The Impact of Smoking Behavior and Early Menopause in Kopo Public Health Centre Bojongloa

Kidul-Bandung

HOME WORK

NAME : EKA NIRWANSAH

NUMBER : C.0105.10.012

STUDY PROGRAME : BACHELOR SCIENCES OF NURSING DEPARTMENT

INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES BUDI LUHUR

The Impact of Smoking Behavior and Early Menopause in Kopo Public Health
Centre Bojongloa Kidul-Bandung

Abstract

Smoking is one of the causes of early menopause in women. Dangerous substances in

cigarettes can affect estrogen and cause prolonged menstrual cycle and eventually cause it
to stop before its time. The number of female smoker is increasing every year. This is a
quantitative research with case control method. The purpose of the study is to analyze the
impact of smoking behavior on early menopause. It is conducted on April–Mai 2011 in
Kebon Lega District. The research subjects are female smokers as the case group and non-
smoker females as the control group. Analysis process was done by univariate and
bivariate by utilizing chi square. The result of the study indicates that there was an impact
of smoking behavior on the incidence of early menopause with odds ratio 56.260 times.
Odds ratio above 1 indicates that smoking behavior is a risk factor of early menopause.
Recommendation of this research is to make health education program especial to
adolescence about effect of smoking and to build collaboration between Kopo Public
Health Centre with elementary schools to decreas impact of smoking in early stage by
enchancing Usaha Kesehatan Sekolah (health program in school).

Key words: smoking behaviour, early menopause

INTRODUCTION According World Health

World Health Organization (WHO)
estimated 1/3 of the world's population of 1.1
billion people.The number of male smokers
by as much as half a million people and the
number of women smokers by as much as
200 million people. In the United Kingdom
the number of female smokers as much as
37% and the number of male smokers as
much as 55,4%. According to the World
Bank, the rate of smoking consumption in
Indonesia is about 66%. The number of
smokers in Indonesia as much as 31.4%.
According Of Survey National 2004, The
number of smokers male 52.5 % and the
number of smokers woman 33 %. 2008 -
2009 the number of smokers increase, of 9,92
- 10,90 million people ( 31,52 % ).
Organization (WHO) Every year, 25 million
women throughout the world had menopause.
2000 - 2030 amount post menopausal women
increased 15.5 - 1 billion. Menopause early
in indonesia tended to increase, but not yet
known about the rise of cases menopause
early.
The cause of postmenopausal
women on whom the smoking habit. Many
theories describing the impact of cigarettes
against female reproductive health but no
answer yet satisfactory. Another study
reported, woman who has the habit of
smoking entering the menopause before the
age of 45 years as many as 28.7 %, where as
many as 25 % of smokers and former
smokers 35,2 % as passive. According to
research sue, woman active smokers risky
menopause early to 59 %. Sianturi argue,

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 The Impact of Smoking Behavior and Early Menopause in Kopo Public Health Centre Bojongloa
Kidul-Bandung

woman who has the habit of smoking risky Table 1 Characteristic of respondents
nine times faster menopause than mareka
who does not smoke. Research aritonang Characteristic Smoking Habit
woman who has the habit of smoking Smokers Non-Smokers
subjected to menopause early as many as 20 30–35 years 55 (23,9%) 57 (24,8%)
%. 36–40 years 52 (22,6%) 68 (29,6%)
In Kopo Public Health Centre, 41–45 years 60 (26,1%) 56 (24,3%)
>45 years 63 (27,4%) 49 (21,3%)
There’s not data report about borth of female
House Wife 125 (54,3%) 122 (53,0%)
or male smoker. Kopo Public Health Centre Civil Servants 22 (9,6%) 30 (13,0%)
be in the city of bandung, Including the Srivate
region of the population highest with a 83 (36,1%) 78 (33,9%)
employees
population of 191.438. Most populous city of Elementary
120 (52,2%) 124 (53,9%)
bandung including a town in west java, with Schools
the density 14,125/km2. Junior High
74 (32,2%) 62 (27,0%)
Schools
Method Senior High
33 (14,3%) 40 (17,4%)
Schools
PT 3 (1,3%) 4 (1,7%)
A subject of study is a female who
has the habit of smoking as a group cases and
Characteristic of respondents the result is
women who have no smoking habit as the
non-signifikan and was decided that no
control group in the region of Kopo Public
variation characteristics of age, there are
Health Centre, Bojongloa kidul district city
differences work, and education of
of bandung the period april - may 2011.
respondents between the cases and control.
Criteria inclusion, woman the age of 30 - 50
years, has the habit of smoking ( light, being, Image 1 The age beginning smoking
weight ), can read and write; willing to be of
respondents. Criteria exclusion group cases
and control function because of age, a 11-14 th.

13,0 / 5,7%

decrease in the ovary the condition of a role, 9-10 th.

3,0 / 1,3%
15-19 th.
a medical condition, surgical removal of the 74,0 / 32,2%

ovary, removal of the uterus, state of being

sick, so that cannot provide precise
information. This research is quantitative,
research case - control, with the aim of >19 th.

140,0 / 60,9%

analyzing the influence of the habit of

smoking in females with the genesis
menopause early in the region of Kopo The age beginning smoking a group of cases
Public Health Centre, Bojongloa kidul
the most in over the age of 19 years old, as
district city of bandung.
much as 140 respondents or 60,9 % ( figure 1
The number of population of 4.954 ).
inhabitants. Sampling using a multistage Table 2 Smoking in family history
cluster sampling (more than two or three
stages, and so on). The number of samples of Smoking Smoking Habit
the two groups divided 450 230 women's in family Smokers Non-Smokers
group are smokers and 230 women not history
smokers. Instrument test conducted at the Mothers 23 (10,0%) 0 (0,0%)
Village Situsaer as many as 30 respondents Fathers 75 (32,6%) 145 (63,0%)
citing the same characteristics. The validity other
of the test results r & gt; 3.00 and test family 131 (57,0%) 85 (37,0%)
reabilitas 0,722 value is obtained. The members
bivariat analysis used chi% u2013 quadratic not there 1 (0,4%) 0 (0,0%)
contingency coefficient C and as well as odds
ratio.
The acts of smoking in the family group of
Results cases the most members of the family other
than as many as 131 respondents or 57,0 % (

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 The Impact of Smoking Behavior and Early Menopause in Kopo Public Health Centre Bojongloa
Kidul-Bandung

table 2 ). The control group, the acts of the degree of free db=1 namely 3,841. Degree
smoking in the family of the most widely of free obtained from the results of times (the
father, about 145 respondents or 63,0 %. number of rows –1) x (the number of coloums
Table 3 The incident menopause –1) = (2-1)x(2-1)=1. Seemed that χ² calculate
(82,271)> χ² table (3,841). Thus, H0 Rejected
The Smoking Habit and Ha ccepted, as well as was decided that
incident Smokers Non-Smokers there are influence between smoking habit to
menopause the menopause.
premature the value of the odds ratio Smokers with
menopause
76 (33,0%) 2 (0,9%)
menopause early not smokers is as much as
56,260 At intervals of trust 95% between
The incident menopause early group cases as 13,615 until 232,480. the value of the odds
many as 76 ( 33,0 % ) and the control group ratio That which exceeds the number of
scene menopause early as many as 2 ( 0.9 % 1, Showing the habit of smoking is risk factors
) ( table 3 ). menopause early. Degree of influence the
Table 4 The age beginning not menstruation habit of smokers to the menopause early
measured through a coefficient contingency or
The age Smoking Habit C. the value of the C/Cmaks Is as much as
beginning Smokers Non- 0,390/0,707=0,552. Based on a categorization
not Smokers degrees the influence of sugiyono this value
menstruation lies between 0,40–0,599 Showing that degree
30–35 years 20 (20,6%) 0 (0,0%) of influence smoking habit to the menopause
36–40 years 26 (26,8%) 2 (100,0%) early is quite strong.
41–45 years 30 (30,9%) 0 (0,0%)
>45 21 (21,6%) 0 (0,0%) Discussions
Research results obtained smoking
habit of respondents most numerous begins at
The age beginning not menstruation a group age >19 Years as much as (60,9%), There was
of cases the most age 41 - 45 years as many as even a respondent who begin to smoke in age
30 respondents or 30.9 %. The control group, 9–10 years of age 9–19 Years of respondents
the age beginning not menstrual most were at the age of teenagers. The results of
numerous at the age of 36 - 40 years as many research on the appropriate opinions expressed
as 2 respondents or 100 % ( a table 4 ). by smet ( in komasari and helmi ) declaring
that the first ages of time smoking in general
Table 5 The influence of smoking habit to the ranged in age 11–13 years. Opinion tandra the
menopause early age of smoking began at the age of 13 years.
Research shows that smoking habit of
The incident Smoking Habit respondents influenced that smoking, family
menopause early Smokers Non- history thus making respondents semangkin
Smokers hard to stop smoking. Family members
premature 76 (33,0%) 2 (0,9%) encourage respondents for smoking more
menopause often. This research result, supported
Tidak Menopause 154 (67,0%) 228(99,1%) alamsyah research is the relationship
Dini meaningfui where parents family members,
and a friend who have smoking habit can
roup of cases, respondents menopause early as affect behavior someone for smoking. Factor
many as 76 respondents or 33,0 %. The comfort and burn off stress can be thruster
control group menopause early as many as 2 someone to behave in line with merokok.16
or 0.9 % ( table 5 ). The results of the test the this research kemala the link between stress
influence of the habit of early, smokers to the and behavior someone for smoking.
menopause obtained the value of chi quadrat The result showed, any woman experience
or χ² namely 82,271. the value of the χ² Used menopause the age of 30 - 44 years ( < 45
is that has been include correction of years old ). Opinion handayani woman who
continuity, specifically to the tabulation of subjected to menopause < 45 said to
cross 2x2. The result of reckoning are then menopause early which means women already
compared with χ² tables with errors 5% And menopause forehanded. This research result

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 The Impact of Smoking Behavior and Early Menopause in Kopo Public Health Centre Bojongloa
Kidul-Bandung
supported research antono obtained woman
experience menopause at age 40 - 45 years by
20 respondents ( 18,2 % ).19 Research results
obtained woman who smokes chance to
greater namely 56,260 times subjected to
menopause early if in that compares with
woman who don ' t have the habit of smoking.
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