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BENEFIT ANALYSIS
Impact estimates
Consistent approaches to measuring impact?
Standardizing estimates?
Program Costs
Costs to provider and beneficiary?
Sunk vs incremental costs?
COST BENEFIT
ANALYSIS
COST BENEFIT
1. maintenance costs
2. environment
3. research and development 1. increase in productivity
2. reduction in costs
4. labour costs 3. Saving Time
4. Decrease road
CONCEPT OF COST – BENEFIT
ANALYSIS:
Cost benefit is a tool which modern financial analysts adopt
before undertaking any financial operation or commercial
activity.
BENEFITS
BENEFITS >> COSTS
COSTS
WHAT IS COST BENEFIT
ANALYSIS..???
A cost benefit analysis is done to determine how well, or how poorly, a planned
action will turn out.
The analysis relies on the addition of positive factors and the subtraction of
negative ones to determine a net result.
CBA has been established primarily as a tool for use by governments in
making their social and economic decisions.
CBA measures costs and benefits to the community of adopting a
particular course of action e.g. Constructing a dam, by-pass etc.
When investment made commensurates with the benefit derived, it can be said
that operation is positive and viable; but when benefits derived do not
compensate financial investments made, it can be said that it is financially non-
viable and negative.
WHY COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS.???
Cost Benefit Analysis is used to determine:
Other issues :
Hardware Tangible
Telecommunications Increased Productivity
Software Low Operating Costs
Personnel Reduced Workforce
Accessories
Computer :
ink/ribbon Lower Computer
Reduced FacilityCosts
Costs
UPS Intangible
Services : Increased Organizational
Satisfaction
Improved Organizational
THE GENERAL STEPS FOR COST BENEFIT
ANALYSIS ARE:
1. SPECIFY CLEARLY THE PROJECT OR
PROGRAMME:
The first step is to decide on the perspective from which the study is to be
done.
When we have decided on the perspective on the main elements of the projects
such as, the study of the location, timing, group involved, the connection with
other program, etc, should be considered.
When the project is fixed the following two program are involved:
1.Physical project: These projects are physical in nature, which is done when an
area is polluted. E.g.,: Public waste treatment plans, hazardous waste removal,
etc.
2.Regulatory project: This project regulates the amount of pollution in the society.
E.g.,: Enforcement of environmental law and regulation, water disposal
practice, restrictions of land for certain activities, etc.,
2.DESCRIBE QUANTITATIVELY THE INPUTS
AND OUTPUTS OF THE PROGRAMME:
For some projects it is easy to identify the input and output.
For eg.,if we are planning a waste water treatment project, the staffs
of that program will be able to provide a full physical specification
of the plant, together with the inputs required to build it and keep it
running.
However, it is harder to predict the externalities caused by the
disposition of nuclear waste.
Because a restriction on development in a particular area can be
expected to detect development elsewhere into the surrounding
areas.
3. ESTIMATE THE SOCIAL COST AND
BENEFIT OF THESE INPUTS AND
OUTPUTS :
The next step is to put values on input and output flows.
(i.e) to measure costs and benefits.
This means that we try to translate all the impact of the project or
the program in order to make them comparable among themselves
as well as with other types of public activities.
4.COMPARE THESE BENEFITS AND
COST :
Next step is to make comparison between cost incurred and
benefit derived from the project.
One of them is to subtract the total cost from the total benefit
to get net benefit.
(Total cost – Total benefit = Net benefit).
If the net benefit is positive then the cost benefit is positive
and if the net benefit is negative then the cost benefit is
negative.
Another method is called Cost benefit ratio it is calculated by
taking the ratio of benefit and cost.
COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS:
MERITS DEMERITS
1. The government is not
1. The CBC analysis may be
completely aware of all the cost
applicable for both the new as and benefits associated with the
program.
well as old projects.
EXAMPLE:
Ratio of cost of education program as a ratio to its impact
on learning, physical and mental health, household
bargaining power, future labour market outcomes,
intergenerational well-being
Ratio of cost of education program as a ratio to its impact
on learning
CONCLUSION :
It gives planners a method to try and “put all relevant costs
and benefits on a common temporal footing” in order to help
people make informed decisions.