A.

Background of the Study

Morphology as said by Aronoff (2011: 2) "in linguistics refers to the

mental system involved in word formation or to the branch of linguistics that deals
with words, their internal structure, and how they are formed”. Some
morphologically complex words belong to two (or more) word families
simultaneously. For instance, the lexeme firewood belongs both in the family
of fire and in the family of wood. Such relationships are called compounding,
and lexemes like firewood are called compound lexemes, or just compounds,
for short. Compounding is often grouped together with derivation under the
category of word formation (i.e. lexeme formation) (Haspelmath, 2010: 18).

Beside, Aronoff (2011: 47) said that

Morphology have two distinction, first Inflectional which involves the
formation of grammatical forms – past, present, future; singular, plural;
masculine, feminime, neuter; and so on – of a single lexeme”. It is generally
dictated by sentence structure. In regular verb lexemes, english have a lexical
stem which is the bare form with no affixes and three more inflected form, one
each with the suffixes –s, -ed, and –ing. Second is Derivation which involves
the creation of one lexeme from another. The special type of derivation is
compounding. It involves the creation of one lexeme from two or more other
lexemes.

In discussing compound as based the theory from Aronoff (2011: 114). There are
two terms used by linguists, endocentric and exocentric. An endocentric compound is
one that has a head that is expresses the core meaning of the compound and belongs
to same lexical category as the compound as a whole. For example, blackbird, it is
endocentric compound, because the head bird determined both the meaning and the
lexical category – noun – of the compound as a whole. While exocentric compound
whose lexical category or meaning are not determinable from head. For example
figurehead, it is just a compound, because the word figure is not a type of head.
The example of compound word analysis can be seen in this sentence from Master
and Man short story.

‘The youthful landowner was asking ten thousand rubbles for the grove
simply because Vasili Andreevich was offering seven thousand’

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The above sentence has a compound word. That is compound noun. Landowner is a
compound noun and it consists of noun and noun. Land is a noun and Owner is also
a noun. Landowner is an endocentric compound due to the fact that is meaning a
person who owns land, especially a large amount of land.
This research focused on English compounding word in Master and Man short story
by Leo Tolstoy.
The research is aimed to find out the types of compound word and the meaning of
compound word found in a short story by Leo Tolstoy entitled Master and Man.
Based on phenomena in the data source, the researcher A Morphological Analysis of
English Compound Word in ‘Master and Man’ Short Story by Leo Tolstoy

B. Previous Study

The title of first article is A Morphological Study on Affixes in English

Song Lyrics on The Resistance Album Composed by Muse. Setyawan. Y.B. (UMS,
2014). The data collecting uses documentation. The findings of the research are 188
data of words containing affixes in the English song lyrics on Resistance Album by
Muse. The theory of the article used from Katamba (1993), Srijono (2001), Baurer
(2003). Objectives of this article are the sentences in the song lyrics which contain
affixes of Resistance Album by Muse. They are 20 songs in Resistance Album.

The second article entitled A Morphological Study on Compound Words in

English Translation of Al-Quran. Oktiana. K. (UMS.2013). The data collecting by
documentation method. The theory used from Mattews (1991:1). The objective of the
article is compound words. The findings of the article is based on the problem
statement, which cover the variations of the forms of compound words and the
meaning of compound word in English Translation of Al-Quran (Q.S An Nisaa).

The title of third article is A Morphological Study of Affixes Found in

Campus English Magazine by Alfianto. Q. (UMS, 2014). The data are taken from
Campus English Magazine volume 52/XII/2012. The theory used from Lieber
(2009), Katamba (1994), and Mattews (1991). Objectives of this article are affixes.
The finding finds that in derivational affixes are noun indicators, adjective indicators,
and adverb.

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 The title of fourth journal is Typical Morphology System of Language
Advertising of Cellular Services. Jatnika. A.W, Suganda. D, Wahya & Sobarna.C.
(Macrothink Institute, 2014). The data show several interesting morphological
construction of grammar. Objective of this article is to attracting consumers’
attention, arousing consumers’ interest, stimulating consumers’ desire, building up
consumers’ confidence, and evoking consumers’ to take action of purchasing. The
finding is the construction elements of the morphology of the language used to
advertise cellular phone services.

The fifth article is from research entitled An Error Analysis of English

Morphological Inflection Made by the First year Students of SMK YASMU Manyar
Gresik. By Afthoniyah, Nihlah. (UINSA, 2012). The objectives of this study are to
know the error frequencies of each type of English morphological inflection errors
and to find out the causes of English morphological inflection errors. The design of
the research is descriptive qualitative method. The data consists of the result of the
test and the document study from the students. The finding shows that possessive
inflection error is on the first rank (78 or 34,06%), then it is followed by past tense
inflection error on the second rank (58 or 25,33%), on the third rank is plural
inflection error (49 or 21,4%), on the fourth rank is third person singular inflection
error (32 or 13,97%), and the last is progressive inflection error on the fifth rank (12
or 5,24%).

The last article is from research entitled An Analysis of Derivational

Affixes in the Land of Five Towers Novel by A. Fuadi Translated by Angie Kilbane.
By Aryati, Maharani Sri (UMK, 2014). This research is descriptive qualitative
research where researcher tries to find out the derivational affix and the roots from
the words in The Land of Five Towers Novel by A. Fuadi without using statistical
calculation. In this research the writer uses all of words that are attached prefix and
suffix as the data. The data source is all the chapters which are the beginning of the
story, rising the case and the solution in The Land of Five Towers Novel by A.
Fuadi. The result of analyzing data were gained the derivational affixes that found in
The Land of Five Towers Novel by A. Fuadi are en- (11), in- (5), un- (11), a(2), non-
(3), re- (2), im- (2) as prefixes, while the suffixes are –ly (229), -able (18), -er (52), -

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al (53), -ous (28), -ate (2), -cy (3), -y (34), -ee (1), –tion (73), -ion (14), -ize (6), -ship
(3), -ment (26), -ism (3), -ist (1), -en (9), -ful (27), -age (2), tic (16), -ish (2), -ary (8),
-cent (2), -ive (13), -ance (7), -less (5), -ence (9), -ity (22), -ant (2), -or (11), -ness
(19), -ure (3), -fy (3). In The Land of Five Towers Novel by A. Fuadi, the roots from
the words that has been classified based on the part of speech are 199 (adjective),
188 (noun), 266 (verb).

Based from the previous study above, the similarity with this research is
the focus on study on morphology. Then the difference with this research is the
researcher conduct the research in analyzing morphological of compound word in
short story by Leo Tolstoy entitled Master and Man.

C. Limitation of the Study

The study will focus on analyzing morphological processes: types of

compound words and the meaning that found in Master and Man short story.
According to Delahunty and Garvey (2010) there are a number of ways of
approaching the study and classification of compound words, the most accessible of
which is to classify them according to the part of speech of the compound then sub-
classify the according to the parts of speech of its constituents.
This theory of forming process involves some class of words like noun,
verb, adjective, adverb and particle.
In discussing compound as based the theory from Aronoff (2011: 114).
There are two terms used by linguists, endocentric and exocentric.

D. Problem Statement
The researcher proposes the problem based on the phenomena found in
data source, as follows:
1. What are the types of English compound word found in the Master and
Man short story?
2. What are the meanings of compound words found in the Master and
Man short story?

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E. Objective of the Study
Based on the formulation of the problem, this study aims to:
1. To classify the types of English compound word found in the Master
and Man short story.
2. To identify the meanings of the compound words in the Master and
Man short story.

F. Benefit of the Study

The finding of this research is expected to give valuable contribution
theoretically and practically.
Theoretically, the first, this study will be useful for proving and
developing the theory of morphological English compound words. The second, this
study will be helpful to get clear and easy understanding the compound words for
students. Practically, this study will be useful for doing research as references for
other researcher and to get understanding about compound word for the reader by
read Master and Man short story.

G. Underlying Theory
Morphology as said by Aronoff (2011: 2) "in linguistics refers to the
mental system involved in word formation or to the branch of linguistics that deals
with words, their internal structure, and how they are formed”.
Morphology has the scope to explain based from Muhvic-Dimanovski
(2009). As follows:
1. Word Formation
This section will examine two species of word-formation, namely:
compounding and derivation. Muhvic-Dimanovski (2009: 79).
1.1 Compounding
In the compounding process, two or more words of major
classes, e.g. nouns, adjectives, etc. are combined to form a
new complex, e.g. White House ‘the official residence of the
U.S. President in Washington, D.C.’. Prevailingly, one of the

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 words is head (House), the other is the modifier (White).
Muhvic-Dimanovski (2009: 79).

1.2 Derivation
Having surveyed compounding, the next is considering
derivation: affixation, and more ‘shady’ cases such as so-
called subtractive morphologies, truncation, dynamic
acronymization, back-formation and cognitive conversion.
Muhvic-Dimanovski (2009: 82).

2. Inflection vs. Derivation

Inflection vs. Derivation according to Aronoff (2011: 47)
distinguished as follows:
Inflection as said by Aronoff (2011: 47) “Involves the
formation of grammatical forms-past, present, future; singular, plural;
masculine, feminime, neuter; and so on – of a single lexeme”. The use
of these grammatical forms is generally dictated by sentence structure.
Regular verb lexemes in English have a lexical stem, which is bare
form with no affixes (e.g., blame) and three more inflected forms, one
each with the suffixes –s, -ed, and –ing (blames, blamed, and
blaming). Noun lexemes in English have a singular and plural form.
Adjective, adverbs, prepositions, and other parts of speech typically
have only one form in English.
While Derivation according by Aronoff (2011: 47) “Involves
the creation of one lexeme from another, such as selector or selection
from select”. Compounding is a special type of derivation, since it
involves the creation of one lexeme from two or more other lexemes.
In the discussion of non-separability above, it has many instances of
compounds (doghouse, greenhouse, hot dog, and deer tick), all of
which are formed by combining two lexemes.

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 In discussing compound as based the theory from Aronoff (2011: 114).
There are two terms used by linguists, endocentric and exocentric. An endocentric
compound as said by Aronoff is one that has a head that is expresses the core
meaning of the compound and belongs to same lexical category as the compound as
a whole. While exocentric compound whose lexical category or meaning are not
determinable from head.

According to Delahunty and Garvey (2010: 133-134) there are a number

of ways of approaching the study and classification of compound words, the most
accessible of which is to classify them according to the part of speech of the
compound then sub-classify the according to the parts of speech of its constituents.
Delahunty and Garvey divided process of compound words into: 9 processes of
compound noun, 4 processes of compound verb and 12 processes of compound
adjectives.
This theory of forming process involves some class of words like noun,
verb, adjective, adverb and particle. Delahunty and Garvey use the term particle as a
substitute of preposition.
1. Compound Nouns
This classification of compound word has nine forms in classifying
the compounds according to the parts of speech of its constituent,
they are:
a. Noun + Noun: bath towel; boyfriend; landowner
b. Verb + Noun: pickpocket; breakfast
c. Noun + Verb: nosebleed; sunshine
d. Verb + Verb: make-believe
e. Adjective + Noun: deep structure; fast-food
f. Particle + Noun: in-crowd; down-town
g. Adverb + Noun: now generation
h. Verb + Particle: cop-out; drop-out
i. Phrase Compounds: son-in-law

2. Compound Verbs

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 There are four classification of forming of compound verbs, which
can be formulated as follow:
a. Noun + Verb: sky-dive
b. Adjective + Verb: fine-tune
c. Particle + Verb: overbook
d. Adjective + Noun: brown-bag

3. Compound Adjectives
In compound adjectives, there are twelve process of forming the
compounds, they are:
a. Noun + Adjective: childproof
b. Verb + Adjective: fail safe
c. Adjective + Adjective: open-ended
d. Adverb + Adjective: cross-modal
e. Particle + Adjective: over-qualified
f. Noun + Noun: coffee-table
g. Verb + Noun: roll-neck
h. Adjective + Noun: red-brick; blue-collar
i. Particle + Noun: in-depth
j. Verb + Verb: go-go; make-believe
k. Adjective + Verb: high-rise;
l. Verb + particle: see-through; tow-away

H. Research Method
I. Research Paper Organization

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Afthoniyah, Nihlah. 2012. An Error Analysis of English Morphological Inflection

Made by the First year Students of SMK YASMU Manyar Gresik. English
Department, Tarbiyah Faculty, State Institute of Islamic Studies. Advisor:
Dr. Phil. Khoirun Niam & Hilda Izzati Madjid M.A.
Alfianto. Q. 2014. A Morphological Study of Affixes Found in Campus English
Magazine. Surakarta: Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
Aronoff, Mark. 2011. What is morphology?. West Sussex United Kingdom:
Blackwell.
Aryati, Maharani Sri. 2014. An Analysis of Derivational Affixes in The Land of Five
Towers Novel by A. Fuadi Translated by Angie Kilbane. Skripsi. English
Education Department, Teacher Training and Education Faculty, Muria
Kudus University. Advisors: (i) Rismiyanto, SS, M.Pd. (ii) Nuraeningsih, S.
Pd, M.Pd.
Delahunty, Gerald P and James J Garvey. 2010. The English Language: From Sound
to sense. Fort Collins, Colorado: The WAC Clearinghouse and Parlor Press.
Haspelmath, Martin. 2010. Understanding Morphology. Hachette United Kingdom:
Hodder Education.
Jatnika. A.W, Suganda. D, Wahya & Sobarna.C. 2014. Typical Morphology System
of Language Advertising of Cellular Services. Las Vegas: Macrothink
Institute.
Muhvic-Dimanovski, Vesna. 2009. LINGUISTICS. Oxford: EOLSS.
Oktiana. K. 2013. A Morphological Study on Compound Words in English
Translation of Al-Quran. Surakarta: Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta.
Setyawan. Y.B. 2014. A Morphological Study on Affixes in English Song Lyrics on
the Resistance Album Composed by Muse. Surakarta: Muhammadiyah
University of Surakarta.

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APPENDIX

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