The

 Purdue  OWL:  Citation  Chart     1  

Category   MLA   APA   CMS  

General  Approach   The  Modern  Language  Association   The  American  Psychological  Association   The  Chicago  Manual  of  Style  (CMS)  provides  a  
(MLA)  provides  a  method  for  source   (APA)  provides  a  method  for  source   method  for  source  documentation  that  is  used  
documentation  that  is  used  in  most   documentation  that  is  used  in  most   in  most  history  courses.  History  places  much  
humanities  courses.  The  humanities   social  sciences  courses.  The  social   emphasis  on  source  origins,  so  footnotes  and  
place  emphasis  on  authorship,  so  most   sciences  place  emphasis  on  the  date  a   endnotes  are  used  to  demonstrate  on-­‐page  
MLA  citation  involves  recording  the   work  was  created,  so  most  APA  citation   where  a  particular  piece  of  information  was  
author’s  name  in  the  physical  text.  The   involves  recording  the  date  of  a   derived  from.  In  CMS,  a  number  is  assigned  to  
author’s  name  is  also  the  first  to  appear   particular  work  in  the  physical  text.  The   a  particular  fact  in  the  text,  and  a  footnote  or  
in  the  “Works  Cited”  page  at  the  end  of   date  is  usually  placed  immediately  after   endnote  will  appear  at  the  bottom  of  the  page  
an  essay.  The  most  recent  MLA   the  author’s  name  in  the  “References”   linking  the  source  to  the  text.  The  most  recent  
formatting  can  be  found  in  the  seventh   page  at  the  end  of  an  essay.  The  most   CMS  formatting  can  be  found  in  the  sixteenth  
edition  of  the  MLA  manual.   recent  APA  formatting  can  be  found  in   edition  of  the  CMS  manual.    
the  sixth  edition  of  the  APA  manual.  
Citing  Books   Book  citations  in  MLA  generally  require   Book  citations  in  APA  generally  require   Book  citations  in  CMS  style  generally  require  
the  author  name,  work  title,   author  name,  publication  year,  work   the  author  name,  work  title,  publication  city,  
publication  city,  publisher,  year   title,  publication  city,  and  publisher.   publisher,  and  publication  year.  
published,  and  an  indication  of  the  
publication  medium,  such  as  print.  
General  book   Pollan,  Michael.  The  Omnivore’s   Pollan,  M.  (2006).  The  omnivore’s   Pollan,  Michael.  The  Omnivore’s  Dilemma.  
format   Dilemma.  New  York:  Penguin  Group,   dilemma.  New  York,  NY:  Penguin   New  York:  Penguin  Group,  2006.  
2006.  Print.                                                             Group.  
Single  author   Pollan,  Michael.   Pollan,  M.  (2006).   Pollan,  Michael.  
Two  or  three   Bell,  James  K.,  and  Adrian  A.  Cohn.   Bell,  J.K..,  &  Cohn  A.  (1968).   Bell,  James  K.  and  Adrian  A.  Cohn.    
authors    
More  than   Kernis,  Michael.  et  al.   Kernis,  M.  H.,  Cornell,  D.  P.,  Sun,  C.  R.,   Kernis,  Michael  and  Others,  
three  authors     Berry,  A.,  Harlow,  T.,  &  Bach,  J.  S.  
(1993).  
More  than   Kernis,  Michael.  et  al.   Kernis,  M.  H.,  Cornell,  D.  P.,  Sun,  C.  R.,   Kernis,  Michael  and  Others,  
seven  authors     Berry,  A.,  Harlow,  T.,  &  Bach,  J.  S…Last  
Author’s  Name  (1993).  
Corporate/   American  Psychiatric  Association.   American  Psychiatric  Association.   American  Psychiatric  Association.  
Organization   (2005).  
author  

 
The  Purdue  OWL:  Citation  Chart     2  

Unknown   Oxford  Essential  World  Atlas.   Oxford  essential  world  atlas.  (2001).   Oxford  Essential  World  Atlas.  
author  
Two  or  more   No  change  to  name  format;  change   Slechty,  P.  C.  (1997).   No  change  to  name  format.  
works  by  the   noted  by  title.    
same  author   Slechty,  P.  C.  (2001).  
Two  or  more   No  change  to  name  format;  change   Slechty,  P.  C.  (1997a).   No  change  to  name  format.  
works  by  the   noted  by  title.    
same  author   Slechty,  P.  C.  (1997b).  
in  the  same  
year.  
Author  with   Poston,  Ted.  A  Draft  of  History.  Ed.   Poston,  T.  (2000).  A  draft  of  history  K.A.   Poston,  Ted.  A  Draft  of  History.  Edited  by  
an  editor   Kathleen  A.  Hauke.   Hauke,  (Ed.).     Kathleen  A.  Hauke.  
Author  with  a   Laplace,  P.S.  A  Philosophical  Essay  on   Laplace,  P.  S.  (1951).  A  philosophical   P.S.  Laplace.  A  Philosophical  Essay  on  
translator   Probabilities.  Trans.  F.  W.  Truscott   essay  on  probabilities.  (F.  W.  Truscott   Probabilities.  Translated  by  F.  W.  Truscott  
and  F.  L.  Emory.   &  F.  L.  Emory,  Trans.).     and  F.  L.  Emory.  
Editor  with  no   Consequences  of  Growing  Up  Poor.  Eds.   Duncan,  G.  J.,  &  Brooks-­‐Gunn,  J.  (Eds.).   Duncan,  G.J.  and  J.  Brooks-­‐Gunn,  eds.  
author   G.J.  Duncan  and  J.  Brooks-­‐Gunn.   (1997).  Consequences  of  growing  up  
poor.    
Work  in  an   Harris,  Muriel.  "Talk  to  Me:  Engaging   Harris,  Muriel.  (2000).  Talk  to  me:   Harris,  Muriel.  "Talk  to  Me:  Engaging  
anthology   Reluctant  Writers."  A  Tutor's  Guide:   Engaging  reluctant  writers.  In  Ben   Reluctant  Writers."  In  A  Tutor's  Guide:  
Helping  Writers  One  to  One.  Ed.  Ben   Rafoth  (Ed.),  A  tutor’s  guide:  Helping   Helping  Writers  One  to  One,  edited  by  Ben  
Rafoth.  Portsmouth,  NH:  Heinemann,   writers  one  to  one  (pp.  24-­‐34).   Rafoth,  24-­‐34.  Portsmouth,  NH:  
2000.  24-­‐34.  Print.   Portsmouth,  NH:  Heinemann.   Heinemann,  2000.  
Edition  other   Helfer,  M.S.,  R.S.  Keme,  and  R.D.   Helfer,  M.  S.,  Keme,  R.  S.,  &  Drugman,  R.   Helfer,  M.S.,  R.S.  Keme,  and  R.D.  Drugman.  
than  first   Drugman.  The  Battered  Child.  5th  ed.   D.  (1997).  The  battered  child  (5th  ed.).   The  Battered  Child.  5th  ed.  

Multivolume   Dictionary  of  the  History  of  Ideas.  Ed.  P.   Wiener,  P.  (Ed.).  (1973).  Dictionary  of   Weiner,  P.,  ed.  Dictionary  of  the  History  of  
work   Wiener.  4  Vols.   the  history  of  ideas  (Vols.  1-­‐4).   Ideas.  4  vols.  
Encyclopedia/ Posner,  Rebecca.  “Romance   Posner,  R.  (1987).  Romance  Languages.   Cited  in  endnotes  only.  
Dictionary   Languages.”  The  Encyclopedia   In  The  encyclopedia  Britannica:   1.  The  Encyclopedia  Britannica:  Macropedia,  
Britannica:  Macropedia.  15th  ed.   macropedia  (15th  ed.).   15th  ed.,  s.v.  “Romance  Languages.”  
1987.  Print.  
Foreword,   Duncan,  Hugh  Dalziel.  Introduction.   Duncan,  H.  D.  Introduction.  In  K.  Burke,   Duncan,  Hugh  Dalziel.  Introduction  to  
introduction,   Permanence  and  Change:  An   Permanence  and  Change:  An   Permanence  and  Change:  An  Anatomy  of  

 
 The  Purdue  OWL:  Citation  Chart     3  

preface,  or   Anatomy  of  Purpose.     Anatomy  of  Purpose  (xiii-­‐xliv).   Purpose.  
afterword   United  States:  The  Bobbs-­‐Merrill  
Company,  Inc.    
Articles  in  Periodicals   Although  periodicals  are  cited  similarly   In  APA  periodical  citation,  authors  are   CMS  periodical  citations  include  author  name,  
to  most  book  sources,  MLA’s  seventh   named  by  their  last  name  followed  by   article  title,  publication  title,  publication  date,  
edition  makes  some  distinctions   initials;  the  publication  year  goes   and  issue  information.  CMS  also  requires  
specific  to  periodicals.   between  parentheses  and  is  followed  by   citation  of  a  URL  if  the  journal  was  accessed  
a  period.  The  title  of  the  article  is   online.  
written  in  sentence-­‐case,  in  which  only  
the  first  word  and  proper  nouns  are  
capitalized.  The  periodical  title  is  written  
in  title  case  and  is  followed  by  the  
volume  number,  which,  with  the  title,  is  
also  italicized  or  underlined.  
Magazine   Poniewozik,  James.  "TV  Makes  a  Too-­‐ Poniewozik,  J.  (2000,  November).  TV   Poniewozik,  James.  "TV  Makes  a  Too-­‐Close  
Close  Call."  Time  20  Nov.  2000:  70-­‐71.   makes  a  too-­‐close  call.  Time,  20,  70-­‐71.   Call."  Time,  November  20,  2000.  
Print.  
Journal   Bagchi,  Alaknanda.  "Conflicting   Bagchi,  A.  (1996).  Conflicting   Bagchi,  Alaknanda.  "Conflicting  Nationalisms:  
paginated  by   Nationalisms:  The  Voice  of  the   nationalisms:  The  voice  of  the   The  Voice  of  the  Subaltern  in  Mahasweta  
issue   Subaltern  in  Mahasweta  Devi's  Bashai   subaltern  in  Mahasweta  Devi’s  Bashai   Devi's  Bashai  Tudu."  Tulsa  Studies  in  
Tudu."  Tulsa  Studies  in  Women's   Tudu.  Tulsa  Studies  in  Women’s   Women’s  Literature  15.1  (1996):  41-­‐50.  
Literature  15.1  (1996):  41-­‐50.  Print.   Literature  (15.1),  41-­‐50.  
Daily   Krugman,  Andrew.  "Fear  of  Eating."   Krugman,  A.  (2007,  May  21).  Fear  of   Krugman,  Andrew.  "Fear  of  Eating."  New  York  
newspaper   New  York  Times  21  May  2007.  A1.   eating.  New  York  Times,  pp.  A1.   Times,  May  2007.  
Print.  
Editorial  in   "Of  Mines  and  Men."  Editorial.  Wall   Of  mines  and  men  (2003,  Oct  24).   Cited  in  notes  only.  
newspaper   Street  Journal  east.  ed.  24  Oct.  2003:   [Editorial]  The  Wall  Street  Journal  east,   1.  Editorial,  Wall  Street  Journal,  October  24,  
A14.  Print.   p.  A14.   2003.  
Letter  to  the   Hamer,  John.  Letter.  American   Hamer,  J.  (2006/2007,   Cited  in  notes  only.  
editor   Journalism  Review  Dec.  2006/Jan.   December/January).  [Letter  to  the   1.  John  Hamer,  letter  to  the  editor,  
2007:  7.  Print.   editor].  American  Journalism  Review,   American  Journalism  Review,  December  
  7.   2006/January  2007.  
Book  or  film   Seitz,  Matt  Zoller.  "Life  in  the  Sprawling   Seitz,  M.  Z.  (2007,  May  30).  Life  in  the   Sietz,  Matt  Zoller.  Review  of  Radiant  City,  
review   Suburbs,  If  You  Can  Really  Call  It   sprawling  suburbs,  if  you  can  really  call   Directed  by  Gary  Burns  and  Jim  Brown.  

 
 The  Purdue  OWL:  Citation  Chart     4  

Living."  Rev.  of  Radiant  City,  dir.  Gary   it  living  [Review  of  the  film  Radiant   New  York  Times,  May  30,  2007,  Late  
Burns  and  Jim  Brown.  New  York  Times   City,  directed  by  Gary  Burns  and  Jim   edition.  
30  May  2007  late  ed.:  E1.  Print.   Brown].  New  York  Times,  late  ed.:  E1.  
Online  Sources   MLA  guidelines  for  most  online  sources   In  APA  citation,  online  sources  often   CMS  citation  requires  the  URL  to  be  listed  at  
were  developed  under  the  assumption   include  what  are  known  as  DOIs,  or   the  end  of  the  citation  but  not  the  date  the  
that  content  can  be  found  online  as   digital  object  identifiers.  If  a  DOI  is   contented  was  accessed.  If  the  internet  source  
long  as  information,  such  as  author  and   available,  it  is  used  in  place  of  a  URL.  The   is  time  sensitive,  include  the  date  of  access  
title,  were  included.  Therefore,  MLA   DOI  is  a  serial  number  that  identifies  the   after  the  URL  listing  in  parenthesis.  CMS  
does  not  require  a  URL  listing.  MLA   source  regardless  of  URL  changes,  and  it   documentation  often  includes  the  use  of  DOIs.  
citation  of  online  sources  does,   can  often  be  found  on  the  first  page  of  
however,  ask  for  a  publisher  or  sponsor   an  online  source.  Beyond  the  DOI,  APA  
of  the  webpage.  Authors  for  websites   generally  cites  author,  date,  page  title,  
are  often  corporations,  or  governments   site  title,  available  page  numbers,  and  a  
(Hacker).   URL  or  DOI.  
General   Author.  Title  of  Site.  Sponsor,  Date   Author.  (Year  [use  n.d.  if  not  given]).   Author.  Document  Title.  URL  or  DOI.  
format   created  (use  n.d.  if  not  given).   Article  or  page  title.  Larger  Publication  
Medium.  Date  accessed.   Title,  volume  or  issue  number.  
Retrieved  from  http://url  address  
Entire   United  States  Environmental  Protection   United  States  Environmental  Protection   United  States  Environmental  Protection  
Website   Agency.  Drinking  Water  Standards.   Agency.  (2004,  July).  Drinking  water   Agency.  Drinking  Water  Standards.  
EPA,  8  July  2004.  Web.  24  Jan.  2006   standards.  Retrieved  from  US  EPA   http://water.epa.gov/drink.  
website  http://water.epa.gov/drink  
Page  from   Shiva,  Vandana.  “Bioethics:  A  Third   Shiva,  V.  (2006,  February).  Bioethics:  A   Shiva,  Vandana.  “Bioethics:  A  Third  World  
Website   World  Issue.”  Nativeweb.  Nativeweb,   third  world  issue.  Nativeweb.   Issue.”  Nativeweb.  
n.d.  Web.  22  Feb.  2006.   Retrieved  from   http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/shi
http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/lega va.html.  
l/shiva.html  
 
Page  from   “Media  Giants.”  Frontline:  The   Media  giants.  (2001).  Frontline:  The   “Media  Giants.”  Frontline:  The  Merchants  of  
Website  with   Merchants  of  Cool.  PBS  Online,  2001.   Merchants  of  Cool.  Retrieved  from  PBS   Cool.  
unknown   Web.  7  Feb.  2006.   Online   http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/
author   http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/fron shows/cool/giants.  
tline/shows/cool/giants/    
Image  from  a   Goya,  Francisco.  The  Family  of  Charles   Goya,  F.  (1800).  The  family  of  Charles  IV.   Goya,  Francisco.  The  Family  of  Charles  IV.  

 
The  Purdue  OWL:  Citation  Chart     5  

Website   IV.  1800.  Museo  Nacional  del  Prado,   Museo  National  del  Prado.  Retrieved   Museo  Nacional  del  Prado,  Madrid,  1800.  
Madrid.  Museo  National  del  Prado.   from   Painting.  
Web.  22  May  2006.   http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/goy
  /goya/hd_goya.htm   a/hd_goya.htm  
Online  book   Milton,  John.  Paradise  Lost:  Book  I.   Milton,  J.  (1667).  Paradise  lost:  Book  I.   Milton,  John.  Paradise  Lost.  City  and  Date  of  
Poetryfoundation.org.  Poetry   Poetry  Foundation.  Retrieved  from   Original  Publication.  
Foundation,  2008.  Web.  14  Dec.   http://www.poetryfoundation.org/arc http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/
2008.   hive/poem.html?id=174002   poem.html?id=174002  
Portion  of  an   Adams,  Henry.  “Diplomacy.”  The   Adams,  H.  (1918).  “Diplomacy.”  The   Adams,  Henry.  “Diplomacy.”  The  Education  of  
online  book   Education  of  Henry  Adams.  By  Adams.   education  of  henry  adams.   Henry  Adams.  Reprint  of  the  1918  edition,  
Boston:  Houghton,  1918.  N.  pag.   Bartleby.com:  Great  Books  Online.   Bartleby.com:  Great  Books  Online.  
Bartleby.com:  Great  Books  Online.   Retrieved  from   http://www.bartleby.com/159/8.html  
Web.  8  Jan  2007.   http://www.bartleby.com/159/8.html  
Article  in  an   Bent,  Henry  E.  "Professionalization  of   Bent,  H.  (1959).  Professionalization  of   Bent,  Henry  E.  "Professionalization  of  the  
online  journal   the  Ph.D.  Degree.”  The  Journal  of   the  Ph.D.  degree.  The  Journal  of  Higher   Ph.D.  Degree.”  The  Journal  of  Higher  
Higher  Education  30.3  (1959):  140-­‐ Education,  30.3,  140-­‐145.   Education  30,  no.  3  (1959):  140-­‐145.  
145.  Web.  5  Dec.  2008.   http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1978286.   Accessed  December  5,  2008.  
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1978286.  
Article  in  an   Bernstein,  Mark.  "10  Tips  on  Writing   Bernstein,  M.  (2002).  10  tips  on  writing   Bernstein,  M.  “10  Tips  on  Writing  the  Living  
online   the  Living  Web."  A  List  Apart:  For   the  living  web.  A  List  Apart:  For  People   Web.”  A  List  Apart  Magazine.  August  16,  
magazine/   People  Who  Make  Websites.  A  List   Who  Make  Websites.  Retrieved  from   2002.  
newspaper   Apart  Mag.,  16  Aug.  2002.  Web.  4   http://www.alistapart.com/articles/wr http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliv
May  2009.   iteliving   ing  
Entire  blog   Mayer,  Caroline.  The  Checkout.   Mayer,  C.  (2007,  January  10).  The   Mayer,  Caroline.  The  Checkout  (blog).  
Washington  Post,  10  Jan.  2007.  Web.   checkout.  [Web  log  post].  Retrieved   http://blog.washingtonpost.com/thechecko
19  Jan.  2007.   from   ut/  
http://blog.washingtonpost.com/thec
heckout/  
Response  in  a   Editor,  screen  name,  author,  or   Writer’s  name.  (Date  of  post).  Subject  of   Blog  Name;  “Entry  Title,”  blog  entry  by  
blog   compiler  name  (if  available).  “Posting   post.  [Web  log  comment].  Retrieved   Writer’s  Name,  Date  of  post.  
Title.”  Name  of  Site.  Version  number   from:  URL  or  DOI  
(if  available).  Name  of  
institution/organization  affiliated  with  
the  site  (sponsor  or  publisher).  

 
 The  Purdue  OWL:  Citation  Chart     6  

Medium  of  publication.  Date  of  

access.  
CD-­‐ROM   “Pimpernel.”  The  American  Heritage   Pimpernel.  (2000).  [CD-­‐ROM].The   “Pimpernel.”  The  American  Heritage  
Dictionary  of  the  English  Language.   American  Heritage  Dictionary  of  the   Dictionary  of  the  English  Language.  4th  ed.  
4th  ed.  Boston;  Houghton,  2000.  CD-­‐ English  Language.    4th  ed.     Boston;  Houghton,  2000.  CD-­‐ROM.  
ROM.  
E-­‐mail   Kunka,  Andrew.  "Re:  Modernist   Not  included  in  references.   Cited  in  notes  only.  
Literature."  Message  to  the  author.   1.  Andrew  Kunka,  e-­‐mail  message  to  
15  Nov.  2000.  E-­‐mail.   author,  November  15,  2000.  
Multimedia  Sources   MLA  format  for  multimedia  sources   Electronic  sources  in  APA  format  may   When  citing  an  internet  source  in  CMS  format,  
requires  a  medium  description  at  the   include  a  digital  object  identifier  (DOI)   include  as  much  information  as  is  available  
end  of  the  citation.  Film,  DVD,  radio,   number.  When  a  DOI  is  evident,  it  may   regarding  author,  site  title,  site  sponsor,  and  
Web,  a  performance,  and  other   be  used  in  place  of  a  URL  address.  An   any  available  URL.  An  access  date  is  not  
descriptions  should  be  used  to  indicate   online  source  should  include  either  a   needed  in  CMS  formatting.    
the  type  of  multimedia  that  is  being   DOI  or  a  URL.  
referenced.  
Video  or  film   An  Inconvenient  Truth.  Dir.  David   Guggenheim,  D.  (Director),  &  Bender,  L.   An  Inconvenient  Truth.  United  States:  
Guggenheim.  Narr.  Al  Gore.     (Producer).  (2006).  An  inconvenient   Paramount  Home  Education,  2006.  DVD,  94  
Paramount,  2006.  DVD.   truth  [DVD].  United  States:  Paramount   min.  
Home  Entertainment.  
Podcast/   Murphy,  Beth.  “Tips  for  a  Good  Profile   Murphy,  B.  (2008,  September  19).  Tips   Murphy,  Beth.  “Tips  for  a  Good  Profile  Piece.”  
YouTube   Piece.”  Project:  Report.  YouTube,  7   for  a  good  profile  piece.”  [YouTube].   Project:  Report.  YouTube.  
Sept.  2008.  Web.  19  Sept.  2008.   Project:  Report.  Retrieved  from   http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cuA2Vc
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cu dqB9k/  
A2VcdqB9k/  
Lecture/   Teplin,  Linda  A.  et.  al.  “Early  Violent   Teplin,  L.  A.,  McClelland,  G.  M.,  Abram,   Teplin,  Linda  A.,  Gary  M.  McClelland,  Karen  M.  
Public  address   Death  in  Delinquent  Youth:  A   K.  M.,  &  Washburn,  J.  J.  (2005).  Early   Abram,  and  Jason  J.  Washburn.  “Early  
Prospective  Longitudinal  Study.”   violent  death  in  delinquent  youth:  a   Violent  Death  in  Delinquent  Youth:  A  
Annual  Meeting  of  the  American   prospective  longitudinal  study.   Prospective  Longitudinal  Study.”  Paper  
Psychology-­‐Law-­‐Society.  La  Jolla,   [Presentation].  Paper  presented  at  the   presented  at  the  Annual  Meeting  of  the  
California.  March,  2005.  Presentation.   Annual  Meeting  of  the  American   American  Psychology-­‐Law-­‐Society,  La  Jolla,  
Psychology-­‐Law-­‐Society.  La  Jolla,  CA.   CA,  March  2005.  
Other  Sources        
The  Purdue   Brizee,  Allen,  and  Elyssa  Tardiff.  “Four   Brizee,  A.,  &  Tardiff,  E.  (2010,  April  7).   Brizee,  Allen,  and  Elyssa  Tardiff.  “Four  Main  

 
 The  Purdue  OWL:  Citation  Chart     7  

OWL   Main  Components  for  Effective   Four  main  components  for  effective   Components  for  Effective  Outlines”.  Purdue  
Outlines”.  Purdue  Online  Writing  Lab.   outlines.  Purdue  Online  Writing  Lab.   Online  Writing  Lab.  Purdue  University.  
Purdue  University,  7  April,  2010.  Web.   Retrieved  from   http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resourc
20  Dec.  2010.   http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/res e/544/01/  
ource/544/01/  
Government   Continental  Congress.  Journals  of  the   Continental  Congress.  (1774-­‐1789).   Continental  Congress,  Journals  of  the  
publication   Continental  Congress,  1774-­‐1789.   Journals  of  the  continental  congress.   Continental  Congress,  1774-­‐1789,  Edited  by  
Washington  DC.  1904-­‐1937.   Washington,  DC.  1904-­‐1937.   Worthington  C.  Ford  et  al.  34  vols.  
Washington,  DC,  1904-­‐37.  
Dissertation   Choi,  Mihwa.  “Contesting  Imaginaries   Choi,  M.  (2008).  Contesting  imaginaries   Choi,  Mihwa.  “Contesting  Imaginaries  in  Death  
in  Death  Rituals  during  the  Northern   in  death  rituals  during  the  northern   Rituals  during  the  Northern  Song  Dynasty.”  
Song  Dynasty.”  Diss.  University  of   song  dynasty  (Doctoral  dissertation).   PhD  diss.,  University  of  Chicago,  2008.  
Chicago,  2008.  Web.  “Contesting   Available  from  ProQuest  database.   ProQuest  (A  AT  3300426).  
Imaginaries  in  Death  Rituals  during   (AAT  3300426).  
the  Northern  Song  Dynasty.”  
In-­‐Text  Citations        

Citing  Books   Like  most  source  documentation   APA  adds  to  MLA  style  by  including  an   Footnotes  or  endnotes  are  used  when  citing  
  systems,  MLA  uses  in-­‐text  citations  to   author  name(s),  page  number(s),  and   within  the  text  of  a  CMS  formatted  document.  
give  readers  information  and  directs   date.  The  date  is  generally  provided   These  notes  do  not  take  the  place  of  the  final  
readers  to  the  more  specific  Works   parenthetically  whenever  the   bibliography  page;  instead,  endnotes  and  
Cited  page  should  a  reader  want  to   author’s(s’)  name(s)  is(are)  given  while   footnotes  work  to  strengthen  a  document’s  
pursue  a  source  further.  Generally,  MLA   page  numbers  always  appear  at  the  end   credibility  by  providing  specific  source  
in-­‐text  citation  requires  an  author  name   of  the  sentence.  The  date  is  important   information  at  the  bottom  of  the  page  or  in  a  
and  a  page  number  where  the   in  social  science  because  it  helps   separate  notes  section  for  readers  to  review.  
information  being  cited  can  be  found.   demonstrate  the  relevance  (newness)   Footnotes  in  CMS  style  generally  include  the  
Citations  can  be  formatted  in  a  variety   of  the  work  being  cited.   author  name,  the  publication  title,  publication  
of  ways.     date  and  publisher  information  (if  being  cited  
for  the  first  time),  as  well  as  a  page  number.  
Author  named   Philosopher  Stephen  C.  Pepper  refers  to   Philosopher  Stephen  C.  Pepper  (1961)   Philosopher  Stephen  C.  Pepper  refers  to  this  
in  a  signal   this  phenomenon  as  a  “cumulative   refers  to  this  phenomenon  as  a   phenomenon  as  a  “cumulative  collaboration  
phrase   collaboration  of  evidence”  (49).   “cumulative  collaboration  of  evidence”   of  evidence.”12  
 
(p.  49).  
(Match  number  (12)  to  endnote  at  the  bottom  
of  the  page)  

 
The  Purdue  OWL:  Citation  Chart     8  

12.  Stephen  C.  Pepper,  World  Hypotheses  

(Los  Angeles:  University  of  California  Press,  
1961),  49.  
Author  not   This  phenomenon  is  best  referred  to  as   This  phenomenon  is  best  referred  to  as   This  phenomenon  is  best  referred  to  as  a  
named  in  a   a  “cumulative  collaboration  of   a  “cumulative  collaboration  of   “cumulative  collaboration  of  evidence.”12  
signal  phrase   evidence”  (Pepper  49).   evidence”  (Pepper,  1961,  p.    49).    
12.  Stephen  C.  Pepper,  World  Hypotheses  
(Los  Angeles:  University  of  California  Press,  
1961),  49.  
Unknown   This  phenomenon  is  best  referred  to  as   This  phenomenon  is  best  referred  to  as   This  phenomenon  is  best  referred  to  as  a  
author     a  “cumulative  collaboration  of   a  “cumulative  collaboration  of   “cumulative  collaboration  of  evidence.”12  
evidence”  (World  Hypotheses  49).   evidence”  (World  Hypotheses,  1961,  p.    
49).   12.  World  Hypotheses,  (Los  Angeles:  
University  of  California  Press,  1961),  49.  
Unknown   This  phenomenon  is  best  referred  to  as   This  phenomenon  is  best  referred  to  as   This  phenomenon  is  best  referred  to  as  a  
page  number     a  “cumulative  collaboration  of   a  “cumulative  collaboration  of   “cumulative  collaboration  of  evidence.”12  
 
evidence”  (Pepper).   evidence”  (Pepper,  Evidence  and  
Corroboration  section,  para.  22).   12.  Stephen  C.  Pepper,  World  Hypotheses,  
(Los  Angeles:  University  of  California  Press,  
1961).  
More  than   Philosopher  Stephen  C.  Pepper  refers  to   Philosopher  Stephen  C.  Pepper  refers  to   Philosopher  Stephen  C.  Pepper  refers  to  this  
one  work  by   this  phenomenon  as  a  “cumulative   this  phenomenon  as  a  “cumulative   phenomenon  as  a  “cumulative  collaboration  
the  same   collaboration  of  evidence”  (World   collaboration  of  evidence”  (World   of  evidence,”12  which  he  hints  toward  in  
author   Hypotheses  49),  which  he  hints  toward   Hypotheses,  1961,  p.  49),  which  he  hints   earlier  work  as  well.13  
 
in  earlier  work  as  well  (“Emergence”   toward  in  earlier  work  as  well  
241).     (“Emergence”,  1926,  p.  241).   12.  Stephen  C.  Pepper,  World  Hypotheses,  
(Los  Angeles:  University  of  California  Press,  
1961),  49.  
 
13.    Stephen  C.  Pepper,  “Emergence,”  The  
Journal  of  Philosophy  23,  no.  9  (1926).    
Two  or  three   Shirley  K  Rose  and  Irwin  Weiser  note  in   Rose  and  Weiser  (2010)  note  the   Shirley  K  Rose  and  Irwin  Weiser  note  in  Going  
authors   Going  Public  the  importance  of   importance  of  redefining  expectations   Public  the  importance  of  redefining  
redefining  expectations  for  faculty  work   for  faculty  work  (p.  3).   expectations  for  faculty  work.6  

 
The  Purdue  OWL:  Citation  Chart     9  

(3).   6.    Shirley  K  Rose  and  Irwin  Weiser,  Going  

Public,  (Utah:  University  Press,  2010).  
Four  or  more   Some  studies  that  focus  specifically  on   In  1990,  Anderson,  Best,  Black,  Hurst,   Some  studies  that  focus  specifically  on  
authors   undergraduate  perspectives  of   Miller,  and  Miller  produced  a  study  that   undergraduate  perspectives  of  academic  
academic  writing  found  a  variety  of   focused  specifically  on  undergraduate   writing  found  a  variety  of  approaches.2  
approaches  (Anderson  et  al.  11).   perspectives  of  academic  writing,  and    
they  found  a  variety  of  approaches  in   2.  Worth  Anderson  and  Others,  “Cross-­‐
place  (p.  11).   Curricular  Underlife:  A  Collaborative  Report  
on  Ways  with  Academic  Words,”  College  
Composition  and  Communication  41,  no.  1.  
Corporate   The  American  Psychological   This  study  demonstrated  the  significant   This  study  demonstrated  the  significant  role  of  
author   Association’s  study  demonstrated  the   role  of  prayer  as  a  coping  mechanism   prayer  as  a  coping  mechanism  for  health.9    
significant  role  of  prayer  as  a  coping   for  health  (American  Psychological    
mechanism  for  health  (67).   Association,  2011,  p.  67).   9.  American  Psychological  Association,  
“National  Trends  in  Prayer  Use  as  a  Coping  
Mechanism  for  Health  Concerns:  Changes  
from  2002  to  2007,”  Psychology  of  Religion  
and  Spirituality.  
Authors  with   Use  the  first  initial  to  differentiate  (A.   Use  the  first  initial  to  differentiate  (A.   Does  not  apply  because  endnotes  will  
the  same  last   Smith  19).   Smith,  2009,  p.  19).   differentiate.  
name  
Encyclopedia   Romance  languages  have  a  curious   Romance  languages  have  a  curious   Use  endnote  only,  does  not  appear  in  
history  (“Romance  Languages”).   history  (Posner,  1987).   bibliography.  
 
1.  The  Encyclopedia  Britannica:  
Macropedia,  15th  ed.,  s.v.  “Romance  
Languages.”  
Multivolume   Use  the  volume  number  followed  by  the   Use  the  page  number  and  date;  indicate   10.  Phillip  P.  Weiner,  Dictionary  of  the  
work   page  number  in  the  citation,  e.g.,  (2:   the  volume  in  the  reference  section   History  of  Ideas,  6  vols,  (Charles  Scribner  and  
119).   only.   Sons,  2004).  
Two  or  more   Many  19th  century  American  authors   Many  19th  century  American  authors   Many  19th  century  American  authors  noted  
works  in  the   noted  the  importance  of  religion  in   noted  the  importance  of  religion  in   the  importance  of  religion  in  conceiving  
same   conceiving  nature  (Emerson  1123;   conceiving  nature  (Emerson  1836;   nature.22  
parentheses   Thoreau  1994).   Thoreau,  1862).    

 
 The  Purdue  OWL:  Citation  Chart     10  

22.  Henry  David  Thoreau,  “Walking,”  1862;  

Ralph  Waldo  Emerson,  “Nature,”  1836.  
An  entire   Thoreau’s  “Walking”  demonstrates  a   Thoreau’s  “Walking”  (1862)   Thoreau’s  “Walking”  demonstrates  a  
work   fascination  with  sauntering.   demonstrates  a  fascination  with   fascination  with  sauntering.22  
sauntering.    
22.  Henry  David  Thoreau,  “Walking,”  1862.  
Work  in  an  
Use  the  selection’s  name  and  page   Cite  the  specific  work  only,  not  the   19.    Zora  Neale  Hurston,  “From  Dust  Tracks  
anthology   number,  not  the  editor.   anthology  or  its  editor.   on  a  Road,”  in  The  Norton  Book  of  American  
    Autobiography,  ed.  Jay  Parini  (New  York:  
The  life  of  poverty  in  the  south  is   The  life  of  poverty  in  the  south  is   Norton,  1999),  336.  
captured  by  Hurston’s  candid   captured  by  Hurston’s  candid  
autobiography,  “From  Dust  Tracks  on  a   autobiography,  “From  Dust  Tracks  on  a  
Road”  (336).   Road”  (1942).  
Multimedia  Sources        
Video  or  film   Cite  as  in-­‐text  document  using  release   Cite  as  in-­‐text  document  using  release   45.  The  Secret  of  Roan  Inish,  DVD,  directed  
date.   date.   by  John  Sayles  (1993;  Culver  City,  CA:  
    Columbia  Tristar  Home  Video,  2000).  
The  role  of  Irish  folklore  is  depicted  in   The  role  of  Irish  folklore  is  depicted  in  
contemporary  films  such  as  John   contemporary  films  such  as  John  
Sayles’s,  The  Secret  of  Roan  Inish.   Sayles’s,  The  Secret  of  Roan  Inish  
  (1993).  
Podcast/   Use  video  author/podcast  name  and   Use  video/podcast  author  name,  if   Treat  as  a  document  from  a  website.    
YouTube   given  title.   known,  title,  and  posting  date.    
    31.  David  Kestenbaum,  “A  Big  Bridge  in  the  
The  quirks  of  spending  become  obvious   The  quirks  of  spending  become  obvious   Wrong  Place,”  Planet  Money  Podcast,  
when  listening  to  productions  such  as   when  listening  to  productions  such  as   National  Public  Radio,  
David  Kesetenbaum’s  podcast,  “A  Big   David  Kesetenbaum’s  podcast,  “A  Big   http://www.npr.org/blogs/money  
Bridge  in  the  Wrong  Place,”  on  Planet   Bridge  in  the  Wrong  Place,”  on  Planet  
Money.   Money  (2011).  
Lecture/   The  problem  of  violent  death  among   The  problem  of  violent  death  among   If  using  an  unpublished  lecture  or  address,  cite  
Public  address   delinquent  youths  was  carefully   delinquent  youths  was  carefully   in  writing  only.  
documented  by  Teplin  et  al.  in  an   documented  by  Teplin  et  al.  in  an    
address  delivered  in  2005  at  the  Annual   address  delivered  at  the  Annual   President  Obama  noted  during  an  address  on  
Meeting  of  the  American  Psychology-­‐ Meeting  of  the  American  Psychology-­‐ August  1,  2011  that  .  .  .  

 
 The  Purdue  OWL:  Citation  Chart     11  

Law-­‐Society.   Law-­‐Society  (2005).   If  using  a  published  lecture  or  address,  follow  

this  example:  
 
41.  Linda  A.  Teplin  and  Others,  “Early  
Violent  Death  in  Delinquent  Youth:  A  
Prospective  Longitudinal  Study,”  Paper  
presented  at  the  Annual  Meeting  of  the  
American  Psychology-­‐Law-­‐Society,  La  Jolla,  
CA,  March  2005.  
Other  Sources        
The  Purdue   Karl  Stolley  and  Allen  Brizee  write  in  the   Karl  Stolley  and  Allen  Brizee  (2011)   Karl  Stolley  and  Allen  Brizee  note,  
OWL   Online  Writing  Lab  at  Purdue  University,   write  in  the  Online  Writing  Lab  at   “Research-­‐based  writing  in  American  
“Research-­‐based  writing  in  American   Purdue  University,  “Research-­‐based   institutions,  both  educational  and  corporate,  
institutions,  both  educational  and   writing  in  American  institutions,  both   is  filled  with  rules  that  writers,  particularly  
corporate,  is  filled  with  rules  that   educational  and  corporate,  is  filled  with   beginners,  aren't  aware  of  or  don't  know  how  
writers,  particularly  beginners,  aren't   rules  that  writers,  particularly   to  follow.”23  
 
aware  of  or  don't  know  how  to  follow”   beginners,  aren't  aware  of  or  don't  
(“Avoiding  Plagiarism”).   know  how  to  follow.”   23.  Karl  Stolley  and  Allen  Brizee,  “Avoiding  
Plagiarism,”  Purdue  Online  Writing  Lab,  
Purdue  University,  
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/
589/01/  
Government   According  to  the  Pennsylvania   The  Emerald  Ash  Borer  invasion  in   27.  Pennsylvania  Department  of  
publication   Department  of  Conservation  and   Pennsylvania  has  led  to  dozens  of   Conservation  and  Natural  Resources,  Bureau  
Natural  Resources,  the  Emerald  Ash   county  quarantines  in  recent  years   of  Forestry  Publications:  Coleoptera:  
Borer  invasion  in  Pennsylvania  has  led   (Pennsylvania  DCNR,  2011).   Buprestidae:  Agrilus  planipennis  Fairmaire,  
to  dozens  of  county  quarantines  in   2011.  
recent  years.