Multimedia

 TV systems
 Spatial and temporal resolution
 Colour coordinate
 Signal Bandwidth
 Multiplexing of Luminance, Chrominance, and
Audio

Multimedia Coding and Processing 17/09/2018 2

 In
Pittsburgh
PA

1700’s 1837 1876 1920 1948

Copyright © Texas Education

Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.
Images and other multimedia
content used with permission. 3
1928 1st TV Drama
broadcast

1931
Regularly
scheduled TV
begins

1935
Electronic TV is
demonstrated to
the press

Copyright © Texas Education

Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.
Images and other multimedia
content used with permission. 4
 1941 194 1945
2
FCC 150
15 hours of
authorizes applications
TV programming for TV
broadcast. each week. stations

Copyright © Texas Education

Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.
Images and other multimedia
5
content used with permission.
1932- • Experimentation with color during
WWII
1945

• Non-compatible mechanical color

1946
system is presented.

1947 • FCC refuses color request.

• 50 TV stations on air, 124

authorized.
1948
• FCC establishes a four year freeze
on new TV licenses.

Copyright © Texas Education

Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.
Images and other multimedia
6
content used with permission.
1950
• Korean War slows color TV progress.
• FCC announces mechanical color system.
• Negative response from stations and the
public.

1951

• National Television System Committee

(NTSC) explores color.

Copyright © Texas Education

Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.
Images and other multimedia
7
content used with permission.
 1952 1953

FCC lifts TV freeze

FCC approves NTSC
compatible electronic
color system
FCC approves UHF

Old TV’s don’t get UHF

Korean War ends

Ruling: all new TV’s
must have both VHF
and UHF

Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights

reserved. Images and other multimedia content used with 8
permission.
 Three TV systems: PAL, NTSC, SECAM
 PAL
◦ Most of Western Europe and Asia, including China
and Middle East
 NTSC
◦ North America, Japan, and Taiwan
 SECAM
◦ Russia, Eastern Europe, France, and Middle East
 All three colour TV systems use 2:1
interlaced scan, and IAR is 4:3.

Multimedia Coding and Processing 17/09/2018 9

 TV frame rates
◦ PAL TV: 25 frames/second
◦ NTSC TV: 29.97 frames/second
◦ HDTV: 59.94 frames/second
◦ Chosen not to interfere with standard power
systems in the countries.
 Lines per frame
◦ NTSC: 525 lines/frame
◦ PAL and SECAM: 625 lines/frame

Multimedia Coding and Processing 17/09/2018 11

 NTSC: line interval, Tl = 1/(30*525) = 63.5s.
Th=10 s. Actual time for scanning each line,
T’l=53.5 s. Vertical retrace, Tv =1333 s,
equivalent to time for 21 scan lines per field.
Number of active lines is 525-42=483/frame.

Multimedia Coding and Processing 17/09/2018 12

 The electron beam is analog modulated across
the horizontal line. The modulation then
translates into intensity changes in electron
beam and thus gray scale levels on the picture
screen
 All three TV systems use RGB primary.
 PAL use YUV, NTSC uses YIQ, and SECAM uses
YDbDr. YUV relates to the normalized gamma-
corrected RGB by

 Y   0.299 0.587 0.114   R 

U    0.147 0.289 0.436  G 
    
V   0.615 0.515 0.100   B 
 where RGB are normalized and set to = (1,1,1)
corresponding to the reference white.

Multimedia Coding and Processing 17/09/2018 15

 In reverse, normalized gamma-corrected
values of RGB relates to YUV by.

 R  1.000 0.000 1.140   Y 

     
G   1.000 0.395 0.581 U 
 B  1.000 2.032 0.001  V 

 

Multimedia Coding and Processing 17/09/2018 16

 SECAM uses the YDbDr coordinate.
 The Db and Dr values are related to the U
and V by

Db = 3.059*U, and Dr = -2.169*V.

Multimedia Coding and Processing 17/09/2018 17

 NTSC uses YIQ.
 The I and Q components are rotated versions
(by 33°) of the U and V components.
 I component corresponds to orange-to-cyan
colours.
 Q component corresponds to green-to-purple
colours.
 Human eye is less sensitive to changes in the
green-to-purple range than the yellow-to-cyan
range.
 Q component can be transmitted with less
bandwidth than the I component.

Multimedia Coding and Processing 17/09/2018 18

 YIQ relates to the normalized gamma-
corrected RGB by

Y  0.299 0.587 0.114   R 

 I   0.596 0.275 0.321 G 
    
Q  0.212 0.523 0.311   B 

 where RGB are normalized and set to =

(1,1,1) corresponding to the reference white.

Multimedia Coding and Processing 17/09/2018 19

 In reverse, normalized gamma-corrected
values of RGB relates to YIQ by.

 R  1.000 0.956 0.620  Y 

     
G   1.000 0.272 0.647   I 
 B  1.000 1.108 1.700  Q 

 

Multimedia Coding and Processing 17/09/2018 20

  The bandwidth of a video raster can be
estimated from its line rate.
 the maximum vertical frequency results when
white and black lines alternate in a raster frame,
which is equal to f’s,y/2 (cycles/picture-height).
 The maximum frequency that can be rendered
properly by a system is usually lower than this
theoretical limit. The ratio is known as the
attenuation factor or Kell factor, Ke.
 Kell factor, Ke, depends on the camera and
display aperture functions. Typical TV cameras
have a Kell factor of Ke =0.7.
 The maximum vertical frequency is

f v ,max  K e f s, y / 2 (cycles / picture-height ).

17/09/2018 Multimedia Coding and Processing 21
  Assume the maximum horizontal
frequency is identical to the vertical
frequency for the same spatial distance.
f h ,max  f v ,max  IAR(cycles / picture  width).
 Each line is scanned in T’l seconds, the
maximum frequency is

f max  f h,max / Tl  IAR  K e f s, y / 2Tl 

17/09/2018 Multimedia Coding and Processing 22

 The three colour components and the
audio component are multiplexed into
one composite signal before
broadcasting.
◦ The two chrominance components are first
combined into a single colour signal.
◦ The colour signal is then combined with the
luminance component
◦ The video signal is then combined with the
audio signal to form the final composite signal.
 The overall NTSC composite signal
occupies 6.0 MHz.
 The picture carrier, fp, depends on the
broadcasting channel.
Multimedia Coding and Processing 17/09/2018 23
Overall Spectral Composition of the NTSC composite sign

6.0 MHz
Y
4.5 MHz I

1.25 4.2 MHz I and Q

MHz 3.58MHz Audio

f
fp fc fa
picture colour audio
carrier subcarrier subcarrier

Multimedia Coding and Processing 17/09/2018 24

Parameter NTSC PAL SECAM
Field rate 59.94 50 50
Line number/frame 525 625 625
Line rate 15,750 15,625 15,625
Image aspect ratio 4:3 4:3 4:3
Colour Coordinate YIQ YUV YDbDr

17/09/2018 Multimedia Coding and Processing 25

Parameter NTSC PAL SECAM
Luminance bandwidth 4.2 5.0, 5.5 6.0
(MHz)
Chrominance Bandwidth 1.5(I),0.5(Q) 1.3(U,V) 1.0(U,V)
(MHz)
Colour subcarrier (MHz) 3.58 4.43 4.25(Db),
4.41(Dr)
Colour modulation QAM QAM FM
Audio subcarrier (MHz) 4.5 5.5,6.0 6.5
Composite signal 6.0 8.0,8.5 8.0
bandwidth (MHz)
17/09/2018 Multimedia Coding and Processing 26
TV Transmitter (B&W)
TV Receiver (B&W)
Video Tape Horizontal Luminance Applications
format format lines bandwidth
composite VHS, 240 3.0 MHz consumer
8mm
Umatic SP 330 4.0 MHz Professional

S-video S-VHS, 400 5.0 MHz High-quality

Hi8 consumer
component Betacam 480 4.5 MHz Professional
SP

17/09/2018 Multimedia Coding and Processing 31