PENCETAKAN MODEL NEGATIF (ALGINATE)

1. Preparation of Alginate Impression Materials

A proper mixture of water and powder is essential. The measured powder is added slowly to the
premeasured water that has already been poured into a clean rubber bowl. The powder is
incorporated into the water by carefully mixing with a metal or plastic spatula that is sufficiently
flexible to adapt well to the wall of the mixing bowl. If the powder is placed in the mixing bowl first,
penetration of the water to the bottom of the bowl is inhibited and a longer mixing time may be
required to ensure a homogeneous mix. Care should be taken to avoid incorporating excessive air
into the mix. A vigorous figure-eight stropping motion is best, with the mix being wiped or stropped
against the side of the rubber-mixing bowl to express air bubbles. All of the powder must be
incorporated thoroughly in the water. The mixing time is particularly important; 45 s to 1 min is
generally sufficient, depending on the brand and type of alginate (fast set or regular set). The
instructions on the package should be followed precisely for the mixing time, working time, and
setting time for the material one is using. The result should be a smooth, creamy mixture that does
not readily drip off the spatula when it is raised from the bowl. Several mechanical mixing devices
are available for the alginate materials. They include a rotating mixing bowl, a mechanical mixer with
time-control unit, a vacuum mixer for powder/water mixing, and a dynamic mechanical mixer,
similar to the one for elastomers for two-paste alginate products. Their principal benefits are
convenience, speed, and the reduction of human error. Clean equipment is important because many
of the problems and related failures are attributable to dirty or contaminated mixing or handling
devices. Contaminants, such as small amounts of gypsum left in the bowl from a previous mix of
plaster or stone, can accelerate the set. It is best to use separate bowls for mixing alginate and
stone. Ideally, the powder should be weighed and not measured volumetrically by means of a scoop.
However, unless a grossly incorrect or inconsistent method is used for scooping the powder, the
variations in individual mixes should have no measurable effect on the physical properties.

2. Making the Alginate Impression

It is imperative that the impression be retained on the tray so that it can be withdrawn from the
perimeter of the teeth. Therefore, a perforated metal tray is preferred. If a plastic tray or a metal
rim-lock tray is selected, a thin layer of alginate tray adhesive should be applied and allowed to dry
completely before mixing and loading the alginate in the tray. Alginate is a weak material; therefore,
a sufficient bulk of material is needed. The thickness of the alginate impression between the tray
and the tissues should be at least 3 mm. The compressive strength of alginate doubles during the
first 4 min after gelation, but it does not increase appreciably thereafter. Most alginate materials
improve in elasticity over time; this minimizes distortion of the material during impression removal,
thus permitting superior reproduction of undercut areas. Data clearly indicate that the alginate
impression should not be removed from the mouth for at least 3 min after gelation has occurred. It
is possible to leave an alginate impression in the mouth too long. With certain alginates, it has been
shown that if the impression is held for 6 to 7 min after gelation rather than 3 min, significant
distortion may result. Since alginate is a viscoelastic material, its tear strength is increased when the
impression is removed along a vertical path with a snap. The speed of removal must be a
compromise between a rapid movement and a slower rate that is more comfortable for the patient.
Usually an alginate impression does not adhere to the oral tissues as well as some of the elastomers
do, so it is easier to remove the alginate impression rapidly. However, it is always best to avoid
torquing or twisting the impression in an effort to remove it quickly. Specifically, the handle should
be used minimally during breaking of the air seal (“suction”) or removal of the tray from the teeth.

PENCETAKAN MODEL POSITIF (GIPS)

1. Proportioning

The recommended W/P ratio should be used. The water and powder should be measured by using
an accurate graduated cylinder for the water volume and a weighing balance for the weight of
powder. The powder should not be measured by volume (as by using a scoop) as it does not pack
uniformly. This characteristic may vary from product to product, and it will pack more densely if the
container remains undisturbed. When the container is shaken, the packed particles will be loosened
and the volume will increase as a result of air entrapment. Preweighed envelopes are very popular
because they promote accuracy, reduce waste, and save time. However, this preweighed, packaged
material adds to the cost of producing models and casts.

2. Mixing and Pouring

If mixing is performed by hand, the bowl should be parabolic in shape, smooth, and resistant to
abrasion. The spatula should have a stiff blade and a handle that is convenient to hold. A measured
amount of water is placed in the bowl and the weighed powder is sifted into the water as initial
hand mixing is performed. The mixture is then vigorously stirred, with periodic wiping of the inside
of the bowl with the spatula to ensure wetting of all of the powder and breaking up of any
agglomerates or lumps. The mixing should continue until a smooth mix is obtained, usually within a
minute. A longer spatulation time drastically reduces the working time, which is of particular
importance when pouring models. Entrapment of air in the mix must be avoided, since porosity can
lead to weak spots and surface inaccuracies. After mixing, the use of a vibrator of high frequency and
low amplitude is helpful in reducing air entrapment. The preferred method of mixing is to use a
mechanical mixer under vacuum. First, the measured water is added to the bowl, followed by
gradual addition of the preweighed powder. The powder is incorporated during approximately 15 s
of mixing with a hand spatula, followed by 20 to 30 s of mechanical mixing under vacuum. The
strength and hardness obtained from such vacuum mixing usually exceed that obtained by 1 minute
of hand mixing. Repeatedly adding water and powder by guesswork to achieve the proper
consistency should be avoided. This yields a lower strength and may cause distortion. The mixing
bowl with the dental stone mixture is then placed on top of a vibrator to eliminate entrapped air
bubbles and the impression tray is held in one hand against the vibrator. The surface of the
impression should be free of excess water. With the metal spatula, a small amount of dental stone is
added to one open end of the impression (e.g., in the last molar of a full arch impression). The speed
of the vibrator should be adjusted high enough to make the stone flow slowly into adjacent spaces.
If the speed of vibration is too high, it can generate air bubbles within the stone mixture. The
impression may be tilted to control the movement of the stone into the tooth depression. Additional
stone is added behind the moving front to promote the flow of stone and to ensure that the
previously filled area does not lose much of its volume. Once the tooth depressions are completely
filled, larger amounts of dental stone can be added under light vibration to fill the remaining
impression up to the mucobuccal fold or rim of the boxed area around the impression tray. The
impression is then briefly placed on the vibrator for a few seconds to distribute the stone evenly
across the impression. If the inversion method is used, a mound of stone about 20 mm high is made
on a flat surface, such as glass plate, with the remainder of the mixture or with a new mix using a
lower W/P ratio. The filled impression, which should exhibit the initial set but not the final set, is
then inverted over the mound of stone and the base is shaped with the spatula before the stone
sets. The dental stone model should be left undisturbed for 45 to 60 min until the material has set
completely. The dental stone model is now separated from the impression. When tooth
preparations are involved, a smaller spatula may be used to deliver a much smaller amount of stone
to fill the sites of the preparations and ensure complete filling before the remaining portion of the
impression is poured.

3. Care of Cast

Once the setting reactions in the cast have been completed, its dimensions will be relatively
constant under ordinary conditions of room temperature and humidity. However, it is sometimes
necessary to soak the gypsum cast in water in preparation for other procedures. When a dry cast is
immersed in water, negligible expansion may occur if the water is saturated with calcium sulfate. If
the water is not saturated, dissolution of gypsum will occur. For example, a stone cast immersed in a
container under running water will lose approximately 0.1% of its linear dimension for every 20 min
of immersion. The safest method for soaking the cast is to place it in a water bath with gypsum
debris remaining on the bottom of the container to provide a saturated solution of calcium sulfate. If
the storage temperature is raised to between 90 °C and 110 °C (194 °F to 230 °F), shrinkage occurs,
along with loss of strength as the water of crystallization is removed and the dihydrate reverts to the
hemihydrate form. As a rule of thumb, it is not safe to store or heat a stone cast in air at a
temperature higher than 55 °C (130 °F).

Pembentukan Basis Segi 7

Dapat dilakukan dengan 2 cara: Trimming (dengan menambahkan gips dan memotong/mengkikis
gips tersebut sehingga membentuk segi 7) atau secara Langsung (dengan menggunakan cetakan
basis segi 7)

Syarat Hasil Cetak Yang Baik:

1. Sendok cetak yang digunakan sesuai, sehingga dapat mencetak seluruh rahang.
2. Cetakan mencapai muccobuccal fold (batas antara mukosa bergerak dan tidak bergerak)
3. Terdapat frenulum labialis dan buccalis
4. Gigi geligi pasien dalam keadaan detail
5. Terdapat vestibulum (rongga antara processus alveolar dengan mucosa bergerak pada
bagian buccal dan labial)
6. Pada pencetakan RA, terdapat palatum mole dan palatum durum, rugae palatina, dan
tuberositas maksilla (tonjolan tulang maksillaris di bagian posterior)
7. Pada pencetakan RB, terdapat rongga retromyloyoid (rongga antara gigi geraha terakhir
dengan retromolar pad di bagian posteriornya)