Table A-4.

Newtonian Fluid† Relationships

Pipe Flow Annular Flow Slot Approximation

NRe = b
ρvdw
(NRe )AN = b
ρv do − dw ( )
Reynolds number μ μ

b = 15.461 b = 15.461

Laminar flow NRe ≤ NRe1 = 2100 (NRe )AN ≤ NRe1 = 2100

μNRe1 μNRe1
Max. velocity for laminar v1 = b v1 = b
flow ρdw (
ρ d o − dw )
b = 0.064677 b = 0.064677
16 24
ffr = ffr =
Fanning friction factor NRe (NRe )AN
⎛ dp ⎞ 32 μv ⎛ dp ⎞ 48μv
⎜⎝ dz ⎟⎠ = b ⎜⎝ dz ⎟⎠ = b
( ) ( )
2 2
Frictional pressure drop f dw f d o − dw

b = 0.00034809 b = 0.00034809

Normalized velocity
profile
v (x )
v
(
= 2 1− x 2 ) v (x ) 3
v
=
2
1− x 2 ( )
Turbulent flow NRe ≥ NRe 2 = 3000 (NRe )AN ≥ NRe2 = 3000
μNRe 2 μNRe 2
Min. velocity for v2 =b v2 = b
turbulent flow ρdw (
ρ d o − dw )
b = 0.064677 b = 0.064677

Fanning friction factor

1
ffr
(
= 4.0log NRe × ffr − 0.4 ) 1
ffr
⎡2
= 4.0log ⎢ NRe
⎣3
( )AN × ⎤
ffr ⎥ − 0.4
⎦

−0.26
⎡2
( )
ffr = 0.0792 NRe
−0.25
ffr = 0.0893 ⎢ NRe ( )AN ⎤⎥
Power-law approximation ⎣3 ⎦
for N Re2 ≤ N Re ≤ 105
−0.26
or ffr = 0.0992 ⎡ NRe
⎣ ( )AN ⎤⎦
ρ0.75 × μ 0.25 × (v ) ρ0.74 × μ 0.26 × (v )
1.74
⎛ dp ⎞ 1.75
⎛ dp ⎞
= b × 0.1584 = b × 0.1984
⎝⎜ dz ⎠⎟ f
Friction pressure drop
⎝⎜ dz ⎠⎟ f dw ( )
1.25
d o − dw (
1.26
)
using the power-law
approximation
b = 0.0027141 b = 0.0026408

Transitional flow NRe1 ≤ NRe ≤ NRe 2 NRe1 ≤ NRe( )AN ≤ NRe2

⎛f ⎞ ⎛f ⎞
log⎜ fr 2 ⎟ log⎜ fr 2 ⎟
Fanning friction factor
⎛f ⎞
log⎜ fr ⎟ =
⎝ ffr 1 ⎠ ⎛N ⎞
× log⎜ Re ⎟
⎛f ⎞
log⎜ fr ⎟ =
⎝ ffr 1 ⎠ ⎡ N AN
× log ⎢
Re ( ) ⎤
⎥
⎝ ffr 1 ⎠ ⎛ NRe 2 ⎞ ⎝ NRe1 ⎠ ⎝ ffr 1 ⎠ ⎛ NRe 2 ⎞ ⎢ NRe1 ⎥
log⎜ ⎟ log⎜ ⎟ ⎣ ⎦
⎝ NRe1 ⎠ ⎝ NRe1 ⎠

16 24
where ffr 1 = ffr 1 =
NRe1 NRe1

1 1 ⎡2 ⎤
= 4.0 × log ⎡NRe 2 × ffr 2 ⎤ − 0.4 = 4.0 × log ⎢ NRe 2 × ffr 2 ⎥ − 0.4
⎣ ⎦
ffr 2 ffr 2 ⎣3 ⎦

( ) ( )
−0.25 −0.26
or if the power-law ffr 2 = 0.0792 NRe 2 ffr 2 = 0.0992 NRe 2
approximation can
( ) ( )AN ⎤⎦
be used in turbulent 0.9525 1.3593
ffr = 5.2178 × 10−6 NRe ffr = 2.3226 × 10−7 ⎡ NRe
flow ⎣

⎡ 1.9525 2.9525 ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
Friction pressure drop ⎛ dp ⎞ −5 ⎢ ρ × (v ) ⎥ ⎛ dp ⎞ −7 ⎢ ρ2.3593 × (v )
3.3593
⎥
⎜⎝ dz ⎟⎠ = b × 1.0436 × 10 ⎢ 0.9525 0.0475 ⎥ ⎜⎝ dz ⎟⎠ = b × 4.6453 × 10 ⎢ 1.3593
using the power-law
approximation in
f ⎢⎣ μ × dw ⎥⎦ ( ) f ⎢⎣ μ d o − dw
−0.3593 ⎥
( ⎥⎦ )
turbulent flow
b = 0.073064 b = 0.22259
.
† Defined as fluids for which τ = μ × γ .

616 Well Cementing

Table A-5. Power-Law Fluid† Relationships
Pipe Flow Annular Flow Slot Approximation

(dw )n (do − dw )
n
ρ(v )
2 −n
ρ(v )
2 −n
Reynolds number (NRe )MR = b1 (b2 ) n
×
8n −1 × k pipe
(NRe )AN = b1 (b2 ) n
×
12n −1 × kann

b1 = 0.000064584 b1 = 0.000064584

b2 = 5 b2 = 5

n n
⎛ 3n + 1⎞ ⎛ 2n + 1⎞
where k pipe = ⎜ k kann = ⎜ k
⎝ 4n ⎠⎟ ⎝ 3n ⎠⎟

Laminar flow (NRe )MR ≤ NRe1 = 3250 − (1150 × n ) (NRe )AN ≤ NRe1 = 3250 − (1150 × n )
1 1

Max. velocity for v 1 = b1 b2 ( )

1
2 −n
⎡ 8n −1 × k
⎢ (
pipe × NRe1 ) ⎥
⎤ 2 −n
v 1 = b1 b2 ( )
1
2 −n
⎡ 12n −1 × k × N
⎢ ann Re1 ( ) ⎤ 2 −n
⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
laminar flow ⎢⎣ ρ × dw ( )
n
⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ρ × d o(− d w
n
) ⎥⎦

b1 = 5 b1 = 5

b2 = 619.35 b2 = 619.35

16 24
Fanning friction ffr = ffr =
factor (NRe )MR (NRe )AN
2 3n +2 × k pipe × (v ) 22n +2 × 3n × kann × (v )
n n
⎛ dp ⎞ ⎛ dp ⎞
⎜⎝ dz ⎟⎠ = b1 b2 ( )n ⎜⎝ dz ⎟⎠ = b1 b2 ( )n
(dw ) (do − dw )
n +1 n +1
f f
Frictional pressure
drop b1 = 83.333 b1 = 83.333

b2 = 0.2 b2 = 0.2

Normalized velocity
profile
v (x ) 3n + 1
v
= 1+
n + 1 1− x n
1
( ) v (x ) 2n + 1
v
= 1+
n + 1 1− x n
1
( )
Turbulent flow‡ (NRe )MR ≥ NRe2 = 4150 − (1150 × n ) (NRe )AN ≥ NRe2 = 4150 − (1150 × n )
1 1
⎡ 8n −1 × k ⎤ 2 −n ⎡ n −1 ⎤ 2 −n
pipe × NRe 2 ⎥ ⎢ 12 × kann × NRe 2 ⎥
1 1
Min. velocity for v 2 = b1 b2 ( ) 2 −n ⎢
⎢ ⎥
v 2 = b1 b2 ( ) 2 −n
⎢ ⎥
turbulent flow ⎢⎣ ρ × dw ( )
n
⎥⎦ (
⎢⎣ ρ × do − dw
n
⎥⎦ )
b1 = 5 b1 = 5

b2 = 619.35 b2 = 619.35

⎡ ⎛n⎞ ⎤ ⎡2 ⎛n⎞ ⎤
Fanning friction factor
1
=
4.0
0.75 ( )MR × (ffr )1−⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎥ − n01.4.2
× log ⎢ NRe
1
=
4.0
0.75
× log ⎢ NRe ( )AN × (ffr )1−⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎥ − n01.4.2
ffr n ⎢⎣ ⎥ ⎦ ffr n ⎢⎣ 3 ⎥ ⎦
b (n )
⎡2
( )MR ⎤⎦ ( )AN ⎤⎥
b (n )
ffr = a(n) × ⎡ NRe ffr = a(n) × ⎢ NRe
Power-law ⎣ ⎣3 ⎦
approximation
for NRe2 ≤ NRe ≤ 105 a(n) = 0.0792 + 0.0207 × log(n) a(n) = 0.0792 + 0.02207 × log(n)
b (n) = −0.251+ 0.141 × log(n) b (n) = −0.251+ 0.141 × log(n)
continued on next page

Appendix A Digest of Rheological Equations 617

Table A-5. Power-Law Fluid† Relationships (continued)
Pipe Flow Annular Flow Slot Approximation

⎛ dp ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ dp ⎞ ⎡
( )b (n) × (b3 ) ( )b (n) × (b3 )
n ×b (n ) ⎤ n ×b (n ) ⎤
⎜⎝ dz ⎟⎠ = ⎢⎣b1 × b2 ⎥⎦ × ⎜⎝ dz ⎟⎠ = ⎢⎣b1 × b2 ⎥⎦ ×
f f

2a(n) × ρ1+b (n ) × (v )
2+(2−n )b (n ) b (n ) ⎡ 2a(n) × ρ1+b (n ) × (v )2+(2−n )b (n ) ⎤
⎛ 2⎞
×⎢ ⎥
(8 ) ( ) ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
( )
b (n )
)
1−nb (n )
(
b (n ) 1−nb (n ) ⎥
Friction pressure drop n −1
× k pipe × dw ⎢ 12n −1 × k × d − d
using the power-law ⎢⎣ ann o w ⎥⎦
approximation
b1 = 0.0053820 b1 = 0.0053820

b2 = 6.4584 × 10−5 b2 = 6.4584 × 10−5

b3 = 0.2 b3 = 0.2

Transitional flow NRe1 ≤ NRe1 ( )MR ≤ NRe2 (

NRe1 ≤ NRe1 )AN ≤ NRe2
⎛f ⎞ ⎛f ⎞
log⎜ fr 2 ⎟ log⎜ fr 2 ⎟
Fanning friction factor
⎛f ⎞
log⎜ fr ⎟ =
⎝ ffr 1 ⎠ ⎛ N
× log⎜
Re MR
⎞
⎟
( ) ⎛f ⎞
log⎜ fr ⎟ =
⎝ ffr 1 ⎠ ⎛ N
× log⎜
Re AN
⎞
⎟
( )
⎝ ffr 1 ⎠ ⎛N ⎞ ⎜⎝ NRe1 ⎟⎠ ⎝ ffr 1 ⎠ ⎛N ⎞ ⎜⎝ NRe1 ⎟⎠
log⎜ Re 2 ⎟ log⎜ Re 2 ⎟
⎝ NRe1 ⎠ ⎝ NRe1 ⎠

16 24
where ffr 1 = ffr 1 =
NRe1 NRe1

⎡ ⎛n⎞ ⎤ ⎡2 ⎛n⎞ ⎤
1
=
4.0
0.75
× log ⎢NRe 2 × ffr 2 ( )1−⎝⎜ 2 ⎠⎟ ⎥ − n01.4.2 1
=
4.0
0.75
× log ⎢ NRe 2 × ffr 2 ( )1−⎝⎜ 2 ⎠⎟ ⎥ − n01.4.2
ffr 2 n ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ffr 2 n ⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦

b (n )
⎛2 ⎞
( )
b (n )
or if the power-law ffr 2 = a(n) × NRe 2 ffr 2 = a(n) × ⎜ NRe 2 ⎟
approximation can ⎝3 ⎠

( )MR ⎤⎦
be used in turbulent d (n )
ffr = c(n) × ⎡ NRe
( )AN ⎤⎦
d (n )
flow ⎣ ffr = c(n) × ⎡ NRe
⎣
⎡
( ) ⎤
b (n )
log ⎢ a(n) × NRe1 × NRe 2 ⎡ b (n ) ⎤
⎥ ⎛ ⎞
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢ a(n) × N × 2 N ⎥
d (n) =
16 log ⎢ Re1
⎝⎜ 3 Re 2
⎠⎟ ⎥
⎛ NRe 2 ⎞ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
log⎜ d (n) = 24
4
⎟
⎝ NRe1 ⎠ ⎛N ⎞
log⎜ Re 2 ⎟
16 ⎝ NRe1 ⎠
c(n) =
(NRe1 )
1+d (n )
24
c(n) =
(NRe1 )
1+d (n )

.
† Defined as fluids for which τ = k γ n.
‡ Forlow values of the power-law index, this definition of N Re can lead to friction-factor values just above N Re1 that are lower than those given by the laminar flow equation.
This is physically impossible. This problem can be solved by imposing NRe2 values that are always larger than those defined by the point of intersection of the friction-factor/
Reynolds-number curves in laminar and turbulent flow.

618 Well Cementing