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Preface
Tall oil, also called "liquid rosin" or tallol, is a viscous yellow
yellow-black
black odorous liquid obtained as a by-product
by
of the Kraft process of wood pulp manufacture when pulping mainly coniferous trees. The name
originated as an anglicization of the Swedish "tallolja" ("pine oil"). Tall oil is the third largest chemical by-
by
product in a Kraft mill after lignin and hemicellulose; the yield of ccrude
rude tall oil from the process is in the
range of 30 - 50 kg / ton pulp. It may contribute to 1.0 - 1.5% of the mill's revenue if not used internally.
Manufacturing
In the Kraft Process, high alkalinity and temperature converts the esters and carboxylic acids ac in rosin into
soluble sodium soaps of lignin, rosin, and fatty acids. The spent cooking liquor is called weak black liquor
and is about 15% dry content. The black liquor is concentrated in a multiple effect evaporator and after
the first stage the blackk liquor is about 20 - 30%. At this stage it is called intermediate liquor. Normally the
soaps start to float in the storage tank for the weak or intermediate liquors and are skimmed off and
collected. A good soap skimming operation reduces the soap content of the black liquor down to 0.2 -
0.4% w/w of the dry residue. The collected soap is called raw rosin soap or rosinate. The raw rosin soap
is then allowed to settle or is centrifuged to release as much as possible of the entrained black liquor. The
soap goes then to the acidulator where it is heated and acidified with sulfuric acid to produce crude tall oil
(CTO).
The soap skimming and acidulator operation can be improved by addition of flocculants. A flocculant will
shorten the separation time and give a cleaner soap with lower viscosity. This makes the acidulator run
smoother as well.
Most pines give a soap yield of 5 - 25 kg/ton pulp, while Chir pine gives 20 - 50 kg/ton. Chir pine grown in
the foot hills of Himalayas give a yield of even more than 50 kg/ton. Globally about 2 mill ton/year of CTO
are refined.
Composition.
The composition of crude tall oil varies a great deal, depending on the type of wood used. A common
quality measure for tall oil is acid number. With pure pines it is possible to have acid numbers in the range
160 - 165, while mills using a mix of softwoods and hardwoods might give acid numbers in the range of
125 - 135
Normally crude tall oil contains rosins (which contains resin acids (mainly abietic acid and its isomers),
fatty acids (mainly palmitic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid) and fatty alcohols), unsaponifiable sterols (5-
10%), some sterols, and other alkyl hydrocarbon derivates.
By fractional distillation tall oil rosin is obtained, with rosin content reduced to 10-35%. By further
reduction of the rosin content to 1-10%, tall oil fatty acid (TOFA) can be obtained, which is cheap,
consists mostly of oleic acid, and is a source of volatile fatty acids.
Applications
The tall oil rosin finds use as a component of adhesives, rubbers, and inks, and as an emulsifier. The
pitch is used as a binder in cement, an adhesive, and an emulsifier for asphalt.
TOFA is a low-cost and vegetarian lifestyle-friendly alternative to tallow fatty acids for production of soaps
and lubricants. When esterified with pentaerythritol, it is used as a compound of adhesives and oil-based
varnishes.
Tall oil is also used in oil drilling as a component of drilling fluids.
Tall oil fatty acids offer several distinctive advantages over alternate sources of fatty acids derived from
animal or vegetable oils. Tall oil acids contain few highly unsaturated acids and thus possess better
oxidative and color stability. Hence, products made from tall oil acids can provide better color and
viscosity stability than products based on acids derived from animal or vegetable oils. Because tall oil is a
by-product of the paper industry, the price and supply are regarded by users as more stable than acids
derived from agricultural crops. Finally, tall oil acids are available in the free acid form, where as other oils
must be hydrolyzed to liberate free fatty acids.
This manuscripts gives us many more valuable informations which are not yet published any where.This
manuscript is valuable treasure of Indian Naval Stores which may be useful for Foresters,Research
Scholars and Scientists.
Book Contains: Tall Oil (Liquid Rosin) Production and Processing, Composition of Distilled Tall Oils
(DTO), Surfactants From Tall Oil Rosin, Crude Tall Oil for Wood Protection, Synthesis and
characterization of tall oil fatty acid, Tall Oil Fatty Acid (Alkyd-resin, Alkyd Acrylic, Phytosterols,
Phytostanols and Their Esters From Tall Oil (Liquid Rosin), Distilled Tall Oil (DTO), Antiproliferative
evaluation of tall-oil docosanol and tetracosanol, Synthesis and Characterization of Novel, Production of
Tall Oil Fatty Acid, Tall Oil (Liquid Rosins) Ester-acid Composition For Coating, Dicyclopentadiene
Alcohol Rosin Derivatives, Manufacturing edible oils from tall oil fatty acids, Skin care product containing
tall oil fatty acids and vegetable oils with manufacturing formula, Process For Manufacturing Valuable
Products From Tall Oil Pitch, Chemically modified, maleated unsaturated fatty acids and the salts,
Manufacture of A Tall Oil Rosin Ester, Production of Diesel Fuel From Crude Tall Oil, High Temperature
Corrosion Inhibition, Hydraulic oil Based on Natural Fatty Acid Esters.
Contents
Experimental Procedures
Results and Discussion
Resin synthesis
Materials
Curing process
Trial experiments for scheme 2 and scheme 3
Characterization of resins
Results and discussion of resins
FTIR analysis of the synthesized thermoset resins
Composite preparation
Hand lay-up impregnation
Characterization of composites
Flexural testing
Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis
7. Phytosterols, Phytostanols and Their Esters From Tall Oil (Liquid Rosin)
Manufacturing
Production of sterols from vegetable oil distillates
Production of sterols from wood pulp/tall oil
Production of phytostanols from phytosterols
Production of phytosterol and phytostanol esters
Free fatty acid route
Methylester route
Commercial suppliers
Chemical Characterization
Composition and properties
Quality of phytosterols, phytostanols and their esters
Analytical methods
Regulatory status
Reactions and fate in foods
Stability at high temperatures
15. Skin care product containing tall oil fatty acids and vegetable oils with manufacturing formula
16. Process For Manufacturing Valuable Products From Tall Oil Pitch
17. Chemically modified, maleated unsaturated fatty acids and the salts
Detailed Description
Odor Level Comparison Tests
The Drawings
Description
List of Tables
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