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Buckling of Columns
Columns – long slender members subjected to axial compressive
force. Lateral columns deflection is called buckling. Often buckling can
lead to catastrophic failure.
Professor A. Volinsky 1
Stability of Columns
• In the design of columns, cross-sectional area is
selected such that
- allowable stress is not exceeded
P
σ= ≤ σ all
A
- deformation falls within specifications
PL
δ= ≤ δ spec
AE
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Buckling Model
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Buckling
• Assume that a load P is applied. After a
perturbation, the system settles to a new
equilibrium configuration at a finite
deflection angle.
L
P sin θ = K (2θ )
2
PL P θ
= =
4 K Pcr sin θ
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Ideal Column. Slenderness Ratio
EI d2vv/dx2=M gives Pcr=pi2EI/L2, see page 672
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Effective Length Factor
π 2 EI
Pcr = 2
(KL)
π 2E
σ cr =
( KL / r )2
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Euler’s Formula for Pinned Beams
• Consider an axially loaded beam.
After a small perturbation, the system
reaches an equilibrium configuration
such that
d2y M P
2
= = − y
dx EI EI
d2y P
2
+ y=0
dx EI
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Euler’s Formula
• The value of stress corresponding to
the critical load,
π 2 EI
P > Pcr =
L2
P P
σ= > σ cr = cr
A A
σ cr =
( )
π 2 E Ar 2
L2 A
π 2E
= 2
= critical stress
(L r )
L
= slenderness ratio
r
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Important Points
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Example 13.1
12
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Fixed End
• A column with one fixed and one free
end, will behave as the upper-half of a
pin-connected column.
π 2E
σ cr =
(Le r )2
Le = 2 L = equivalent length
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Buckling Modes
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Maximum Deflection
Symmetrically supported beams: max
deflection is in the middle of the beam length
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Eccentric Loading. Secant Formula
• Eccentric loading is equivalent to a centric
load and a couple.
• Bending occurs for any nonzero eccentricity.
Question of buckling becomes whether the
resulting deflection is excessive.
• The deflection become infinite when P = Pcr
d2y − Py − Pe
2
=
dx EI
π P π 2 EI
ymax = e sec − 1
Pcr =
2 Pcr L2e
• Maximum stress
P ( ymax + e )c
σ max = 1+
A r2
P ec 1 P Le
= 1 + 2 sec
A r 2 EA r
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Secant Formula
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Design: Eccentric Loading
• An eccentric load P can be replaced by a
centric load P and a couple M = Pe.
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Secant Formula
P ec 1 P Le
σ max = σ Y = 1 + 2 sec
A r 2 EA r
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Example
The uniform column consists of an 8-ft section
of structural tubing having the cross-section
shown.
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Continued
SOLUTION:
• Maximum allowable centric load:
- Effective length,
Le = 2(8 ft ) = 16 ft = 192 in.
- Critical load,
Pcr =
π 2 EI
=
( )(
π 2 29 × 106 psi 8.0 in 4 )
2
Le (192 in )2
= 62.1 kips
- Allowable load,
P 62.1 kips
Pall = cr = Pall = 31.1 kips
FS 2
Pall 31.1 kips
σ= = σ = 8.79 ksi
A 3.54 in 2
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Continued
• Eccentric load:
- End deflection,
π P
ym = e sec − 1
2 Pcr
π
= (0.075 in )sec − 1
2 2
ym = 0.939 in.
- Maximum normal stress,
P ec π P
σm = 1 + 2 sec
A r 2 Pcr
31.1 kips (0.75 in )(2 in ) π
= 2
1+ 2
sec
3.54 in (1.50 in ) 2 2
σ m = 22.0 ksi
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Design of Columns
• Previous analyses assumed
stresses below the proportional
limit and initially straight,
homogeneous columns
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Important Points
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Procedure for Analysis
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Example 13.8
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Continued
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Chapter Review
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