No Water No Life, Bottled Water

Group #3

Members:

• Goldielyn Limsiy

• Mica Honasan

• Nikki Nava

• Katie Kim

• Michael Yap

• Sharlaine Sy
I. Introduction

A. Statement of the Problem

• There is a misconception in the public where most people believe that bottled water is

safer and "healthier" than tap or filtered water. This misconception has caused many

negative effects in terms of environment, consumer awareness, and quality

B. Aim of the Study

• To raise awareness on the threats of bottled water to human health and the

environment

• To provide a comparative study of bottled water and water filter

• To dispel the commonly held misconception that bottled water is better than water

filter

C. Significance of the Study

• Removes the misconception that bottled water is the best and healthiest alternative

and introduces filtered water as a better choice

• Raises awareness on the advantages of filtered water and the disadvantages of

bottled water
 • Promotes environmental friendly methods in bottling our water

D. Scope and Limitations

• Limited to the Philippine setting, with its focus mainly on Metro Manila, given that it is

highly populated and more developed compared to other regions in the country.

• Bottled Water vs Filtered Water Only (General Level).

II. Theoretical Framework

III. Review of Related Literature
 Depending on who you talk to, bottled water can be the best thing to happen to mankind,

or the most polluted stuff you can drink.

There are basically five kinds of bottled water: purified water, drinking water, flourinated

water, natural source water, and specialty water. The source water for the first three types-

purified water, drinking water, and flourinated water - is municipal, or city water, the same

water that comes out of your tap.

In the illustration below, the bottling company will typically filter the water to remove dirt

and harmful chemicals, demineralize it, and aerate it.

The next step is to filter the water through multi-barrier sources which could include

source protections, source monitoring, reverse osmosis, ultraviolet light, distillation, micron

filtration and ozonation. Water bottlers may use one or more of those processes.
 Demineralization is where positively charged ions like calcium, magnesium and sodium

are removed by the cation bed whereas negatively charged ions like sulfate and chloride are

removed by the anion beds.

Aeration as the name suggests introduces air into the water, in particular oxygen. The

oxygen metabolize micro organisms, reduce carbon dioxide as well as it removes methane

and hydrogen sulphide. It improves the smell of the water making it good to drink. Aeration

is a particularly good where water has a high iron and manganese content, removing the

bitter taste of the water.

After having its minerals removed water tastes "flat," so for the two kinds of water that

are sold for drinking - drinking water and flourinated water - some minerals are readded to

improve taste. For flourinated water only, flouride is also added to the water. As the final

step before bottling, all three types are isinfected by ozone or ultraviolet light.

Purified water may also be labeled distilled water, water for distillation uses, de-ionized

water, or demineralized water. In addition to having gone through other cleansing

processes, each of these labels indicates that the water has had essentially all of its

minerals removed and none readded. So in the sense of there being nothing in it but water,

this is the purest water. However, the relevant point is not how "pure" it is, but whether or not

it is good for you.

The majority believe that bottled water has some health benefits, but that they’re not

necessarily significant or superior to the benefits provided by tap water. Convenience and

taste were more influential factors when deciding to buy a bottle of water.

A small study has shown that people tend to believe that bottled water is somehow

healthier than water from the tap. However, the research also shows that people are unsure

exactly what these benefits might be.

 GLOSSARY OF TERMS:

1. Purified drinking water this type of water has been processed to remove chlorine and

a majority of dissolved solids, such as magnesium. The source is not required to be

named unless it is untreated public source of water. Basically, they are all types of water

from which chemicals are removed via a variety of different processes.

2. Water fluoridation the controlled addition of fluoride to a public water supply to reduce

tooth decay. Fluoridated water has fluoride at a level that is effective for preventing

cavities; this can occur naturally or by adding fluoride

3. Demineralised water water completely free (or almost) of dissolved minerals as a

result of one of the following processes: distillation, deionization, membrane filtration;

electrodyalisis or other technologies

4. Drinking water – (also called potable water) is water of sufficiently high quality that it can

be consumed or used without risk of immediate or long term harm.

5. Natural source water - this is naturally carbonated from a spring or artesian well.

6. Demineralization - The loss, deprivation, or removal of minerals or mineral salts from the

body, especially through disease, as the loss of calcium from bones or teeth.

7. Aeration - (also called aerification) is the process by which air is circulated through,

mixed with or dissolved in a liquid or substance.

8. Ultraviolet water disinfection - a treatment of drinking water that uses ultraviolet

radiations in order to inactivate microorganisms.

 9. Ozonation - a water treatment process that destroys bacteria and other microorganisms

through an infusion of ozone, a gas produced by subjecting oxygen molecules to high

electrical voltages.

10.Cation - An ionic species having a negative charge.

11.Anion - An ionic species having a negative charge.

12.Ion - an atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total

number of protons, giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge.

IV. Discussions

A. “Healthy Water”

While every health and wellness expert will agree on the importance of "healthy water,"

most have different opinions on its definition and source. But the fact is that it's no longer an

opinion. There's now enough scientific data on the subject for a logical and reasonable

conclusion.

The healthiest water doesn't come from your tap, it doesn't come in a bottle, it doesn't

come from distillation or reverse osmosis. It comes from "selective filtration."

Many have switched to bottled water under the false assumption that its purity is assured

to be better than tap. The truth is that bottled water is only required to be "as good as" tap...

not better. Bottled water, due to several factors, is clearly not a healthier or purer alternative

to tap water. Also, bottled water is outrageously expensive when compared to the cost per

gallon of tap water. Despite all these, bottled water is currently the fastest-growing and most

profitable segment of the entire beverage industry.

 Yet, that is not to say, tap water does not remain without its problems. The concerns

over the quality and safety of tap water that sparked the growth of the bottled water industry

are still entirely present. Tap water is nowhere near free from dangerous contaminants. But

there is an innovative solution to the problems of low water quality that has come about in

the form of water filters. Water filters currently provide the best and healthiest solution to the

problems of both bottled water and tap water.

But first, what are water filters?

Water filters have a long history as a method of water purification, beginning as early as

2000 b.c. in ancient Egypt. Filtration has evolved from the simple Hippocratic sleeve of

ancient Greece, made from cloth, to the complicated solid block carbon and multimedia

water filters currently on the market. It is now the premier method of water purification,

uniquely designed to work with municipally treated water.

The Process:

The filtration process involves some type of filter media, over which water flows. This

filter media blocks passage of contaminants through physical obstruction, chemical

adsorption, or a combination of both processes. Material construction of the filter media

varies widely, but the most effective medias are made from carbon or a combination of

carbon with other elements. Modern filtration technology allows water filters to remove more

and more contaminants through the chemical process of adsorption. In the adsorption

process, contaminants are encouraged to break their bond with water molecules and

chemically adhere to the filter media. Generally, water goes through several stages of

filtration to ensure that each filter media will remove the ultimate number of contaminants.

Water normally passes through a water filter at a relatively low speed, in order to ensure
adequate contact time with the filter media. Once the water has passed through the required

stages of filtration, it emerges as pure drinking water, free from contamination.

Advantages over other Purification methods:

Water filters are not limited in the type or size of contaminants they can remove. Thus,

water filters are able to remove far more contaminants than any other purification method.

Also, because they use the chemical adsorption process, water filters can selectively retain

healthy trace minerals in drinking water.

As of now, filtration is the only purification method that is capable of removing chlorine,

chlorine byproducts, and VOCs from drinking water. Chlorine and VOCs are the most

dangerous and threatening contaminants of municipally treated drinking water. Besides the

removal of these dangerous chemicals, water filters also extract from drinking water the

chlorine-resistant protozoa giardia and cryptosporidium. These protozoa have plagued the

water treatment industry for several decades and have caused a number of epidemics of

severe gastrointestinal disease, contracted through drinking contaminated water.

Also, water filters, because they do not require the costly energy sources of reverse

osmosis and distillation, provide a source of relatively inexpensive, purified water. Aside

from that, water filters waste very little water, as compared to other methods.

Yet, although it has been scientifically proven that filtered water is better, many people

still believe that the healthiest water comes in a bottle due to the hype and expensive ad

campaigns. Companies like Coca-Cola and PepsiCo, with their Dasani and Aquafina bottled

water products, spend millions of dollars on ads that depict freshness and purity; when in

fact both of these brands, like many leading brands, use municipally treated tap water as

their source.
 It is unrealistic to think that water can be bottled in PET (or PETE) bottles, produced at a

bottling factory, transported and stored at high temperatures for months at a time and be

purer than what a basic home water filtration system can provide. After all, plastic is made

from chemicals and the water that fills them can then sit for long periods of time at high

temperatures during the storage, distribution and sales process.

Figure 1:

Pollutants in Walmart and Giant Bottled Water Exceed Industry and California Standards

Figure 2.

Walmart and Giant Are Bottling Tap Water

 Studies have shown that chemicals called phthalates, which are known to disrupt

testosterone and other hormones, can leach into bottled water over time. One study found

that water that had been stored for 10 weeks in plastic and in glass bottles contained

phthalates, suggesting that the chemicals could be coming from the plastic cap or liner.

Although there are regulatory standards limiting phthalates in tap water, there are no legal

limits for phthalates in bottled water -- the bottled water industry waged a successful

campaign opposing the FDA proposal to set a legal limit for these chemicals. Aside from

that, plastic bottles contain BPA. It’s now widely known that BPA mimics the female

hormone estrogen and may affect fertility and promote cancer. And just last year it came out

that BPA may also lead to heart disease, diabetes, and liver problems. As such, it is

impossible to get chemical free water from a plastic bottle.

Aside from the health risks, did you know?

- It takes 3 times as much water to produce the bottle as it does to fill it. This is the same

bottle that has an 80% chance of ending its long life in a landfill.
- Transporting dense, heavy containers of water throughout the world uses fossil fuels and is

responsible

-Only about 20% of plastic bottles will end up being recycled, a process which requires the

use of petroleum, more water and often the cost of transport overseas for the recycling

process. for related emissions.

-Plastic takes over 300 years to degrade in nature. Think of it this way, each of the

thousands of bottles thrown away today will outlive us all at least 3 times over.

On the other hand, basic home water filtration is more convenient, produces higher

quality water and costs a fraction of what bottled water costs. "10 times the quality, 1/10th

the cost and no pollution!"

You are also assured of:

Consistency - When you purchase a water filter, you know exactly how clean your water

is. This allows you to decide how serious you are about filtered water, then buy a system to

match your tone.

Control - As long as you stay on top of maintenance and follow manufacturers

instructions when you replace your filters, you will drink clean water.

Freedom - Filtering your own water eliminates the unknown and frees you from reliance

on the questionable testing and regulation of big bottled water companies.

A better end product - Filtering your own tap water provides double protection; not only

does the city clean it, but so do you.

 Money - When you consider that on a conservative average bottles of water sell for

about a dollar apiece, a water habit is an expensive one. Installing a filtration system can

save you hundreds of dollars a year.

Peace of Mind - Beyond the money saved, drinking filtered water vs. bottled water is

better for the environment and better for the people you love.

At this point in time, there is simply no better choice-for purity and economy-than filtered

water.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS:

1. Distillation a method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities

in a boiling liquid mixture. This is done through a process of heating a liquid until it

boils. Afterwards, they capture and cool the resultant hot vapors, and collect the

condensed vapors. In water distillation, this is the evaporation and subsequent

collection of a liquid by condensation as a means of purification.

2. Reverse Osmosis a filtration method that removes many types of large

molecules and ions from solutions by applying pressure to the solution when it is on

one side of a selective membrane. The result is that the solute retained on the

pressurized side of the membrane and the pure solvent is allowed to pass to the

other side. To be "selective," this membrane should not allow large molecules or ions

through the pores (holes), but should allow smaller components of the solution (such

as the solvent) to pass freely.

3. Selective Filtration involves separating a single flow into two streams, one more

concentrated than the other, by using pressure to selectively pass material through a
 semi-permeable physical barrier called a membrane. The separate streams can then

either undergo further processing or be diverted to an appropriate outlet. Because it

has the ability to separate particulates from the dissolved species or separating

dissolved species themselves, a membrane system can be used to produce a more

concentrated or purified end product. By applying the right membrane selection,

the filtration process can isolate dissolved species of specific sizes while allowing

other dissolved components to permeate through the membrane.

4. Hippocratic sleeve a woolen bag of a square piece of flannel, having the opposite

corners joined, so as to make it triangular.

5. Solid block carbon mechanically strains out dirt, sediment, rust, algae, bacteria,

microscopic worms, cryptosporidium and asbestos. This is all accomplished by water

pressure so no electricity is required. The compacted solid carbon block filter is

designed to mechanically filter particles down to sub micron size. By micro- straining

the water, the consumer is assured that only the cleanest, clearest water is delivered

to the point-of-use.

6. Adsorption the process of attraction of atoms or molecules from an adjacent liquid

to an exposed solid surface. Such attraction forces (adhesion or cohesion) align the

molecules into layers ("films") onto the existent surface.

7. Trace Minerals minerals, required in much smaller levels by our bodies, but no

less important to good overall health. Trace minerals are usually found at

extraordinarily small levels in our bodies, in the parts per million range. In spite of the

relatively low concentrations of these minerals, scientists are discovering that they

play an increasingly vital role in our health, including the health of our bones and

joints.
8. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) refers to organic chemical compounds which

have significant vapor pressures and which can affect the environment and human

health. VOCs are numerous, varied, and ubiquitous.

9. Giardia a genus of anaerobic flagellated protozoan parasites of the phylum

Metamonada in the supergroup “Excavata” (named for the excavated groove on

one side of the cell body) that colonize and reproduce in the small intestines of

several vertebrates. This causes giardiasis.

10.Cryptosporidiosis, also known as crypto, is a parasitic disease caused by

Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite in the phylum Apicomplexa. It affects the

intestines of mammals and is typically an acute short-term infection. It is spread

through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated water; the main symptom is

self-limiting diarrhea in people with intact immune systems.

11.PET or PETE (polyethylene terephthalate) a thermoplastic polymer resin of the

polyester family and is used in synthetic fibers; beverage, food and other liquid

containers; thermoforming applications; and engineering resins often in combination

with glass fiber.

12.Phthalates- esters of phthalic acid and are mainly used as plasticizers (substances

added to plastics to increase their flexibility, transparency, durability, and longevity).

They are used primarily to soften polyvinyl chloride.

13.FDA (Food and Drug Administration) an agency of the United States Department

of Health and Human Services, one of the United Stated federal executive

departments, responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the

regulation and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, dietary

supplements, prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs (medications),

 vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, blood transfusions, medical devices, electromagnetic

radiation emitting devices (ERED),veterinary products, and cosmetics.

14.BPA (Bisphenol A) an organic compound with two phenol functional groups used

to make polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins, along with other applications.

Known to be estrogenic since the mid 1930s, concerns about the use of bisphenol A

in consumer products were regularly reported in the news media in 2008 after

several governments issued reports questioning its safety, A 2010 report from the

United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) raised further concerns regarding

exposure of fetuses, infants, and young children

B. Defending Bottled Water

1. Argument in response to claims that plastic bottles contribute to pollution

The plastic bottles are made up of materials that are generally recyclable. IBWA has

been involved in supporting recycling initiatives to try and increase the number of water

bottles that are recycled, adding that two-thirds of bottled water is consumed at home, work

or offices, places where curbside recycling is readily available.

-Despite the number of bottles that end up in landfills, however, he says PET bottles

represent only a third of 1 percent (.0033) of all trash. Also, bottled water companies have
done their part to reduce the amount of PET resin in bottles by 40 percent over the last five

years.

A recent analysis performed by the Beverage Marketing Corporation (BMC) shows that

over the past eight years the average gram weight of the 16.9 ounce “single serve” bottled

water container has dropped by 32.6% which means, less plastic. This is called container

light-weighting.

IBWA also recently commissioned a Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) study to determine the

environmental footprint of the United States bottled water industry. They found that:

• Bottled water packaging discards accounted for only 0.64 percent of the 169 million

tons of total U.S. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) discards in 2007.

• Small pack bottled water generates 46 percent less CO2 eq. when compared to soft

drinks also packaged in PET plastic.

Conclusion: Bottled water has a very small environmental footprint

Bottled water companies work hard to utilize and manage water resources in a

responsible manner by

• investing in the best science and technology to improve water quality,

• strengthening water conservation practices, and

• bottling and disposing of packaged water products in ways that best serve the

environment.
2. Argument in response to claims that plastic water bottles add to the contamination of the

bottled water

Pay attention to the type of plastic your water bottle is made of to ensure that the

chemicals in the plastic do not leach into the water. If you taste plastic, you are drinking it,

so get yourself another bottle. To be certain that you are choosing a bottle that does not

leach, check the recycling symbol on your bottle. If it is a #2 HDPE (high density

polyethylene), or a #4 LDPE (low density polyethylene), or a #5 PP (polypropylene), your

bottle is fine. Let the Plastic Identification Code guide you in your choices accordingly. As

such, you have a choice whether or not you will use plastic water bottles that is safe to drink

from or if you will use plastic water bottles that may leach chemicals into your water.

3. Argument against claims that bottled water is expensive

Price caps on bottled water proposed -in case of emergencies or calamities where

bottled water is needed (for example, Typhoon Ondoy, some traders reportedly made

money by raising the price of bottled water). As such, cheaper bottled water can actually be

found on the market nowadays. You just have to look for it.
 GLOSSARY OF TERMS:

1. IBWA (International Bottled Water Association, or IBWA) founded in 1958, is a trade

association of companies in the bottled water industry.

2. Curbside Recycling/Collection a service provided to households, typically in urban and

suburban areas, of removing household waste. It is usually accomplished by personnel

using purpose built vehicles to pick up household waste in containers acceptable to or

prescribed by the municipality.

3. Life Cycle Inventory also known as life cycle analysis, ecobalance, and cradle-to-

grave analysis. This is the investigation and evaluation of the environmental impacts of a

given product or service caused or necessitated by its existence.

4. Municipal solid waste (MSW) also called urban solid waste, is a waste type that

includes predominantly household waste (domestic waste) with sometimes the addition

of commercial wastes collected by a municipality within a given area. They are in either

solid or semisolid form and generally exclude industrial hazardous wastes. The term

residual waste relates to waste left from household sources containing materials that

have not been separated out or sent for reprocessing.

5. Plastic Identification Code developed to meet recyclers' needs while providing

manufacturers a consistent, uniform system that could apply nationwide. Because

municipal recycling programs traditionally have targeted packaging – primarily bottles

and containers – the resin coding system offered a means of identifying the resin content

of bottles and containers commonly found in the residential waste stream.

C. Different Water Filtering Systems

Pitcher Filters

This is an inexpensive, convenient and effective way to improve taste and color of your

water while reducing up to 99% of the chlorine in drinking water. Some water filter pitchers

can filter up to 2000 gallons of water on a single filter replacement cartridge and because

they have multiple stages of water filtration, can remove hundreds of contaminants from

water.

Water filter pitchers are good at filtering drinking water but are generally impractical for

filtering water that will be used in cooking since they can only filter about 10 cups of water

before they need to be refilled and the filtration takes several minutes to complete.

Pitcher Filters kept in your refrigerator are a convenient way of providing cool, clean

drinking water and they are small and convenient enough that they can also be taken along

on camping trips.

The most popular brands of pitcher filters are Brita pitchers and Pur Ultimate pitchers.

Pitcher filters range from 15 to 30 dollars depending on features and water capacity. (680-

1,360 pesos)
 Faucet Mounted Filters

This cleans the water coming out of your faucets. Great tasting drinking water will be

only a faucet away after you install a filter. Many people choose bottled water for their

drinking water, but this expense can add up fast. Others choose not to go this route because

bottles are inconvenient. A faucet mount water filter can save you the money on bottled

water, making healthy water within easy reach of your family. Plus, it can be used not only

for drinking but for any other activity using water. The safety of your cooking water is often

overlooked, even for those drinking bottled water. A filter will ensure that any water you use

is clean and healthy. Many people overlook the dangers of using unclean water for anything

besides drinking. For example, you use water everyday for cooking, cleaning, or feeding to

the family pet. A faucet mount water filter can guard you against these dangers when you

wash dishes or cook with tap water.

A faucet mount water filter is easy to install on your kitchen or bathroom faucet,

providing plenty of drinking water. Many people are concerned about the filter getting in the

way of their kitchen activities, but actually a faucet mounted filter leaves you plenty of room

to use your sinks. Plus, they come in stylish white or stainless steel designs to easily blend

in with your kitchen appliances.

 Each filter is able to filter about 200 gallons of water throughout its lifetime, giving you

plenty of clean, clear, and healthy water for drinking, cooking, cleaning, or other household

activities. A faucet mounted water filter is capable of removing chlorine, sediment, heavy

metals, and hundreds of other contaminants. These contaminants often change the taste or

smell of your tap water. However, even if you live in an area with relatively good tap water,

it’s important to remove impurities if you want your water to be healthier.

When choosing a faucet mount water filter, it’s important to select one that removes the

contaminants present in your specific water supply. For best results, choose one with

multiple types of filters to remove the most contaminants possible.

Popular brands include Brita, Pur, and Omni. Prices range from 20 to 40 dollars. (907-

1,814 pesos)

Under the Sink Filters

An under-the-sink water filter leaves your counter top clean and your faucet head

unfettered. It's an elegant solution to water filtration, but a more complex one than faucet-

mounted or pitcher units. It requires slightly more time, but is worth the streamlined

approach to filtration.
 The filtration unit mounts under your sink, out of sight. Water supply is gained by

attaching a simple assembly to your cold water supply pipe (copper or plastic). You will have

to drill a hole in your countertop or sink frame to attach the attractive chrome-finished long-

reach faucet. It is a relatively easy do-it-yourself project, or if you prefer, you can have it

installed by a handyman or plumber.

Popular brands include Omni, Everpure, and Pur. Prices range from 200 to 300 dollars.

(9,069-13,604 pesos)

Countertop Distillers

Distilled water has many advantages over ordinary tap water. Distillation is the process

of converting water into steam by boiling. During boiling, the micro-organisms present in the

water are killed and the minerals present in the water are left behind. This will give you the

safest and purest form of water. Distilled water can help cleanse away the extra minerals in

your body and this can ensure you to stay healthy. Countertop Distiller has been

manufactured to provide the purest form of water for your house hold or for your office.

Countertop distillers are designed and manufactured using the latest technologies to provide

the most perfect blend of safety with efficiency.

 Countertop distiller purifies your water to a high degree of purity. It is capable of treating

four litres of water. The interior of the distiller consists of 4 litre capacity stainless steel

container. This container is surrounded by a heating element. This heating element is

placed underneath the container to provide long life. During operation, the heater heats the

container which in turn heats the water to boiling temperature. Once the water is converted

into steam, the steam is then passed through a stainless steel condenser, which is

constantly circulated with forced fresh and cool air by a 15 W fan. This will condense the

water to its liquid form. The hot gases containing minerals are let out through the waste

holes, and the water collected from the condenser tube is perfectly crystal clear and pure.

There are several advantages with countertop distillers. It provides a 100 % safe

drinking water. The baked enamel exterior of the distiller is easy to clean. Being 100%

stainless steel, the steam chamber has long life and is also quite easy to clean. The carbon

filter will retain the taste of the water, and the distiller is quite safe to operate, with an all new

automatic switch off feature. You will be able to buy a countertop distiller from all the leading

stores available online.

Recommended brands include Megahome Countertop Distiller, Waterwise 4000,

Waterwise 8800, and Kenmore 34480. These range from 150-300 dollars. (6,802-13,604

pesos)
Countertop distilling process:
Bottled Water Is Expensive, but How Does This Apply to Us?

How Can We Afford These Options?

-Government Aid

-Subsidies

This can be regarded as a form of protectionism or trade barrier by

making domestic goods and services artificially competitive against imports.

Subsidies may distort markets, and can impose large economic costs. Financial

assistance in the form of a subsidy may come from one's government, but the

term subsidy may also refer to assistance granted by others, such as individuals
 or non-governmental institutions, although these would be more commonly

described as charity.

-Government Loans

Loans are a type of debt. Like all debt instruments, a loan entails the

redistribution of financial assets over time, between the lender and the borrower.

In a loan, the borrower initially receives or borrows an amount of money, called

the principal, from the lender, and is obligated to pay back or repay an equal

amount of money to the lender at a later time. Typically, the money is paid back

in regular installments, or partial repayments; in an annuity, each installment is

the same amount. The loan is generally provided at a cost, referred to

as interest on the debt, which provides an incentive for the lender to engage in

the loan. In a legal loan, each of these obligations and restrictions is enforced

by contract.

-Donation Drives

This may be organized by corporations, schools, community organizations and

places of worship.

Example of existing Donation Drives:

1. Corporate Blood Drives

2. FoodBank

3. Canned Food Drive

4. Virtual Food Drive

-LifeStraw
 This is a complementary point-of-use water filters designed by the Swiss-based

Vestergaard Frandsen for tourists and people living in developing nations. There are

several models of the product: LifeStraw Personal filters a maxium of 700 litres of

water, enough for one person for one year. LifeStraw Family filters a maximum of

18,000 litres of water, providing safe drinking water for a family for more than two years.

It removes 99.9999% of waterborne bacteria, 99.99% of viruses, and 99.9%

of parasites. LifeStraw Personal kills 99.9999% of waterborne bacteria and 98.5% of

viruses.
 V. Conclusions

Filtered Water is Better than Bottled Water because of:

• Cost

• Safety

• Environmental Impact

VI. Recommendations

We recommend:

• Further Studies into cleaner and cheaper water source alternatives

• Subsidization and Promotion of Water Filters.

• Study on the feasibility of filtered water in the Philippines.

• Water Filtration plants so that tap water can be potable for the consumption of the

masses especially those in poverty.

VII. References

Golub, Catherine. (2001). Liquid assets: Is bottled water really better than what’s on tap?

Environmental Nutrition, 24 (9).

Potera, Carol. (2002). The price of bottled water. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110

(2). Shermer, Michael. (2003). Bottled twaddle. Scientific American, 289 (1).

Binnie, Chris, Kimber, Martin, & Smethurst, George. (2002). Basic water treatment (3rd ed.).

London: Thomas Telford Ltd.

Rona, Zolton P. and Martin, Jeanne Marie. (1995). Return to the Joy of Health. Vancouver:

Alive Books.

Vigneswaran, S. & Visvanathan, C. (1995). Water treatment processes: Simple options.

Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.

BOTTLED WATER: Pure Drink or Pure Hype? a March 1999 report by the Natural

Resources Defense Council.

http://www.bottledwaterblues.com/bottled_water_vs_filtered_water.php

http://coffeetea.about.com/cs/water/bb/bybwater.htm

http://www.metaefficient.com/water-filters/best-water-filters.html

http://www.allwaterfiltrationsystems.com/

http://www.newdream.org/water/calculator.php

http://www.xe.com/ucc/

http://www.wateronline.com/article.mvc/The-Water-Is-Life-Straw-A-Global-Clean-Water-

0001?VNETCOOKIE=NO

http://www.vestergaard-frandsen.com/lifestraw

www.bottledwaterblues.com/bottled_water_facts.php
http://coffeetea.about.com/cs/water/bb/bybwater.htm

http://www.metaefficient.com/water-filters/best-water-filters.html

http://www.allwaterfiltrationsystems.com/

http://www.newdream.org/water/calculator.php

http://www.xe.com/ucc/

http://www.wateronline.com/article.mvc/The-Water-Is-Life-Straw-A-Global-Clean-Water-

0001?VNETCOOKIE=NO

http://www.vestergaard-frandsen.com/lifestraw

www.foodandwaterwatch.org/water/bottled

www.bottledwatermatters.org

www.allaboutwater.org

http://www.freedrinkingwater.com/water-education3/31-water-bottled-water-purification-

process.htm

http://www.bottledwaterweb.com/articlesdetail.do?k=111