Review Article
‘‘Ferrule Comes First. Post Is Second!’’ Fake News
and Alternative Facts? A Systematic Review
Michael Naumann, DMD,* Marc Schmitter, DMD,† Roland Frankenberger, DMD,‡
and Gabriel Krastl, DMD§
Abstract
Introduction: Both the role of an endodontic post and
the ferrule effect have been discussed for decades. The
clinical impact of endodontic posts compared with post-
I n contrast to vital teeth,
free restoration with or without ferrule support was not
systematically reviewed so far. It was assumed that the
effect of an endodontic post compared with a post-free
restoration can be evaluated only when at the same
time a ferrule or no-ferrule situation was clinically
compared. Methods: The specific PICO question was
as follows: Patient: adults with sufficient endodontic
treatment needing a core or post; Intervention: post-
endodontic treatment using posts with or without
ferrule; Comparison: post-endodontic treatment without
posts with or without ferrule; Outcomes: failure rates of
post/core complexes with or without ferrule support. A
Medline search was performed via PubMed in June
2017 using relevant electronic databases. Additionally,
hand search was performed. Only prospective clinical
studies in humans comparing the success/survival of
teeth restored with or without posts over a minimum
time of observation of 5 years were included. Results:
In total, 7 randomized controlled trials and 1 prospective
clinical trial met inclusion criteria. Cochrane rating
showed high risk of bias in 5 studies. Two of 3 studies
support the ferrule-effect concept. Seven of 8 show no
post effect. Clinical evidence regarding the influence
of tooth location on its survival is scarce. Conclusion:
Ferrule effect and maintaining cavity walls are the pre-
dominant factors with regard to tooth and restoration
survival of endodontically treated teeth. Most studies
do not confirm a positive effect of post placement. (J En-
dod 2017;-:1–8)
Key Words
Buildup, clinical trial, core, dowel, endodontically
treated teeth, no-post, post-and-core, post-free, post-re-
tained, screw
From the *Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry, and Craniomandibular Disorders, Charit
e–Universit€atsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; †Departments of
Prosthodontics and §Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital of W€urzburg, W€urzburg, Germany; and ‡Department of Operative Dentistry and
Endodontology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
Address requests for reprints to Michael Naumann, Prof Dr med dent, DMD, Department of Prosthodontics, Geriatric Dentistry, and Craniomandibular Disorders,
Charit
e–Universit€atsmedizin Berlin, Aßmannshauser Str 4-6, Berlin 14197, Germany. E-mail address: naumann@naumann-kiessling.de
0099-2399/$ - see front matter
Copyright ª 2017 American Association of Endodontists.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2017.09.020
JOE — Volume -, Number -, - 2017
the complication rate of
restorations on endodonti-
Significance
Ferrule effect and maintaining cavity walls are pre-
dominant factors with regard to tooth and restoration
cally treated teeth (ETT)
survival of endodontically treated teeth. Consider-
is considerably increased,
able clinical evidence to the influence of the tooth
maybe finally resulting in
type on the survival of endodontically treated teeth
tooth loss. Therefore, ETTs
is scarce. Most studies do not confirm a positive ef-
are often judged as ‘‘less
fect of post placement for indirect restoration.
valuable’’ as abutments for
prosthodontic restorations
when it comes to reliability and cost-effectiveness compared with vital teeth (1) or implants
(2). Systematically reviewed (SR) data over 3 to 25 years showed that survival rates of res-
torations after endodontic treatment ranged between approximately 81% and 100% (3).
Over the past decades, much research focused on the question of which post-and-
core technique/material should be used to increase ETT and restoration survival (4).
A wide range of post materials with different mechanical properties, such as cast gold
(5), stainless steel (6, 7), titanium (8), zirconia (9), or less rigid materials, such as fiber
posts (10) was applied. A recent survey reported that a great variety of options is presently
used, also including no post placement depending on the final restoration planned (11).
However, unequivocal guidelines do not exist.
The aim of the present SR was to look for for high-level clinical evidence comparing
post versus no-post placement in ferruled and unferruled teeth to distinguish between
post and ferrule effect and to exclude the blurring impact of the latter. The null hypothesis
was that post placement is superior to post-free restorations (post effect) irrespective of
the presence of a ferrule (ie, ferrule effect) for restoration and/or tooth survival.
Material and Methods
PICO Question
The specific PICO question was as follows:
P (patient): adults with sufficient endodontic treatment needing a dentin core
buildup procedure
I (intervention): post-endodontic treatment using posts with or without ferrule
support
C (comparison): post-endodontic treatment without posts with or without ferrule
support
O (outcomes): tooth and/or restoration survival
Role of Ferrule Effect and Endodontic Post 1
Review Article
The resulting question was the following:
Is the insertion of a post or a post-free restoration the most successful
treatment option in patients requiring restoration of an endodontically
treated tooth, irrespective of the presence of a ferrule?
Search Process and Selection of Studies
Three of the authors (M.N., M.S., G.K.) performed a Medline (via
PubMed) search in March 2017 using the terms (‘‘post’’ OR ‘‘posts’’ OR
‘‘dowel’’ OR ‘‘dowels’’ OR ‘‘screw’’ OR ‘‘screws’’ OR ‘‘core’’ OR ‘‘post-
retained’’ OR ‘‘no-post’’ OR ‘‘post-free’’ OR ‘‘endocrown’’ OR ‘‘buildup’’
OR ‘‘buildups’’ OR ‘‘build-up’’ OR ‘‘build-ups’’) to identify studies
comparing the success/survival of dental restorations using posts or
no posts. In this database, the authors used limits to narrow the search
with the options ‘‘clinical trial’’ and ‘‘dental journals.’’ Furthermore, the
following electronic databases have been assessed using the search
terms ‘‘posts’’ and ‘‘core’’: Opengrey, BBO, LILAC, and IBECS. All refer-
ences cited in the identified articles also were checked to identify other
potentially relevant articles. Finally, the personal databases of the au-
thors were included in the search.
Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria
The present review included in vivo studies in humans
comparing the success or survival of teeth restored using posts-
and-cores and teeth restored using cores without posts. Retrospec-
tive clinical studies, in vitro and finite-element studies, and studies
assessing the survival or success of either posts or cores have been
excluded. Only studies including statements of the remaining coro-
nal tooth structure and studies comparing post placement or post-
free restorations with or without ferrule support were considered
(Table 1).
Appraisal of the Studies Selected
After selection of the literature, its quality was assessed using stan-
dardized checklists:
1. The critical appraisal skills program (CASP)
2. Cochrane checklist (version 5.1.0)
Statistical Analysis
Quality of methodology was assessed by 3 referees. Two of the 3
referees had to agree to set the quality level on the selected degree.
The agreement was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient,
which was calculated using SPSS (V 23.0.0.2) (IBM SPSS Statistics, IBM
Corporation, Chicago, IL).
Results
In Medline, 2595 articles were found. After screening the titles and the
abstracts of the identified studies, 8 studies were included in the full-text
analysis. In LILAC, IBECS, OpenGrey, and BBO, no further relevant refer-
ences could be found (Fig. 1). In total, 8 studies were included, among
them 7 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 1 prospective clinical trial
(Table 1).
Main Findings from Selected Studies
Randomized Controlled Trials. Creugers et al (12, 13)
published 5-year data on post-and-core restorations with or without
covering crowns conducted between January 1988 and June 1991.
Observations after 17 years were published by Fokkinga and co-
workers (6, 7). Studies were conducted at Nijmegen University
clinic and in 17 general practices around Nijmegen.
2 Naumann et al.
The first article including 5-year observations reported 249 pa-
tients with ETT requiring 1 covering crown. Three types of restorations
were included in that trial: (1) cast post-and-core, (2) direct metal post
and resin composite core restoration, and (3) post-free all-resin
composite core restoration. Teeth were divided in 2 expected
dentin heights after crown preparation with (#1 called trial S,
substantial dentin height, 201 teeth) > 75% of circumferential dentin
height, and thickness was 1 mm or more above gingival level (ie, a
ferrule of 1 to 2 mm was achievable), and (#2, trial M, minimal dentin
height, 118 teeth) < 75% as described in (Fig. 2) (6, 7, 12, 13). Thus,
in the latter, no appropriate ferrule was achieved.
Effect of Ferrule. After 5 years of observation, restorations with
ferrule in subgroup S survived significantly better (98%  2%) than
in subgroup M without ferrule (93%  3%) (P = .04). However, after
17 years, comparison of survival probability between the ferrule sub-
group (trial S, S = 0.84) and no-ferrule subgroup (trial M,
S = 0.71) differed significantly only for prefabricated post with resin
composite cores and crowns (P = .03).
Effect of Post. After 17 years, 28% (computed by authors: n = 89
teeth) of all restorations were available. Type of post-and-core had
no significant influence in both trials (P > .05). Survival rate at resto-
ration level varied from 71% to 80%, and at tooth level from 83% to
92%.
Effect of Post (Effect of Ferrule Not Applicable). A second
subsequent article of this working group (12) reports 5-year obser-
vations of direct restorations in patients (n = 87) not able or willing
to receive a single crown in the same setting as described previously.
After random allocation in this trial, 99 direct restorations were per-
formed with (n = 53) or without (n = 46) prefabricated posts. After
5 years of observation, all post-free restorations survived (survival
98%  2%). No significant difference between groups was found
(P > .05).
Overall estimated survival rate after 17 years of restoration was
53% (14%), and for the teeth 79% (11%). Post placement had
no influence (P > .05) on survival probability. Caries was the predom-
inant reason for absolute failure.
Effect of Post (Effect of Ferrule Not Applicable). Mannocci
et al (14) compared the 5-year clinical performance of 219 endodon-
tically treated premolars with Class II cavities restored with either
amalgam (n = 109) compacted in the coronal third of the root canal
to increase retention or direct resin composite restorations
(n = 110). At 5 years, 9 of 100 amalgam and 10 of 97 resin composite
restorations failed (no significant difference, P = .81).
Ferrari et al (15) reported 6-year data (15, 18) of 345 patients
divided into 6 groups of 60 premolars each (maximum 2 teeth per
patient). Four groups were divided according to the remaining cavity
walls (1 to 4). Additionally, in another group (group 5), the coronal
tooth structure provided adequate ferrule, whereas in group 6 no
ferrule was present. Within each group, teeth were randomly divided
into 3 subgroups. Subgroup A did not receive a post, in subgroup B
prefabricated fiber-reinforced composite posts were inserted, and in
subgroup C customized fiber-reinforced composite posts were used.
Effect of Post. The overall survival rate was 94.1% (lost to follow-up
12.3%), 99.1% for prefabricated posts, 97.2% for customized posts,
and 85.9% for no posts. The 6-year recall did not exhibit interactions
between the type of restoration and the amount of remaining coronal
dentin (ie, cavity walls) (P > .05).
Cloet et al (16) reported results of 143 patients in a 5-year recall.
All subjects received all-ceramic crowns after root canal treatment in
203 teeth in a university setting (29 operators). The comparison of res-
torations with and without posts was performed in a second study arm
JOE — Volume -, Number -, - 2017
JOE — Volume -, Number -, - 2017

TABLE 1. Characteristics of Included Randomized Controlled Trials and Prospective Study Evaluated in Systematic Review
Potential
Number Number and overlaps
Number and and type of type of between
characteristics post-retained post-free patient
Number of of restored restorations in restorations groups
patients at teeth at relevant in relevant Post (indicated by
Study Setting Follow-up baseline baseline Dropout, % study arm study arm Ferrule effect effect Main findings same letter)
Randomized controlled trials
Creugers Private 60 months 87 99 teeth (27 molars, Direct metal Direct Not applicable No None of the post-free A
et al (12) practice 54 premolars, post + direct composite: 46 restorations failed
and and 18 anterior composite: 53 (100% survival). Two
university teeth) restorations with posts
failed after almost
5 years (survival
96%  2%). Survival
difference was not
statistically significant.
The present study does
not support the need
for posts for
structurally
compromised and
endodontically
treated teeth restored
with composite
buildups and not
covered by cast
crowns.
Creugers Private 60 months 249 319 teeth (115 Cast post-and-core PFM crown: 42 Yes (substantial No No difference was found B
et al (13) practice molars, 103 + PFM crown: vs minimal between the survival
and premolars, and 127/277 dentin height) of the different types
university 101 anterior Direct metal of restorations.
teeth) post + PFM Overestimation of the
crown: 150/277 survival of the post-
free core restorations
(98%) because ‘‘high-
risk teeth’’ are
underrepresented in
this group. Direct
comparison between
core restorations with
and without posts is
thus biased and
therefore not allowed.
Role of Ferrule Effect and Endodontic Post

Mannocci Private 5 years 219 219 teeth (premolars Carbon fiber Amalgam: 109 Not applicable No No statistically significant
et al (14) practice with Class II post + direct difference was found
lesions and intact composite: between the
cusp structure) 110/110 proportion of failed
teeth in the 2
experimental groups.
Fiber posts and

Review Article
composite were found
to be more effective
than amalgam in
preventing root
fractures but less
effective in preventing
secondary caries.
Fokkinga Private 15–17 years 257 307 teeth (113 Cast post-and-core Full crown: 39 No/Yes only No Type of post-and-core B
et al (6) practice molars, 99 + full crown: in combination restoration showed no
premolars, 118/268 with prefabricated influence on the
(continued )
3
 4

Review Article
TABLE 1. (continued )
Potential
Naumann et al.

Number Number and overlaps

Number and and type of type of between
characteristics post-retained post-free patient
Number of of restored restorations in restorations groups
patients at teeth at relevant in relevant Post (indicated by
Study Setting Follow-up baseline baseline Dropout, % study arm study arm Ferrule effect effect Main findings same letter)
and 95 anterior Direct metal metal posts and survival probability (at
teeth) post + full composite cores both levels) in both
crown: 150/268 trials (P > .05). The 17-
year survival rates at
restoration level
varied from 71% to
80%, and at tooth
level from 83% to
92%.
In an endodontically
treated tooth with
substantial remaining
dentin, a post in a core
does not perform
better than a post-free
core.
Fokkinga Private Up to 17 years 87 98 teeth (25 molars, Direct metal Direct Not applicable No Post placement showed A
et al (7) practice 54 premolars, post + direct composite: 44 no influence on the
and 19 anterior composite: 53 survival probability at
teeth) either level (P > .05).
The estimated overall
survival rate at
17 years was
53%  14% at the
restoration level and
79%  11% at the
tooth level.
The results of this study
showed no difference
in survival probability
between
endodontically
treated single teeth
reconstructed with
direct composite
restorations either
with or without a
metal post.
Ferrari Private 72 months 345 360 teeth (premolars 11.9% for Glass fiber post: PFM crown: Yes, with limitation Yes Cox regression analysis C
JOE — Volume -, Number -, - 2017

et al (15) practice with different patients, 12.3% 120/240 Glass 120/120 for no-wall groups; revealed that fiber
amount of dentin for restorations fiber bundles: No ferrule effect: post retention
left at the coronal 120/240 hazard ratio significantly improved
level after (HR) = 12.3, tooth survival
endodontic P = .001; (P < .001). Failure risk
treatment) Ferrule effect: was lower in teeth
HR = 8.6, P = .004 restored with
prefabricated
(P = .001) than with
customized posts
(P = .009).
Cloet University 5.8 y (range, 143 205 teeth in total Restoration Prefabricated 13/24 direct Not applicable No Lifetime curves did not D
et al (16) 0.5–7.2 y) but only 24 teeth recall rates wrought post composite show any significant
with sufficient at 1, 3, and and cast core buildups and differences between
tooth tissue, 5 years were and all-ceramic the test and control
 Review Article

E
could be found among

groups and the control

(P = .57). Moreover, no

for teeth restored with

the 4 groups (the 3 test
significant differences

titanium posts, 97.1%

for success or survival

retained restorations
amounted to 92.5%

cores, and 94.3% of

teeth without post-
with cast post-and-
(P = .85) or survival

5-year survival rate of

groups for success

for those restored

endodontically
treated teeth
group).

No
Not applicable
composite: 60
single crowns

Cast post-and-core Crown or direct

all-ceramic

Figure 1. Flowchart of systematic literature search.

direct composite:

direct composite:

with sufficient tooth tissue only. In these teeth, resin composite cores
Direct metal post
single crowns:

and crown or

and crown or

(n = 13) without posts, with gold-alloy–based wrought posts, and

166/248

cast cores (n = 11) were inserted. Sufficient tooth tissue was defined
82/248
11/24

as at least 2 dentin walls of $2-mm dentin thickness and with wide

pulp chambers. After 5 years, the recall rate was 87.2%.
Effect of Post. Overall survival was 91.5%, for prefabricated posts
97.0%, 92.0%,

17/325 (5.2%)

91.4%, for custom-made posts 92.1%, and 91.2% for post-free res-
respectively
and 87.2%,

torations. There was no statistically significant difference between

test and control groups, and absolute failure rate comparing ante-
rior (14%) with posterior teeth (12%) (P > .05). All post-free res-
torations were located in posterior teeth (3 absolute failures). The
325 teeth (179 molars,

no information on
81 premolars, and
48 anterior teeth;

authors concluded that the mode of root restorations did not play a
tooth type of the
post vs post-free
randomized to

role. However, due to the limited number of teeth in the second study
17 dropouts)
which were

arm comparing restorations with and without posts, the results

should be interpreted with caution.
group

Prospective Controlled Trial: Effect of Post (Effect of

Ferrule Not Applicable). One nonrandomized clinical study
comparing post-retained and post-free restorations was included in
this SR (16). Survival rate of root-filled teeth was 92.5% for teeth
183

restored with titanium posts, 97.1% for those restored with cast post-
and-cores, and 94.3% for teeth without post-retained restorations
post-and-cores
4.4 (1.7) years:

(17). No significant difference was computed between these groups.

posts 6.2 (2.0)
5.2 (1.8) years:

restoration
years: cast

post-free
titanium

Consistency of Results
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first SR comparing impact of
post versus no-post placement on tooth and restoration survival in ferruled
Prospective clinical trials

practice

PFM, porcelain fused to metal.

and/or unferruled teeth over a time of observation of 5 years or more.

Private

Agreement Between Referees

et al (17)

In Cochrane-based assessment (n = 7), all 3 referees agreed in

Salvi

68%. In 32%, 2 of the 3 authors agreed. Intraclass correlation coeffi-

cient was >0.6.

JOE — Volume -, Number -, - 2017 Role of Ferrule Effect and Endodontic Post 5
Review Article
Figure 2. Minimal (left) and substantial (middle) dentin height as used by Creugers et al (12, 13) and Fokkinga et al (6, 7) to describe remaining coronal tooth
structure; typical description of defect size 0 to IV remaining cavity walls (0 to IV) (right).
With CASP in RCTs (n = 7), all 3 referees agreed in 91% of the
items, whereas in the rest of the items at least 2 of the 3 referees
agreed.
For CASP in the prospective study (n = 1), all 3 referees agreed.
Methodological Quality of Studies
The methodological quality of the studies was heterogeneous.
In 3 RCTs only, the risk of bias was judged to be low for most items.
In contrast, the risk of bias was judged to be high for several items in
the other studies.
Incorporation of Evidence into the Algorithm
In the authors’ assessment, remaining coronal tooth structure is
the predominant factor with regard to tooth and restoration survival
of ETT. For single crowns, the ferrule effect has a supportive value
over a mid-term time of observation in all evaluated studies. This pos-
itive effect could not be found for posts.
Discussion
This SR involving randomized and prospective clinical trials
comparing post-supported and post-free restoration of ETT high-
lights the importance of the remaining coronal tooth structure as
a predicting factor of both restoration and tooth survival. For
most authors, it appears easy to count the number of remaining cav-
ity walls from 4 (ie, access cavity only) to no wall, as described
earlier (19), probably derived from the configuration factor (C-fac-
tor) (20) (Fig. 2).
6 Naumann et al.
Clinical observation periods varied from 5 to 17 years in the
selected studies. We chose 5 years as the cutoff for minimum time of
observation, because it was shown that this is the minimum time to
show different behavior (21). It is positive that for the present SR
that 17-year data were available.
The longer the observation time, the higher was the dropout rate.
There are no unequivocal guidelines of how many dropouts are still
acceptable after a certain recall time (22). After 17 years, approximately
3 to 4 of 10 patients were still willing or able to be recalled (6, 7); after
6 years, 9 of 10 (12.3%). Only Cloet et al (16) stated that an a priori
formal power calculation based on existing literature data resulted in a
sample size of 800 teeth to reach a power of 80% (P = .05). Similar
results were found earlier (23).
If a tooth loses its clinical crown (ie, no cavity wall remains),
mid- to long-term data (6, 7, 12, 13) show that an almost
circumferential (>75% of the circumference) ferrule preparation
of 1.5 to 2.0 mm is essential, resulting in a 5% increase of
survival probability. Ferrule might be interpreted as a defect with
4 remaining walls, but with insufficient coronal height. During
function, both compression and tension forces are maximal at the
external root surface at the crestal bone level and decrease to ‘‘0’’
in the tooth center (24). This may be compensated by a dentin
ferrule (25). However, over a long period (17 years), ferrule was
beneficial only for prefabricated titanium posts with composite
core buildups. Hence, based on the clinical evidence, the ferrule ef-
fect can be described as a mid-term phenomenon. The remaining
dentin wall thickness of this ferrule should be 1 mm (26) to have
a functional, supportive value. In the present SR, only clinical studies
JOE — Volume -, Number -, - 2017

TABLE 2. Overview of Included and Evaluated Publications Showing Ferrule
and Post Effect, Respectively
Ferrule
effect
Trials Yes No Yes
Prospective trials
Salvi 2007 (17) — —
Randomized controlled trials
Cloet 2017 (16) — —
Ferrari 2012 (15) x x*
Mannocci 2005 (14) — —
Fokkinga 2007 (6) (x)† (x)
Fokkinga 2008 (7) — —
Creugers 2005 (12) — —
Creugers 2005 (13) x x
Yes/no 3/3 0/3 1/8
—, not applicable, because direct restorations did not present a ferrule, no unferruled control, or
non–no-wall defect; x, fully applicable; (x), partially applicable.
*Only premolars investigated.
†
Only for prefabricated titanium posts.
that present data on ferruled and unferruled ETT with or without
post support were considered to distinguish a possible ferrule effect
from a post effect. Two of 3 studies confirm a ferrule action, whereas
the third one limits it to titanium post-and-cores. Failure risk in-
creases with the number of missing cavity walls. Maybe 1 remaining
cavity wall substitutes a ferrule and its positive effect. For direct res-
torations (ie, no ferrule effect is present per definition), half of all
teeth failed during 17 years of observation. Thus, placing crowns
on ETT might be beneficial.
Adhesively or nonadhesively directly restored small cavities as Class II
(3 remaining cavity walls) do not benefit from post placement (14). Prep-
aration of an access cavity (4 remaining cavity walls) does not justify the
insertion of a post, as demonstrated by the 6-year RCT results (15). The
same is true for 4-, 3-, and 2-wall defects and resin composite core
buildups with or without posts restored with single crowns (15, 27). A
short-term prospective study showed that already 1 remaining cavity
wall may substitute a post effect (28), in accordance with findings of an
earlier SR (29). Thus, only teeth presenting large coronal defects without
remaining cavity walls might benefit from post placement. The number of
failures in post-free groups is not significantly higher, which makes intu-
itive sense; however, unequivocal statements for post placement cannot
be given. As reported in a 17-year follow-up study (7), there seems to
be no benefit of a post for direct composite resin restorations. Only
when no ferrule is present do teeth benefit from prefabricated posts
with composite core, being covered by a single crown. It is noteworthy
that 8 of 10 restored teeth are still in function after 17 years.
The ferrule and its effect is well to evaluate when (1) a no-wall
defect is present and (2) ferrule and no-ferrule preparation in post
and/or no-post groups are compared to ascribe a specific effect exclu-
sively to 1 of both factors (ie, post or ferrule). It means a ferrule might
blur the effect of a post. Surprisingly, although a ferrule effect was shown
in 2 of 3 studies eligible for evaluation, only 1 of 8 studies show a pos-
itive post effect for premolars (Table 2)! It is remarkable that after
5 years and more of observation clinically generally accepted positive
effects of a post are not as obvious as one may expect.
Conclusion
Most studies fail to show a post effect, whereas a ferrule may have a
supportive effect on indirect restorations. Biomechanical considerations
suggest different behavior of anterior teeth, premolars, and molars due to
different load direction with a higher risk of mechanical failure in the
JOE — Volume -, Number -, - 2017
Review Article
maxillary anterior region. There is a lack of considerable clinical evi-
dence with regard to the influence of the location of the tooth in the
Post dental arch on the survival of ETT, either with direct or indirect resto-
effect rations.
No
Acknowledgments
x This research did not receive any specific grant from funding
agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
x
The authors deny any conflicts of interest related to this
x study.
x
x
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JOE — Volume -, Number -, - 2017