BIOPROSPECTING PAPER

Bioprospection of Brackish Water

Supporting Lecturer : Dr. Ir. Efrizal M.Si

Arranged by :
Hafizah Zakiyah (1710421024)

BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT
FAKULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES
ANDALAS UNIVERSITY
PADANG, 2018
 FOREWORD

Alhamdulillahirobbil ‘Alamin, Praise be to Allah SWT, Lord of Hosts. For all the gifts
of His blessings so that we can make this paper as well as possible. The paper entitled
"Bioprospecting of Brackish Water" was compiled in order to fulfill one of the
Bioprospecting subject tasks taught by Mr. Efrizal.
This paper is about The direct exploitation in the mangrove ecosystem in Central Java
and the land use in its surrounding; degradation and its restoration effort. In its
preparation involved various parties, both from school and outside the school.
Therefore I thank you very much for all your contributions in helping the preparation
of this paper.
Although it has been prepared to its full potential, the writer as an ordinary human
being realizes that this paper is far from perfect. Therefore the authors expect
constructive criticism and suggestions from all readers.
I hope that this paper can be a means of helping people understand more about
bioprospection.
So that’s what can I say, hopefully the reader can benefit from this work.

Padang, 3 September 2018

Writer
 CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY

Mangroves are one of the rare and typical ecosystems in the world, because they cover
only 2% of the earth's surface. Indonesia is the largest mangrove ecosystem in the
world. This ecosystem has a very important ecological, socio-economic and social-
cultural role. The ecological functions of mangrove forests include carbon
sequestration, remediation of pollutants, maintaining coastal stability from abrasion,
seawater intrusion and storm surges, maintaining natural habitat, becoming nesting,
spawning and enlargement of various types of fish, shrimp, shellfish, birds and other
fauna , and land formers. The socio-economic functions of mangrove forests include
building wood, firewood, plywood, pulp, telephone poles, piles, fishing charts, docks,
railroad pads, wood for furniture and handicrafts, roof human, tannin, medicinal
ingredients, sugar, alcohol, acetic acid, animal protein, honey, carbohydrates and
coloring agents, as well as socio-cultural functions as areas of conservation, education,
ecotourism and cultural identity. The level of damage to the mangrove ecosystem of
the world, including Indonesia, is very fast and dramatic. The main threat to the
sustainability of mangrove ecosystems is human activities, such as making fish (salt
and fish), logging, and environmental pollution. In addition there are also other threats
such as reclamation and sedimentation, mining and natural causes such as storms.
Conservation of mangrove forests has received widespread attention given the high
value of social-economic and ecological ecosystems. Restoration has the potential to
raise the value of mangrove biological resources, provide livelihoods for the
population, prevent damage to the coast, maintain biodiversity, fisheries production,
and others (Setyawan, 2002).
Utilization of mangrove ecosystems can be categorized into the utilization of the
ecosystem as a whole (ecological value) and the use of products produced by these
ecosystems (socio-economic and cultural values). Traditionally, local people use
mangroves to meet various needs in a sustainable manner, but increasing population
can cause unreasonable pressure on these resources. The oldest reference regarding the
use of mangrove plants comes from 1230 in Arabia, namely the use of Rhizophora
seeds as a food source, sap to treat mouth pain, old stems for firewood, tannins and
coloring, and produce drinks that have aphrodisiac effects for men and caring for
women (Bandaranayake, 1998).
Mangrove ecosystems in Central Java have various forms. The north coast bordering
the Java Sea is relatively small. On the contrary, the south coast is directly adjacent to
the South Sea (Indian Ocean) where the wave conditions are very large. This causes
physiographic appearance and physiognomy of mangrove vegetation in the two regions
is different. On the north coast, sediments from rivers and seas are deposited in certain
locations that are protected and form tidal flats or mud flats. On the south coast of
sediment carried by river and the sea settles in the mouth of the river forming dikes and
sand dunes which inhibit the entry of river water into the sea, thus forming a lagoon.
On the north coast, mangroves not only grow in river mouths, but also in tidal flat areas,
while on the south coast mangroves only grow on lagoons at river mouths, including
Segara Anakan lagoon, Cilacap, the widest mangrove area in Java (Steenis, 1958;
1965) . This diversity of coastal physiographic forms affects the culture of the
community, including in addressing the condition of the mangrove ecosystem. Physical
changes in mangrove forests such as drying, construction of water canals and use of
fertilizers in the management of ponds, cause changes in mangrove habitat (Tanaka,
1992), so that the composition and structure of this forest vegetation can change
(Odum, 1971). This study aims to determine (i) the types of direct use in the mangrove
ecosystem, (ii) the types of land use around the mangrove ecosystem, and (iii) damage
and restoration efforts of the mangrove ecosystem on the north coast and south coast
of Central Java.
 CHAPTER II
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Direct use in the mangrove ecosystem

The economic value of mangrove areas that arise as a result of the role of ecology and
harvest products is often ignored so that this area is widely converted into agricultural
areas, fish farms, salt ponds, forestry, and infrastructure (Ronnback, 1999). In this
study, none of the 20 locations studied had been designated as protected areas, so
human activity in them was relatively high. Direct use in the mangrove ecosystem,
either by changing the area or not including the pond fish / shrimp, installation of
floating net (karamba), place of direct fishing, sources of firewood and charcoal,
sources of building wood, sources of food, animal feed, medicinal materials, industrial
raw materials, and socio-cultural interests in the form of tourism and education.
Fishery
Fisheries are the most important economic resource in mangrove areas. In Wulan and
Segara Anakan, some mangrove vegetation is cut down for fish / shrimp ponds. Almost
all of these ponds use an intensive pond system, almost no one does it with a trench
pond system (intercropping pond). In intensive ponds, all mangrove plants are cleared,
mangroves are only left on the banks of ponds, especially those bordering the river to
prevent abrasion, while in the pond trench pond system and mangrove vegetation area
are left relatively the same (Hartina, 1996; Anonymous, 1997) , so that it still allows
the growth of mangrove vegetation.
As with ponds, the floating net / karamba is also widely developed in both locations.
This floating net is also used to capture marine biota which uses mangrove environment
to breed, such as shrimp and milkfish, so that in terms of conservation of floating nets
can disrupt the supply of seeds to demersal sea waters by the beach. Capture fisheries
are mangrove products with the highest economic value (Hamilton et al., 1989).
Capture fisheries are also carried out in mangrove areas, especially in areas that have
wide waters such as Wulan and Segara Anakan. In other places there were also direct
arrests, but the numbers were relatively limited, given the limited area of mangrove
ecosystems. Direct fishing in the mangrove area which has a direct impact on the
economy of the community at large occurs in Segara Anakan, the types that are
captured vary from shrimp, fish, shellfish, to crabs. This catch is widely sold in Cilacap
city markets. In addition, these types also become the main protein source of the
Kampung Laut community living in the area.
Wood
Mangrove areas are an important source of wood for coastal communities. Logging is
intended for raw materials for making charcoal, firewood, and building materials.
Logging for charcoal production is only carried out in Segara Anakan, but logging for
the purpose of firewood is wider in location. While the use of mangrove wood for
housing in large numbers is also only found in Segara Anakan, although in limited
numbers it is also carried out in Wulan, Pecangakan and Banggi Market. The type of
tree that is cut for making charcoal is generally Rhizophora spp. because it has high
enough calories, while for almost all trees firewood is used. As for building materials,
in addition to being used by Rhizophora spp., Sonneratia spp is also used. and
Bruguiera spp., while N. fruticans leaves for house roofs are still found in Wulan.
Clearing trees is a major contributor to damage to mangrove ecosystems in forest areas,
as well as the mangrove forest area of Segara Anakan. Deforestation to a level that does
not allow natural healing is a serious threat to mangrove ecosystems (Hasmonel et
al.,2000) Clearing of mangrove forests causes abrasion in Bulak and Telukawur, to
erase some areas from the map. On the contrary, good mangrove forest management
around Banggi Market causes the area to be safe from abrasion and storms. Tsunami
storms are one of the most destructive natural disasters in the coastal area.
Foodstuffs
Mangrove ecosystems as a source of animal protein have been widely known for a long
time, but as a source of protein and plant-based food ingredients are relatively
unknown. In this study, many locations where people use mangroves for food, but the
quantity and quality are relatively limited. Several types of food from mangrove plants
can still be found on the market. Avicennia spp. commonly eaten as vegetables in the
north coast of Central Java, it is still sold on the market, for example in Wulan and
Banggi Market. While the fruit of N. fruticans is widely consumed in the south coast
region, especially in Cingcingguling and Ijo, it is sometimes even sold as souvenirs for
tourists, as in the coastal tourism area of Lohgending, Ayah, Kebumen which is located
at the mouth of the Ijo river. As for Segara Anakan, N. fruticans, Sonneratia spp., And
Rhizophora spp. still consumed by the population but not traded.
The use of mangrove plants as hand materials in this research location is much lower
than the existing potential. Throughout the world, basically mangrove plants provide a
lot of food. Fruit / hypocotyl Bruguiera spp., Caseolaris Sonneratia, and Terminallia
catapa contain starch and can be a source of carbohydrates. Young leaves of
Acrostichum aureum, Avicennia marina, and Pluchea indica, hypocotyl B.
gymnorrhiza and B. sexangula, as well as fruit, seeds and seedling A. marina, A.
officinalis, B. sexangula can be used as vegetables. Extraction of wood extraction
Avicennia alba and A. officinalis can be used as tonics; Rhizophora spp fruit. and
caseolaris Sonneratia can be used as tuak and fruit juice respectively. N. fruticans can
be processed into brown sugar and palm wine, because of their high sucrose content.
Nipah can also produce cooking oil, leaves for cigarette paper, and ashes for salt
sources (Bandaranayake, 1998). The low utilization of mangroves in the research
location as foodstuffs, other than due to their taste, color, and appearance, allegedly
because of the impression that the food is only suitable for consumption by the poor or
in times of famine, as well as the ease of getting money from catching marine biota to
be exchanged with rice or other food ingredients.
Animal Feed Ingredients
Animal feed from mangroves generally includes leaves / branches of Rhizophora,
Sonneratia, Avicennia, and types of grasses (Gramineae). This is done on both the north
and south coasts. On the south coast, areas that are often flooded in the rainy season or
known as bonorowo, are commonly used as cattle grazing sites, both cattle and buffalo,
such as in Bogowonto and Lukulo. In Bogowonto and its surroundings, where the
bonorowo area is quite extensive and often flooded, people often maintain buffalo
livestock that are relatively resistant to wet grass in grazing area; grass from this area
is the main feed for these animals. In Lukulo, the bonorowo area is narrower and tends
to be dry, people generally maintain cows; grass from the area only contributes a small
portion of the composition of animal feed. In Segara Anakan the use of mangrove
plants as animal feed is very limited, because the culture of the breeding is not carried
out by the people of Kampung Laut. On the north coast, the use of mangrove areas for
livestock development is relatively underdeveloped. This is partly because the
agricultural area is located far from where mangroves grow on the shore. In contrast to
the south coast where mangrove areas and agricultural land are only separated by
embankments, on the north coast these two areas are generally separated by extensive
farming areas, for example along the coast of Jepara and Demak Regencies. The
orientation of the people on the north coast tends towards fishing in the sea or brackish
water cultivation, while on the south coast towards agricultural cultivation, given the
large sea waves and less suitable for traditional fishing boats.
Medicinal Ingredients
Traditionally, the bioactive content of mangroves is widely used as a medicinal
material, which includes anti-helmintic, anti-microbial, anti-virus, anti-fungal; cancer,
tumor; diarrhea, bleeding; analgesic, inflammatory, disinfectant; and anti-oxidants and
astringents. In addition, it is also used as a poison that includes moluscicide,
insecticides, fish poisons, and spermicides. The Arabs were a nation that first
developed an excellent pharmacopoeia on various mangrove species, so Linnaeus
named one of the most important mangrove species and the widest spread based on the
name Ibn Sina (Avicennia; 980-1036), a doctor and Arab philosopher most respected
and famous (Bandaranayake, 1998). In this study, the use of mangrove plants as
medicine is still very limited. Traditional Javanese medicines are generally sourced
from terrestrial plants, very rarely used by mangrove or sea specimens. In studies from
various literature, Bandaranayake (1998) only found the use of Pluchea indica in Java
as a medicinal plant. The leaves and roots of this plant are used as astringents and
antipyretics, and are used as diaphoretics in fever. Fresh leaves are used as poultices
against power and ulcers. Bogor Prosea Foundation which compiles several mangrove
plants from Southeast Asia, mainly categorizes them in "plants producing dyes and
tannins" (Lemmens and Wulijarni-Soetjipto, 1992), not in groups of "medicinal plants
and poisons" (Padua et al., 1999; Valkenburg and Bunyapraphatsara, 2002; Lemmens
and Bunyapraphatsara, 2003). This shows that the value of this plant medicine is
relatively less noticed. Knowledge of the medicinal benefits of mangrove plants is
generally obtained by local people from outside communities who is looking for the
plant, not as a guide traditional knowledge of the heritage of his ancestors. In traditional
medicine, the Segara Anakan people, who are descendants of the Mata-ram Kingdom
warriors, used land plants like the Javanese people in general. Even so, in Bogowonto
and Segara Anakan, the community is aware of the medicinal potential of some
mangrove plants, such as the fruit (seeds) of Acanthus ilicifolius which has the potential
to treat hepatitis.
According to Bandaranayake (1998), this plant acts as an aphrodisiac, asthma, blood
cleanser (fruit), diabetes, diuretics, dyspepsia, hepatitis, leprosy (fruit, leaves, roots),
neuralgia, paralysis, intestinal worms, rheumatism, skin diseases, snakebites and
abdominal pain (bark, fruit, leaves).
The underdevelopment of the use of mangroves in the Javanese pharmacopoeia, which
also serves as a reference for coastal communities in traditional medicine, is thought to
be related to the strength of the inland Javanese culture developed by the Mataram
kings, who based their power on agricultural culture, so that the coastal and marine
areas were used as backyards that were lacking. attention and potential is not
developed. The potential of mangroves as a medicinal material is very large, at this
time the secondary metabolite content of mangroves began to be revealed. This plant
is rich in steroids, triterpenes, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins
(Bandaranayake, 1995). The study of the chemical content of mangroves is very
important because it is the type of forest that is most easily grown and can grow in
marginal environments, so it is estimated that it produces various typical secondary
metabolites to adapt. The chemical content of mangroves is very potential as a source
of new compounds of agrochemicals and medicinal value compounds (Bandaranayake,
1998). This development is expected to open new jobs for local communities as
suppliers of raw materials, thus spurring efforts to protect mangrove ecosystems.
Industrial Raw Materials
The use of mangrove areas as a source of industrial raw materials can come from local
wildlife and excavation materials C. The mangrove area in the Serayu estuary is an iron
sand mining site, while in Kawunganten District, Cilacap which oversees Segara
Anakan there is clay mining for cement raw materials. In this study, the only industrial
raw material from mangrove plants that contribute directly to the welfare of the
community is the use of pneumatofora Sonneratia spp. for making shuttlecock heads
around Segara Anakan. Other wildlife that are industrial raw materials are generally
related to fisheries.
Tourism And Education
The use of mangrove areas as tourist sites has been developed for a long time. Tritih is
a tourist location built by Perhutani in the middle of the year 1970s for the purpose of
conservation and education of mangrove ecosystems, but this facility has now been
abandoned. Wrong one natural mangrove area that has the potential to Ecotourism is
Segara Anakan, considering the completeness of natural attractions and adequate
accommodation facilities. In this area there are ferry facilities which are also tourist
boats, there are also smaller fishing boats that can be rented to surround the area, and
there are accommodation facilities that are easily accessible in the city of Cilacap. In
limited numbers, the flow of tourists to mangrove areas was also observed in Wulan,
Bulak, Juwana, Pasar Banggi, and Ijo. The Banggi Market area is very potential as a
tourist location because the area is quite large, managed and supervised by the
community so that it is quite sustainable, and is strategically located on the edge of the
north coast country road.
Mangrove areas can be a location for conservation education. In this study, several
locations have been visited by students and students for the purpose education, such as
Bulak, Telukawur and Banggi Market which are widely used by student research.
 CHAPTER III
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

3.1 CONCLUSION

Direct use in mangrove ecosystems in Central Java includes fisheries, timber, food
ingredients, animal feed, medicinal ingredients, industrial raw materials, and tourism
and education. As for land use around mangrove ecosystems, including fisheries /
ponds, agriculture, and development and building areas. These anthropogenic activities
have reduced the ecological, economic and socio-cultural role of the mangrove
ecosystem, therefore many restoration efforts have been carried out. A fairly successful
restoration effort took place in the Banggi Market, this success seemed to be due to the
community's involvement in its management. Restoration activities that failed occurred
in Cakrayasan and Lukulo; the main cause of this failure seems to be the selection of
seeds and the lack of significant maintenance.

3.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

We better protect the mangrove ecosystem so that it can be used properly for the future.
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