1 2
Low Voltage limit, % -5.0 -5.0
Average secVolt at service terminals,% -1.3 -2.3
Possible low voltage at service terminals. % -2.7 -3.3
Possible high voltage at service terminals. % 0.1 -1.2

Bus voltage, kV 12.2

Total natural load 15.61
Losses in Distribution 0.07
Substation PF 0.92
DER Mvar in Feeder1 -0.2
DER Mvar in Feeder2 1.2
Capacitor Mvar 3.0
Substation Mvars 4.1
9 Condition 2c. NOON. Sunny. Central control of LTC, CX, and DER. Some - service terminalsare located either at low
Nodes 1 2
Low Voltage limit, % -5.0 -5.0
Average secVolt at service terminals,% -0.2 -1.1
Possible low voltage at service terminals. % -1.6 -2.2
Possible high voltage at service terminals. % 1.2 0.0
 Bus voltage, kV 12.3
Total natural load 15.73
Losses in Distribution 0.06
Substation PF 0.97
DER Mvar in Feeder1 0.2
DER Mvar in Feeder2 0.1
Capacitor Mvar 5.5
Substation Mvars 2.4
10 Condition 2d. NOON. Sunny. Central control of LTC, CX, and DER. Some - service terminals are located either at low,
Nodes 1 2
Low Voltage limit, % -5.0 -5.0
Average secVolt at service terminals,% -2.7 -3.2
Possible low voltage at service terminals. % -4.1 -4.3
Possible high voltage at service terminals. % -1.3 -2.1

Bus voltage, kV 12.3

Total natural load 15.58
Losses in Distribution 0.06
Substation PF 0.98
DER Mvar in Feeder1 0.4
DER Mvar in Feeder2 -0.1
Capacitor Mvar 0.0
Substation Mvars 2.12

11 Condition 2e. NOON. Cloudy. Central LTC, CX, and DER control. Broadcast DER control.
Nodes 1 2
Low voltage limit at service terminals, % -5 -5
Average secVolt at service terminals,% -0.76 -2.00
Possible low voltage at service terminals. % -2.2 -3.1
Possible high voltage at service terminals. % 0.6 -0.9

Bus voltage, kV 12.2

Total natural load 15.8
Losses in Distribution 0.3
Substation PF 1.0
DER Mvar in Feeder1 1.0
DER Mvar in Feeder2 1.3
Capacitor Mvar 6.1
Substation Mvars 0.2

12 Condition 2f. NOON. Cloudy. Central LTC, CX, and DER control. Individual DER control.
Nodes 1 2
 Low Voltage limit, % -5.0 -5.0
Average secVolt at service terminals,% -1.3 -3.0
Possible low voltage at service terminals. % -2.7 -4.1
Possible high voltage at service terminals. % 0.1 -1.9

Bus voltage, kV 12.1

Total natural load 15.73
Losses in Distribution 0.31
Substation PF 0.99
DER Mvar in Feeder1 2.2
DER Mvar in Feeder2 2.8
Capacitor Mvar 6.0
Substation Mvars -2.5

13 Condition 2g.NOON. Cloudy. Central LTC, CX, and DER control. Individual DER control. Uncertainty ignored.
Nodes 1 2
Low Voltage limit, % -5.0 -5.0
Average secVolt at service terminals,% -2.1 -3.5
Possible low voltage at service terminals. % Igno
Possible high voltage at service terminals. % Igno
Bus voltage, kV 12.0
Total natural load 15.56
Losses in Distribution 0.29
Substation PF 1.0
DER Mvar in Feeder1 1.8
DER Mvar in Feeder2 1.7
Capacitor Mvar 5.9
Substation Mvars -1.18

14 Condition 2h. NOON. Cloudy. Central control of LTC, CX, and DER. Some service terminals are located either at low, o
Nodes 1 2
Low Voltage limit, % -5.0 -5.0
Average secVolt at service terminals,% -1.9 -3.2
Possible low voltage at service terminals. % -3.3 -4.3
Possible high voltage at service terminals. % -0.5 -2.1

Bus voltage, kV 12.4

Total natural load 15.56
 Losses in Distribution 0.27
Substation PF 0.98
DER Mvar in Feeder1 0.6
DER Mvar in Feeder2 -0.3
Capacitor Mvar 5.5
Substation Mvars 2.6

15 Condition 3. NIGHT. Central control of LTC, CX, and DER. MC -service terminals at low and high DT sides. MC DT tap c
Nodes 1 2
Low Voltage limit, % -5.0 -5.0
Average secVolt at service terminals,% -3.0 -3.6
Possible low voltage at service terminals. % -4.4 -4.7
Possible high voltage at service terminals. % -1.7 -2.5

Bus voltage, kV 11.9

Total natural load 6.23
Losses in Distribution 0.07
Substation PF 0.99
DER Mvar in Feeder1 0.5
DER Mvar in Feeder2 1.6
Capacitor Mvar 0.6
Substation Mvars 0.7

16 Based on your solutions above, which of the following is true?

A. The voltage-critical points are always in the end of a feeder

B. The voltage critical points are always the same during the day
C. The voltage-critical points may depend on the statuses of feeder capacitors
D. The voltage-critical points are always where the lowest voltage is
E. The voltage-critical points depend on the loading of distribution transformers
F. The voltage-critical points depend on the impedance of distribution transformers
G. The voltage-critical points depend on the imbalance of the secondary voltages
H. The voltage-critical points depend on the operational
voltage limits at the service terminals
I. The voltage-critical points depend on the uncertainty of voltage assessment at the service terminals

J. If the bus voltage is increased by 1%, will the critical

voltage change:
by 1%?
less than by 1%?
more than 1%?
the load/energy
K. If in case of CVR objective, the uncertainty of voltage consumption is
assessment is ignored reduced
The voltage quality
limits are violated in all
nodes, all the times
 The voltage quality
limits can be violated
in some nodes, at
some times

L. Off all cases above, how many nodes were low or high voltage critical in any cases of feeder 1

M. Off all cases above, how many nodes were low voltage critical in any cases of feeder 1

N. Off all cases above, how many nodes were low or high voltage critical in any cases of feeder 2

O. Off all cases above, how many nodes were low voltage critical in any cases of feeder 2

Will show after

Your total score is, % 50%
 conservation, in most cases the volt-var control systems aim to achieve the lowest possible voltages at the service terminals while respe
he voltage reaches its low voltage limit first. The volt-var control system will then stop further lowering the voltage. Let’s call the node w
odeling or measuring, which in this exercise is assumed to be 0.5%), then we may indeed have several “low-voltage critical n
node B. The actual voltage at node A is -3%, and at node B it is - 2%. The lowest voltage is at node A, but the distance of the actual volta
use the voltage limit will be met first in this node.
critical nodes are among all the nodes fed from this transformer. If the controlling device is a feeder voltage regulator (VR), the critical
o the feeder. If a combination of controlling devices is used, the critical nodes may be different from the ones critical for an individual de
ditions, the errors of measurements and/or modeling, as well as the uncertainties of the controls, should be taken into account.
high voltage limit at the customer terminals, or at another node in the distribution circuits, and the corresponding node can be called t

for the reactive load.

 Conditions for Feeder 1 Questions Answers

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 for low limit

-5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 1
-1.48 -1.96 -1.55 -2.66 -2.15 -3.19 -2.28 -3.61 2
-2.9 -3.4 -2.7 -4.1 -3.2 -4.6 -3.4 -5.0 3
-0.1 -0.6 -0.5 -1.3 -1.1 -1.8 -1.2 -2.2 Which of 4
these 5
nodes of 6
feeder 1
Want a hint? are 7
Enter "Y" below voltage- 8
critical? 9
10

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 for low limit

-5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 1
-2.6 -2.7 -2.5 -3.1 -2.8 -3.3 -2.8 -3.6 2
-4.0 -4.1 -3.6 -4.5 -3.9 -4.7 -3.9 -5.0 3
-1.2 -1.3 -1.4 -1.7 -1.7 -1.9 -1.7 -2.2 Which of 4
these 5
nodes of 6
feeder 1
are 7
Which benefit from the capacitors is greater? voltage- 8
Customers benefit critical? 9
CVR benefit 10

central function.
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 for low limit
-5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 1
-2.6 -2.8 -2.5 -3.1 -2.8 -3.3 -2.9 -3.6 2
-4.0 -4.2 -3.6 -4.5 -3.9 -4.7 -4.0 -5.0 3
-1.3 -1.4 -1.4 -1.7 -1.7 -1.9 -1.8 -2.2 Which of 4
these 5
nodes of 6
feeder 1
are 7
Which benefit from the DERs individual control is greater? voltage- 8
Customers benefit critical? 9
CVR benefit 10
 voltage-
critical?

ated either at low, or at the high DT sides.

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 for low limit
-5.0 -5.0 -3.0 -5.0 0.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 1
-2.5 -2.5 0.2 -2.7 1.0 -3.0 -2.0 -3.3 2
-3.9 -3.8 -0.8 -4.1 0.0 -4.4 -3.1 -4.7 3
-1.1 -1.1 1.2 -1.3 2.0 -1.6 -0.9 -1.9 Which of 4
these 5
nodes of 6
feeder 1
are 7
voltage- 8
critical? 9
10

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 for low limit

-5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 1
-2.8 -2.8 0.3 -3.1 0.1 -3.3 0.1 -3.6 2
-4.2 -4.2 -0.8 -4.5 -1.0 -4.7 -1.0 -5.0 3
-1.4 -1.4 1.4 -1.7 1.2 -1.9 1.2 -2.2 Which of 4
these 5
nodes of 6
feeder 1
are 7
voltage- 8
critical? 9
10

Which of these 1 Which of these 1

conditions has 1a conditions has the 1a
the best CVR 1b best customer 1b
benefits? benefits?
1d 1d

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 for low limit

-5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 1
-1.7 -1.6 -3.6 -1.8 -3.8 -2.0 -3.9 -2.1 2
-2.8 -2.7 -4.7 -2.9 -4.9 -3.0 -5.0 -3.2 3
-0.6 -0.5 -2.5 -0.7 -2.7 -0.9 -2.8 -1.0 Which of 4
these 5
nodes of 6
feeder 1
are
voltage-
critical?
 Which of
these
nodes of
feeder 1
are 7
voltage- 8
critical? 9
10

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 for low limit

-5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 1
-2.5 -1.9 -3.6 -1.8 -3.8 -1.9 -3.9 -2.1 2
-3.6 -3.0 -4.7 -2.9 -4.9 -3.0 -5.0 -3.2 3
-1.4 -0.8 -2.5 -0.7 -2.7 -0.8 -2.8 -1.0 Which of 4
these 5
nodes of 6
feeder 1
are 7
voltage- 8
critical? 9
10

s are located either at low, or at the high DT sides. Several DT tap positions changed to #4
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 for low limit
-5.0 -5.0 -3.0 -5.0 0.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 1
-2.1 -1.6 -2.0 -2.0 2.1 -1.9 -3.9 -2.1 2
-3.2 -2.7 -2.9 -3.1 1.1 -3.0 -5.0 -3.2 3
-1.0 -0.5 -1.1 -0.9 3.0 -0.8 -2.8 -1.0 Which of 4
these 5
nodes of 6
feeder 1
are 7
voltage- 8
critical? 9
10

sare located either at low, or at the high DT sides. All DT tap positions at #3
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 for low limit
-5.0 -5.0 -3.0 -5.0 0.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 1
-0.2 -0.1 -0.7 -0.4 0.9 -0.6 -2.6 -0.7 2
-1.3 -1.2 -1.6 -1.5 0.0 -1.7 -3.7 -1.8 3
0.9 1.0 0.2 0.7 1.9 0.5 -1.5 0.4 Which of 4
these
nodes of
feeder 1
are
voltage-
 Which of
these 5
nodes of 6
feeder 1
are 7
voltage- 8
Which benefit from using tap position #4 instead og #3 is greater? critical? 9
Customers benefit 10
CVR benefit

Which of these
conditions has the best
CVR benefits?
are located either at low, or at the high DT sides. Some DT tap positions at #2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 for low limit
-5.0 -5.0 -3.0 -5.0 0.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 1
-2.6 -2.5 -0.7 -2.8 1.0 -3.0 -2.6 -3.1 2
-3.7 -3.6 -1.6 -3.9 0.0 -4.1 -3.7 -4.2 3
-1.5 -1.4 0.2 -1.7 1.9 -1.9 -1.5 -2.0 Which of 4
these 5
nodes of 6
feeder 1
7.0 are 7
voltage- 8
Which benefit from using tap position #2 instead og #3 is greater? critical? 9
Customers benefit 10
CVR benefit

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 for low limit

-5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 1
-1.43 -1.45 -3.46 -1.83 -3.73 -2.03 -3.94 -2.23 2
-2.5 -2.5 -4.6 -2.9 -4.8 -3.1 -5.0 -3.3 3
-0.3 -0.4 -2.4 -0.7 -2.6 -0.9 -2.8 -1.1 Which of 4
these 5
nodes of 6
feeder 1
are 7
voltage- 8
critical? 9
10

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 for low limit

 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 1
-1.7 -1.9 -3.6 -2.2 -3.8 -2.4 -3.9 -2.5 2
-2.8 -3.0 -4.7 -3.3 -4.9 -3.4 -5.0 -3.6 3
-0.6 -0.8 -2.5 -1.1 -2.7 -1.3 -2.8 -1.4 Which of 4
these 5
nodes of 6
feeder 1
are 7
voltage- 8
critical? 9
10

Which of these
conditions has the best
CVR benefits?

rtainty ignored.
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 In which of 1
these
-5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 nodes 2
-2.5 -2.8 -4.6 -3.0 -4.8 -3.1 -5.0 -3.4 voltage 3
Ignored violations 4
can be
Ignored expected, 5
if the total 6
uncertainty 7
is +or- 1%?
8
9
10

Which MW "cost" of uncertaintyis greater?"

A. Customer cost
B. CVR cost

re located either at low, or at the high DT sides. Some DT tap positions on #2.
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 for low limit
-5.0 -5.0 -3.0 -5.0 0.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 1
-2.7 -2.7 -0.7 -3.2 1.0 -3.4 -2.9 -3.6 2
-3.8 -3.8 -1.6 -4.3 0.0 -4.5 -4.0 -4.7 3
-1.6 -1.6 0.3 -2.1 1.9 -2.3 -1.8 -2.5 Which of 4
these 5
nodes of 6
feeder 1
are 7
voltage- 8
critical?
 these
nodes of
feeder 1
are
voltage-
critical? 9
10

gh DT sides. MC DT tap changed-to 4

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 for low limit
-5.0 -5.0 -3.0 -5.0 0.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 1
-3.6 -2.0 -1.9 -2.0 1.0 -1.9 -3.7 -1.9 2
-4.6 -3.0 -2.9 -3.0 0.0 -2.9 -4.8 -2.9 3
-2.6 -1.0 -1.0 -1.0 1.9 -0.9 -2.6 -0.9 Which of 4
these 5
nodes of 6
feeder 1
are 7
voltage- 8
critical? 9
10

1 for Yes, 0 for NO

A
B
C
D
E
F
G

H
e terminals

Need help with J?

J1 Enter Y below

J2
J3

K1

K2
K3

Enter 1 for correct answer

Need help? Enter Y
L1 8? below
L2 9?
L3 10?

M1 8?
M2 9?
M3 10?

N1 8?
N2 9?
N3 10?

O1 8?
O2 9?
O3 10?
 Voltage, % Node A Node B
ce terminals while respecting the given voltage limits. If the volt-var control is executed 0
age. Let’s call the node where the voltage limit is first reached the “low-voltage critical -0.5
al “low-voltage critical nodes” on the circuit.
-1
stance of the actual voltage in node A to the voltage limit of node A is 2%, while at node
-1.5
gulator (VR), the critical nodes are among all the nodes located downstream from the VR. -2
tical for an individual device. -2.5
en into account.
ng node can be called the "high-voltage critical node". -3
-3.5
-4
-4.5
-5
 Conditions for Feeder 2

for high limit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

-5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5
0.4 0.4 -0.7 -1.5 -1.2 -2.9 -3.5
-0.7 -0.7 -1.8 -2.6 -2.3 -4.3 -4.9
1.5 1.5 0.4 -0.4 -0.1 -1.5 -2.1

for high limit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

-5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0
-0.5 -0.6 -1.4 -2.0 -1.3 -3.0 -3.6
-1.6 -1.7 -2.5 -3.1 -2.4 -4.4 -5.0
0.6 0.5 -0.3 -0.9 -0.3 -1.6 -2.2

for high limit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

-5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0
-1.8 -2.0 -1.4 -2.0 -1.5 -3.2 -3.6
-2.9 -3.1 -2.5 -3.1 -2.6 -4.6 -5.0
-0.7 -0.9 -0.3 -0.9 -0.4 -1.8 -2.2
for high limit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-5.0 -3.0 -3.0 -5.0 0.0 -5.0 -5.0
-1.9 -0.7 -1.0 -3.6 1.0 -2.9 -3.1
-3.0 -1.7 -2.0 -4.7 0.0 -4.3 -4.5
-0.8 0.3 0.0 -2.5 2.0 -1.5 -1.7

for high limit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

-5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0
-1.3 1.4 0.5 -0.2 1.0 -3.3 -3.6
-2.4 0.3 -0.6 -1.3 -0.1 -4.7 -5.0
-0.2 2.5 1.6 0.9 2.1 -1.9 -2.2

for high limit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

-5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0
-2.8 -3.0 -3.1 -3.5 -3.9 -1.0 -1.1
-3.9 -4.1 -4.2 -4.6 -5.0 -2.1 -2.2
-1.7 -1.9 -2.0 -2.4 -2.8 0.1 0.0
for high limit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0
-2.8 -3.0 -3.1 -3.6 -3.9 -1.1 -1.2
-3.9 -4.1 -4.2 -4.7 -5.0 -2.2 -2.3
-1.7 -1.9 -2.0 -2.5 -2.8 0.0 -0.1

for high limit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

-5.0 -3.0 -3.0 -5.0 0.0 -5.0 -5.0
-1.5 -1.6 -2.0 -2.1 1.4 -2.5 -2.8
-2.6 -2.5 -3.0 -3.2 0.5 -3.6 -3.8
-0.4 -0.6 -1.1 -1.0 2.4 -1.4 -1.7

for high limit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

-5.0 -3.0 -3.0 -5.0 0.0 -5.0 -5.0
-1.2 -0.5 -0.8 -2.7 1.0 -0.6 -1.0
-2.3 -1.5 -1.7 -3.8 0.0 -1.7 -2.1
-0.1 0.5 0.2 -1.6 1.9 0.5 0.1
 2
2a

for high limit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

-5.0 -3.0 -3.0 -5.0 0.0 -5.0 -5.0
-3.1 0.9 0.6 1.2 0.2 1.2 0.8
-4.2 -2.1 -2.4 -3.8 0.0 -4.1 -4.5
-2.0 -0.2 -0.5 -1.6 1.9 -1.9 -2.3

for high limit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

-5.00 -5.00 -5.00 -5.00 -5.00 -5.00 -5.00
-2.30 -2.72 -2.91 -3.19 -3.87 -1.17 -1.30
-3.4 -3.8 -4.0 -4.3 -5.0 -2.3 -2.4
-1.2 -1.6 -1.8 -2.1 -2.8 -0.1 -0.2

for high limit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0
-3.1 -3.0 -3.1 -3.5 -3.9 -1.5 -1.2
-4.1 -4.1 -4.2 -4.6 -5.0 -2.5 -2.3
-2.0 -1.9 -2.0 -2.4 -2.8 -0.4 -0.1

2e
2f

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0 -5.0
-5.0 -4.1 -4.2 -4.3 -5.0 -3.0 -2.2
Ignored
Ignored

for high limit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

-5.0 -3.0 -3.0 -5.0 0.0 -5.0 -5.0
-3.0 -1.6 -1.5 -2.9 1.0 -3.4 -3.7
-4.1 -2.6 -2.5 -4.0 0.0 -4.5 -4.8
-1.9 -0.7 -0.5 -1.8 2.0 -2.3 -2.6
for high limit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-5.0 -3.0 -3.0 -5.0 0.0 -5.0 -5.0
-2.4 -1.8 -1.8 -1.4 1.0 -2.1 -1.9
-3.5 -2.8 -2.8 -2.5 0.0 -3.1 -2.9
-1.3 -0.8 -0.8 -0.3 2.0 -1.1 -0.9
Voltage B
Limit B
Voltage A

Limit A
 Questions Answers

8 9 10 for low limit for high limit

-5 -5 -5 1
-3.3 -3.4 -3.6 2
-4.7 -4.8 -5.0 3
-1.9 -2.1 -2.2 Which of 4
these 5
nodes of 6
feeder 2
are 7
voltage- 8
critical? 9
10

8 9 10 for low limit for high limit

-5.0 -5.0 -5.0 1
-3.2 -3.2 -3.3 2
-4.6 -4.6 -4.7 3
-1.8 -1.8 -1.9 Which of 4
these 5
nodes of 6
feeder 2
are 7
voltage- 8
critical? 9
10

8 9 10 for low limit for high limit

-5.0 -5.0 -5.0 1
-3.5 -3.5 -3.6 2
-4.9 -4.9 -5.0 3
-2.1 -2.1 -2.2 Which of 4
these 5
nodes of 6
feeder 2
are 7
voltage- 8
critical? 9
10
 voltage-
critical?

8 9 10 for low limit for high limit

-5.0 -5.0 -5.0 1
-3.4 -3.1 -3.3 2
-4.8 -4.5 -4.7 3
-2.0 -1.7 -1.9 Which of 4
these 5
nodes of 6
feeder 2
are 7
voltage- 8
critical? 9
10

8 9 10 for low limit for high limit

-5.0 -5.0 -5.0 1
-3.4 -3.4 -3.6 2
-4.8 -4.8 -5.0 3
-2.0 -2.0 -2.2 Which of 4
these 5
nodes of 6
feeder 2
are 7
voltage- 8
critical? 9
10

8 9 10 for low limit for high limit

-5.0 -5.0 -5.0 1
-0.9 -0.9 -0.9 2
-2.0 -2.0 -2.0 3
0.2 0.2 0.2 Which of 4
these 5
nodes of 6
feeder 2
are
voltage-
critical?
 Which of
these
nodes of
feeder 2
are 7
voltage- 8
critical? 9
10

8 9 10 for low limit for high limit

-5.0 -5.0 -5.0 1
-1.0 -1.0 -1.4 2
-2.1 -2.1 -2.5 3
0.1 0.1 -0.3 Which of 4
these 5
nodes of 6
feeder 2
are 7
voltage- 8
critical? 9
10

8 9 10 for low limit for high limit

-5.0 -5.0 -5.0 1
-2.6 -2.6 -2.8 2
-3.7 -3.7 -3.9 3
-1.5 -1.6 -1.7 Which of 4
these 5
nodes of 6
feeder 2
are 7
voltage- 8
critical? 9
10

8 9 10 for low limit for high limit

-5.0 -5.0 -5.0 1
-0.6 -0.7 -0.8 2
-1.7 -1.8 -1.9 3
0.5 0.4 0.3 Which of 4
these
nodes of
feeder 2
are
voltage-
 Which of
these 5
nodes of 6
feeder 2
are 7
voltage- 8
critical? 9
10

8 9 10 for low limit for high limit

-5.0 -5.0 -5.0 1
1.1 1.1 1.0 2
-4.2 -4.2 -4.3 3
-2.0 -2.0 -2.1 Which of 4
these 5
nodes of 6
feeder 2
are 7
voltage- 8
critical? 9
10

8 9 10 for low limit for high limit

-5.00 -5.00 -5.00 1
-1.10 -1.09 -1.08 2
-2.2 -2.2 -2.2 3
0.0 0.0 0.0 Which of 4
these 5
nodes of 6
feeder 2
are 7
voltage- 8
critical? 9
10

8 9 10 for low limit for high limit

-5.0 -5.0 -5.0 1
-1.4 -1.3 -1.4 2
-2.5 -2.4 -2.5 3
-0.3 -0.3 -0.3 Which of 4
these 5
nodes of 6
feeder 2
are 7
voltage- 8
critical? 9
10

8 9 10 for low limit for high limit

-5.0 -5.0 -5.0 In which 1
of these
-2.3 -2.2 -2.1 2
nodes
voltage 3
violations 4
can be 5
expected,
if the 6
total 7
uncertain 8
ty is +or-
1%? 9
10

8 9 10 for low limit for high limit

-5.0 -5.0 -5.0 1
-3.5 -3.6 -3.6 2
-4.6 -4.7 -4.7 3
-2.4 -2.5 -2.5 Which of 4
these 5
nodes of 6
feeder 2
are 7
voltage- 8
critical?
 these
nodes of
feeder 2
are
voltage-
critical? 9
10

8 9 10 for low limit for high limit

-5.0 -5.0 -5.0 1
-2.1 -2.1 -2.0 2
-3.1 -3.1 -3.0 3
-1.1 -1.1 -1.0 Which of 4
these 5
nodes of 6
feeder 2
are 7
voltage- 8
critical? 9
10
In electric utility
distribution, when
the objective of
volt-var
optimization is
load reduction or
energy
conservation, in
most cases the
volt-var control
systems aim to
achieve the lowest
possible voltages
at the service
terminals while
respecting the
given voltage
limits. If the volt-

Feeder 1 data
Vnom
tap_step
Vbus1
res
react
SEC_VD
VoltImb
DER participation1
LTV_P
LTV_Q
Unload-var
Unload-Wat
Peakloading

Capacitor11
Capacitor12
Capacitor13
Capacitor14

Capacitor15
Capacitor16
Capacitor17
Capacitor18
Capacitor19
Capacitor110
Vnom
tap_step
Vbus11
res
react
SEC_VD
VoltImb
DER participation1
LTV_P
LTV_Q
Unload-var
Unload-Wat
Peakloading

Capacitor21
Capacitor22
Capacitor23
Capacitor24

Capacitor25 4.03 3.30 2.68 2.29 1.97 1.83

Capacitor26
Capacitor27
Capacitor28
Capacitor29
Capacitor210
Vbus3
DER participation2

Capacitor31
Capacitor32
Capacitor33

Capacitor34
Capacitor35
Capacitor36
Capacitor37
Capacitor38
Capacitor39
Capacitor310
Vbus1c

Capacitorc1
Capacitorc2
Capacitorc3
Capacitorc4
Capacitorc5
Capacitorc6
Capacitorc7
Capacitorc8
Capacitorc9
Capacitorc10
 Nat_DT_peak_load, MW 0.00 0.00
Load Power Factor 0.00 0.00
Load pu of max 0.00 0.00
Nat_kW_load of DT, MW 0.00 0.00
Capacitor Mvar_ f(V) 0.00 0.00
DER Penetration 0.00 0.00
DER_PF 0.00 0.00
DER participation, pu 0.00 0.00
DER_MW_actual 0.00 0.00
DER-Volt_dev_target_min, % 0.00 0.00
DER-Volt_dev_target_max, % 0.00 0.00
DER_var_capacity, Mvar 0.00 0.00
DER_var-required, Mvar 0.00 0.00
Vbus31 DER_Mvar_actual 0.00 0.00
DER participation2 Actual DT real Load, MW 0.01 0.03
Actual DT_reactive load, Mvar 0.01 0.04
Voltage at the primary side of
Capacitor331 distribution transformer, kV 0.01 0.01
Capacitor332 Rated transformer capacity, MVA 0.00 0.00
Capacitor333 Transformer resistance, % 0.00 0.00

Capacitor334 Transformer reactance, % 0.00 0.00

Voltage deviation at the DER
Capacitor335 terminals, % -0.02 -0.04
Capacitor336 Average voltage drop in secondarie 0.00 0.00
Capacitor337 Volt imbalance in secondaries, % 0.00 0.00
Capacitor338 Tap position of the distribution tra 1.00 1.00
Capacitor339 Average secVolt at service terminals,% 2.48 2.46
Capacitor3310 Low voltage limit at service termin 0.00 0.00
LTC bandwidth 0.00 0.00
Measurements error, % 0.00 0.00
Modeling error, % 0.00 0.00
 Composite uncertainty, % 0.00 0.00
Possible deviation from low volt limit, 2.48 2.46
PosMinSecVolt due to Uncertainty, % 2.48 2.46
PosMaxSecVolt due to Uncertainty 2.48 2.46
Possible deviation from high volt limit, 2.48 2.46
Load, MW 0.01 0.03
Reactive Load, Mvar 0.01 0.04
Loss in feeder segments, MW 0.00 0.00
Loss in feeder segments, Mvar 0.00 0.00
Loss in DT, MW 0.00 0.00
Loss in DT, Mvar 0.00 0.00
Possible deviation from low volt limit, 2.48 2.46
Possible deviation from high volt limit, 2.48 2.46
Total natural load = 0.08 #VALUE!
Total reactive load -3.60 #VALUE!

Vbus4
Capacitor41
Capacitor42
Capacitor43
Capacitor44
Capacitor45
Capacitor46
Capacitor47
Capacitor48
Capacitor49
Capacitor410
Condition 1
Condition 2
Condition 3
Condition 4

Vbus41
Vbus5
Capacitor51
Capacitor52
Capacitor53
Capacitor54
Capacitor55
Capacitor56
Capacitor57
Capacitor58
Capacitor59
Capacitor510

Vbus6
Capacitor51
Capacitor52
Capacitor53
Capacitor54
Capacitor55
Capacitor56
Capacitor57
Capacitor58
Capacitor59
Capacitor510
Vbus7
res
react
SEC_VD_MC
VoltImb
DER participation1
LTV_P
LTV_Q
Unload-var
Unload-Wat
Peakloading

Capacitor711
Capacitor712
Capacitor713

Capacitor714
Capacitor715
Capacitor716
Capacitor717
Capacitor718
Capacitor719
Capacitor7110

Condition 1
 Condition 1. CX=OPT. DER var =OPT. NOON. MC -service terminals at
Parameters Node 1 2
Load category R SC
Vbus8 Nat_DT_peak_load, MW 0.75 1.13
res Load Power Factor 0.90 0.90
react Load pu of max 0.50 1.00
SEC_VD_MC Nat_kW_load of DT, MW 0.38 1.13
VoltImb Capacitor Mvar_ f(V) 0.00 0.00
DER participation1 DER Penetration 0.3 0.3
LTV_P DER_PF 0.9 0.9
LTV_Q DER participation, pu 1.00 1.00
Unload-var DER_MW_actual 0.23 0.34
Unload-Wat DER-Volt_dev_target_min, % 1 1
Peakloading DER-Volt_dev_target_max, % 2 2
DER_var_capacity, Mvar 0.12 0.17
DER_var-required, Mvar 0.00 0.05
Capacitor811 DER_Mvar_actual 0.00 0.05
Capacitor812 Actual DT real Load, MW 0.15 0.77
Capacitor813 Actual DT_reactive load, Mvar 0.18 0.52
Voltage at the primary side of
distribution transformer, kV 12.28 12.24
Capacitor814
Capacitor815 Rated transformer capacity, MVA 1.00 1.5
Capacitor816 Transformer resistance, % 0.80 0.80
Capacitor817 Transformer reactance, % 5.00 2
Capacitor818 Voltage deviation at the DER 1.14 0.24
Capacitor819 terminals, %
Average voltage drop in secondarie 1.50 2.00
Capacitor8110 Volt imbalance in secondaries, % 1.0 0.5
Tap position of the distribution tra 3.00 3
Average secVolt at service terminals,% -0.607 -1.3
Low voltage limit at service termin -5.00 -5
LTC bandwidth 1.35 1.35
Measurements error, % 0.5 0.5
Modeling error, % 0.5 0.5
Composite uncertainty, % 1.0 1.0
Possible deviation from low volt limit, 3.4 2.8
PosMinSecVolt due to Uncertainty, % -1.6 -2.2
PosMaxSecVolt due to Uncertainty 0.4 -0.3
Possible deviation from high volt limit, -4.6 -5.3
Load, MW 0.37 1.11
Reactive Load, Mvar 0.18 0.52
Loss in feeder segments, MW 0.02 0.02
Loss in feeder segments, Mvar 0.03338 0.03067
Loss in DT, MW 0.001 0.004
Loss in DT, Mvar 0.013 0.023
 Possible deviation from low volt limit, 3.4 2.8
Possible deviation from high volt limit, -4.6 -5.3
Total natural load = 7.62 Real loss =
Condition 1

Parameters Node 1 2
Load category R SC
Vbus10 Nat_DT_peak_load, MW 0.75 1.13
res Load Power Factor 0.90 0.90
react Load pu of max 0.50 1.00
SEC_VD_MC Nat_kW_load of DT, MW 0.38 1.13
VoltImb Capacitor Mvar_ f(V) 0.00 0.00
DER participation1 DER Penetration 0.3 0.3
LTV_P DER_PF 0.9 0.9
LTV_Q DER participation, pu 1.00 1.00
Unload-var DER_MW_actual 0.23 0.34
Unload-Wat DER-Volt_dev_target_min, % 1 1
Peakloading DER-Volt_dev_target_max, % 2 2
DER_var_capacity, Mvar 0.12 0.17
DER_var-required, Mvar 0.00 0.05
Capacitor811 DER_Mvar_actual 0.00 0.05
Capacitor812 Actual DT real Load, MW 0.14 0.75
Capacitor813 Actual DT_reactive load, Mvar 0.16 0.48
Voltage at the primary side of
distribution transformer, kV

12.27 12.23

Capacitor814
Capacitor815 Rated transformer capacity, MVA 1.00 1.5
Capacitor816 Transformer resistance, % 0.80 0.80
Capacitor817 Transformer reactance, % 5.00 2
Voltage deviation at the DER
terminals, %

1.16 0.28

Capacitor818
Capacitor819 Average voltage drop in secondarie 1.50 2.00
Capacitor8110 Volt imbalance in secondaries, % 1.0 0.5
 Tap position of the distribution tra 2.00 2
Average secVolt at service terminals,% -3.086 -3.7
Low voltage limit at service termin -5.00 -5
LTC bandwidth 1.35 1.35
Measurements error, % 0.5 0.5
Modeling error, % 0.5 0.5
Composite uncertainty, % 1.0 1.0
Possible deviation from low volt limit, 0.9 0.3
PosMinSecVolt due to Uncertainty, % -4.1 -4.7
PosMaxSecVolt due to Uncertainty -2.1 -2.7
Possible deviation from high volt limit, -7.1 -7.7
Load, MW 0.36 1.08
Reactive Load, Mvar 0.16 0.48
Loss in feeder segments, MW 0.02 0.01
Loss in feeder segments, Mvar 0.03219 0.02971
Loss in DT, MW 0.001 0.003
Loss in DT, Mvar 0.013 0.022
Possible deviation from low volt limit, 0.9 0.3
Possible deviation from high volt limit, -7.1 -7.7
Total natural load = 7.54 Real loss =
Condition 1 Total reactive load 3.60 Reactive lo

Vbus12
res
react
SEC_VD_MC
VoltImb
DER participation1
LTV_P
LTV_Q
Unload-var
Unload-Wat
Peakloading

Capacitor12811
Capacitor12812
Capacitor12813

Capacitor12814
Capacitor12815
Capacitor12816
Capacitor12817
Capacitor12818
Capacitor12819
Capacitor128110

Vbus9
res
react
SEC_VD_MC
VoltImb
DER participation1
LTV_P
LTV_Q
Unload-var
Unload-Wat
Peakloading

Capacitor9811
Capacitor9812
Capacitor9813

Capacitor9814
Capacitor9815
Capacitor9816
Capacitor9817
Capacitor9818
Capacitor9819
Capacitor98110

Condition 1

Vbus2d
Capacitor51
Capacitor52
Capacitor53
Capacitor54
Capacitor55
Capacitor56
Capacitor57
Capacitor58
Capacitor59
Capacitor510
Condition 1
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00
0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00
0.01 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

-0.04 -0.03 0.02 -0.03 0.01 -0.04 0.00 -0.05 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00
2.46 2.47 0.02 2.47 0.01 2.46 0.00 2.45 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.46 2.47 0.02 2.47 0.01 2.46 0.00 2.45 0.00 0.00
2.46 2.47 0.02 2.47 0.01 2.46 0.00 2.45 0.00 0.00
2.46 2.47 0.02 2.47 0.01 2.46 0.00 2.45 0.00 0.00
2.46 2.47 0.02 2.47 0.01 2.46 0.00 2.45 0.00 0.00
0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00
0.01 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.46 2.47 0.02 2.47 0.01 2.46 0.00 2.45 0.00 0.00
2.46 2.47 0.02 2.47 0.01 2.46 0.00 2.45 0.00 0.00
0.00 #VALUE! 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-0.33 #VALUE! -0.34 #VALUE! -1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
MC -service terminals at low and high DT sides. DT tap changed
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 totals
R R MC R MC R SC R
0.56 0.75 1.50 0.75 1.50 0.56 1.50 0.75 9.75
0.90 0.85 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.85
0.50 0.50 1.00 0.50 1.00 0.50 1.00 0.50
0.28 0.38 1.50 0.38 1.50 0.28 1.50 0.38 7.69
0.00 1.24 0.00 0.00 1.22 0.00 0.00 0.61 3.07
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.17 0.23 0.45 0.23 0.45 0.17 0.45 0.23 2.93
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0.08 0.11 0.21 0.11 0.23 0.08 0.20 0.11
0.03 0.02 0.11 0.04 0.00 0.05 0.17 0.06
0.03 0.02 0.11 0.04 0.00 0.05 0.17 0.06 0.52
0.11 0.15 1.04 0.15 1.06 0.11 1.00 0.15
0.13 0.23 0.71 0.18 0.75 0.13 0.66 0.22

12.21 12.19 12.15 12.13 12.12 12.10 12.09 12.10 0.9699

0.75 1 2 1 2 0.75 2 1
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.00 0.80 0.80 0.80
5 2 5 2 0 2 5 2
0.62 0.74 -0.66 0.42 0.98 0.24 -1.53 0.09
1.50 1.50 0.00 1.50 0.00 1.50 2.00 1.50
0.5 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.5
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
-0.6 -0.5 -0.66 -0.8 1.0 -1.0 -3.0 -1.2
-5 -5 -3 -5 0 -5 -5 -5
1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5
1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0
3.4 3.5 1.6 3.4 0.2 3.2 1.18 3.04
-1.6 -1.5 -1.6 -1.8 0.0 -2.0 -4.0 -2.1
0.4 0.5 0.3 0.1 1.9 0.0 -2.1 -0.2
-4.8 -4.7 -2.9 -5.0 1.7 -5.2 -7.2 -5.4
0.28 0.37 1.49 0.37 1.51 0.28 1.45 0.37
0.13 0.23 0.71 0.18 0.75 0.13 0.66 0.22
0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07
0.02096 0.01951 0.01776 0.00860 0.00760 0.00225 0.00184 0.00029 0.14
0.001 0.001 0.004 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.004 0.001 0.017
0.010 0.012 0.040 0.011 0.020 0.009 0.038 0.012 0.188
 3.4 3.5 1.4 3.2 0.049 3.0 1.0 2.9
-4.6 -4.5 -4.7 -4.9 -3.090 -5.0 -7.1 -5.2
0.09 Feeder MW = 4.78

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 totals
R R MC R MC R SC R
0.56 0.75 1.50 0.75 1.50 0.56 1.50 0.75 9.75
0.90 0.85 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.85
0.50 0.50 1.00 0.50 1.00 0.50 1.00 0.50
0.28 0.38 1.50 0.38 1.50 0.28 1.50 0.38 7.69
0.00 1.24 0.00 0.00 1.22 0.00 0.00 0.61 3.07
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.17 0.23 0.45 0.23 0.45 0.17 0.45 0.23 2.93
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
0.08 0.11 0.21 0.11 0.23 0.08 0.20 0.11
0.02 0.02 0.11 0.04 0.00 0.05 0.17 0.06
0.02 0.02 0.11 0.04 0.00 0.05 0.17 0.06 0.51
0.10 0.14 1.04 0.14 1.06 0.10 1.00 0.14
0.12 0.21 0.71 0.16 0.75 0.12 0.66 0.21

12.21 12.19 12.15 12.13 12.12 12.10 12.09 12.10 0.9699

0.75 1 2 1 2 0.75 2 1
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.00 0.80 0.80 0.80
5 2 5 2 0 2 5 2

0.66 0.77 -0.68 0.45 0.97 0.28 -1.53 0.14

1.50 1.50 0.00 1.50 0.00 1.50 2.00 1.50

0.5 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.5
 2 2 3 2 3 2 3 2
-3.1 -3.0 -0.68 -3.3 1.0 -3.5 -3.0 -3.6
-5 -5 -3 -5 0 -5 -5 -5
1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
0.5 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5
1.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.0
0.9 1.0 1.6 0.9 0.2 0.7 1.18 0.60
-4.1 -4.0 -1.6 -4.3 0.0 -4.4 -4.0 -4.6
-2.1 -2.0 0.3 -2.3 1.9 -2.5 -2.1 -2.6
-7.3 -7.2 -2.9 -7.5 1.7 -7.7 -7.2 -7.8
0.27 0.36 1.49 0.36 1.51 0.27 1.45 0.36
0.12 0.21 0.71 0.16 0.75 0.12 0.66 0.21
0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07
0.02056 0.01922 0.01746 0.00843 0.00751 0.00219 0.00181 0.00030 0.14
0.001 0.001 0.004 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.004 0.001 0.016
0.010 0.012 0.040 0.011 0.020 0.009 0.038 0.011 0.186
0.9 1.0 1.4 0.7 0.040 0.6 1.0 0.4
-7.1 -7.0 -4.7 -7.3 -3.099 -7.5 -7.1 -7.6
0.09 Feeder MW = 4.70
0.33 Feeder Mva 0.34 Feeder PF 0.997371
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.02
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.03

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.01
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! -0.05
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 1.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 2.45
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00
 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00
0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 2.45
0.00 0.00 #VALUE! #VALUE! 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 2.45
#VALUE! 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 2.45
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 2.45
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.02
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.03
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! -1.20 0.00 #VALUE! 2.45
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 2.45
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.06
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! 0.00 0.00 #VALUE! -3.93
 Parameters Node 1
Load categ SC
Nat_DT_pe 1.13
Load Power 0.90
Load pu of 1.00
Nat_kW_lo 0.75
Capacitor 0.00
DER Penet 0.3
res2 0.1 DER_PF 0.9
react2 0.2 DER partic 1.00
SEC_VD2 3 DER_MW_a 0.34
VoltImb2 1 DER-Volt_ 0
DER partic 0 DER-Volt_ 1
LTV_P2 1 DER_var_ca 0.17
LTV_Q2 3 DER_var-re 0.00
Unload-var 1 DER_Mvar_ 0.00
Unload-Wa 0.04 Actual DT 0.40
Peakloadin 0.75 Actual DT_ 0.35
Voltage at
the 12.25
primary
side of
Rated tra
distributi 1.50
Capacitor2 0 on
Transforme 0.80
Capacitor2 0 transform
Transform 5.00
er, kV
Capacitor2 0 Voltage 0.36
Capacitor2 1.2 deviation
Average vo 2.00
at the
Capacitor2 0 DER imbal 0.5
Volt
Capacitor2 0 terminals,
Tap positi 3.00
Capacitor2 1.2 %
Average sec -1.1
Capacitor2 0 Low voltag -5.00
Capacitor2 0 LTC bandw 1.35
Capacitor 0 Measureme 0.5
Modeling e 0.5
Composite 1.0
Answers Possible de 2.9
for low limfor high limit PosMinSecV -2.1
1 PosMaxSecV -0.2
2 Possible de -5.2
Which of 3 Load, MW 0.74
these 4 Reactive L 0.35
nodes of 5 1 Loss in fe 0.02
feeder 1
are 6 Loss in fe 0.03940
voltage- 7 1 Loss in DT 0.002
critical? 8 Loss in DT. 0.022
nodes of
feeder 1
are
voltage-
critical?
9 1 Possible de 2.9
10 Possible de -5.2
Total natu 8.09

Parameters Node 1
Load categ SC
Nat_DT_pe 1.13
Load Power 0.90
Load pu of 1.00
Nat_kW_lo 0.75
Capacitor 0.00
DER Penet 0.3
res2 0.1 DER_PF 0.9
react2 0.2 DER partic 1.00
SEC_VD2 3 DER_MW_a 0.34
VoltImb2 1 DER-Volt_ 0
DER partic 0 DER-Volt_ 1
LTV_P2 1 DER_var_ca 0.17
LTV_Q2 3 DER_var-re 0.00
Unload-var 1 DER_Mvar_ 0.00
Unload-Wa 0.04 Actual DT 0.39
Peakloadin 0.75 Actual DT_ 0.32
Voltage at
the
primary
side of
distributi
on 12.24
transform
er, kV

Rated tra 1.50

Capacitor2 0 Transforme 0.80
Capacitor2 0 Transform 5.00
Voltage
deviation
at the
DER 0.41
terminals,
%
Capacitor2 0
Capacitor2 1.2 Average vo 2.00
Capacitor2 0 Volt imbal 0.5
 Capacitor2 0 Tap positi 2.00
Capacitor2 1.2 Average sec -3.6
Capacitor2 0 Low voltag -5.00
Capacitor2 0 LTC bandw 1.35
Capacitor 0 Measureme 0.5
Modeling e 0.5
Composite 1.0
Answers Possible de 0.4
for low limfor high limit PosMinSecV -4.6
1 PosMaxSecV -2.6
2 Possible de -7.6
Which of 3 Load, MW 0.72
these 4 Reactive L 0.32
nodes of 5 1 Loss in fe 0.02
feeder 1
are 6 Loss in fe 0.03809
voltage- 7 1 Loss in DT 0.001
critical? 8 Loss in DT. 0.021
9 1 Capacitor2 1.2 Possible de 0.4
10 Capacitor2818 Possible de -7.6
Capacitor2819 Total natu 8.02
Capacitor 0 Total react 3.93
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 -0.04 -0.07 -0.06 -0.06 -0.07 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.00
0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 2.46 2.43 2.44 2.44 2.43 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 2.46 2.43 2.44 2.44 2.43 0.00
0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 2.46 2.43 2.44 2.44 2.43 0.00
0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 2.46 2.43 2.44 2.44 2.43 0.00
0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 2.46 2.43 2.44 2.44 2.43 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.10
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 2.46 2.43 2.44 2.44 2.43 0.00
0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 2.46 2.43 2.44 2.44 2.43 0.00
#VALUE! 0.00 #VALUE! 0.07 #VALUE! 0.15 #VALUE! -1.92 0.00 0.00
#VALUE! -0.31 #VALUE! -1.58 #VALUE! -0.95 #VALUE! -0.98 0.00 0.00
 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 totals
MC MC SC MC R R R R R
1.50 1.50 1.13 1.50 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.56 10.31
0.90 0.90 0.85 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.85
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
1.50 1.50 1.13 1.50 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.28 8.16
0.00 0.00 1.23 0.00 0.00 1.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.45
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.45 0.45 0.34 0.45 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.17 3.09
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0.21 0.21 0.15 0.23 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.08
0.03 0.05 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.03 0.05 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21
1.04 1.04 0.75 1.06 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.11
0.72 0.71 0.63 0.75 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.17

12.20 12.16 12.14 12.12 12.12 12.12 12.11 12.10 12.10 0.9873

2 2 1.5 2 1 1 1 1 0.75
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.00 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
5 5 5 0 2 5 2 2 2
-0.50 -0.75 -1.64 0.99 0.22 -0.20 0.15 0.08 -0.04
0.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50
0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
-0.50 -0.8 -3.1 1.0 -1.0 -1.4 -1.1 -1.2 -1.3
-3 -3 -5 0 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5
1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.5 1.3 0.9 0.2 3.2 2.8 3.1 3.0 2.9
-1.5 -1.7 -4.1 0.0 -2.0 -2.4 -2.1 -2.1 -2.26
0.5 0.2 -2.2 2.0 -0.1 -0.5 -0.1 -0.2 -0.3
-2.5 -3.0 -7.3 1.8 -5.2 -5.7 -5.3 -5.4 -5.5
1.49 1.49 1.09 1.51 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.28
0.72 0.71 0.63 0.75 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.17 4.02
0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05
0.03205 0.01793 0.00881 0.00454 0.00080 0.00076 0.00063 0.00027 0.00006 0.11
0.004 0.004 0.004 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.018
0.040 0.040 0.036 0.020 0.011 0.013 0.011 0.011 0.009 0.214
 1.5 1.3 0.9 0.0 3.0 2.6 2.9 2.9 2.7
-4.5 -4.8 -7.2 -3.0 -5.1 -5.5 -5.1 -5.2 -5.3
Real loss = 0.07 Feeder MW = 5.06 Substation MW 9.84substation mvars0.00

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 totals
MC MC SC MC R R R R R
1.50 1.50 1.13 1.50 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.56 10.31
0.90 0.90 0.85 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.85
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
1.50 1.50 1.13 1.50 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.28 8.16
0.00 0.00 1.23 0.00 0.00 1.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.45
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.45 0.45 0.34 0.45 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.17 3.09
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0.21 0.21 0.15 0.23 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.08
0.04 0.05 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.04 0.05 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21
1.04 1.04 0.75 1.06 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.10
0.71 0.71 0.63 0.75 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.15

12.19 12.15 12.14 12.12 12.12 12.12 12.11 12.10 12.10 0.9881

2 2 1.5 2 1 1 1 1 0.75
0.80 0.80 0.80 0.00 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
5 5 5 0 2 5 2 2 2

-0.54 -0.79 -1.66 0.97 0.26 -0.13 0.21 0.15 0.03

0.00 0.00 2.00 0.00 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50

0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2
-0.54 -0.8 -3.2 1.0 -3.5 -3.9 -3.5 -3.6 -3.7
-3 -3 -5 0 -5 -5 -5 -5 -5
1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.5 1.2 0.9 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.5
-1.5 -1.8 -4.1 0.0 -4.5 -4.9 -4.5 -4.6 -4.70
0.4 0.2 -2.2 1.9 -2.5 -2.9 -2.6 -2.6 -2.7
-2.6 -3.0 -7.4 1.8 -7.7 -8.1 -7.7 -7.8 -7.9
1.49 1.49 1.09 1.51 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.27
0.71 0.71 0.63 0.75 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.15 3.93
0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05
0.03124 0.01741 0.00855 0.00426 0.00078 0.00077 0.00055 0.00023 0.00005 0.10
0.004 0.004 0.004 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.018
0.040 0.040 0.036 0.020 0.011 0.012 0.011 0.011 0.009 0.212
1.5 1.2 0.9 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.3
-4.6 -4.8 -7.2 -3.1 -7.5 -7.9 -7.6 -7.6 -7.7
Real loss = 0.07 Feeder MW = 5.00 Substation MW 9.70substation mvars1.92
Reactive lo 0.31 Feeder Mva 1.58 Feeder PF 0.953342 Substation 0.980875
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

0.00
0.00
0.00

0.00

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
 Answers
for low limfor high limit
1
2 1
Which of 3 1
these 4
nodes of 5
feeder 1
are 6 1
voltage- 7
critical? 8
9
10
 Answers
for low limfor high limit
1
2 1
Which of 3 1
these 4
nodes of 5
feeder 1
are 6 1
voltage- 7
critical? 8
9
10
1

Sunny day

Bus Volt
Critical de
2 DER_var-Su
Cap-var-Su
Node 1
Node 2
Node 3
Node 4
Node 5
Node 6
Node 7

3
4

5
Formula
=Voltage_devia
tion_on_the_p
rimary_side_of
_transformer -
(Real_Load*Tra
nsformer_resis
tance+Reactive
_Load*Transfor
mer_reactance
)/
Rated_transfor
mer_capacity -
Average_voltag
e_drop_in_sec
ondaries-
Volt_imbalanc
e_in_secondari
es +
(Tap_position_
of_the_distrib
ution_transfor
mer-3)*2.5

=SecVolt -
Low_voltage_li
mit_at_the_ser
vice_terminals
 5 6 7 8 9 10
0.321364 -0.107633 0.608484 0.189603 0.906552 1.337712
1.503856 1.21825 0.72725 0.365426 0.204197 -0.430964
2.532119 0.990993 1.005212 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
BW 0 BW 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
BW BW BW BW BW BW