ARCS 4 Drainage

Albanian Road Construction Standards – ARCS 4 – Drainage
Albanian Road Design and Construction Standards
Table of Contents
1 ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................................................................ 11
2 DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................................... 12
3 MATERIALS................................................................................................................................. 15
3.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................ 15

3.2 DESCRIPTION ...................................................................................................................... 15
3.3 BASIC MATERIAL ................................................................................................................. 15
3.3.1 STONE GRANULE MIXTURES ................................................................................................ 15
3.3.2 CEMENT CONCRETE ............................................................................................................ 15
3.3.2.1 STONE GRANULE MIXTURES ................................................................................................ 15
3.3.2.2 BINDER AGGREGATES ......................................................................................................... 15
3.3.2.3 WATER ............................................................................................................................... 16
3.3.2.4 PROTECTIVE AGENTS .......................................................................................................... 16
3.3.3 CEMENT MORTAR................................................................................................................ 16
3.4 QUALITY OF MATERIALS ....................................................................................................... 17
3.4.1.1 COMPOSITION ..................................................................................................................... 17
3.4.1.2 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES ................................................................................................... 18
3.4.2 CEMENT CONCRETE ............................................................................................................ 20
3.4.2.1.1 Composition ...................................................................................................................... 20
3.4.2.1.2 Properties.......................................................................................................................... 21
3.4.2.2 BINDER AGGREGATES ......................................................................................................... 22
3.4.2.3 WATER ............................................................................................................................... 23
3.4.2.4 CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES ...................................................................................................... 23
3.4.2.5 PROTECTIVE AGENTS .......................................................................................................... 23
3.4.3 CEMENT MORTAR................................................................................................................ 24
3.5 METHOD OF EXECUTION ...................................................................................................... 25
3.5.1 OBTAINING MATERIALS ........................................................................................................ 25
3.5.2 MATERIAL STORAGE ............................................................................................................ 25
3.5.3 PRODUCTION OF CEMENT CONCRETE AND CEMENT MORTAR COMPOSITIONS ........................ 25
3.6 QUALITY OF EXECUTION ...................................................................................................... 26
3.6.1 CEMENT CONCRETE ............................................................................................................ 26
3.6.1.1 TRIAL COMPOSITION ............................................................................................................ 26
3.6.1.2 REQUIRED PROPERTIES ...................................................................................................... 27
3.6.1.3 TRIAL PRODUCTION AND BUILDING-IN ................................................................................... 28
3.6.1.4 REGULAR PRODUCTION AND BUILDING-IN ............................................................................. 29
3.6.2 CEMENT MORTAR................................................................................................................ 29
3.6.2.1 PRELIMINARY COMPOSITION ................................................................................................ 29
3.6.2.2 REQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS .............................................................................................. 30
3.6.2.3 PRODUCTION AND BUILDING-IN ............................................................................................ 30
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4 SURFACE DRAINAGE ................................................................................................................ 31
4.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................ 31

4.2 DESCRIPTION ...................................................................................................................... 31
4.3 BASIC MATERIAL ................................................................................................................. 32
4.3.1 BROKEN STONE .................................................................................................................. 32
4.3.2 PREFABRICATED ELEMENTS OF CEMENT CONCRETE............................................................. 32
4.3.3 CEMENT CONCRETE COMPOSITIONS .................................................................................... 32
4.3.4 CEMENT MORTAR................................................................................................................ 32
4.3.5 BITUMINOUS (ASPHALT) CONCRETE MIXTURES ..................................................................... 33
4.3.6 STONE SET PAVING ............................................................................................................. 33
4.3.8 MESH BASKETS ................................................................................................................... 33
4.4 QUALITY OF MATERIAL......................................................................................................... 33
4.4.1 BROKEN STONE .................................................................................................................. 33
4.4.2 PREFABRICATED ELEMENTS OF CEMENT CONCRETE............................................................. 33
4.4.3 CEMENT CONCRETE MIXTURE ............................................................................................. 34
4.4.4 CEMENT MORTAR ................................................................................................................ 34
4.4.5 BITUMINOUS (ASPHALT) CONCRETE MIXTURES ..................................................................... 34
4.4.6 STONE SET PAVING ............................................................................................................. 35
4.4.8 MESH BASKETS ................................................................................................................... 35
4.5.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................ 35
4.5.2 OBTAINING THE MATERIALS ................................................................................................. 35
4.5.3 MATERIAL DEPOSITS ........................................................................................................... 36
4.5.4 BASE PREPARATION ............................................................................................................ 36
4.5.5 PRODUCTION OF CEMENT CONCRETE AND CEMENT MORTAR MIXTURES ............................... 36
4.5.6 PRODUCTION OF BITUMINOUS CONCRETE MIXTURE .............................................................. 36
4.5.7 LAYING DOWN ..................................................................................................................... 36
4.5.8 BUILDING-IN ........................................................................................................................ 37
4.5.8.1 SUB-BASE COURSE ............................................................................................................. 37
4.5.8.2 COATING COURSE ............................................................................................................... 38
4.5.8.3 PROTECTION OF THE FOOT OF THE SLOPE ............................................................................ 38
4.7 QUALITY CONTROL OF EXECUTION ....................................................................................... 40
4.7.1 ROUTINE TESTS .................................................................................................................. 40
4.7.2 CONTROL TEST ................................................................................................................... 41
4.8 MEASUREMENT AND TAKE-OVER OF WORK ........................................................................... 41
4.8.1 MEASUREMENT OF WORK .................................................................................................... 41
4.8.2 TAKE-OVER OF WORK ......................................................................................................... 41
4.9 COST CALCULATION ............................................................................................................ 42
4.9.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................ 42
4.9.2 DEDUCTIONS FOR UNSUITABLE QUALITY .............................................................................. 42
4.9.2.1 QUALITY OF MATERIALS ....................................................................................................... 42
4.9.2.2 QUALITY OF EXECUTION ...................................................................................................... 42
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5 DEEP DRAINAGE SYSTEMS – DRAINAGES............................................................................ 43
5.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................ 43

5.2 DESCRIPTION ...................................................................................................................... 43
5.3 BASIC MATERIAL ................................................................................................................. 44
5.3.1 MATERIAL FOR UNDERLYING COURSE .................................................................................. 44
5.3.2 DRAINAGE PIPES ................................................................................................................. 44
5.3.3 MATERIAL FOR FILLING THE DRAINAGES ............................................................................... 44
5.3.4 DRAINAGE TAPES ................................................................................................................ 45
5.4.1.1 CLAYEY FILL LAYER ............................................................................................................. 45
5.4.1.2 CEMENT CONCRETE COMPOSITIONS .................................................................................... 45
5.4.2 DRAINAGE PIPES ................................................................................................................. 45
5.4.3 PIPING SYSTEMS INTENDED FOR SUB-SOIL DRAINAGE. ........................................................... 46
5.4.4 MATERIAL FOR FILLING ........................................................................................................ 47
5.4.4.2 POLYPROPYLENE FABRIC .................................................................................................... 48
5.4.4.3 CEMENT CONCRETE COMPOSITION ...................................................................................... 48
5.4.5 DRAINAGE STRIPS ............................................................................................................... 48
5.4.5.1 POLYPROPYLENE FABRIC ..................................................................................................... 48
5.4.5.2 POLYETHYLENE CORE ......................................................................................................... 49
5.4.5.3 ADDITIONAL PROPERTIES .................................................................................................... 50
5.5.1 OBTAINING THE MATERIAL ................................................................................................... 51
5.5.3 PREPARATION OF BASE ....................................................................................................... 52
5.5.4 PRODUCTION OF CEMENT CONCRETE COMPOSITIONS .......................................................... 52
5.5.5 PLACING OF THE MATERIALS ................................................................................................ 52
5.5.5.1 UNDERLYING COURSE ......................................................................................................... 52
5.5.5.2 FILLING ............................................................................................................................... 53
5.5.5.3 VERTICAL DRAINAGES WITH TAPES ...................................................................................... 53
5.7.1 ROUTINE TESTS .................................................................................................................. 54
5.7.2 CONTROL TESTS ................................................................................................................. 55
5.8.2 TAKE-OVER OF WORK ......................................................................................................... 55
5.9.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................ 56
5.9.2 DEDUCTION FOR UNSUITABLE QUALITY ................................................................................ 56
5.9.2.1 QUALITY OF MATERIAL......................................................................................................... 56
6 DRAINAGE SYSTEMS – STORM SEWER SYSTEM ................................................................. 57
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6.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................ 57

6.2 DESCRIPTION ...................................................................................................................... 57
6.3 BASIC MATERIAL ................................................................................................................. 57
6.3.1 MATERIALS FOR UNDERLYING COURSES .............................................................................. 58
6.3.2 PIPES FOR STORM SEWER SYSTEMS.................................................................................... 58
6.3.3 MATERIAL FOR TREATING CONTACTS AND JOINTS ................................................................. 58
6.4 QUALITY OF MATERIALS ....................................................................................................... 59
6.4.1 MATERIALS FOR UNDERLYING COURSE ................................................................................ 59
6.4.2 PIPES FOR STORM SEWER SYSTEMS.................................................................................... 59
6.4.2.1 STRUCTURED WALL PIPES AND STANDARD DIMENSION PIPING CUTS .................................... 59
6.4.2.2 PLAIN WALL PIPES AND STANDARD DIMENSION PIPING CUTS (PE) ........................................ 60
6.4.2.3 PLAIN WALL PIPES AND STANDARD DIMENSION PIPING CUTS (PVC-U) ................................. 60
6.4.2.4 PLAIN WALL PIPES AND STANDARD DIMENSION PIPING CUTS (PP) ........................................ 60
6.4.2.5 PLAIN WALL PIPES AND STANDARD DIMENSION PIPING CUTS (REINFORCED POLYESTER) ...... 60
6.4.2.6 HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE PIPES (HDPE) ..................................................................... 60
6.4.3 MATERIAL FOR TREATING CONTACTS AND JOINTS ................................................................. 62
6.4.3.1 CEMENT MORTAR................................................................................................................ 62
6.4.3.2 OTHER MATERIALS .............................................................................................................. 62
6.5.1 OBTAINING MATERIALS ........................................................................................................ 62
6.5.4 PRODUCTION OF CEMENT CONCRETE COMPOSITION ............................................................ 63
6.5.5 DRIVING ON ........................................................................................................................ 63
6.5.6 BUILDING-IN ........................................................................................................................ 64
6.5.6.1 UNDERLYING COURSES ....................................................................................................... 64
6.5.6.2 PIPES FOR THE STORM SEWER SYSTEM ............................................................................... 64
6.5.6.3 FILLING-UP .......................................................................................................................... 64
6.5.6.4 PIPE STRENGTHENING ......................................................................................................... 65
6.7.1 ROUTINE TESTS .................................................................................................................. 66
6.7.2 CONTROL TESTS ................................................................................................................. 67
6.7.3 SEALING TESTING ............................................................................................................... 67
6.7.4 SEALING TESTING ............................................................................................................... 68
6.7.5 TECHNOLOGICAL EXPERT REPORT ........................................................................................ 70
6.8.2 TAKE-OVER OF WORK ......................................................................................................... 71
6.9.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................ 71
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7 MANHOLES ................................................................................................................................. 73
7.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................ 73

7.2 DESCRIPTION ...................................................................................................................... 73
7.3 BASIC MATERIALS ............................................................................................................... 74
7.3.1 MATERIALS FOR THE FOUNDATION OF THE MANHOLE ............................................................ 74
7.3.2 MATERIALS FOR MANHOLES ................................................................................................. 74
7.4.1 MATERIAL FOR MANHOLE FOUNDATION ................................................................................ 74
7.4.1.1 CEMENT CONCRETE MIXTURES............................................................................................ 74
7.4.2 MATERIAL FOR MANHOLES................................................................................................... 75
7.4.2.1 PREFABRICATED ELEMENTS OF CEMENT CONCRETE............................................................. 75
7.4.2.2 SEMI-PREFABRICATED PRODUCTS ........................................................................................ 75
7.4.2.3 MATERIALS FOR IN SITU EXECUTION .................................................................................... 75
7.5.4 PRODUCTION OF CEMENT CONCRETE COMPOSITION ............................................................ 76
7.5.5 CAST IN SITU ...................................................................................................................... 76
7.5.5.1 MANHOLE FOUNDATION ....................................................................................................... 76
7.5.5.2 MANHOLES ......................................................................................................................... 77
7.7.1 ROUTINE TESTS .................................................................................................................. 77
7.7.2 CONTROL TESTS ................................................................................................................. 78
7.8.2 TAKE-OVER OF WORK ......................................................................................................... 78
7.9.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................ 79
7.9.2 DEDUCTIONS FOR UNSUITABLE QUALITY .............................................................................. 79
8 CULVERTS .................................................................................................................................. 80
8.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................ 80

8.2 DESCRIPTION ...................................................................................................................... 80
8.3 BASIC MATERIALS ............................................................................................................... 81
8.3.1 MATERIALS FOR CULVERT FOUNDATION ............................................................................... 81
8.3.2 MATERIALS FOR CULVERTS AND CULVERT HEADS ................................................................ 81
8.3.3 MATERIAL FOR COATING COURSES ...................................................................................... 82
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8.4.2 MATERIAL FOR CULVERTS AND CULVERT HEADS .................................................................. 83
8.4.2.1 PIPES OF CEMENT CONCRETE ............................................................................................. 83
8.4.2.2 STRUCTURAL PLATE STEEL PIPES........................................................................................ 83
8.4.2.3 CORRUGATED STEEL PIPES AND PIPE ARCHES ..................................................................... 83
8.4.2.5 STEEL FOR REINFORCEMENTS ............................................................................................. 84
8.4.2.6 FORMWORK ........................................................................................................................ 84
8.4.2.7 CEMENT MORTAR................................................................................................................ 84
8.4.3 MATERIAL FOR COATING COURSES ...................................................................................... 84
8.4.3.2 FORMWORK ........................................................................................................................ 85
8.5.4 PRODUCTION OF CEMENT CONCRETE AND CEMENT MORTAR COMPOSITION .......................... 85
8.5.5 BUILDING-IN ........................................................................................................................ 86
8.5.5.1 FOUNDATION ....................................................................................................................... 86
8.5.5.2 CULVERTS AND CULVERT HEADS ......................................................................................... 86
8.5.5.3 COATING COURSE ............................................................................................................... 86
8.7.1 ROUTINE TESTS .................................................................................................................. 87
8.7.2 CONTROL TESTS ................................................................................................................. 88
8.8.2 TAKE-OVER OF WORK ......................................................................................................... 88
8.9.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................ 88
9 SOURCES, WELLS, SINK HOLES, FUNNEL-SHAPED HOLES............................................... 90
9.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................ 90

9.2 DESCRIPTION ...................................................................................................................... 90
9.3 BASIC MATERIAL ................................................................................................................. 90
9.4.1 PERFORATED PIPES OF CEMENT CONCRETE AND ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPES ......................... 91
9.4.3 BROKEN STONE .................................................................................................................. 91
9.4.4 FABRIC ............................................................................................................................... 91
9.4.5 CEMENT CONCRETE COMPOSITIONS .................................................................................... 91
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9.4.6 CEMENT MORTAR................................................................................................................ 92

9.4.7 STEEL FOR REINFORCEMENT ............................................................................................... 92
9.4.8 FORMWORK ........................................................................................................................ 92
9.5.3 PREPARATION OF GROUNDS ................................................................................................ 93
9.5.4 PRODUCTION OF CEMENT CONCRETE AND CEMENT MORTAR COMPOSITIONS ........................ 93
9.5.5 BUILDING-IN ........................................................................................................................ 93
9.5.5.1 SOURCES ........................................................................................................................... 93
9.5.5.2 WELLS ................................................................................................................................ 93
9.5.5.3 SINK HOLES ........................................................................................................................ 93
9.7.1 ROUTINE TESTS .................................................................................................................. 94
9.8.2 TAKE-OVER OF WORK ......................................................................................................... 95
9.9.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................ 95
9.9.2 QUALITY OF MATERIAL......................................................................................................... 95
9.9.3 QUALITY OF EXECUTION ...................................................................................................... 96
10 RIP RAP ....................................................................................................................................... 97
10.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................ 97

10.2 DESCRIPTION ...................................................................................................................... 97
10.3 BASIC MATERIAL ................................................................................................................. 98
10.3.1 EXCAVATION FOR RIP RAP ................................................................................................... 98
10.3.2 LOOSE RIP RAP .................................................................................................................. 98
10.3.3 HAND PLACED RIP RAP ....................................................................................................... 98
10.3.4 SACK RIP RAP .................................................................................................................... 98
10.3.5 FILTER BLANKET ................................................................................................................. 99
10.3.6 QUARRY SPALLS ................................................................................................................. 99
10.4.1 PORTLAND CEMENT ............................................................................................................. 99
10.4.2 RIP RAP (STONE) .............................................................................................................. 100
10.4.2.1 AGGREGATE QUALITY ........................................................................................................ 100
10.4.2.2 STONE FOR PLAIN RIP RAP ................................................................................................ 101
10.4.3 BURLAP OR COTTON FABRIC.............................................................................................. 101
10.4.4 STONE FILTER BLANKET .................................................................................................... 102
10.4.5 FINE AGGREGATE FOR SAND CEMENT RIP RAP .................................................................. 102
10.4.6 WATER FOR PORTLAND CEMENT MIXTURES ....................................................................... 103
10.4.7 PLASTIC FILTER FABRIC..................................................................................................... 104
10.4.8 BAGS FOR SAND-CEMENT BAG RIP RAP ............................................................................. 104
10.5 METHOD OF EXECUTION .................................................................................................... 105
10.5.1 OBTAINING THE MATERIAL ................................................................................................. 105
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10.5.2 MATERIAL DEPOSITS ......................................................................................................... 105

10.5.3 PREPARATION OF BASE ..................................................................................................... 105
10.5.4 BUILDING-IN ...................................................................................................................... 106
10.5.4.1 PLACING STONE RIP RAP .................................................................................................. 106
10.5.4.1.1 Stone Plain Rip Rap........................................................................................................ 106
10.5.4.1.2 Stone Dumped Rip Rap .................................................................................................. 106
10.5.4.1.3 Stone Grouted Rip Rap................................................................................................... 106
10.5.4.2 PLACING FILTER ................................................................................................................ 107
10.5.4.3 PLACING SAND-CEMENT BAG RIP RAP ............................................................................... 107
10.5.4.3.1 Proportioning Materials ................................................................................................... 107
10.5.4.3.2 Placement ....................................................................................................................... 107
10.5.4.4 PLACING STONE BLANKET PROTECTION ............................................................................. 108
10.6 QUALITY OF EXECUTION .................................................................................................... 108
10.7 QUALITY CONTROL OF EXECUTION ..................................................................................... 108
10.7.1 ROUTINE TESTS ................................................................................................................ 108
10.8 MEASUREMENT AND TAKE-OVER OF WORK ......................................................................... 109
10.8.1 MEASUREMENT OF WORK .................................................................................................. 109
10.8.2 TAKE-OVER OF WORK ....................................................................................................... 109
10.9 COST CALCULATION .......................................................................................................... 109
10.9.1 GENERAL .......................................................................................................................... 109
10.9.2 QUALITY OF MATERIAL....................................................................................................... 110
10.9.3 QUALITY OF EXECUTION .................................................................................................... 110
11 GABIONS ................................................................................................................................... 111
11.1 DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................................... 111

11.2 BASIC MATERIALS ............................................................................................................. 111
11.3 QUALITY OF MATERIAL....................................................................................................... 112
11.3.1 STONE FOR GABIONS ........................................................................................................ 112
11.3.2 WIRE FOR GABIONS .......................................................................................................... 112
11.3.2.1 GALVANISED COATING FOR GABIONS. ................................................................................ 113
11.3.2.2 POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) COATING FOR GABIONS ......................................................... 113
11.3.3 GEOTEXTILE ..................................................................................................................... 113
11.4 METHOD OF EXECUTION .................................................................................................... 113
11.4.1 OBTAINING THE MATERIAL ................................................................................................. 113
11.4.2 MATERIAL DEPOSITS ......................................................................................................... 114
11.4.3 PREPARATION OF BASE ..................................................................................................... 114
11.4.4 BUILDING-IN ...................................................................................................................... 114
11.4.4.1 GEOTEXTILE ..................................................................................................................... 114
11.4.4.2 WIRE BASKETS ................................................................................................................. 114
11.4.5 STONE .............................................................................................................................. 114
11.4.5.1 BACKFILL .......................................................................................................................... 115
11.5 QUALITY OF EXECUTION .................................................................................................... 115
11.6 QUALITY CONTROL OF EXECUTION ..................................................................................... 115
11.6.1 ROUTINE TESTS ................................................................................................................ 115
11.6.2 CONTROL TESTS ............................................................................................................... 116
11.7 MEASUREMENT AND TAKE-OVER OF WORK ......................................................................... 116
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11.7.1 MEASUREMENT OF WORK .................................................................................................. 116

11.7.2 TAKE-OVER OF WORK ....................................................................................................... 116
11.8 COST CALCULATION .......................................................................................................... 116
11.8.1 GENERAL .......................................................................................................................... 116
11.8.2 DEDUCTION FOR UNSUITABLE QUALITY .............................................................................. 116
11.8.2.1 QUALITY OF MATERIAL....................................................................................................... 116
11.8.2.2 QUALITY OF EXECUTION .................................................................................................... 117
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1 Abbreviations
CBR Californian Bearing Ratio

Cl Chloride
d Granule diameter
GRC General Requirements for Construction
ISTC Institute of Standards of Technology of Construction
MN/m² Mega Newton/square meter
MPa Mega Pascal
Na²So² Sodium sulphate
PP Polypropylene
ppm Particles per million
So² Sulphate
U Ratio d60/d10
V/C Volume/Capacity
V/V Volume/Volume
W/C Water/Cement
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2 Definitions
Aggregate. A mass or cluster of soil particles, or broken rock or stone, or similar material.
Aggregate can be used with cement to produce mortar or concrete, with asphalt or with tar in
road building or compacted as a structural base.
Binder. The organic or inorganic material which encapsulates and holds together the base in
reinforced or otherwise heterogeneous composites.
Bituminous concrete. Concrete cemented with bituminous material such as tar or asphalt.
Burlap. A coarse, heavy, plain-woven fabric usually of jute or hemp used for bagging and
wrapping.
Cement. A building material that is a powder made of a mixture of calcined limestone and
clay; cement is used with water and sand or gravel to make concrete and mortar.
Clay. A fine-grained, firm earthy material that is plastic when wet and hardens when heated,
consisting primarily of hydrated silicates of aluminium and widely used in making bricks, tiles,
and pottery. A sedimentary material with grains smaller than 0.002 millimetres in diameter.
Concrete. A strong, hard building material composed of sand and gravel and cement and
water.
Corrugated steel. A structural sheet iron, usually galvanised, shaped in parallel furrows and
ridges for rigidity.
Culvert. A pipe or concrete box structure that conveys flow from open channels, swales, or
ditches under a roadway, driveway, fill soil, or surface structure. A culvert can be made of
galvanised corrugated metal, plastic, aluminium or concrete.
Drainage. The process of transporting surface water over a land area to a river, lake or
ocean (surface drainage), or removal of water from a soil using buried pipelines that are
regularly spaced and perforated (subsurface drainage).
Fabric. Textile or relatively small mesh or pore size that is used to allow water to pass
through while keeping sediment out (permeable), or to prevent both runoff and sediment from
passing through (impermeable).
Formwork. Temporary boarding to hold concrete in shape while it hardens.

Funnel-shape hole. A conical shape hole with a wider and a narrower opening at the two
ends.
Gabion. A wire mesh cage, usually rectangular, filled with rock and used to protect channel
banks and other sloping areas form erosion.
Granule. A rounded rock fragment larger than a grain of sand but smaller than a pebble.
Mesh. Mesh fabric is available in a variety of constructions and is characterised by its net-like
open appearance, and by the spaces between the yarns.
Mixture. A substance consisting of two or more substances mixed together (not in fixed
proportions and not with chemical bonding).
Mortar. A mixture of cement paste and fine aggregate; in fresh concrete, the material
occupying the interstices among particles of coarse aggregate; in masonry construction,
mortar may contain masonry cement, or may contain hydraulic cement with lime to afford
greater plasticity and workability than are ... Mortar is a mixture of sand, a binder such as
cement or lime, and water and is applied as a paste.
PE. Polyethylene pipe products.
PP. Polypropylene pipe; a plastic pipe that is suitable for higher temperature applications and
is typically used for hot and cold water distribution and some chemical services. It is a
material that melts quickly when exposed to heat.
PVC-U. Pipes and fittings made of unplasticised polyvinyl chloride for water supply.
Polypropylene fabric. Polypropylene or polypropene (PP) is a thermoplastic polymer used

in a wide variety of applications, including food packaging, textiles, and plastic parts.
Polyethylene. A thermoplastic material composed of polymers of ethylene. It is normally a

translucent, tough, waxy solid unaffected by water and a large range of chemicals. This
plastic is similar to polypropylene. Polyethylene has a frosted appearance and is less likely to
be affected by static than polypropylene.
Prefabricated (prefab). Prefabricated items are components of an assembly, manufactured

in standard sizes to be shipped and assembled elsewhere.

Pipe. A long tube made of concrete, precast concrete, metal or plastic that is used to carry
water or oil or gas etc.
Rip rap. Coarse, angular rock material, usually made by crushing or blasting, that is effective
when used as ground reinforcement. A correct mixture of aggregate size can also aid rip
rap's ability to create an interlocking structure.
Sand-cement bag (Portland cement). A cementitious binder used in most modern

structural concrete; manufactured by grinding and “burning” a mixture of limestone with clay
or shale with a small amount of gypsum. It is mixed with water and an aggregate (such as
sand and/or gravel) to form a thick, heavy liquid that dries as a monolithic product.
Sewerage. Sewerage is the system of sewers that conveys wastewater to a treatment plant
or disposal point. The term "sewerage" also includes all the pumps, rising mains, gravity
mains, air release valves, screens, overflows and associated infrastructure.
Sink hole. A sink hole, also known as a sink, shake hole, or swallow hole, is a natural
depression or hole in the surface topography caused by the removal of soil and/or bedrock
by water.
Source. The original point from which the river flows.
Stone. Building material consisting of a piece of rock hewn (crushed) in a definite shape for a
special purpose.
Storm sewer system. System of pipes, containments, and treatment facilities for the
disposal of waste and containment of rainwater.
Structural steel. A construction material, a profile, formed with a specific shape or cross
section and certain standards of chemical composition and strength.
Plastic filter fabric (geotextile). Lightweight, non-woven fabric used in subsurface drainage
applications. Wrapping a non-woven filter fabric around the drainage system allows water
into the drain while preventing soils from clogging the system.
Well. A deep hole or shaft dug or drilled to obtain water or oil or gas or brine.

3 Materials
3.1 General
Within the framework of these technical conditions, there are with various drainage works
allowed to be used similar materials. Characteristics of such materials are therefore defined
in detail in this special chapter.
All materials dealt with must be used in accordance with the requirements in the design and
in these technical conditions. Selection and any alteration of material must be previously
approved by the supervisor.
3.2 Description
Materials predominantly used for the drainage works are the following:
• Stone granule mixtures for underlay courses;
• Cement concrete mixtures for underlay courses and for drainage elements;
• Cement mortar.
3.3 Basic Material
3.3.1 Stone Granule Mixtures

Stone granule mixtures for underlay courses with the drainage system can be composed of
natural and/or crushed stone granules.
3.3.2 Cement Concrete
3.3.2.1 Stone Granule Mixtures

Stone granule mixtures for the composition of cement concrete, used for underlay courses
and for the drainage elements, may be composed of natural and/or crushed granules. If
natural and crushed granules are mixed together, the portions of each granule types with the
cement concrete of Class 20/25 or higher must be similar with the individual fractions or
within the overall stone granule mixture.
3.3.2.2 Binder Aggregates

The following mixtures are applicable for cement concrete class 20/25 or higher:

• Portland cements;
• Portland cements with admixtures of granulated furnace slag. For mixtures of cement
concrete used for underlying courses, Portland cements with Pozzolan admixture are
also applicable.
The Engineer must define the cement type in terms of the cement quality and conditions for
the use of cement concrete, in accordance with the requirements stipulated.
Upon approval by the Engineer, the Contractor may also use other hydraulic binder
aggregates of the Portland cement basis, on the condition the Contractor provides sufficient
evidence that they are appropriate.
3.3.2.3 Water
For the preparation of cement concrete mixtures used for drainage works, natural or treated
water may be used, on the basis that sufficient evidence of its suitability is provided. Natural
drinking water may be used for the preparation of cement concrete without evidence of its
suitability.
In order to improve certain properties of fresh and/or hardened cement concrete mixtures
various admixtures for plasticization, aeration and other alterations of the cement concrete
properties may be used. The use of admixtures must be approved by the supervisor. When
using admixtures, manufacturer guidelines and instructions must be followed at all times.
3.3.2.4 Protective Agents

For protection and/or impregnation of the surface of fresh and/or hardened cement concrete
against drying and/or wetting, various liquid chemical agents can be used to ensure a
uniform and water-tight film on the surface of cement concrete. Use of chemical protective
agents must be approved by the Engineer. When using protective agents, manufacturer
guidelines and instructions must be followed at all times.
3.3.3 Cement Mortar

Cement mortar used with drainage works must be composed of a mixture consisting of sand
granules, cement and water. As a rule, a mixture of rough sand of 0/4 mm, composed either
of natural and/or crushed granules, is sued for cement mortar.
Portland cements, mentioned in section 3.3.2.2 of this volume, are used as binder
aggregates for the cement mortar.

3.4 Quality of Materials
3.4.1.1 Composition
Stone granule mixtures for the underlying courses with drainage works must consist of gravel
(shingle, sand and filler) or crushed stone (chippings, sand and filler), in order to ensure such
composition of mixtures remains within granulometric accepted curve boundaries.
If the stone granule mixture for the underlying course is not defined in the design, the course
thickness must be at least 2.5 times the diameter of the largest granule in the mixture.
Stone granules of up to 0.063 mm are permissible in the mixture, in the following proportions:
• In deposit: maximum 5% (m/m);
• On building-in: maximum 8% (m/m).
Figure 3.1: Composition Sphere of Stone Granule Mixtures 0/20 mm for Underlying Course

Figure 3.2: Composition Sphere of Stone Granule Mixtures 0/31.5 mm for Underlying Course
Granules of up to 0.018 mm must be no more than 3% (m/m) of the total mixture. The ratio of
uneven graded mixtures U = d60 / d10 must be for the mixtures of:
• Natural granules: 15—100;
• Crushed and mixed granules: 8—50.
The composition of stone granule mixtures for the underlying course must be approved by
the Engineer.
3.4.1.2 Mechanical Properties

The compressive strength of stone granules in the mixture must be at least 100 MN/m².

Figure 3.3: Composition Sphere of Stone Granule Mixtures 0/40-50 mm for Underlying Course.
Granule resistance against freezing effects, defined on granules above 4 mm in dimension

with five cycles of crystallisation test (with sodium sulphate) and expressed as a percentage
of broken off fragments from the original sample mass (loss) may be up to 10% (m/m).The
organic admixtures in the mixture must not colour the solution of sodium lye beyond dark
yellow. The bearing capacity of stone granule mixtures, defined in a laboratory according to
the CBR procedure, must be at least 40%. Each stone granule mixture expected to be used
for the underlying course for the drainage works must be tested pursuant to the requirements
given in these technical conditions before building-in begins. The Engineer must specify the
number of samples required for tests.

3.4.2.1.1 Composition
Sand of cement concrete must be composed of granules that ensure the composition
required in Table 3.1.
Length of one side of Siftings

sieve square opening, m % (m/m)
0.0063 Max 5*
2 Min 65
4 Min 90
8 100
*for the mixture of crushed granules it can be up to 10% (m/m)
Table 3.1: Composition of Sand in Cement Concrete
Requirements for the composition of individual shingle and chipping fractions are shown in
Table 3.2.
Basic fraction denominations

Length of one side of
4/8 μm 8/16 μm 16/32 μm
sieve square opening, μm
sieved material %
2 max 5 – –
4 max 15 max 5 –
8 min 90 max 90 max 15
16 100 min 90 max 15
31,5 – 100 min 90
63 – – 100
Table 3.2: Requirements for the Composition of

Individual Shingle and Chipping Fractions

Subject to prior approval by the Engineer, a natural composition of stone granule mixtures
may be used in the preparation of cement concrete up to maximum class 8/12.
For cement concrete used for the drainage works, stone granule mixture of granulation
0/31.5 mm must be used in most cases. In exceptional cases granulation of 0/16 mm is
permissible.
The dimension of the largest granule in the mixture must not exceed one third of the
thickness of cement concrete course. Portion of granules of dimension up to 0.02 mm may
be no more than 1% (m/m) of the stone granule mixture. The contents of organic admixtures
in the stone granule mixture may not colour the solution of sodium lye beyond a dark yellow.
The stone granule mixture must be washed and removed of dust.
The contents of sulphates in the stone granule must be maximum 1% (m/m), and of chlorides
maximum 0.1% (m/m).
The contents of mineral of amorphic cobble-stone must be in the following ratios:
• Up to 4 mm maximum 0.5% (m/m);
• Above 4 mm maximum 5% (m/m).
The Contractor may, for the preparation of cement concrete mixture, also use other
compositions of stone granule mixtures, providing he submits to the supervisor sufficient
evidence that the mechanical characteristics of such cement concretes satisfy the
requirements pursuant to these technical conditions.
3.4.2.1.2 Properties
Stone granule mixtures for the preparation of cement concrete compositions must have the
properties set out in Table 3.3.
Stone granule mixture properties Unit measure Required value
Rock granule compression strength, minimum MN/m² 100
Granule resistance against freezing effects

% (m/m) 5
(5 cycles with Na2SO2), maximum loss
Contents of flakiness % (m/m) 20
Table 3.3: Properties of Stone Granule Mixtures for the

Preparation of Cement Concrete Compositions

Before commencement of works every stone granule mixture for the preparation of cement
concrete compositions must be tested pursuant to these technical conditions. If the Engineer
has already given prior approval to the use of equal stone granule mixture, tests do not have
to be repeated. The Engineer must specify the number of samples required for tests.
3.4.2.2 Binder Aggregates

Binder aggregates for the preparation of cement concrete compositions must have the
properties set out in Table 3.4:
Required value
Unit For other
Cement properties For required
measure cement
courses
concrete
Fine grinding
- rejects on sieve 0.063, max. % (m/m) 10 10
- according to Blain m²/kg 240* 370*
Volume consistency
- with cones - without without

changes changes
- according to le Chatelier mm
10 10
31 29
Water portion for standard consistency max. % (m/m)
Hardening
1 1
- commencement at 20 C, not before h
45 45
- commencement at 30 C, not before min
10 10
- end, not after h
Strength after 28 days:

22 32
- compression, min. MN/m²
4 6
- bending, min. MN/m²
According to According to
Chemical composition -
EN EN
Table 3.4: Required Binder Aggregate Properties
Required basic cement properties must be ensured (extreme boundary value).

Prior to the commencement of works, the Contractor must provide sufficient evidence of the
cement quality to be used for the preparation of cement concrete. The Engineer must specify
the number of samples required for tests.
3.4.2.3 Water
Required water properties for the preparation of cement concrete mixtures used for drainage
works, are specified in Table 3.5.
Water properties Unit measure Required value
pH value — 4.5—9.5
Chloride contents (Cl), max. mg/l 300
Sulphate contents (SO2), max. mg/l 400
Table 3.5: Required Water Properties for the

Preparation of Cement Concrete Mixtures
The Engineer must specify the number of samples required for tests.
3.4.2.4 Chemical Admixtures

Required properties for chemical admixtures to cement concrete are not specified separately.
When preparing cement concrete, chemical admixtures are permitted to be used to ensure
required improvements of cement concrete properties. The Contractor make prior tests of the
stone granule mixture, the binder aggregates and water to be used for the preparation of
cement concrete and submit to the Engineer sufficient evidence of their suitability. Evidence
of the quality of chemical admixtures for cement concrete must be supplied by an authorised
institution (the Institute of Standards of Technology of Construction [ISTC] in Albania), or
other certified laboratory. The Engineer must approve the use of all chemical admixtures for
cement concrete.
3.4.2.5 Protective Agents

Properties of liquid chemical protective agents for the surface of cement concrete must be
defined in the instructions and technical conditions issued by the producers of these agents.
The film of the chemical protective agents must offer appropriate protection to the cement
concrete surface and it should not have a negative effect either on the cement binding
process or on the surface of the build-in cement concrete composition. Evidence of the
quality of the protective agent for the cement concrete surface must be supplied by an
authorised institution (the ISTC in Albania).

To using the protective agent, the Contractor must obtain approval from the Engineer.
3.4.3 Cement Mortar

Stone granule mixtures for cement mortar for filling-in the joints may be composed of sand of
0/2 mm or 0/4 mm.
Required composition and properties of the sand stone granule mixtures are defined in Table
3.6 and Table 3.7.
Natural or crushed sand

Length of one side of
Medium 0/2 mm Rough 0/4 mm
sieve square opening, mm
Siftings% (m/m)
0,063 Max. 10 Max. 10
2 Min. 90 Min. 65
4 100 Min. 90
8 - 100
Table 3.6: Required Composition and Properties of Sand Stone Granule Mixtures
Required measure
Properties of sand granule mixtures Unit measure
Natural sand Crushed sand
Portion of granules up to max. 0.063 mm % (m/m) 10 10
Sand equivalent, min % 60 60
Portion of clay clods, max. % (m/m) 0.5 0.5
Portion of organic admixtures, max. % (m/m) 0.5 0.3
Table 3.7: Required Composition and Properties of Sand Stone Granule Mixtures
Required properties of other materials for cement mortar used for filling the joints (binder
aggregates, water, and admixtures) are equal to those in section 3.4.2 “Cement Concrete” of
this volume.

3.5 Method of Execution
3.5.1 Obtaining Materials

Prior to beginning execution of the drainage works, the Contractor must inform the Engineer
of the types of all materials intended for use for the execution of underlying courses and
cement concrete and cement mortar; the Contractor must supply sufficient evidence of the
quality of, and must obtain from the supervising authority an approval for the use of these
materials. Such evidence of their quality must not be:
• Older than one year, for stone granule mixtures;
• Older than six months, for all other materials (binder aggregates, water, admixtures
and protective agents).
All required material properties outlined in section 3.4 “Quality of Material” of this volume
must be ensured. Material not corresponding to the stated requirements must be removed by
the Contractor and marked separately.
3.5.2 Material Storage

If, prior to execution of the drainage works, the Contractor temporarily stores the materials
required for these works, he must ensure and arrange an appropriate storage location.
Thereby, he must take into consideration storage instructions issued by manufacturers and
instructions given by the Engineer. Stocks of all materials must be of such quantity as to
ensure continuous execution of works.
3.5.3 Production of Cement Concrete and Cement Mortar Compositions

Production of cement concrete and cement mortar compositions must be mechanical with
appropriate means. Production capabilities in the plant for the production of cement concrete
and cement mortar composition must be tested by an authorised institution every year.
Measurement facilities must ensure appropriate quantity of all compositions in the admixture
for each component. Deviation from expected quantities is permissible, as follows:
• Stone granule mixture 0/4 mm: ± 3% of the substance;
• Stone granule mixture above 4 mm ± 3% of the substance;
• For binder aggregate, water, admixture ± 1% of the substance.
Deviation of the aggregated composition of stone granule mixtures from the expected
quantity is allowed to be ± 2% of the substance. The mixing period and other influences on
quality must be regulated so that a uniform mixture of cement concrete and cement mortar is

ensured. For work at temperatures lower than –5 °C, it must be possible to heat the mixtures
of granules and/or water up to the required temperature in the plant for production of cement
concrete and cement mortar, so that the temperature of the fresh cement concrete mixture is
5—30 °C
The plant for the cement concrete production must be protected against atmospheric effects.
Constant visual testing must be available in the plant, to dose quantities of each materials
used for the production of cement concrete mixture.
The produced cement concrete and cement mortar mixture must immediately sent to the site
for use.
3.6 Quality of Execution

Prior to commencement of the works, the Contractor must submit to the Engineer a cement
concrete and cement mortar design that includes all appropriate data pursuant to these
technical conditions. Prior to the start of operation of machines and facilities, of which the
quality of cement concrete and cement mortar depends, their ability to ensure equal qualities
according to the requirements in these technical conditions must be tested.
3.6.1.1 Trial Composition

Trial composition of the cement concrete mixture for the drainage works, has to be submitted
to the Engineer by the Contractor at least 15 days prior to commencement of the building-in,
and must include:
• Types and quantities of the individual fractions and the overall stone granule mixture
(in kg/m³);
• Type and quantity of the binder aggregate;
• Water quantity (in l/m³);
• Types and quantities of admixtures (in % of cement and cement concrete quantity, or
in kg/m³);
• Characteristics of fresh cement concrete:
o w/c value;
o Consistency (cone consolidation) (in cm);
o Void content (in % [V/V]);

o Composition analysis – weight reading out (in kg/m³);
• Characteristics of hardened cement concrete:
o Compressive strength (in MN/m²);
o Tensile strength with bending (in MN/m²);
o Resistance against freezing and salt effects.
Besides the trial composition, the Contractor must submit to the Engineer evidence of the
quality of all materials used in the preparation of trial composition. In the case of trial
composition, the Contractor must also provide evidence demonstrating that the quality of
cement concrete as required in these technical conditions can be ensured using the intended
composition of granules, binder aggregates, water and admixtures. The Contractor may not
commence building-in of cement concrete mixture until the Engineer issues a written
approval of the trial composition. If the Contractor has performed work with similar cement
concrete mixtures during the past year, it is possible to take over the results of the
composition executed to serve as trial composition, confirmed through the current tests. The
past results and current test should be to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
3.6.1.2 Required Properties

The quality of the fresh cement concrete mixtures for the drainage works must correspond to
the requirements in Table 3.8.
Required values
Properties of fresh Unit of
For underlying For other cement
cement concrete measure
courses concrete
W/c value, max. - 0.65 0.55
Consistency (cone consolidation), max. cm 10 1*
Void content**
- for C 16/20 % (V/V) - 5—7
- for CB 30/37 % (V/V) - 3—5
Content of cement and granule mixture up to
0.25 mm of granulation
- for C 16/20, min. kg/m³ 425 425
- for C 30/37, min. kg/m³ 350 350
Table 3.8: Required Properties of Fresh Cement Concrete Mixtures

Required properties of hardened cement concrete are defined in Table 3.9.
Required values
Properties of hardened Unit of
cement concrete measure For underlying For other cement
courses concrete
Compressive strength
- average, min. MN/m² 15 30
- individual, min. MN/m² 12 25
Tensile strength with bending, min. MN/m² - 4
Resistance against freezing and salt Cycle - 25

effects, min.
Cycle 50 -
Resistance against freezing effects, min.
Table 3.9: Required Properties of Hardened Cement Concrete
The required void capacity (v/c) value represents an average production value. Consistency
value or cone consolidation also represents an average production value.
The required values of the void content are the boundary values and the extreme boundary
values. Values of compressive strengths and tensile strengths with bending are the lower
boundary values. The required value of water permeability is the extreme lower boundary
value. Cement concrete resistance against freezing and salt effects is declared as the lower
boundary value.
3.6.1.3 Trial Production and Building-in

The Contractor must with trial production of cement concrete mixture verify the approved
laboratory composition in the production within an appropriate testing plant for cement
concrete production. The location of the trial production and building-in must be approved by
the Engineer, after having verified the adequacy of the prepared formation level of the base.
The authorised laboratory must, upon the Contractor’s order, conduct tests with the proved
production and building-in, and thereby:
• Establish the adequacy of deposits and production plant for cement concrete
mixtures, adequacy of the transportation type and equipment for building-in, as well
as the building-in, in terms of the requirements pursuant to these technical conditions;
• Take in situ samples of mixtures to test characteristics of fresh cement concrete;
• Take in situ samples of fresh cement concrete (squares) mixtures to test

characteristics of hardened cement concrete;
• Establish protection of the cement concrete surface;
• Establish the thickness, evenness, height and inclination of the built-in cement
concrete.
If the Contractor has performed the works of similar cement concrete mixtures in the past
year, it is possible to take over the results of the composition executed to serve as proved
production and building-in. It is up to the Engineer to accept this or to ask for other
supplementary tests.
3.6.1.4 Regular Production and Building-in

The Engineer approves the Contractor regular production on the basis of results of the trial
accepted production and building-in. Agreement for allowing a continuous production of
cement concrete includes also conditions for characteristics of cement concrete mixtures and
conditions for the current technological control, foreseen in these technical conditions.
Approval of and permission for regular production and building-in of cement concrete
mixtures must also include detailed requirements for any possible additional treatment of the
underlying course surface.
If any changes must occur in the production and building-in of cement concrete mixtures, the
Contractor must present to the Engineer a written proposal of any such changes. The
Contractor may bring such changes into effect only after approval by the Engineer.
3.6.2 Cement Mortar

If not otherwise required in the design, cement mortar in the ratio 1:3 must be used to fill
joints among the drainage elements.
3.6.2.1 Preliminary Composition

The cement mortar to be used for filling in the joints of the drainage elements must comply
with the requirements stipulated in section 3.6.1.1 “Preliminary Composition” of this volume.

3.6.2.2 Required Characteristics

The quality of the cement mortar mixtures for filling in the joints the drainage elements must
correspond to the requirements in Table 3.10.
Properties of cement mortar Unit of measure Required value
Cement content, min. kg/m³ 600
Consistency (cone consolidation), max. mm 150
Compressive strength, min. MN/m² 30
Tensile strength with bending, min. MN/m² 3.5
Resistance against freezing and salt effects, min. Cycle 25
Note: All required values are boundary values.
Table 3.10: Quality Requirements for Cement Mortar Mixtures
3.6.2.3 Production and Building-in

The requirements for the concrete stipulated in sections 3.6.1.3 “Trial Production and
Building-in” and 3.6.1.4 “Regular Production and Building-in” of this volume are also
applicable to the cement mortar to fill the joints of the drainage elements.

4 Surface Drainage
4.1 General
For surface drainage the following may be used:
• Paved ditches (channels);
• Gutters.
Surface drainage must be executed on a scale defined by the design and in accordance with
these technical conditions. The Engineer must approve every alteration and modification in
advance.
4.2 Description
For surface drainage, drainage ditches (channels) must be used. These must be paved with:
• Broken stone;
• Slabs of cement concrete;
• Set paving of cement concrete;
• Segments of cement concrete; or
• Kerbs of cement concrete.
Gutters must be as follows:
• Of cement concrete;
• Of bituminous (asphalt) concrete;
• Paved with broken stone material.
Protection of the bottom of segment ditches may be executed as follows:
• With bituminous (asphalt) concrete;
• With small stone set paving.
In order to protect the foot of the drainage, ditch slopes must be constructed with:
• Broken stone;
• Mesh baskets (gabions).

Execution of all cited works for ensuring surface drainage includes delivery of all appropriate
materials and their building-in in such places as defined by the design. Not included in these
works are the necessary earthworks, defined in section 2.1 ”Excavations” of the “Earthworks”
volume.
The method of paving the ditches, execution of gutters and protection of the bottom and the
foot of the ditch slopes is as a rule defined by the design. The Engineer is responsible for
approving any departures or changes from this design.
4.3 Basic Material
4.3.1 Broken Stone

Broken stone of silicates and carbonaceous rocks must be used for paving the drainage
ditches and gutters and for protection of the foot of the ditch slopes.
4.3.2 Prefabricated Elements of Cement Concrete

Various prefabricated elements of cement concrete, corresponding to the conditions in the
design, must be used for paving the drainage ditches and gutters.
4.3.3 Cement Concrete Compositions

Compositions of cement concrete must be used for the execution of gutters and for the
underlying courses.
The basic materials for the preparation of appropriate cement concrete compositions for the
works stated are defined in section 3.3.2 “Cement Concrete” of this volume.
4.3.4 Cement Mortar

Cement mortar used to fill the joints between broken stone pieces and between prefabricated
elements of cement concrete and stone set paving must be composed of sand, cement and
water mixture.
Basic materials for the preparation of appropriate cement mortar mixtures for the stated
works are defined in section 3.3.3 “Cement Mortar” of this volume.

4.3.5 Bituminous (Asphalt) Concrete Mixtures

Mixtures of bituminous (asphalt) concrete may be used for the execution of gutters and for
the protection of the bottom of the curved ditches. Materials for the production of these
bituminised mixtures are defined in section 3.2.2.2 of the “Road Carriageway Construction
volume”.
4.3.6 Stone Set Paving

In order to protect the bottom of the curved ditches, small stone set paving (square) of
silicates and carbonaceous rocks must be used.

Stone granule mixtures for underlying courses with paved ditches are defined in section 3.3.1
”Stone Granule Mixtures” of this volume.
4.3.8 Mesh Baskets

For mesh baskets, nets of steel wire or plastic nets must be used. Broken stone, rocks or
shingle, and in exceptional cases rough gravel and rough gravel chippings, must be used to
fill the baskets.
4.4 Quality of Material
4.4.1 Broken Stone

Broken stone for paving the ditches and gutters must be of stony material that is uniform and
resistant against the effects of weather, water and salt. Broken stone materials for paving
ditches must be flat. Compressive strength of the broken stone used for paving must be at
least 120 MN/m².
Broken stone materials for the protection of the foot of the ditch slopes and for filling wire
baskets must be resistant against the effects of weather and water. The dimension of the
broken stone pieces must be appropriate for the purpose.
4.4.2 Prefabricated Elements of Cement Concrete

The prefabricated elements of cement concrete used for paving the drainage ditches (slabs,
segments, kerbs) and for gutters must be of compact cement concrete, without cracks. They
must comply with the requirements in Table 4.1.

Properties of prefabricated
Unit of measure Required value
elements of cement concrete
Deviation from measures, max. mm ±5
Compressive strength:
- average, min. MN/m² 30
- individually, min. MN/m² 25
Resistance against freezing and salt effects, min. Cycle 25
Table 4.1: Requirements for Prefabricated Elements of Cement Concrete
The Engineer may approve the use of prefabricated elements of cement concrete with
different properties. If the prefabricated elements are produced of two types of cement
concrete (the core and the surface course), their complete connection must be ensured.
4.4.3 Cement Concrete Mixture

The quality of materials for cement concrete mixtures used for gutters and for underlying
courses, must according comply with the requirements in section 3.4.2 of these technical
conditions. If not otherwise specified in the design, cement mortar used for the surface
drainage system must comply with the requirements in section 3.4.3 of these technical
conditions.
4.4.4 Cement mortar

Cement mortar must comply with the requirements in section 3.6.2 of these technical
conditions.
4.4.5 Bituminous (Asphalt) Concrete Mixtures

For the execution of gutters and for protection of the bottom of segment ditches, the quality
of bituminous concrete mixture as defined in section 3.2.2.5.2 (Table 3.33) ”Road
(Carriageway) Construction” volume, for wearing courses for light and very light traffic loads,
must be used. The portion of voids in the bituminous concrete mixture produced must be at
the lower value border.

4.4.6 Stone Set Paving

The quality of the stone set paving for protecting the bottom of the segment ditches must
comply with the conditions stated in section 3.4.2.1 of the “Road Carriageway Construction”
volume.

Mixtures of stone granule for underlying courses and for filling the joints when paving the
ditches may be composed of sand, shingle and chipping granules. The quality of these
granule mixtures must comply with the requirements in section 3.4.1 of these technical
conditions. The dimension of the granules in the mixture must be adjusted to the designed
thickness of the underlying course and the width of the joint.
4.4.8 Mesh Baskets

Nets for baskets must be made of high quality zinc-coated steel wire or of appropriate plastic
material.
The section of the wire and the plastic must be adjusted to the dimension of the mesh basket
and the material with which it is filled. If no requirements for mesh baskets must be defined
by the design, the supervisor is responsible for defining them.
4.5.1 General
All methods of surface drainage must consist, as a rule, of the following:
• Underlying course (one or two);
• Coating course (paving).
4.5.2 Obtaining the Materials

Prior to the commencement of the works, the Contractor must inform the Engineer of all
materials intended for use in surface drainage, and must provide appropriate evidence of
their quality. This evidence must not be:
• Older than one year for stone materials;
• Older than three months for prefabricated elements of cement concrete and
bituminous concrete;

• Older than six months for cement, cement concrete and nets for the baskets.
All properties of material required and stipulated in section 4.4 of these technical conditions
must be ensured. Materials not complying with the stated requirements must be removed by
4.5.3 Material Deposits

Conditions for depositing the necessary material for surface drainage are defined in section
3.5.2 “Material Deposits” of these technical conditions.
4.5.4 Base Preparation

As the base for the underlying course, the formation level of the excavation or embankment,
prepared pursuant to the requirements in section 2.1.4.2 and 2.4.5 of the “Earthworks”
volume, must be used. Any deviation from the stated requirements must be approved in
advance by the Engineer.
4.5.5 Production of Cement Concrete and Cement Mortar Mixtures

Conditions for the production of cement concrete and cement mortar mixtures are defined in
sections 4.5.5 “Production of Cement Concrete And Cement Mortar Compositions” of these
technical conditions.
4.5.6 Production of Bituminous Concrete Mixture

Conditions for the production of bituminous (asphalt) concrete mixture for the execution of
gutters and for the protection of the bottom of the curved ditches are defined in section
3.2.2.4.4 “Road Carriageway Construction” volume
4.5.7 Laying Down

On an appropriately prepared formation level of the base, which must not be frozen, the
laying down of stone granule mixture and of cement concrete composition for the underlying
course of ditch pavements may commence only after prior approval of the Engineer.
Appropriately equipped vehicles must be used for transportation of materials. The stone
granule mixture and the cement mixture composition must remain during their transportation.
No alteration of any properties or of the composition of the cement concrete is permissible.

The number of vehicles required to transport materials used for the underlying course to the
site must be adjusted to the conditions on proportionate building-in, in terms of production
capacities, the transportation distance, and the building-in capacity. The transportation of all
other materials for the underlying course and for surface drainage must be adopted to the
conditions on building-in.
4.5.8 Building-in
4.5.8.1 Sub-base Course

The sub-base course may be constructed of non-bound granule mixture and/or cement
concrete composition. The non-bound granule mixture, built in as an underlying course on a
scale according to the design and in equal thickness, must be applied in such a way as to
enable the building-in of another base and/or coating course on top of it, or to enable
protection pursuant to the required inclinations, and must be appropriately even. Equal
requirements are given also for the sub-base course of cement concrete to ensure good
water drainage. The spread, equally thick course of appropriately non-bound stone granule
mixtures and cement concrete composition, used for the sub-base course, must be
appropriately heightened so that after the process of hardening, the thickness of the sub-
base course must comply with the required dimensions of the design.
The cast in situ of the cement concrete composition must be made to the space of available
, approved equipments, however, it should be as a rule in one layer with the thickness given
in the design. Care must be taken to ensure equal condensation of cement concrete
composition as possible. Daily interruptions of the cast in situ of cement concrete must be
treated as a present joint, as a rule, rectangularity onto the building-in direction. The duration
of the cast in situ of cement concrete composition must not be longer than one hour. The
Engineer may approve also a longer cast in situ period of time, If the Contractor submits
evidence indicating that the quality of the cement concrete is nevertheless ensured.
When cement concrete is cast in situ as sub-base course, it is necessary to take into
consideration the air temperature and take actions accordingly. The method and conditions
for the cast in situ of the sub-base courses must be defined by the Engineer.
The Contractor may commence with the cast in situ of the following course only after the
Engineer has taken over the underlying course. The Contractor must for the whole period up
to the completion of the following course ensure that the level of the underlying course is in
such conditions as it has been in the moment of acceptance and must repair all damages
that could occur during the working period.

4.5.8.2 Coating Course

The method of execution of the coating course when paving the ditches, including all
dimensions, must be defined in the design. In order to ensure that, the required forms of the
paved ditches, gutters, inclinations and to ensure the protection of such, to markings should
be made to references in the profile boards.
The cast in-situ of materials for the coating courses must be performed predominantly by
hand. For the execution of gutters of cement concrete, the cast in-situ procedure may also
include use of a finisher with a sliding formwork. Joints between broken stone, slabs, set
paving, segments and kerbs for the paved ditches must not be larger than 20 mm. Joints
must be set apart so that at one place no more than three elements of the coating course are
joined.
The joints between the elements of the coating courses in paved ditches and gutters must be
filled with cement mortar. They may be also filled with a mixture of stone granules of crushed
stone. The depth of the filling of joints with cement mortar must be:
• At least 30 mm on the underlying course of non-bound mixture of stone granules; or
• On the underlying course of cement concrete composition, the filling must reach up to
this course.
The thickness of the individual crushed stone granules for filling the joints must not reach
beyond two thirds of the joint width. When using the broken stone for paving the ditches, the
end pieces at kerbs must be made of larger broken stone pieces. If the elements for the
coating course are placed on the underlying course of cement concrete mixture they must be
soaked in water before being placed. Joints must be moistened before they are filled with
cement mortar.
For the purpose of building-in bituminous concrete into the coating course of gutters and to
protect the bottom of the curved ditches, the conditions set out in section 3.2.2.4.6 “Road
Carriageway Construction volume” must be adhered to. The Engineer may also set
additional conditions as necessary.
4.5.8.3 Protection of the Foot of the Slope

Protection of the foot of the ditch slopes with broken stone or gabions must be executed by
placing them on an appropriately prepared base, according to the requirements in the design
and in section 11 “Gabions” and “Rip rap” of these technical conditions. The dimension of the
broken stone pieces must correspond to the conditions for the use of protection. The broken
stone must be placed in “dry”. The Engineer must approve the use of cement mortar or

cement concrete composition for binding the material and for filling the broken stone
material. All pieces of the broken stone must be so incorporated in stone surfaces or in mesh
baskets in order to be protected against being removed.

Prior to the start of works, the Contractor must provide the supervisor evidence of the quality
of all basic materials to be used for the surface drainage. The building-in of partially
damaged prefabricated elements of cement concrete may be approved only by the Engineer
only if this is not to the detriment of the quality of the surface drainage.
At least 15 days before the start of the building-in, the Contractor must submit a preliminary
(laboratory) composition of cement concrete and cement mortar mixtures and bituminous
concrete mixtures that intended for use with the surface drainage. The preliminary
composition must include information on all basic characteristics of the compositions and
mixtures, stated in sections 4.4.3 ”Cement Concrete Mixture”, 4.4.4 “Cement Mortar” and
4.4.5 ”Bituminous (Asphalt) Concrete Mixtures” of these technical conditions, as well as
evidence of the source and appropriate quality of all materials used for the preparation of
preliminary composition. The Contractor must not start with the building-in of compositions
and mixtures before approval of the preliminary composition is obtained by the Engineer.
The required quality characteristics of basic materials, stipulated in section 4.4 “Quality of
Material” of these technical conditions, refer to boundary values, if not otherwise agreed
upon. Permitted deviation from values in the design of the evenness, heights and inclinations
of the bottom and the slopes of the paved ditches and gutters as well as protection of the
bottom of the ditches, are indicated in
Table 4.2, overleaf.

Permissible deviation
Surface properties Unit measure
Bottom Slope*
Ditches and gutters:
- evenness mm – 15 – 25
- height mm ± 10 ± 50
- inclination % ± 0.5 ± 10
Bottom protection:
- evenness mm – 15 –
- height mm ± 10 –
- inclination % ± 0.5 –
* permissible deviations for slopes must not be by leaps and bounds
Table 4.2: Permissible Deviations in Paved Ditches and Gutters
4.7 Quality Control of Execution
4.7.1 Routine Tests

The extent of the routine tests with paving the ditches and execution of gutters, protection of
the bottom of ditches and the foot of the slopes must be determined by the Engineer on the
basis of the documentation presented and on the basis of the progress of work. Minimum
routine tests to be performed by the Contractor must include the following:
• Broken stone tests:
o For paving, every 800 m;
o For protection of the foot of the slopes, every 1000 m³;
• Tests of cement concrete composition, every 200 m;
• Tests of cement concrete composition:
o For underlying courses, every 400 m;
o For coating courses, every 200 m;
• Tests of cement mortar, every 800 m;
• Tests of bituminous (asphalt) concrete mixture, every 800 m;
• Tests of stone set paving, every 400 m;
• Tests of stone granule mixtures, every 2000 m;

• Tests of gabions, every 1000 m³;
• Surface properties:
o Ditch bottoms, every 20 m;
o Slopes of ditches, every 40 m.
If in the course of routine testing the Engineer ascertains larger deviations than those stated
in documents or larger than those in preliminary technological tests, he may additionally
increase the extent of the minimum routine tests. If equal deviations can be ascertained, the
Engineer may reduce the extent of the routine tests.
4.7.2 Control Test

The extent of the control tests, executed by the employer, must be in ratio 1:4 to routine
tests. The supervisor must determine the site where samples are to be taken for routine and
control tests of the quality of execution, by refers to of random statistical selection method.
4.8 Measurement and Take-over of Work
4.8.1 Measurement of Work

The executed works are measured in accordance with section 4.1 of the General
Requirements for Construction (GRC) and are calculated in appropriate units of
measurement. All quantities are measured according to the completed extent and type of
work being executed within the framework of the bill of quantities in the design.
4.8.2 Take-over of Work

The executed drainage surface is taken-over by the Engineer under the quality demands in
these technical conditions and in accordance with section 4.2. of the GRC. Any deficiencies
discovered in regard to these demands must be rectified by the Contractor before continuing
with the works. All expenses for rectifying these deficiencies must be charged to the
Contractor, including expenses for all measurements and tests which demonstrate an
unsuitable quality and, where necessary, for all subsequent measurements and tests of the
quality after the corresponding rectification.
The Contractor is not entitled to any payment for works which do not meet the quality
demands in accordance with these technical conditions (i.e. works that exceed the boundary
values) and which the Contractor did not rectify under the instructions of the Engineer. The

employer is in such cases permitted to extend the guarantee for all works that depends on
the non-rectified work for at least five years.
4.9 Cost Calculation
4.9.1 General
The executed works are calculated in accordance with section 4.3 of the GRC. The
quantities defined in section 4.8.1 ”Measurement of work” must be calculated by the contract
unit price. The contract unit price must include all services necessary for the completion of
works. The Contractor is not entitled to demand any additional payment.
4.9.2 Deductions for Unsuitable Quality
4.9.2.1 Quality of Materials

There are no deductions for the quality of material because of the conditioned demands for
the corresponding quality of material for surface drainage. If the Contractor builds in for the
surface drainage such material not corresponding to the requirements in section 4.4 “Quality
of Material” of this volume, the decision on the method of calculation must be defined by the
Engineer, who may also reject the overall work completed.
4.9.2.2 Quality of Execution

The required basis for the assessment of the quality of execution is shown in Table 5.2.
If the Contractor does not ensure the demanded quality for the surface drainage, the
Engineer may specify the method of calculation.

5 Deep Drainage Systems – Drainages
5.1 General
Deep drainage system by refers to of drainages serves for the improvement of hydrological
conditions within the road area. Water is thus prevented from flowing onto the road, the water
level is lowered, and drainage of underground water is ensured. It also improves the
consolidation, stabilisation, and bearing capacity of highly compressible, poorly permeable
and poorly bearing coherent soil. Deep drainage systems enable drainages, and structures
connected with these drainages. Deep drainage system by refers to of drainages must be
executed in dimensions defined by the design and in accordance with these technical
conditions. Any modification must be in agreement with the responsible designer and must
be approved in advance by the supervisor.
5.2 Description
For deep drainage systems, the following must be used
• Deep longitudinal and transverse drainages; and
• Vertical drainages and piles.
Deep longitudinal and transverse drainages may be placed on:
• Excavation formation level;
• On clayey fill layer; or
• On underlying course of cement concrete.
Vertical drainages and piles may be:
• Driven in (by removing the core); or
• Impressed.
Vertical drainages and piles may be made of:
• Sand, gravel, or crushed stone granule mixture; or
• Drainage tapes.
Execution of all above stated drainage types, ensuring deep drainage, includes supply
(delivery) of all appropriate materials and placing them at locations as defined in the design.
Not all required earth works are detailed here; these are defined in detail in section 2.1 of the
“Earthworks” volume.

Water from the excavations for the deep drainage system must be pumped out for the whole
duration of the filling, being executed up to the ground water level. Any damage resulting
from insufficient pumping out of water must be charged to the Contractor. The method of
drainage execution must be defined by the design. If this is not the case, the method must be
stipulated by the Engineer.
5.3 Basic Material

The following basic materials for the deep drainage system with drainages must be used:
• Material for underlying course;
• Drainage pipes;
• Material for filling the drainages;
• Drainage tapes.
5.3.1 Material for Underlying Course

Clayey fill layer and cement concrete composition must be the main materials used with
deep drainage for the underlying course.
5.3.2 Drainage Pipes

Pipes for shallow, and deep, longitudinal and transverse drainage system must be of:
• Plastics (flexible or hard); or
• Cement concrete.
Pipe section for drainage system may be circular or other combined forms of circular,
elliptical and rectangular. Pipes must be perforated.
5.3.3 Material for Filling the Drainages

The following materials may be placed into shallow and deep longitudinal and transverse
drains, whether coated with felt or not:
• Stone mixtures; or
• Cement concrete compositions;

Stone granule mixtures of sand, gravel and crushed stone may also be used to fill drainage
pipes and vertical drainages (piles).
5.3.4 Drainage Tapes

For the vertical drainage system many drainage tapes of pinned artificial fabric may be used,
strengthened with a finisher, with or without a plastic core.
5.4.1.1 Clayey fill layer

Required quality of material for clayey fill layers are defined in section 2.4.3.1 “Soils” and the
quality of execution in section 2.4.5.1 “Level of Compaction” of the “Earthworks” volume.
5.4.1.2 Cement Concrete Compositions

Material quality for cement concrete compositions for underlying courses used for the deep
drainage system must comply with the requirements stated in section 3.4.2 of this volume. If
not otherwise required in the design, cement concrete for the underlying courses used for the
drainage system must comply with the requirements in section 3.6.1 of the GRC. In
exceptional circumstances the Engineer may supplement the stated requirements for cement
concrete used for the underlying courses.
5.4.2 Drainage Pipes

Plastic drainage pipes for deep drainages must comply with specific requirements in terms of
the following:
• Dimensions – pipe diameter and wall thickness;
• Mass;
• Rearrangement and surface of the opening for water inflow;
• Resistance against shocks;
• Resistance against bending;
• Resistance against pressure on top; and
• Resistance against stretch at shocks.

The required values must be defined in the agreed producers’ documentation, if not defined
in special requirements by the design itself.
Drainage pipes of cement concrete must comply with the prescribed requirements for the
following:
• Dimensions: length and diameter of pipes and thickness of wall;
• Evenness;
• Rearrangement and surface of the opening for water inflow;
• Resistance against pressure on top; and
• Resistance against bending.
The quality of polymeric pipes and standard dimension piping cuts for deep draining must
fulfil the requirements of EN standard.
5.4.3 Piping systems intended for sub-soil drainage.

The documentation for all pipes and their standard dimension must contain the following
particulars:
• Nominal diameter;
• Required perforation type: TP (total perforation) (360°), MP (medium perforation)

(220°), LP (low perforation) (120°), WP (without perforation);
• Pipe category in relation to required stiffness.
In the project documentation, greater stiffness may be required than the minimum standard
stiffness levels. However, in such instances, drain pipes must be custom-made.
For other forms of drainage pipes to be used , the drain pipe type must be specified in the
project documentation.
Pipes intended for tunnel drainage must meet the following requirements:
• Total surface of drainage openings ≥ 200 cm²/m1
• Drainage opening width 5 ± 1 mm
• Perforation type (as 220 °) MP

Due to constant developments in drain pipe production, the most recently adopted standards
must at all times be adhered to.
5.4.4 Material for Filling

Composition of stone granule mixtures, for filling the transverse longitudinal and vertical
drainages not wrapped with fabric, must comply with the following boundary conditions:
12 < d15 D / d15 Z < 40
12 < d60 D / d50 Z < 40
where:
d15 D, d60 D – refer to granule diameter at 15% or 60% of siftings of stone granule mixture
for the drainage filling; and
d15 Z, d60 Z – refer to granule diameter at 15% or 60% of soil sifting round the drainage in
order to prevent soil entering into such drainage. The diameter of the largest
granules of stone granule mixtures used for filling the drainage may be
63 mm if requirements in the design or requirements stipulated by the
Engineer do not determine otherwise. If the aggregate intended for filling
drains is covered with felt, the aggregate composition must be such that it
can ensure the permeability coefficient c ≥ 10-2 cm/s. The test sample must
be prepared according to Modified Proctor Procedure.”
In the case of unwrapped aggregate intended to be used to fill drains, the discontinuous
grading coefficient U = d60/d10 must be higher than eight. In the case of wrapped aggregate,
however, the coefficient U must be higher than three if the aggregate is composed of various
fractions; in the case of single-dimensioned aggregate (basic fraction), the lower coefficient
value is not determined.
In the case of unwrapped stone granule mixtures intended to be used to fill drains, the ratio
of uneven granulation U = d60 / d10 must be more than eight; and with wrapped mixture, more
than three.
The compression strength of rocks used for stone granule mixture for drainage filling must be
a minimum of 80 MN/m².

5.4.4.2 Polypropylene Fabric

Polypropylene fabric used for wrapping the stone granule mixtures of cement concrete
composition for deep drainage system-drainages must comply with the requirements in Table
5.1:
PP fabric properties Unit of measure Required value
Mass, minimum g/m² 300
Rupture strength
- transverse, min. N/cm 100
Longitudinal, min. N/cm 50
Expansion, min. % 80
Table 5.1: Requirements for Polypropylene Fabrics for

Deep Drainage System Drainages
The lower boundary value must not be lower than 15% below the required values in Table
5.1. The extreme lower boundary value must not be lower than 25% below the values
stipulated in the table
5.4.4.3 Cement Concrete Composition

If not otherwise foreseen by the design, the characteristics of cement concrete mixtures for
the filling of drainages used for deep drainage systems may be similar to those in section
5.4.4.3 “Cement Concrete Compositions” of this volume, defined for the underlying courses.
Composition of stone granule mixtures for the preparation of the cement concrete
composition used for filling the drainages must be such as to enable the quotient of the water
permeability of the cement concrete for the filling to be k = ≥ 10–4 m/s.
5.4.5 Drainage Strips
5.4.5.1 Polypropylene fabric

If not otherwise stated in the design, polypropylene fabric must be used for drainage tapes,
with a maximum titration of 9,5 dtex, strengthened with an appropriate finishing agent,
resistant to the effects of soil and ground water and to hydrolysis and bacteriological
destruction. The required polypropylene fabric properties for drainage filter and for the
wrapping of plastic cores are defined in Table 5.2.

Measure Minimum Testing

Characteristics
unit requirements procedure
Strength characteristics of the core:
- tensile strength N/cm 150 EN 527
- rupture elongation % 25
Draining capacity of drainage strip:

-5
- longitudinal m³/s 5 x 10 EN ISO 12956
Strength characteristics of the cover:
Filtering and draining characteristics of

the cover:
- effective pore openings µm < 100 EN ISO 12956

-3
- permeability coefficient m/s 1 x 10 EN ISO 11058
-1
- permittivity s 1.2 EN ISO 11058
Table 5.2: Requirements for Polypropylene

Fabrics for Drainage Tapes
The lower boundary value must not be lower than 10% below the required values listed in
Table 5.2; the extreme lower boundary value must not be lower than 20% below the required
values in the table.
5.4.5.2 Polyethylene Core

If not otherwise required in the design, a full or hollow core with ribbed section of low density
polyethylene must be used for the drainage tapes. The dimensions of polypropylene core
must be defined in the manufacturer’s agreed documentation. Permissible deviations from
the measures must be approved by the Engineer. The required polyethylene core properties
for the drainage tapes are defined in Table 5.3.

Core properties Unit of measure Required property
Mass, min. g/m 150
Rupture strength, min. N/cm 150
Expansion, min. % 120
Sphere of resistance against rupture ºC –15 to +35
Table 5.3: Required Polyethylene Core Properties for Drainage Tapes
The boundary and the extreme boundary values are for the polyethylene core defined with
equal values as for the polypropylene fabric (section 5.4.5.1).
5.4.5.3 Additional Properties

Minimum conditional requirements for drain strip properties must comply with the conditions
of the geotechnical expert report.
The selected drain strip must be defined with a general description of:
• Design;
• Type of material; and
• Dimensions.
The geotechnical expert report usually defines the following drain strip properties that must
be checked upon completion (see Table 5.4, following page):

Minimum Testing
Properties Measure unit
requirements procedure
Strength properties of steel:
- rupture elongation % 25 EN ISO 10321
Drain strip capacity: ASTM D 4716
- longitudinal at 350 kPa m³/s 5 x 10-5

-5
- in corrugated state at 200 kPa m³/s 3 x 10
Strength properties of cover: EN 10319
- tensile strength N/cm 120
Filter/drainage properties of cover:
- effective pore openings μm < 100 EN 12956

-3
- permeability coefficient m/s 1 x 10 EN 120040
-1
-permittivity s 1.2
Table 5.4: Drain Strip Properties Reporting Requirement
The suitability of the selected drain strip in terms of available technology of

stamping/pressing must be confirmed on a test field.
5.5.1 Obtaining the Material

The Contractor must, before starting to execute the deep drainage works, inform the
supervisor of all types of materials intended for the execution and must submit sufficient
evidence of their appropriate quality. Such evidence must not be:
• Older than one year, for stone granule mixtures and for coherent soil for clayey fill
layer;
• Older than six months, for cement concrete compositions, for drainage pipes, for
polypropylene fabric and drainage tapes.
All material requirements stipulated in section 5.4 “Quality of Material” of this volume must be
ensured, if not otherwise required in these technical conditions. Material not corresponding to
certain stated requirements must be removed by the Contractor and marked separately.


If the Contractor temporarily stores the required materials before the execution of works, he
must ensure and arrange for an appropriate location. Thereby, he must take into
consideration instructions issued by the producer of each material regarding its storage and
must consider instructions given by the supervisor, especially with regard to plastic materials
exposed to UV light.
Stocks of all material required for deep drainage system with drainages must be deposited in
such a quantity that continuous execution of works is ensured.
5.5.3 Preparation of Base

The formation level of the excavation, is as a rule, used for the base of the underlying course
of longitudinal and transverse drainage. They must be executed evenly and of appropriate
inclinations according to the design.
The formation level of the course or the platform for placing vertical drainages must be
prepared according to the design and the requirements in section 1.3.5 of the GRC. The
formation level of the base must be taken over by the Engineer before starting to place the
underlying course.
5.5.4 Production of Cement Concrete Compositions

Conditions for the cement concrete compositions are defined in section 3.5.3 of these
5.5.5 Placing of the Materials

Coherent soil for clayey fill and cement concrete mixture for the drainage underlying course
may be used on appropriately prepared formation level of the non-frozen base only if
approved by the supervisor. The same conditions apply for the placement of the stone
granules for the execution of longitudinal, transverse and vertical drainages. The appropriate
vehicles must be used for haulage of the drainage materials assuring that appropriate
properties of material for the underlying course and drainages are kept.
5.5.5.1 Underlying Course

The underlying course of clayey fill layer or cement concrete mixture must be placed in
quantities according to the design, evenly and in appropriate inclinations in order to enable

undisturbed water drainage. Due to the limited space both the clayey fill layer and the
cement concrete mixture for the drainage underlying course must be placed manually.
The method and conditions for placing the underlying courses for deep drainage system
must be defined by the Engineer. Joints of the drainage pipes must be made as instructed by
the manufacturer of the pipes and as instructed by the Engineer. Joints on feather and
groove must remain non-sealed, whereas joints of the drainage pipes to the manholes must
be sealed according to the design.
5.5.5.2 Filling
The Contractor may start filling the excavations for drainages or with placing stone granule
mixtures or cement concrete compositions only when approved by the Engineer. The filling
and compaction must be made in courses so that about 80% of thickening of the placed
stone granule mixture is ensured (according to the modified Proctor procedure) whereby
there must not be any danger of damaging the drainage pipes or an excess of impressed
stone granules into soil around the vertical drainages (piles).
The outlet of the drilled-in vertical drainages (piles) must have a pipe during the filling
procedure; the remaining borehole must have a pipe only if so required on account of
conditioned quality of the drainage or the pile filling. The impressed vertical drainages with
filling must be made by filling the stone granule mixtures into the impressed pipe and with
appropriate dynamic compaction when taking out the pipes. The final drainage filling course
must be executed functionally and in accordance with further construction.
5.5.5.3 Vertical Drainages with Tapes

Vertical drainages of plastic and other materials in tape form must be impressed into soil with
an appropriate facility having a protective control guidance so that the change of the soil
condition round the drainage tape is as small as possible after pulling the guidance out, and
the drainage tape clean. Very deeply impressed drainage tape must be extended only once
at the most. Joints must be made in such a way to ensure undisturbed water flow and are
conditioned to mechanical properties of the drainage tape. In soft soil the drainage tapes
must be appropriately anchored at the bottom, in order to ensure the depth of the drainage
as required by the design.
All coherent soil, collected round the mouth of the impressed vertical drainage tape when
pulling out the protective control guidance, must be removed in order to ensure undisturbed
water outflow. The impressed vertical drainage tapes must reach at least 30 cm above the

formation level of the platform. This part of the drainage tape must be placed on the
formation level and covered with appropriate permeable material.

Before starting works, the Contractor must submit to the Engineer evidence of the quality of
all basic materials intended for use with deep drainage systems, pursuant to the
requirements in section 5.4 “Quality of Material” of this volume. Use of partially damaged
basic materials may be approved by the Engineer only if this use is not to the detriment of
the quality of the deep drainage system. At least 15 days before the commencement of such
placing, the Contractor must submit preliminary (laboratory) composition of cement concrete
mixture intended for use with the deep drainage systems. Preliminary composition must
include data on all basic properties of the cement concrete mixtures stated in sections
5.4.1.2 “Cement Concrete Compositions” and 5.4.4.3 “Cement Concrete Composition” of this
volume, as well as evidence of the source and appropriate quality of all materials, used with
preparation composition.
So long as an approval is obtained by the Engineer for the preliminary composition of the
cement concrete mixture, the Contractor is not allowed to start with the placing of the
material. The required quality properties of the basic materials, defined in section 3.4 “Quality
of Material” of this volume, refer to the boundary values, if not otherwise agreed. With regard
to the properties (characteristics) of the individual part, the Engineer defines the boundary
values.
5.7.1 Routine Tests

The extent of the routine tests with the works for deep drainage system with drainages must
be determined by the Engineer on the basis of the documentation submitted upon the
requirements given in section 5.6 “Quality of Execution” of this volume and on the basis of
the progress of works.
Minimum routine tests to be performed by the Contractor must include the following:
• Tests of clayey fill, every 400 m²;
• Tests of cement concrete mixture:
o For underlying course, every 200 m³;

• For filling:
o Tests of drainage pipes, every 400 m;
o Tests of stone granule mixtures, every 200 m³;
o Tests of polypropylene fabric, every 4000 m²;
o Tests of drainage tapes, every 20000 m.
If, in the course of routine tests, the Engineer ascertains larger deviations from the results
than those stated in documents or larger than those in the preliminary technological tests, he
may increase the extent of the minimum routine tests. If the deviations are equal he may
reduce the extent of the routine tests.
The quality of the execution of deep drainage system-drainages can be defined in agreement
with the Engineer also with other acknowledged procedures. In such a case, the Engineer
must in agreement state also measures for evaluating the quality.
5.7.2 Control Tests

tests. Locations for taking samples for the routine and control tests of the quality of execution
must be defined by the Engineer with the random statistical selection method.

The works executed are measured in accordance with section 4.1 of the GRC and are
calculated in appropriate units of measurement. All quantities are measured according to the
actually completed extent and type of works, being executed within the framework of the Bill
of Quantities in the Design.

The constructed drainages for the deep drainage system must be taken over by the Engineer
pursuant to the demands for the quality stipulated in these technical conditions and to section
4.2 of the GRC. All discovered deficiencies in regard to these demands must be repaired by
the Contractor before continuing with the work. The Contractor is not entitled to any payment
for works which do not correspond to the quality demands in accordance with these technical
conditions (exceed the boundary values) and which the Contractor did not rectify, as

instructed by the Engineer. The employer is in such a case permitted to extend the
guarantee period for all the works which depend on non- rectified work, for at least ten years.
5.9.1 General
The executed works are calculated in accordance with section 4.3 of the GRC. The
quantities defined in section 5.8.1 must be calculated by the contract unit price. The contract
unit price must include all services, necessary for the complete finalisation of works. The
Contractor has no right to demand for any additional payment.
5.9.2 Deduction for Unsuitable Quality
5.9.2.1 Quality of Material

The quality of the basic materials for drainages used for the deep drainage system must be
defined with the boundary values that have to be reached, as a rule.
If the Engineer also defines extreme boundary values for the quality of the basic materials,
he must also define the procedure for calculating the deductions, if the procedure differs from
the one stated in the provisions of the GRC.
If the Contractor uses material in the drainages for the deep drainage system that do not
correspond to the requirements in section 5.4 “Quality of Material” of this volume, the
decision on the method of calculation must be defined by the Engineer who may also reject
all work completed.

The quality of the executed deep drainage system with drainages must be defined by the
design. If the Contractor does not ensure the demanded quality of the execution, the
Engineer may specify the method of calculation for the deep drainage system with drainages.

6 Drainage Systems – Storm Sewer System
6.1 General
The storm sewer system allows deep drainage of surface, waste and faecal water. It must be
executed in dimensions defined by the design and in accordance with these technical
conditions. Any modification in agreement with the responsible designer must be approved
by the Engineer before commencement of works.
6.2 Description
The storm sewer system can be constructed:
• From pipes;
• In semi-prefabricated execution with prefabricated elements from the bottom and/or

arch and with cement concrete; or
• In situ by using tiles, bricks and/or cement concrete.
Execution of storm sewer system includes delivery of all appropriate materials and
installation at those places as defined by the design.
These works do not include the necessary earthworks for an excavation and embankment,
defined in detail in sections 2.1 “Excavation” and 2.4, Embankment, Choke Aggregate, Road
Bed and Rammed Loam Construction” of the “Earthworks” volume. Execution of storm sewer
systems of large and/or special sections at the place of its instalment, defined in detail in
section 5 “Construction Specialist Works” volume, are not included in these works.
Excavations made for the purpose of the storm sewer must be pumped of water at all times,
as long as the filling is not made up to the underground level. Damage that might occur due
to water not being pumped out is the responsibility of the Contractor. The construction
method and storm sewer system testing must be defined by the design. The Engineer must
approve any alteration and modification in advance.
6.3 Basic Material

Basic materials for the construction of the storm sewer system are:
• Materials for underlying courses;
• Pipes for storm sewer;
• Materials for treating contacts and joints;

• Materials for filling.
6.3.1 Materials for Underlying Courses

The underlying course under the storm sewer pipes is predominantly constructed of:
• Stone granule mixtures; and/or
• Cement concrete composition.
The storm sewer pipes are placed directly on the excavation formation level only in special
cases.
6.3.2 Pipes for Storm Sewer Systems

For storm sewer systems, the following are appropriate in the main:
• Pipes of plastic masses (hard PVC or polyethylene);
• Pipes of cement concrete;
• Asbestos-cement pipes; and
• Cast iron pipes.
For storm sewer systems, the following are rarely used:
• Ribbed (flexible) plastic pipes;
• Steel pipes;
• Ceramic pipes.
Pipes for the storm sewer system have, as a rule, circular sections. Pipes of cement concrete
for special purposes of the storm sewer system can be also oval or in horse-shoe section or
a section with a gutter.
The type of the pipe must be defined by the design.
6.3.3 Material for Treating Contacts and Joints

Cement mortar for treating contacts and joints must be composed of sand, cement and water
mixture. The basic material for the preparation of appropriate cement mortar mixture is
described in section 3.3.3 “Cement Mortar” of this volume. Joints between the pipes
necessary for the storm sewer system can be compacted also with a bituminised rope and
bituminous admixture, rubber washer frames and with washer putty.


Appropriate material for filling the ditches for the storm sewer system are described in detail
in section 2.4 “Embankment, Choke Aggregate, Road Bed and Rammed Loam Construction”
of the “Earthworks” volume.
6.4 Quality of Materials
6.4.1 Materials for Underlying Course

The quality of stone granule mixtures for the underlying course under the storm sewer
system pipes are defined in section 3.4.1 “Stone Granule Mixtures” of this volume.

Material quality for cement concrete compositions for underlying courses under the storm
sewer system pipes must comply with the requirements stated in section 3.4.2 “Cement
Concrete” of this volume. If not otherwise required in the design, cement concrete for the
underlying courses for the storm sewer system must comply with the requirements in section
3.6.1 “Cement Concrete” of this volume. If the storm sewer must be constructed In special
circumstances, the Engineer may supplement the stated requirements for cement concrete
compositions used for the underlying course.
6.4.2 Pipes for Storm Sewer Systems

The quality of polymeric pipes and standard dimension piping cuts intended for sewage
systems must comply with the requirements as follows:
6.4.2.1 Structured Wall Pipes and Standard Dimension Piping Cuts

The quality of pipes and standard dimension piping cuts with structured wall, made of
polymeric materials, must meet the requirements specified in the proposed standard:
EN 13476 – Underground piping systems intended for sewage and drainage (gravity flow)
made of polymeric materials – Structured wall piping systems made of unsoftened Polyvinyl
Chloride (PVC-U), Polypropylene (PP) and Polyethylene (PE).

6.4.2.2 Plain Wall Pipes and Standard Dimension Piping Cuts (PE)
The quality of pipes and standard dimension piping cuts with plain wall, made of PE-based
EN 2666 Underground piping systems intended for sewage and drainage (gravity flow) made
of polymeric materials – Polyethylene (PE).
6.4.2.3 Plain Wall Pipes and Standard Dimension Piping Cuts (PVC-U)
The quality of pipes and standard dimension piping cuts with plain wall, made of PVC-U-
based polymeric materials, must meet the requirements specified in the proposed standard:
of polymeric materials – unsoftened Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC-U).
6.4.2.4 Plain Wall Pipes and Standard Dimension Piping Cuts (PP)
The quality of pipes and standard dimension piping cuts with plain wall, made of PP-based
of polymeric materials – Polypropylene (PP).
6.4.2.5 Plain Wall Pipes and Standard Dimension Piping Cuts (Reinforced
Polyester)
The quality of pipes and standard dimension piping cuts with plain wall, made of reinforced
polyester, must meet the requirements specified in the proposed standard: EN 1636
Underground piping systems intended for sewage and drainage (gravity flow) made of glass-
reinforced unsaturated polyester.
6.4.2.6 High Density Polyethylene Pipes (HDPE)

High Density Poly Ethylene pipes must comply with ISO 4427–1996 (E) and
ISO 161-1: 1996.
The pipes must be designed for a nominal working pressure class of EN 1092-1.

The nominal outside diameter and wall thickness of the pipes are as shown in the following
table :
Nominal outside Wall thickness

diameter (mm) (mm)
25 2.8
32 3.6
63 7.1
125 11.4
180 16.4
250 22.7
Table 6.1: Pipe Outside Diameter and Wall Thickness
The length of the coiled pipes must be 50—100 m, in straight lengths. If the pipes are to be
coiled, this must be done at a temperature not less than 30°C. For dimensions over 63 mm,
all coils must be securely banded with tough tape which cannot be removed except by
butting.
The minimum diameter of the rollers for coiled pipe must be such that kinking of the pipe is
prevented.
The minimum internal diameter of the rollers must not be less than 24 times the nominal
outside diameter of the pipe, with a minimum of 600 mm.
The ends of the pipe must be plugged or covered.
The pipes must be manufactured from polyethylene containing only those antioxidants, UV
stabilisers and pigments necessary for the manufacture of potable water pipes and must be
either black or black with blue stripes and comply with ISO 4427.
Due to constant developments in sewage pipe production, the most recently adopted
standard must always be adhered to.

6.4.3 Material for Treating Contacts and Joints
6.4.3.1 Cement Mortar

Material quality for cement mortar used for treating the contacts and joints among the pipes
for the storm sewer system are defined in detail in section 3.4.3 “Cement Mortar” of this
volume.
6.4.3.2 Other Materials

The quality of other materials for treating the contacts and joints must be defined in detail
with appropriate prescribed properties and characteristics, in documentation supplied by
manufacturer, or as defined by the Engineer.

The quality of cohesive or stone material for filling the ditches for the storm sewer system
(moisture, portion of organic admixture) must comply with the following conditions for
thickening the built-in materials that are intended for the storm sewer system:
• Within the road area, as defined by the requirements in section 2.4.5.1 (Table 2.3) of
the “Earthworks” volume;
• Outside this particular area, 95% thickness for the filling-up material used, defined
according to the standard Proctor procedure.
Filling materials for at least 30 cm above the top of the pipes used for the storm sewer
system must not consist of granules larger than 63 mm. Such material must be built-in
manually.
6.5.1 Obtaining Materials

The Contractor must, before starting to execute the storm sewer system works, inform the
Engineer of the types of all materials intended for use for the execution and must submit for
them appropriate evidence of their quality. Such evidence must not be:
• Older than one year, for stone granule mixtures;
• Not older than six months, for cement concrete and cement mortar compositions and
for pipes used for the storm sewer system;
• Not older than one month, for filling materials.

All required material properties set out in section 6.4 “Quality of Material” of this volume must
be ensured. Material not corresponding to certain stated requirements must be removed by

Conditions for depositing the necessary material for the storm sewer system must be in
accordance with definitions in section 3.5.2 “Material Deposits” of this volume.

The formation level of the excavation must be used for the base of the underlying course for
the storm sewer system, to be prepared according to the requirements in section 2.1.4.2
“Excavations” of the “Earthworks” volume. Any deviation from these requirements must be
approved by the Engineer in advance.
The formation level of the base must be taken over by the Engineer before starting to place
the underlying course or pipes for the storm sewer system, if they are placed directly on the
excavation formation level.
6.5.4 Production of Cement Concrete Composition

Conditions for production of cement concrete composition for the underlying courses and
cement mortar for treating joints and contacts are described in detail in section 3.5.3
“Production of Cement Concrete And Cement Mortar Compositions” of this volume.
6.5.5 Driving On
driving on of stone granule mixture or cement concrete composition for the underlying course
may commence only upon prior approval of the Engineer. Appropriately equipped vehicles
must be used for such transportation. The stone granule mixture and the cement concrete
composition must remain during their transportation of the same mixture and composition;
their composition, mixture and properties may not change. The number of vehicles required
for haulage must be adjusted to the conditions upon proportionate placing of the storm sewer
system.

6.5.6 Building-in
6.5.6.1 Underlying Courses

The underlying courses of stone granule mixtures and cement concrete composition, and the
underlying plate of cement concrete or wood, must be built-in evenly and with appropriate
inclinations, according to the design. Due to limited space, the material for the underlying
courses must be built-in manually.
The method and conditions for building-in the underlying courses for the storm sewer system
pipes must be defined by the Engineer. The time for building-in the cement concrete mixtures
must not be longer than one hour.
6.5.6.2 Pipes for the Storm Sewer System

The Contractor is permitted to start with the building-in of the storm sewer system pipes only
when the Engineer takes over the underlying course. Pipes for the storm sewer system must
be built in together at least on the section between two manholes. Joints and contacts of
pipes for the storm sewer system must be watertight. The connection of the pipe for the
storm sewer system onto the manhole must be also watertight. If the pipe contacts and joints
are not defined in detail in the design, the Engineer must specify the method of such
connections.
Instructions by the producers of pipes must be taken into consideration for the connection of
plastic and cast iron pipes for use in the storm sewer system. After connecting the pipes,
besides appropriate cement mortar on feather of the pipe, the joints must be treated with
another 3—5 cm thick and 6—10 cm wide ring of cement mortar.
6.5.6.3 Filling-up
For filling up the ditches of the storm sewer system the provisions in section 2.4.4 “Method of
Execution” of “Earthworks” volume must be adhered to. The first 30 cm of the filling-up of the
trench above the top of the sewer pipe must be executed manually in order to ensure good
quality of workmanship, the rest can be carried out both manually or through the use of
equipments. In special circumstances the Engineer must specify the method of the filling-up,
and also define quality conditions of the execution of the works.

6.5.6.4 Pipe Strengthening

If due to special circumstances the design foresees a strengthening of pipes by cement
concrete coating up to the half of the height or in whole, all conditions for such work and the
cost calculation must be defined by the Engineer.
If not otherwise required in the design, it is possible to use for such pipe strengthening the
coating for the storm sewer system of equal quality of cement concrete as defined in section
6.4.1.2 “Cement Concrete Compositions” of this volume for the underlying course.
The method of use and quality of concrete coatings must be specified by the sewage system
designer.
For all pipes and standard dimension piping cuts made of polymeric materials, the project
documentation must clearly demonstrate pipe type and lot (nominal stiffness, lot), which
depend on the load effect envisaged.

Prior to commencement of works, the Contractor must submit to the Engineer evidence of
the quality of all basic materials intended for use with the storm sewer works, as specified in
section 6.4 “Quality of Material” of this volume.
Placing of partially damaged pipes for the storm sewer system may be approved by the
Engineer if it is not to the detriment of the quality of the storm sewer system.
At least 15 days before the commencement of such placing, the Contractor must submit
preliminary (laboratory) composition of cement concrete mixture intended for use for the
underlying course, and of cement mortar. Preliminary composition must include data on all
basic properties of the cement concrete mixture and mortar, as stated in sections 6.4.1.2
“Cement Concrete Compositions” and 6.4.3 “Material for Treating Contacts and Joints” of this
volume, as well as evidence of the source and appropriate quality of all materials, used with
the preparation of the preliminary composition. As long as no approval has been obtained by
the Engineer for the preliminary composition of the cement concrete mixture and mortar, the
Contractor is not permitted to start placing material.
The properties of the executed filling-up of pipes for the storm sewer system must be at least
equal to those of the embankment or the foundation soil nearby.
The required quality properties of the basic materials, defined in section 6.4 “Quality of
Material” of this volume mean the boundary values, if not otherwise agreed. With regard to

the properties (characteristics) of the individual part, the Engineer must specify the boundary
values.
6.7.1 Routine Tests

The extent of the routine tests with the performance of works for the storm sewer system
must be defined by the Engineer on the basis of the documentation submitted upon the
requirements given in section 6.6 “Quality of Execution” of this volume and on the basis of
the progress of works.
• Tests of stone granule mixture, every 2000 ml;
• Tests of cement concrete mixture, every 400 ml;
• Tests of pipes, every 200 ml;
• Tests of cement mortar, every 800 ml;
• Tests of the filling-up material.
If water non-permeability of the constructed storm sewer system is required in the design, an
appropriate control must be made of the pipeline. On the lowest parts of the pipeline, the
pressure must be 1 m of the water pillar above the water level defined by the design; on the
highest part it must not be greater than 0.5 m above the water level. The pressure must be
kept for five hours. The method and other conditions for such control must be defined by the
Engineer. He must also specify the volume of the soil-mechanical measurements of the
installed pipes for the storm sewer system as well as conditions.
The quality of the storm sewer system construction works may be defined in agreement with
the Engineer. In the case of use of other recognised procedures in construction, the Engineer
must agree measures to evaluate quality.

6.7.2 Control Tests

tests. Locations for taking samples for the routine and control tests must be defined at
random by the Engineer with the statistical selection method. The Engineer may also define
other extents of the control tests.
6.7.3 Sealing Testing

With regard to exposure of water source and sensitivity in paved areas, the basic starting-
points for selection of the method of underground water protection, which depends on water
zone/carrier sensitivity level, are forms of pollution, area sensitivity assessment, drainage
method and sealing systems.
The classification of area sensitivity is given in Table 6.2.
Sensitivity level Sensitivity assessment
IA* –
IB
Very sensitive
IIA
IIIA
IIB Sensitive
IC
IIC
Moderately sensitive
IIIB
Slightly sensitive, or
IIIC
not sensitive
*road pavement should not be located in this sensitivity area.
Table 6.2: Classification of Area Sensitivity
The sensitivity of individual areas must be precisely defined in design documentation based
on laws and decrees on water protection at state and local levels. Design and construction of
sewage pipes is based on the European standard EN 1610 for all waste water pipelines and
sewers placed into the earth which use gravity for functioning.
Based on the water source sensitivity, the designer must specify the requirements for sealing
of the constructed pipe system. For implementation of a sewer system it is permissible to use
all materials and systems for which the manufacturers have all the necessary conformity

certificates. The manufacturers must prove the conformity of sewer systems (pipelines, joints,
manholes, fittings) with certificates that have been issued by authorised institutions.
6.7.4 Sealing Testing

Sealing of the sewage pipes must be checked according to procedures given in
SIST EN 1610 standard and instructions for testing and certification of sewage pipe sealing.
Both prescribed procedures for sealing measurements (with water or air) are equivalent.
The frequency of inspection of sewage pipes sealing depends on the exposure of water
source and endangerment of water zone/carrier (area sensitivity) as specified in Table 6.3 to
Table 6.66. Examination of sewage pipe sealing for conformity is conducted on buried or
partly buried (up to the bedding level) pipeline. For partly buried pipeline sufficient protection
must be ensured which will prevent damage on already tested pipeline in later stages of the
work.
Regardless of zone in which the pipeline is laid the Contractor must conduct an inspection of
the whole sewage pipeline before handing it over to the customer.
Sealing testing for conformity Camera

certification (test inspections) examination
Pipelines 100% YES
Manholes 100% YES
Gullies 100% YES
Gully connections 100% YES
Table 6.3: Sealing Testing in Very Sensitive Areas (IB, IIA)
The sealing of sewage pipes is checked with sealing inspection for conformity certification so
all the elements are tested: pipelines, manholes, gullies and gully connections. Examination
must be precisely defined in the programme of average inspection frequency with regard to
the individual pipeline components. The performer of sealing testing must have valid
accreditation. After successful testing the institution must issue a conformity certificate.
During use of the sewage pipeline the sealing examination is carried out every five years.
The sealing examination must be provided by the operator/manager of the sewer system.


Pipelines 100% YES
Manholes 100% YES
Gullies 100% YES
Table 6.4: Sealing Testing in Sensitive Areas (IIIA, IIB, IC)

Pipelines 50% YES
Manholes 50% YES
Gullies 50% YES
Table 6.5: Sealing Testing in Moderately Sensitive Areas (IIC, IIIB)

Pipelines – YES
Manholes – YES
Gullies – YES
Gully connections – YES
Table 6.6: Sealing Testing in Slightly Sensitive Areas (IIIC)
Where there is deviation from sealing requirements as defined in EN 1610 and the
instructions for testing and certification of sewage pipes sealing, such a case must be treated
separately and the Engineer must specify the appropriate measures.

6.7.5 Technological expert report

The Contractor must present the technological expert report which must be produced
according to instructions for preparation of technological expert report to the Engineer for
verification in a timely fashion.
For sewer waters it is necessary, in addition to the usual components of technological expert
report, to also indicate:
• Sensitivity of the zone in which the sewer system is being built;
• Sewer system type with description of materials used;
• Technology of work execution with description of individual work stages (excavation,

bedding preparation, pipeline placement, burying) including graphic illustrations;
• Method of control of direction and level of flow of the sewer system (surveyors
measurements);
It is also necessary to attach an agreed programme of average frequency of internal and

external control tests.
In the programme of average frequency of internal and external control tests, in addition to
external inspections of frequency defined in these instructions, the Contractor must also
define the technique of checking the sewage pipe before burying and so ensure successful
checking of buried sewage pipe sealing.
If the sewage pipe is longer than 2000 m a test field must be prepared, on which all the
procedures for sewage pipe construction are tested. The institution must produce a report on
the test field and define further stages of work.
In agreement with the Engineer, periodic reports and a final report on conduct of work and
sealing testing must be produced. The final quality report is prepared by the institution after
completion of construction and examination of sewer system.

The works executed must be measured in accordance with section 4.1 of the GRC and
calculated in appropriate units of measurement. All quantities must be measured according
to the actually completed extent and type of works.


The executed storm sewer system must be taken over by the Engineer pursuant to the
demands for the quality, stipulated in these technical conditions and to the section 4.2 of the
GRC. All discovered deficiencies in regard to these demands must be repaired by the
Contractor before continuing with the works.
The Contractor is not entitled to any payment for works that do not correspond to the quality
demands in accordance with these technical conditions (exceed the boundary value) and
which the Contractor has not rectified, as instructed by the Engineer. The employer is in such
cases entitled to extend the guarantee period for all the works that depend on the non-
repaired works for at least ten years.
6.9.1 General
The executed works are calculated in accordance with the section 4.3 of the GRC. The
quantities defined in section 6.8.1 “Measurement of Work” of this volume must be calculated
by the contract unit prices.
The contract unit price must include all services necessary for the complete finalisation of
works. The Contractor is not entitled to demand any additional payment.

The quality of the basic material for the storm sewer system must be defined with the
boundary values that have to be reached, as a rule. If the Engineer defines for the quality of
the basic materials also the extreme boundary values, he must also define the procedure for
calculating the deductions, If the procedure differs from the one stated in the provisions of
the GRC.
If the Contractor which is assigned to execute storm sewer system, applies material not
corresponding to the requirements in section 4.3.3 Quality of Material of this volume, the
decision on the method of calculation must be defined by the Engineer who may also reject
the overall work completed.


The quality of the executed storm sewer system must be defined by the design. If the
Contractor does not ensure the required quality of the execution, the Engineer must specify
the method of calculation.

7 Manholes
7.1 General
Manholes serve as connections, and allow examination and maintenance of the drainage
system.
Manholes must be built in dimensions defined by the design and in accordance with these
7.2 Description
For drainage systems, the following manholes may be used:
• Inlet manholes; and
• Revision manholes.
Manholes may be constructed as follows:
• Of prefabricated elements;
• In semi-prefabricated execution (pipes); or
• Of cement concrete made in situ.
All above mentioned types of manhole may have a circular or square section; the latter must
be symmetrical or double with a transition. With inlet manholes the water can flow in through
a gate on the upper part or from the side. The inflow from the side may be constructed as a
running out mouth or as a cascade. The bottom of inlet manholes must be in the form of a
shallow curved manhole. Pipe connections onto the manhole must be near the manhole
bottom. Execution of manholes includes delivery of all appropriate material and their
installation at places defined by the design.
The required earthworks however, are not included in these works, as defined in details in
sections 2.1 “Excavations” and 2.4 4 “Embankment, Choke Aggregate, Road Bed and
Rammed Loam Construction” of the “Earthworks” volume. Execution of manholes for special
purposes and of special dimensions are also not included, as defined in section 5 “Carpentry
Specialist Work” volume. If hydro-insulation of manholes is foreseen by the design, it must be
made according to the requirements in section 5.7 “Waterproofing” of “Carpentry Specialist
Work” volume. Water from excavations made for the purpose of manholes, must be pumped
out at all times, as long as the manhole is not completed and the filling made up to the level
of the underground water.

Damage that might occur due to water not being pumped out is the responsibility of the
Contractor. The construction method of the manholes must be defined by the design. In
exceptional cases, the Engineer may specify the construction method.
7.3 Basic Materials

Materials for the construction of manholes include:
• For the foundation of the manhole; and
• For the manhole itself.
7.3.1 Materials for the Foundation of the Manhole

The foundation for the manhole is, as a rule, constructed of cement concrete mixture,
exceptionally also of stone granule mixtures.
7.3.2 Materials for Manholes

For the construction of manholes, prefabricated elements are considered appropriate that are
made of reinforced concrete and other materials. The design documentation must contain
the manhole installation type and method, depending on the envisaged load effect on the
system.
The bases for the construction of manholes, including those made of polyester laminate, are
as specified in EN 13598-1. Unsoftened Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC-U), polypropylene (PP) and
Polyethylene (PE), Part 1: Requirements for manholes and standard dimension piping cuts.
Requirements in relation to manholes constructed of other materials are specified in the
relevant standards for manholes constructed of other materials.
7.4.1 Material for Manhole Foundation
7.4.1.1 Cement Concrete Mixtures

The quality of stone granule mixtures for the manhole foundation must comply with the
requirements in section 3.4.2 “Cement Concrete” of this volume. If not otherwise defined by
the design, cement concrete for the manhole foundation must comply with the requirements
in section 3.6.1 “Cement Concrete ” of this volume. In special circumstances the Engineer
may supplement the stated requirements.


The quality of stone granule mixtures for manhole foundation are defined in section 3.4.1
“Stone Granule Mixtures” of this volume..
7.4.2 Material for Manholes
7.4.2.1 Prefabricated Elements of Cement Concrete

Prefabricated elements of cement concrete used for manholes must be of thick cement
concrete, without any cracks and must comply with the requirements in Table 4.1. The
Engineer may also approve use of prefabricated elements of cement concrete with different
properties.
7.4.2.2 Semi-prefabricated Products

The required quality of the mentioned semi-products for the execution of manholes must be
defined by appropriate regulations or agreed conditions and agreed documentation by the
manufacturer. The quality of pipes as components for the execution of manholes must
comply with the requirements defined for pipes used for the storm sewer system in section
6.4.2 “Pipes for Sewerage System” of this volume. If special requirements for the quality of
semi-prefabricated products and for the execution of manholes are stated in the design, they
must be taken into account.
7.4.2.3 Materials for In Situ Execution

For the quality of materials used for cement concrete mixtures and the cement concrete
mixtures used for the construction of manholes, requirements stipulated in section 4.4.3.1.1
of these technical conditions must be met. The quality of steel for reinforcement of manholes
must comply with the requirements in section 5.1 “Carpentry Work” volume. Quality of wood
for the manhole formworks must comply with the requirements in section 5.1 “Carpentry
Work” volume. In special circumstances, the Engineer may also approve for manholes
executed in situ materials of different quality to the one stated.

Before starting to execute manholes, the Contractor must inform the Engineer about the
types of all prefabricated elements, semi-products and materials intended for use and must
submit for them appropriate evidence of their quality.

This evidence must not be:
• Older than one year for stone granule mixtures;
• Older than three months for the prefabricated elements;
• Older than six months for all other materials.
All required material properties outlined in section 7.4 “Quality of Material” of this volume for
must be met. Material not corresponding to the stated requirements must be removed by the
Contractor and marked separately.

Conditions for depositing material for manholes are defined in section 3.5.2 “Material
Deposits” of this volume.

manholes, prepared according to the requirements in section 2.1.4.2 “Excavations” of the
“Earthworks” volume. Any deviation from the requirements must be approved in advance by
the Engineer. The formation level of the base for the underlying course must be taken over
by the Engineer.
7.5.4 Production of Cement Concrete Composition

Conditions for production of cement concrete composition for the execution of manholes are
described in detail in section 3.5.3 “Production of Cement Concrete And Cement Mortar
Compositions” of this volume.
7.5.5 Cast in Situ
7.5.5.1 Manhole Foundation

placing of the cement concrete mixture or stone granule mixture for the manhole foundation
may start. The manhole foundation must be placed in dimensions according to the design,
enabling appropriate building-in of the manhole. Due to the limited space it is necessary to
place materials for the manhole foundation manually. Conditions for placing the manhole
foundation must be defined by the Engineer.

7.5.5.2 Manholes
The Contractor is allowed to start with the building-in of manholes only when the Engineer
accepts the manhole foundation and approves the procedure for the execution. All works
must be executed so as to ensure waterproof of the manhole, good adaptation of the grate
and the cover of the manhole onto the frame and in dimensions according to the design. Any
change must be approved in advance by the Engineer.

Before the commencement of works, the Contractor must submit to the Engineer evidence of
the quality of the basic materials intended for use with the execution of manholes, according
to the requirements in section 7.4 “Quality of Material” of this volume. Placing of partially
damaged prefabricated elements or semi-prefabricated products for manholes may be
approved by the Engineer if it is not to the detriment of the quality of the manholes. At least
15 days before the commencement of such placing, the Contractor must submit to the
Engineer preliminary (laboratory) composition of the cement concrete mixture intended for
use for the construction of manholes. Preliminary composition must include all data on all
basic properties of the cement concrete mixture, stated in sections 7.4.1.1 “Cement Concrete
Mixtures” and 7.4.2.3 “Materials for the In Situ Execution” of this volume, and evidence of the
sources and appropriate quality of all materials used with the preparation of the preliminary
composition.
As long as approval has not been obtained by the Engineer for the preliminary composition
of the cement concrete mixture, the Contractor may not start with the placing. The required
quality of the basic materials, defined in section 7.4 “Quality of Material” of this volume, refers
to the boundary values, if not otherwise agreed. The extreme boundary values must be
defined by the Engineer with regard to the characteristics of the individual part.
7.7.1 Routine Tests

The extent of routine tests in the construction of manholes must be defined by the Engineer
on the basis of documentation submitted according to section 7.6 “Quality of Execution” of
this volume and on the basis of the progress of works.

• Tests of cement concrete mixtures:
o For underlying courses, every 100 m³;
o For manholes, every 20 m³;
• Tests of stone granule mixtures, every 200 m³;
• Tests of prefabricated elements, every 100 pieces;
• Tests of semi-prefabricated elements, every 100 pieces;
• Tests of steel for reinforcements, every 5 tons.
7.7.2 Control Tests

tests. The locations for taking samples for the routine and control tests must be defined at
random by the Engineer with the statistical selection method. The Engineer may define also
other extent of control tests.

The works executed are measured in accordance with section 4.1 of the GRC and are
calculated in appropriate units of measurement. All quantities are measured according to the
actually completed extent and type of works.

The executed manholes are taken over by the Engineer pursuant to the demands for the
quality, stipulated in these technical conditions and to the section 4.2 of the GRC. All
discovered deficiencies, in regard to these demands, must be rectified by the Contractor
before continuing with the works.
The Contractor is not entitled to any payment for works that do not correspond to the quality
demands in accordance with these technical conditions (exceed the boundary value) and

which the Contractor did not rectify, as instructed by the Engineer. The employer is in such
cases entitled to extend the guarantee period for all the works that depend on the un-
repaired works for at least ten years.
7.9.1 General
The executed works are calculated in accordance with the section 4.3 of the GRC. The
quantities defined in section 7.8.1 must be calculated by the contract unit prices. The
contract unit price must include all services necessary for the complete finalisation of works.
The Contractor is not entitled to demand any additional payment.
7.9.2 Deductions for Unsuitable Quality

The quality of the basic material for manholes must be defined in terms of the boundary
values that must be adhered to.
If the Engineer also defines extreme boundary values for the quality of the basic materials,
he must also define the procedure for calculating the deductions, if the procedure differs from
the one stated in the provisions of the GRC. If the Contractor for the construction of
manholes applies material not corresponding the requirements in section 7.4 “Quality of
Material” of this volume, the decision on the method of calculation must be defined by the
Engineer who may also reject the overall work completed.

The quality of the constructed manholes must be defined by the design. If the Contractor
does not ensure the demanded quality of the execution, the Engineer must specify the
method of calculation.

8 Culverts
8.1 General
Culverts serve mainly to channel of large quantities of water through the road or through the
foundation soil under it. In some cases, culverts also serve to channel water through ground
exposed to larger pressures or to channel covered waters.
8.2 Description
For drainage system the following culverts are used:
• Circular;
• Parabolic section; or
• Box section.
Culverts may be constructed of cement concrete and either:
• Structural Plate Steel Pipe; or
• Corrugated Steel Pipe.
To drain larger water quantities flat culverts must be used, of rectangular section (in larger
dimensions), constructed of reinforced cement concrete in situ or of prefabricated elements.
In exceptional cases, wood may also be used for the construction of flat culverts.
Execution of culverts includes delivery of all appropriate materials and building-in at places
defined by the design. These works do not include the necessary earthworks, defined in
detail in sections 2.1 “Excavation” and 2.4, Embankment, Choke Aggregate, Road Bed and
Rammed Loam Construction” of the “Earthworks” volume, nor do they include execution of
culverts for special purposes and in special dimensions, as defined in detail in section 5.7
“Waterproofing” of “Construction Specialist Works” volume. It is necessary to pump out water
from the excavations, made for the purpose of culverts, all the time as long as the culvert and
its filling is not made up to the underground level. Damage that might occur due to water not
being pumped out is the responsibility of the Contractor. The construction method for culverts
must be defined by the design. In exceptional cases, the Engineer may specify the
construction method.

8.3 Basic Materials

Basic materials for the construction of culverts are the materials:
• For culvert foundation ;
• For culverts and culvert heads; and
• For coating courses (reinforcements).
8.3.1 Materials for Culvert Foundation

The culvert foundation the culverts must be constructed of two types of material:
• The lower course for the purpose of levelling and more even placing of the culvert,
made of stone granule mixture;
• The upper course on which the culvert lies directly, is of cement concrete mixture.
8.3.2 Materials for Culverts and Culvert Heads

Prefabricated pipes of cement concrete conforming with the requirements in the design must
be used for the execution of culverts of circular section.
Culverts of parabolic and rectangular section are must be constructed in situ, of:
• Cement concrete mixtures; and
• Steel for reinforcement.
Besides the above-mentioned materials, there the following is also required for the execution
of culverts:
• A formwork;
• Cement mortar; and
• Crushed aggregates.
Parabolic culverts may also be constructed of appropriate profiles in sheet-metal.
For the executions of inlet and outlet culvert heads of parabolic and circular section, the
following is required:
• Mixture of cement concrete;
• Steel for reinforcement;

• Formwork; and
• Cement mortar.
Basic materials for the preparation of appropriate mixtures and compositions are defined in
section 3 “Materials” of this volume, namely:
• For stone granule mixtures, in section 3.3.1 “Stone Granule Mixtures” of this volume;
• For cement concrete compositions, in section 3.3.2 “Cement Concrete” of this

volume; and
• For cement mortar, in section 3.3.3 “Cement Mortar” of this volume.
Basic steel for reinforcements are defined in section 5.2 “Work with Steel for Reinforcement”
and materials for the formwork in section 5.1 “Carpentry work” of the “Carpentry Specialist
Work” volume. The crushed stone used for paving the culvert bottoms are defined in section
4.3.1 “Broken Stone” of this volume.
8.3.3 Material for Coating Courses

For the coating course on free pipe circumference of cement concrete, including the foot on
the lower part of the pipes, the following must be used:
• Cement concrete compositions; and
• A formwork.

The quality of stone granule mixtures for the underlying course under the culverts must
comply with the requirements in section 3.4.1 “Stone Granule Mixtures” of this volume, if not
otherwise defined in the design or if the Engineer does not define other different conditions.

The basic material quality for cement concrete compositions for the upper underlying courses
under the culverts must comply with the requirements stated in section 3.4.2 “Cement
Concrete” of this volume.

If not otherwise defined in the design, the cement concrete for culverts must comply with the
requirements stated in section 3.6.1 “Cement Concrete” of this volume. In special
circumstances, the Engineer may supplement the above mentioned requirements.
8.4.2 Material for Culverts and Culvert Heads
8.4.2.1 Pipes of Cement Concrete

The quality of pipes made of cement concrete for the execution of culverts of circular section
must comply with the requirements defined for storm sewer pipes in section 6.4.2 “Pipes for
Storm Sewer System” of this volume.
Specifications are as follows:
• Concrete: 350 kPa 28 days
• Entrained Air: 5% - 9%
• Steel: According to EN 60454-3 or EN 10080
8.4.2.2 Structural Plate Steel Pipes

Structural plate steel pipe and pipe arch must be of galvanised steel, complying with the
requirements of EN 10025, EN ISO 1461 with the additional requirement that the minimum
thickness of the plates must be as shown in the plans. A tolerance of ± 4%, is permissible in
the specified span and height of pipe arches. A tolerance of –50 to +100 mm is permissible in
the specified diameter of round pipe.
8.4.2.3 Corrugated Steel Pipes and Pipe Arches

Corrugated steel pipe, pipe arches and special sections must meet the requirements of
EN 206 – EN 10020 except as follows:
The shapes of manufactured pipe may include any of the following:
• Full-circle pipe, – fabricated helical rib pipe in full-circle cross section only;
• Arch-type pipe;
• Elliptical pipe – full-circle pipe distorted 5% out-of-round by shop fabrication to form

an elliptical cross section with the major axis vertical;
• Half-circle pipe – fabricated as half sections of full-circle pipe of the same diameter.


The quality of the basic materials for cement concrete compositions as well as the quality of
the cement concrete composition for the execution of culverts must comply with
requirements stated in section 8.4.1.2 “Cement Concrete Compositions” of this volume.
The quality of cement concrete for prefabricated elements for the execution of culverts of
rectangular section must comply with the same requirements as for the cement concrete
placed in situ for the culverts.
8.4.2.5 Steel for Reinforcements

Steel quality for reinforcements of culverts must comply with the requirements in section 5.1
“Carpentry work” of the “Carpentry Specialist Work” volume.
8.4.2.6 Formwork
The quality of wood for the formwork and quality of the formwork for culverts must comply
with the requirements in section 5.1 “Carpentry work” of the “Carpentry Specialist Work”
volume.
The Engineer may in special circumstances also approve other materials for the execution of
formworks. In such a case, he must also state conditions for the quality of such material.
8.4.2.7 Cement Mortar

The quality of the basic materials for cement mortar and cement mortar for sealing joints and
for treating the surface of cement concrete (If foreseen in the design) must comply with the
requirements stated in section 3.4.3 “Cement Mortar” and 3.6.2 “Cement Mortar” of this
volume, if no other requirements are defined in the design.
8.4.3 Material for Coating Courses

The quality of the basic material for the cement concrete compositions and quality of the
cement concrete composition for coating courses and for the reinforcement of culverts must
comply with the requirements stated in section 8.4.1.2 “Cement Concrete Compositions” of
this volume.

8.4.3.2 Formwork
The quality of the basic material for the formwork and quality of the formwork for the coating
courses must comply with the requirements in section 8.4.2.4 “Formwork” of this volume.

Before starting to execute the culverts the Contractor must inform the Engineer about the
type of all prefabricated elements and materials intended for use and must submit for them
appropriate evidence of their quality. Such evidence must not be older than one year for
stone granule mixtures.
All required material properties in section 8.4 “Quality of Material” of this volume for the
execution of culverts must be ensured. Material not corresponding to certain stated
requirements must be removed by the Contractor and marked separately.

Conditions for depositing the necessary material for the execution of culverts are defined in
section 3.5.2 “Material Deposits” of this volume.

culverts, to be prepared according to the requirements in section 2.1.4.2 “Excavations« of the
“Earthworks” volume. Any deviation from these requirements must be approved in advance
by the Engineer. The formation level of the base for the underlying course must be taken
over by the Engineer.
8.5.4 Production of Cement Concrete and Cement Mortar Composition

Conditions for production of cement concrete and cement mortar composition for the
execution of culverts are described in detail in section 3.5.3 “Production of Cement Concrete
And Cement Mortar Compositions” of this volume.

8.5.5 Building-in
8.5.5.1 Foundation
building-in of stone granule mixtures for the lower underlying course under the culvert may
commence when approved by the Engineer. The mixture must be built-in in quantities as
defined by the design and must be uniformly dense.
On the finished formation level underlying course, the building-in of cement concrete
composition for the upper underlying course may commence in quantities as defined in the
design. The course must be even, with appropriate inclination, enabling appropriate
execution of the culvert and assuring undisturbed water flow through the culvert. Conditions
for the building-in of the underlying courses must be defined by the Engineer.
8.5.5.2 Culverts and Culvert Heads

The Contractor is permitted to start with the construction of culverts and culvert heads only
when the Engineer accepts the completed foundation and approves the procedure for the
execution of culverts. If no treatment of the cement concrete surface with mortar is expected
in the design, the culvert must be executed on an appropriately accepted surface which
complies with the requirements. If there are doubts of achieving good surface results, the
Contractor is allowed to undertake improvements, when the cement concrete is still in its
initial phase of hardening. All these works must be performed so as to ensure waterproof of
the culvert and undisturbed flow of water through the culvert, and in quantities as defined in
the design. Any changes must be approved in advance by the Engineer.
8.5.5.3 Coating Course

The Contractor may commence with the building-in of cement concrete composition for the
coating course (strengthening) of the culvert only when approved by the Engineer. Thereby
all pipe joints of cement concrete must be sealed with cement mortar.

Before commencement of works the Contractor must submit to the Engineer all evidence of
the quality of the basic materials intended for use with the execution of culverts, according to
the requirements in section 8.4 “Quality of Material” of this volume. Placing of partially
damaged prefabricated elements for culverts may be approved by the Engineer if it is not to
the detriment of the quality of the culvert constructed. At least 15 days before the

commencement of such placing, the Contractor must submit preliminary (laboratory)

composition of cement concrete mixture intended for use for the construction of culverts.
Preliminary composition must include all data on basic properties of the cement concrete
mixture, stated in section 8.4.1.2 “Cement Concrete Compositions” and 8.4.3.1 “Cement
Concrete Compositions” of this volume, as well as proof on the source and appropriate
quality of all materials with evidence of the source and appropriate quality of all materials
used with the preparation of the preliminary composition. As long as no approval is obtained
by the Engineer for the preliminary composition of the cement concrete mixture, the
Contractor is not permitted to start with the placing of material. The required quality
properties of the basic materials defined in section 8.4 “Quality of Material” of this volume
refer to the boundary lines, if not otherwise agreed. The extreme boundary values must be
defined by the Engineer with regard to the properties of the individual part.
8.7.1 Routine Tests

The extent of the routine tests with the construction of culverts must be defined by the
Engineer on the basis of the documentation submitted upon the requirements given in
section 8.6 “Quality of Execution” of this volume and on the basis of the progress of works.
• Tests of cement concrete mixture:
o For underlying course, every 100 m³;
o For culvert and culvert heads, every 20 m³;
o For coating layers; every 100 m³
• Tests of prefabricated elements, every100 pieces;
• Tests of steel for reinforcement, every 5 tons.

8.7.2 Control Tests

The extent of the control tests of the quality of execution, executed by the employer, must be
in ratio 1:4 to routine tests. Locations for taking samples for the routine and control tests
must be defined at random by the Engineer with the statistical selection method. The
Engineer may also define different extents of the control tests.

The works executed must be measured in accordance with the section 4.1 of the GRC and
to the actually completed extend and type of works, being executed within the framework of
the Bill of Quantities in the design and on the basis of changes and supplements approved
by the Engineer.

The constructed culverts must be taken over by the Engineer pursuant to the demands for
the section 4.2 of the GRC. All discovered deficiencies in regard to these demands must be
rectified by the Contractor before continuing with the work. The Contractor is not entitled to
any payment for works that do not correspond to the quality demands in accordance with
these technical conditions (exceed the boundary values) and which the Contractor did not
rectify as instructed by the Engineer. The employer is in such a case entitled to extend the
guarantee period for all the works that depend on the un-rectified works for at least ten years.
8.9.1 General
The executed works must be calculated in accordance with the section 4.3 of the GRC. The
by the contract unit price. The contract unit price must include all services necessary for the
complete finalisation of works. The Contractor has no entitlement to demand any additional
payment.


The quality of the basic materials for culverts must be defined with the boundary values that
must be adhered to. If the Engineer also defines the extreme boundary values for the quality
of the basic material, he must also define the procedure for calculating the deductions, if the
procedure differs from the stated in the provision of the GRC.
If, in the construction of culverts, the Contractor applies materials not corresponding to the
requirements in section 8.4 “Quality of Material” of this volume, the decision on the method of
calculation must be defined by the Engineer who may also reject the overall work completed.

The quality of the constructed culverts must be defined by the design. If the Contractor does
not ensure the demanded quality of the execution, the Engineer may specify the method of
calculation for the works executed.

9 Sources, Wells, Sink Holes, Funnel-shaped Holes
9.1 General
The arrangement of sources, sink holes and funnel-shaped holes and the execution of wells
is made for the purpose of draining the water from the road surface. All mentioned drainage
types must be executed in measures and in dimensions as defined in the design and in
accordance with these technical conditions.
9.2 Description
The arrangement of sources, sink holes and funnel-shaped holes and the execution of wells
must comply with the specific conditions.
The following must be predominantly used:
• Prefabricated elements for the arrangement of sources and sink holes within the
route and for the execution of wells;
• Perforated pipes and appropriate stone granule mixtures;
• For the arrangement of funnel-shaped holes, any method appropriate for the form
and dimension of the funnel-shaped hole and its natural function.
Execution of all works mentioned includes delivery of all appropriate materials and their
building-in at places as defined in the design. These works do not, however, include the
necessary earthworks, taken into account and defined in detail with appropriate descriptions
in section 2.1 “Excavations” of the “Earthworks” volume. The Contractor must be all the times
responsible for appropriate water drainage from the area the arrangement works are
performed. Damage that might occur due to lack of the water drainage is the responsibility of
the Contractor.
9.3 Basic Material

Basic materials for the arrangement of sources, sink holes and funnel-shaped holes and for
the execution of wells are the following:
• Perforated pipes of cement concrete pipes; and
• Stone granule mixtures.
Besides the above-mentioned materials, the following materials may also be necessary
under certain circumstances:

• Broken stone;
• Fabric;
• Cement concrete compositions;
• Cement mortar;
• Steel for reinforcements;
• Formwork.
9.4.1 Perforated Pipes of Cement Concrete and Asbestos Cement Pipes

The quality of pipes for the arrangement of sources and sink holes and for the execution of
wells must comply with the requirements defined for pipes of circular section used for the
storm sewer system in section 6.4.2 “Pipes for Storm Sewer System" of this volume. The
perforation of pipes must be executed to such an extent as to ensure undisturbed drainage.

The quality of stone granule mixtures for the execution of the works must comply with the
requirements defined for the stone granule mixtures used for filling the drainages as stated in
section 5.4.4.1 Stone Granule Mixtures of this volume.
9.4.3 Broken Stone

Broken stone to be used for the execution of works must be water-resistant.
9.4.4 Fabric
Needle-fabric of artificial fibres must comply with the requirements defined in section 5.4.4.2
“Polypropylene Fabric” of this volume. In special circumstances, the Engineer may request
for a special adjustment of the fabric quality to local conditions, for example the granulation
of the soil nearby.
9.4.5 Cement Concrete Compositions

If not otherwise specified in the design, the quality of material for cement concrete
compositions used for the works and the quality of the cement concrete composition must
comply with the requirements in section 3.4.2 “Cement Concrete” and the quality of the

cement concrete composition must comply with the requirements in section 3.6.1 “Cement
Concrete” of this volume
9.4.6 Cement Mortar

Material quality for cement mortar used for the works must comply with the requirements
under 3.4.3, and the quality of the cement mortar must comply with the requirements in
section 3.6.2 of these technical conditions.
9.4.7 Steel for Reinforcement

The quality of steel for reinforcement must comply with the requirements stipulated in section
5.2 “Work with Steel for Reinforcement” of the “Carpentry Specialist Work” volume.
9.4.8 Formwork
The quality of wood for the formwork for the execution of works must comply with the
requirements in section 5.1 “Carpentry work” of the “Carpentry Specialist Work” volume.

Before starting to execute the works, the Contractor must inform the Engineer of the types of
all materials intended for use for the execution and must submit for them appropriate
evidence of their quality. Such evidence must not be:
• Older than three months for prefabricated elements;
• Older than one year for stone granule mixture and for broken stone;
All required material properties in section 9.4 “Quality of Material” of this volume must be
ensured. Material not corresponding to certain stated requirements must be removed by the

Conditions for depositing the necessary material for the execution of works must be defined
in section 3.5.2 “Material Deposits” of this volume.

9.5.3 Preparation of Grounds

Grounds for the arrangement of sources, sink holes and funnel-shaped holes and the
execution of wells must be prepared according to the requirements in the design and
according to the requirements given by the Engineer, to ensure that a quality consistent with
all necessary further works is ensured.
9.5.4 Production of Cement Concrete and Cement Mortar Compositions

Conditions for production of cement concrete and cement mortar composition necessary for
the execution of works are defined in section 3.5.3 “Production of Cement Concrete And
Cement Mortar Compositions” of this volume.
9.5.5 Building-in
9.5.5.1 Sources
Excavations within the area of sources on the route must be executed to such an extent to
enable placing of perforated cement concrete pipes, of appropriate section, to be wrapped
with fabric, if so required, and filled with stone granule mixture. Water must be discharged
from the source through pipes. If necessary, the source must be so arranged that no traffic
loads have harmful impacts on it.
9.5.5.2 Wells
Excavations for wells must be executed with drilling machines of such dimension as to
enable the placing of perforated pipes of cement concrete of appropriate section wrapped
with fabric. A connection for water drainage from the well must be provided on every well.
9.5.5.3 Sink Holes

Excavations for sink holes must be also executed by drilling in such dimensions as to enable
placing of appropriate perforated pipes of cement concrete.

Before commencement of works the Contractor must in submit to the Engineer evidence of
the quality of all basic materials intended for use with the execution of works, according to
the requirements in section 9.4 “Quality of Material” of this volume. Placing of partially

damaged perforated pipes may be approved by the Engineer if it is not to detriment of the
quality of the executed arrangement of the source, the well or the sink hole. At least 15 days
prior to the commencement of such placing, the Contractor must submit laboratory
composition of cement concrete mixture and cement mortar intended for use.
Laboratory composition must include all data on basic properties of the cement concrete
mixture and mortar, stated in sections 9.4.5 “Cement Concrete Compositions” and 9.4.6
“Cement Mortar” of this volume, as well as evidence of the source and appropriate quality of
all materials used with the preparation of the preliminary compositions. As long as no
approval is obtained by the Engineer for the preliminary composition of the cement concrete
mixture and mortar, the Contractor is not permitted to start with the placing of material. The
required quality properties of the basic materials must be within the boundary values. The
extreme boundary values must be defined by the Engineer with regard to the properties of
the individual part.
9.7.1 Routine Tests

The extent of the routine tests with the works must be defined by the Engineer on the basis
of the documentation submitted according to the requirements given in section 9.6 “Quality of
Execution” of this volume and on the basis of the progress of works.
Minimum routine tests, to be performed by the Contractor, must include the following:
• Tests of pipes, every 100 pieces;
• Tests of fabric, every 1000 m²;
• Tests of cement concrete mixture, every 20 m³;
• Tests of cement mortar, every 20 m³;
• Tests of steel for reinforcements, every 5 tons.

The quality of the works may also be defined in agreement with the Engineer through other
approved procedures. In such a case, the Engineer must also define the extent of the control
tests.

The works executed must be measured in accordance with section 4.1 of the GRC and
to the actually completed extent of works, being executed within the framework of the cost
calculation in the design.

The work executed must be taken over by the Engineer pursuant to the demands for the
quality stipulated in these technical conditions and to the section 4.2 of the GRC. All
discovered deficiencies in respect to these demands must be rectified by the Contractor
before continuation of the work. The Contractor is not entitled to any payment for works that
do not correspond to the quality demands in accordance with these technical conditions
(exceed the boundary values) and which the Contractor has not rectified, as instructed by the
Engineer. The employer is in such a case entitled to extend the guarantee period for all the
works that depend on the un-rectified works for at least ten years.
9.9.1 General
The executed works are calculated in accordance with section 6 of this volume. The
by the contract unit prices.
9.9.2 Quality of Material

The quality of the basic materials for the storm sewer system must be defined with the
boundary values that have to be reached. If the Engineer also defines for the quality of the
basic material extreme boundary values, he must also define the procedure for calculating
the deductions, if the procedure differs from the one stated. If the Contractor for the
arrangement of sources, sink holes, and funnel-shaped holes, and for the execution of wells,
applies such material not corresponding the requirements in section 9.4 “Quality of Material”

of this volume, the decision on the method of calculation must be defined by the Engineer,
who may also reject the overall work completed.
9.9.3 Quality of Execution

Quality of the executed works must be defined by the design. If the Contractor does not
ensure the demanded quality of the execution, the Engineer may specify the method of

10 Rip Rap
10.1 General
This work consists of furnishing and placing rip rap protection of the type specified
at the locations and in conformity with the lines and dimensions shown in the design or
established by the Engineer.
This work includes placing protective coverings of sand-cement bag rip rap or stone rip rap.
When required, this work includes placing crushed stone filter material or plastic filter fabric
beneath stone rip rap on:
• Fill slopes;
• Ditches;
• Cut slopes;
• Stream banks;
• End rolls;
• Channel banks,
• Shoulders;
• Other locations.
10.2 Description
Rip rap is classified as filter blanket, gravel backfill for drains, heavy loose rip rap, light loose
rip rap, hand placed rip rap, sack rip rap and quarry spells.
Materials predominantly used for rip rap works are the following:
• Burlap or cotton fabric
• Fine aggregate for sand cement rip rap
• Water for Portland cement mixtures
• Plastic filter fabric
• Portland Cement

10.3 Basic Material
10.3.1 Excavation for Rip Rap

The foundation for rip rap must be excavated below probable scour or to the elevation shown
in the plans, and no stone must be laid or concrete placed until the footing is approved by the
Engineer. Excavation below the level of the intersection of the slope to be protected and the
adjacent original ground or the channel floor or slope must be classified, measured, and paid
for as ditch excavation. All excavation or backfill above the level of the above described
intersection and all dressing of the slope to be protected must be included in the contract
price for the class of rip rap to be placed. Before placing rip rap, the slopes must be dressed
to the lines and grades as staked.
10.3.2 Loose Rip Rap

Loose rip rap must be placed in such a manner that all relatively large stones must be
essentially in contact with each other, and all voids filled with the finer materials to provide a
well graded compact mass. The stone must be dumped on the slope in a manner that will
ensure the rip rap attains its specified thickness in one operation. When dumping or placing,
care must be used to avoid disturbing the underlying material. Placing in layers parallel to the
slope will not be permitted. A 30 cm tolerance for loose rip rap will be allowed from slope
plane and grade line in the finished surface.
10.3.3 Hand Placed Rip Rap

The stones must be laid by hand on prepared slopes to such thickness as may be ordered by
the Engineer. The rip rap must be started at the toe of the embankment by digging a trench
and placing a course of the largest stones therein. Each stone must be placed so that it must
rest on the slope of the embankment and not wholly on the stone below, and it must be
thoroughly tamped or driven into place. The exposed face of all hand placed rip rap must be
made as smooth as the shape and size of the stones will permit and must not vary more than
10 cm from a plane surface on the required slope.
10.3.4 Sack Rip Rap

Sack rip rap conforming to the requirements of these conditions must be deposited in the
trench and on the slope of the embankment to be protected in accordance with the Plans or
as ordered by the Engineer in accordance with these conditions. The concrete must be
placed in the sacks to a uniform volume leaving sufficient room for effectively tying the sacks.
The sacks must then be placed in longitudinal rows in the trench and on the slope to lie
parallel with the slope. In placing the sacks on the slope, their outside faces must be laid

against a heavy timber header or screed so that each layer will be true to line and grade. The
tied end of the sack must be turned under and the sack firmly pressed into place against the
header or screed. Sacks in the longitudinal rows must be placed with the bottom of one sack
adjacent to the top of the next sack. Joints must be staggered in succeeding rows. Sack rip
rap must not be placed in freezing weather, and work damaged by frost must be removed
and replaced at the Contractor’s expense.
10.3.5 Filter Blanket

When required, a filter blanket must be placed on the prepared slope or area to the full
thickness specified in the plans using methods which will not cause segregation of particle
sizes within the bedding. The surface of the finished layer must be even and free from
mounds or windrows. Additional layers of filter material, when required, must be placed using
methods that will not cause mixing of the materials in the different layers.
10.3.6 Quarry Spalls

Quarry spalls must be placed in ditches and on slopes to be protected, in accordance with
the Plans or as staked by the Engineer. After placement, the quarry spalls must be
compacted to be uniformly dense and unyielding.

Rip rap is graded by dimension. A specified diameter must have 50% of the rock (by weight)
larger and 50% smaller. The velocity of water flow is generally the determining factor for
dimension of stone. Rip rap varies in dimension from the multi-centimetre range to cast
concrete shapes several metres across. Rip rap is often used in conjunction with a geotextile
or in gabion baskets.
10.4.1 Portland cement

Portland cements, mentioned in section 3.3.2.2 “Binder Aggregates” of this volume, are
applied as basic material for rip rap .
It is recommended to use cement that is not damaged, partially set, lumpy, or caked.
The Contractor should not mix or store different brands or types of cement in the same bin
and mix or store the same brand of cement from different mills in the same bin.

10.4.2 Rip Rap (Stone)
10.4.2.1 Aggregate Quality

All rip rap stone must be made of sound, durable rock pieces that meet the following
requirements:
Aggregate quality Maximum %
Abrasion loss “B” grading 65
Soundness loss 15
Flat and slab-like pieces (of length five 5

times more than the average thickness)
Weathered and/or decomposed pieces and shale 5
Table 10.1: Requirements for Rip Rap Stone
Gradation for stone-dumped rip rap must meet the following requirements:
Severe drainage conditions or moderate wave action (Type 1)*
Dimension by volume Approx. weight Percent smaller than
0.12 m³ 320 kg 100%
0.05 m³ 135 kg 50—90%
0.02 m³ 55 kg 20—65%
* 0—15% of the Type 1 rip rap must pass a 100 mm square opening sieve
Table 10.2: Requirements for Stone-dumped Rip Rap of Type 1
General use normal drainage conditions (Type 3)*
Dimension by volume Approx. weight Percent smaller than
0.03 m³ 75 kg 100%
0.003 m³ 7 kg 10—65%
*0—15% of the Type 3 rip rap must pass a 50 mm square opening sieve.
Table 10.3: Requirements for Stone-dumped Rip Rap of Type 3

10.4.2.2 Stone for Plain Rip Rap

The stones must be clean and free of rock dust and fines. The stone must be processed so
that the largest pieces have a volume of 0.06 m³ or less. 10% or less of the total rip rap
weight may consist of spalls that pass through a 125 mm sieve.
Required tests of stone for plain rip rap are as follows:
• Percent wear
• Petrographic analysis
• Soundness (magnesium sulphate)
10.4.3 Burlap or Cotton Fabric

Burlap or cotton fabric must meets the following requirements:
• Burlap must be of 340—610 g/m² or of two layers of 200—235 g/m²;
• Cotton fabric must be white, loosely woven, and not less than 235 g/m²;
• Strips of burlap or cotton fabric must be 0.9—1.8 m wide and 1 m longer than the
width of the slab to be covered.
It is recommended to use burlap and cotton fabrics that do not contain starch or other
material that could stain the concrete. If the fabric is new, it should be soaked and dried
before use.

10.4.4 Stone Filter Blanket
Stone filter blankets are kind of rip rap composed by fabric filters and natural or artificial
stones.
Type Characteristics
Crushed stone Sound, durable rock particles.
Gravel Sound, durable rock without damaging coatings.
Air-cooled blast Sound, durable particles with uniform density and quality, or other slags that have
furnace slag a good service record.
Dry slag must weigh at least 1120 kg/m³compacted and must contain less than
30% glassy particles by weight. Do not use slag as aggregate for Portland cement
concrete.
Synthetic aggregate Sound, durable, expanded clay, shale, or other manufactured product.
Table 10.4:Coarse Aggregate Types
10.4.5 Fine Aggregate for Sand Cement Rip Rap

Material that passes the 2 mm sieve must contain less than 7% clay and have less than 20%
that passes the 75 mm sieve.
The Engineer may allow up to 30% by weight of the material retained on the 4.75 mm sieve
if:
• The aggregate still meets the intended purpose;
• All of the particles pass through the 75 mm sieve.
The Engineer must conduct laboratory tests to determine whether or not the material reacts
favourably with Portland cement. If it does not, the Engineer must reject it, even though it
may meet the other requirements.
Required tests for fine aggregate for sand cement rip rap must include the following:
• Soil gradation;
• Portland cement reaction.

10.4.6 Water for Portland Cement Mixtures

The Engineer may allow drinking water that is used for ordinary household use without
testing it.
Water from shallow, muddy water, or water from marshy surfaces must not be used. All other
sources must be tested and approved before use. When the source of water is relatively
shallow, it must be ensured that the source depth and intake exclude silt, mud, grass, and all
other foreign material. It is not permissible to use water with detergents that will entrain air in
Portland cement concrete.
It is not permissible to use water with impurities above the following limits:
Impurity Concentration
Acidity or alkalinity calculated in terms of calcium carbonate 0.05%
Total organic solids 0.05%
Total inorganic solids 0.05%
Sulphate (SO4) 0.05%
Chloride 0.01%
Table 10.5: Water impurity limits
Required tests for water are as follows:
• Quality of water, solids ppm;
• Setting time of concrete mixtures;
• Mortar making properties;
• Air content of concrete;
• SO4 ppm;
• Alkalis ppm;
• Cl ppm.
The Engineer must reject any water that, when compared with accepted water, shows any
indication of unsoundness, marked change in time of set, or reduction of more than 10% in
mortar strength.

10.4.7 Plastic Filter Fabric

The Contractor must refer to section 5.4.4.2 “Polypropylene Fabric” of this volume.
Fabric material must also meet the following physical requirements for woven and non-woven
fabric:
Woven Fabrics
Tensile strength (any direction) 890 N minimum
Bursting strength 3.5 Mpa minimum
Elongation before breaking 10—35%
Percent open area 4.0—6.5%
Non-woven fabrics
Puncture resistance 135 N minimum
Grab tensile strength 290 N minimum
Grab elongation 40% minimum
Flow rate [H from 75 to 25 mm] 34 liters/second/m² (minimum) to

240 liters/second/m² (maximum)
Table 10.6: Fabric Material Requirements
Required test for fabric must be according to the following:
• Puncture resistance;
• Tensile strength, elongation, grab strength;
• Bursting strength;
• Percent open area;
• Flow rate.
10.4.8 Bags for Sand-cement Bag Rip Rap

Cotton, burlap, or fibre-reinforced paper bags must be used ensure the sand-cement mixture
is contained leaking during handling and placing. It is not permissible to use bags that
previously held sugar or other material that could adversely affect the sand-cement mixture.
The capacity must be at least 0.02 m³ but not greater than 0.5 m³.


Before starting to execute the works the Contractor must inform the Engineer of the types of
evidence of their quality. Such evidence must not be older than one year.
Material not corresponding to certain stated requirements must be removed by the


If, before the execution of works, the Contractor temporarily stores the materials required for
these works, an appropriate space must be ensured. Instructions issued by the producer of
certain material regarding its storage and instructions given by the Engineer must be taken
into consideration. Stocks of all materials deposited must be in such quantity to ensure
continuous execution of works.
Fabric must be wrapped in burlap or similar heavy duty protection during shipment and
storage to protect it from mud, dirt, dust, and debris.

The ground surface must be prepared where the rip rap is to be placed, to conform with the
correct lines and grades before beginning placement. When filling depressions, the new
material must be compacted by hand or with mechanical tampers.
Excess material must be disposed of by spreading it neatly within the right-of-way as an

incidental part of the work.
Unless otherwise shown or provided below, the rip rap must be placed in a toe ditch
constructed in original ground around the toe of the fill or the cut slope.
The Contractor must ensure that the toe ditch is 600 mm deep in original ground and the side
next to the fill or cut has the same slope. After placing the rip rap, the Contractor must backfill
the toe ditch and spread the excess dirt neatly within the right-of-way as an incidental part of
the work.

10.5.4 Building-in
10.5.4.1 Placing Stone Rip Rap

Rip rap must be placed to the limits shown on the plans or as directed by the Engineer. Rip
rap must be placed and classified as follows:
• Stone plain rip rap;
• Stone dumped rip rap;
• Stone grouted rip rap.
10.5.4.1.1 Stone Plain Rip Rap

Stone plain rip rap must be dumped and handled into place to form a compact layer to the
design thickness.
The thickness tolerance for the course must be plus 300 mm with no under-tolerance. If the
plans do not show a thickness, stone rip rap must be placed to at least 300 mm thick, but no
greater than 600 mm thick.
10.5.4.1.2 Stone Dumped Rip Rap

Stone dumped rip rap must be put into place to form a uniform surface as thick as specified
in the plans. The thickness tolerance for the course must be minus 150 mm and plus
300 mm. If the plans or proposal do not specify a thickness, the course must be at least
600 mm thick.
Recycled concrete may be used instead of stone when shown on the plans or approved by
the Engineer. Recycled concrete may only be used these materials do not contain steel after
processing.
10.5.4.1.3 Stone Grouted Rip Rap

Stone grouted rip rap must be placed according to specifications for stone plain rip rap and
these guidelines.
Earth must be prevented from filling the spaces between the stones. After the stone has
been placed, the spaces between them must be filled with 1:3 grout composed of Portland
cement and sand mixed thoroughly with enough water to make a thick, creamy consistency.
The grout must be placed, beginning at the toe. To finish, it must be swept by a stiff bristle
broom. After grouting, the rip rap must be covered and kept wet for five days, or covered and
keep wet for 24 hours and then coated with a white pigmented membrane curing compound.

10.5.4.2 Placing Filter

Woven plastic filter fabric must be placed under all rip rap. The surface must be prepared to
receive the fabric until it is smooth and free from obstructions, depressions, and debris. the
fabric must be placed with the long dimension running up the slope. The number of overlaps
should be minimised. The strips must be place so as to provide a width of at least 300 mm of
overlap for each joint.
The filter fabric must be anchored in place with securing pins of the type recommended by
the fabric manufacturer. The pins must be placed on or within 75 mm of the centre line of the
overlap. The fabric must be placed so that the upstream strip overlaps the downstream strip.
The fabric must be placed loosely to prevent stretching and tearing during stone placement.
During construction stones must not be dropped from more than 1 m in height. During
construction, the fabric must always be protected from clogging due to clay, silts, chemicals,
or other contaminants. Contaminated fabric or fabric damaged during installation or rip rap
placement must be removed. It must be replaced at the expense of the Contractor.
10.5.4.3 Placing Sand-Cement Bag Rip Rap

Rip rap must be placed to the limits on the plans or as directed by the Engineer.
10.5.4.3.1 Proportioning Materials

Sand and Portland cement must be mixed at the maximum ratio of 5:1 by weight. A minimum
compressive strength of 3 MPa in seven days is required.
10.5.4.3.2 Placement
Before sand-cement bag rip rap is placed, the bags must be filled completely, but room to tie
the bags must be allowed. The bagged rip rap must be placed by hand with the tied ends
facing the same direction. Close, broken joints must be produced.
When directed by the Engineer or required by the plans, header courses must be placed.
After the bags have been placed, they must be rammed or packed against one another to
produce the required thickness and form a consolidated mass. The top of each bag must not
be allowed to vary more than 75 mm above or below the required plane.

10.5.4.4 Placing Stone Blanket Protection

The stone blanket protection must meets the materials specifications for stone filter blanket.
Stone blanket protection must be placed to the limits shown on the plans, or as directed by
the Engineer. This material must be uniformly placed to the thickness shown on the plans
and to a thickness tolerance of ± 15 mm.
Stone blanket protection must not be used on slopes steeper than two horizontal to one
vertical or in areas highly susceptible to erosion. Plastic filter fabrics with stone blanket
protection must not be used.

Before commencement of works the Contractor must submit to the Engineer evidence of the
quality of all basic materials intended for use with the execution of works, according to the
requirements in section 10.4 “Quality of Material” of this volume.
The required quality properties of the basic materials must remain within accepted
granulometric curve boundaries, if not otherwise agreed. The extreme boundary values must
be defined by the Engineer with regard to the properties of the individual parts.
10.7.1 Routine Tests

The extent of the routine tests with the works must be defined by the Engineer on the basis
of the documentation submitted according to the requirements in section 10.6 “Quality of
Execution” of this volume and on the basis of the progress of works.
Minimum routine tests, to be performed by the Contractor, include the following:
• Tests of stone of rip rap, every 100 m³;
• Tests of plastic filter, every 1000 m²;
• Tests of sand cement rip rap, every 20 m³;
• Tests of water, at every site.

The quality of the works can also be defined in agreement with the Engineer through other
approved procedures. In such a case, the Engineer must also define the extent of the control
tests.

This work must be measured for payment in square metres of accepted material of the
specified thickness. Area measurements are made parallel to the surface on which the
material is placed.
Plastic filter fabric must be measured as the area of rip rap placed and accepted. No
separate measurement must be made for fabric overlap joints, seams, or vertical sections at
toe of slopes. No separate measurement must be made for grout or cushioning sand.
When filled bags are less than plan dimensions or are of varying lengths or width, plan
square meters will be used to determine pay quantities, if overall dimensions are equal to or
greater than those shown on the plans.

The work executed must taken over by the Engineer pursuant to the demands for the quality
stipulated in these technical conditions. All discovered deficiencies in regard to these
demands must be rectified by the Contractor before continuation of with the work. The
Contractor is not entitled to any payment for works that do not correspond to the quality
demands in accordance with these technical conditions (exceed the boundary values) and
which the Contractor did not rectify, as instructed by the Engineer. The employer is in such a
case entitled to extend the guarantee period for all the works that depend on the un-rectified
works for at least five years.
10.9.1 General
The executed works are calculated in accordance with section 6 of the GRC. The quantities
must be calculated by the contract unit prices.

10.9.2 Quality of Material

The quality of the basic materials for the rip rap must be defined with the boundary values
that have to be reached. If the Engineer also defines for the quality of the basic material
extreme boundary values, he must also define the procedure for calculating the deductions, if
the procedure differs from the one stated. If the Contractor for the construction of rip rap,
applies such material not corresponding the requirements in section 8.4 “Quality of Material”
of this volume, the decision on the method of calculation must be defined by the Engineer,
who may also reject the overall work completed.
10.9.3 Quality of Execution

Quality of the executed works must be defined by the design. If the Contractor does not
ensure the demanded quality of the execution, the Engineer may specify the method of

11 Gabions
11.1 Description
This work consists of protecting slopes and channels with stone filled wire baskets as
specified in the contract documents or as directed by the Engineer.
Rock filled baskets, properly wired together, form flexible monolithic building blocks used for
construction of erosion control structures. Gabions are used to stabilise steep or highly
erosive slopes.
Gabion installations are more economical than rigid or semi-rigid structures for a number of
reasons. The following are among the more important ones.
• Little maintenance is required;
• Gabion construction is simple and requires no skilled labour;
• Preliminary foundation preparation is unnecessary; the surface needs only to be

reasonably level and smooth;
• Since gabions are porous, no costly drainage provision is required.
11.2 Basic Materials

The following basic materials for constructing the gabions must be used:
• Stone;
• Wire for gabions;
• Geotextile.

11.3.1 Stone for Gabions

Stone for gabions must conform to the dimension requirements in these conditions and the
following quality requirements:
Test Specification limits
Apparent Specific Gravity, min 2.50
Absorption,% max 3.0
Sodium sulphate soundness - five cycles 63.5 to 1mm
Aggregate,% loss max 20
Table 11.1: Stone Gabion Quality Requirements
Stone for gabions must conform to the following requirements, except that the loss by
sodium sulphate must not be greater than 12%:
Depth of basket, mm Dimension of individual

pieces*, mm
150 75—150
250 100—180
300 100—180
450 100—180
1000 100—300
*Dimension of pieces will be determined visually.
Table 11.2: Stone Gabion Quality Requirements
11.3.2 Wire for Gabions

The wire must have a minimum tensile strength of 9000 kPa when tested. All wire
dimensions and mesh spacing must be as recommended by the manufacturer. Tie and
connecting wire must also conform to these specifications. Stainless steel interlocking
fasteners may be substituted for wire ties. When subjected to directional tension along its
axis, the fastener must remain in a closed and locked condition for a minimum force of
200 N.

The wire mesh or welded wire used in gabions must be heavily galvanised. For highly
corrosive conditions, a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) coating must be used over the galvanising.
Such treatment is an economical solution to deterioration of the wire near the sea, in some
industrial areas, in polluted streams, and in acidic soils such as muck and peat.
11.3.2.1 Galvanised Coating for Gabions.

Galvanised coating for fabric, ties, and connecting wire must not be less 0.025 gr/cm2 when
tested.
11.3.2.2 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Coating for Gabions

PVC coating for fabric, ties, and connecting wires for gabions must exhibit no weight loss
when tested.
11.3.3 Geotextile
The geotextile must be manufactured from fibres consisting of long chain synthetic polymers,
composed of a minimum 95% by weight of polyolefin or polyesters. The fibres must be
formed into a stable network so that the filaments or yarns retain their dimensional stability
relative to each other, including selvages. The geotextile must comply with the requirement in
section 10.4.7 “Plastic Filter Fabric” of this volume.

Before starting to execute the works the Contractor must inform the Engineer of the types of
evidence of their quality. Such evidence must not be:
• Older than three months for the fabricated elements
• Older than one year for stone and broken stone;
All required material properties in section 11.3 “Quality of Material” of this volume must be
ensured. Material not corresponding to certain stated requirements must be removed by the


If, before the execution of works, the Contractor temporarily stores the materials required for
these works, an appropriate space must be ensured. Instructions issued by the producer of
certain material regarding its storage and instructions given by the Engineer must be taken
into consideration. Stocks of all materials deposited must be in such quantity to ensure
continuous execution of works.

Excavation, including excavation for cut-off walls, must conform to the lines and grades
specified in the contract documents. The subgrade must be smooth, firm, and free from
protruding objects or voids that would affect the proper placement of the wire baskets or
damage the geotextile. This is outlined in section 2.1 “Excavation” of “Earthworks” volume for
excavated material.
11.4.4 Building-in
11.4.4.1 Geotextile
Geotextile is required for all gabions and must be placed on the prepared subgrade. Adjacent
strips must be overlapped a minimum of 60 cm. Care must be exercised in placing and
anchoring the empty basket units to ensure proper alignment and to avoid damaging the
geotextile. Damaged geotextile must be replaced or repaired as directed by the Engineer at
the expense of the Contractor.
11.4.4.2 Wire Baskets

Placement of the units must begin with the cutoff walls. The empty units must be set on the
geotextile and the vertical ends bound together with wire ties or interlocking fasteners spaced
to permit stretching of the units to remove kinks. Stretching methods will be optional with the
Contractor. Stakes, pins or other approved methods must be used to ensure a proper
alignment.
11.4.5 Stone
The empty basket units must be filled carefully with pieces of stone of dimension
100—200 mm, placed by hand or machine, to ensure good alignment with a minimum of
voids between stones. Bulging of the mesh must be avoided. The maximum height from
which the stone must be dropped into the units must be 1 m. The stone must be placed to
provide a minimum of two courses. Care must be taken in placing the top layer of stone to

ensure a uniform surface to avoid any bulging of the lid mesh. After a basket unit has been
filled, the lid must be bent over until it meets the ends of the unit. The lid must then be
secured to the sides and ends with wire ties or interlocking fasteners. When a complete
basket unit cannot be installed on slopes or channels because of space limitations, the
basket unit must be cut to fit, as directed by the Engineer.
11.4.5.1 Backfill
Any excavation voids existing along the edges of the completed gabions must be backfilled
and compacted in a manner acceptable to the Engineer.

Before commencement of works the Contractor must submit to the Engineer evidence of the
quality of the basic materials intended for use with the execution of gabions, according to the
requirements in section 11.3 “Quality of Material” of this volume.
The required quality properties of the basic materials defined in section 11.3 “Quality of
Material” of this volume refer to the boundary lines, if not otherwise agreed. Extreme
boundary values must be defined by the Engineer with regard to the properties of the
individual part.
11.6.1 Routine Tests

The extent of the routine tests with the construction of gabions must be defined by the
Engineer.
• Tests of stone, every 100 m³;
• Tests of fabricated elements, every 1000 m²;
• Tests of wire for gabions; every 5 tons.

11.6.2 Control Tests

tests. The locations for taking samples for the routine and control tests of the quality of
execution must be defined at random by the Engineer with the statistical selection method.
The Engineer may also define a different extent of control tests.

Gabions, including cutoff walls, must be measured and paid for at the contract unit price per
cubic metre of stone filled wire baskets complete in place.

The constructed gabions must be taken over by the Engineer pursuant to the demands for
section 4.1 of the GRC. All discovered deficiencies in regard to these demands must be
rectified by the Contractor before continuation of the work. The Contractor is not entitled to
any payment for works that do not correspond to the quality demands in accordance with
these technical conditions (exceed the boundary values) and which the Contractor has not
rectified as instructed by the Engineer. The employer is in such a case entitled to extend the
guarantee period for all the works that depend on the un-repaired works for at least ten
years.
11.8.1 General
The payment must be considered as full compensation for all excavation, geotextile, stone,
ties or fasteners, backfill, compaction, disposal of excess material, and for all material,
labour, equipment, tools, and incidentals necessary to complete the work.

The quality of the basic material for the gabions must be defined with the boundary values
that have to be reached. If the Engineer also defines for the quality of the basic materials the
extreme boundary values, he must also define the procedure for calculating the deductions, if
the procedure differs from the one stated in the provisions of the GRC.

If the Contractor applies material for the execution of the gabions that does not correspond to
the requirements in section 4.9.3 of these technical conditions, the decision on the method of
calculation must be defined by the Engineer, who may also reject the work completed.

The quality of the executed gabions must be defined by the design. If the Contractor does
not ensure the demanded quality of the execution, the Engineer may specify on the method
of calculation.

ARCS 4 Drainage

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Albanian Road Construction Standards – ARCS 4 – Drainage

Albanian Road Design and Construction Standards

3.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................ 15

Draft of Version 1 – March 2008 Page ii

4 SURFACE DRAINAGE ................................................................................................................ 31

4.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................ 31

Draft of Version 1 – March 2008 Page iii

5 DEEP DRAINAGE SYSTEMS – DRAINAGES............................................................................ 43

5.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................ 43

6 DRAINAGE SYSTEMS – STORM SEWER SYSTEM ................................................................. 57

Draft of Version 1 – March 2008 Page iv

6.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................ 57

Draft of Version 1 – March 2008 Page v

6.9.2.1 QUALITY OF MATERIAL......................................................................................................... 71

7.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................ 73

8.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................ 80

Draft of Version 1 – March 2008 Page vi

8.4.1 MATERIAL FOR UNDERLYING COURSE .................................................................................. 82

9 SOURCES, WELLS, SINK HOLES, FUNNEL-SHAPED HOLES............................................... 90

9.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................ 90

Draft of Version 1 – March 2008 Page vii

9.4.6 CEMENT MORTAR................................................................................................................ 92

10 RIP RAP ....................................................................................................................................... 97

10.1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................................ 97

Draft of Version 1 – March 2008 Page viii

10.5.2 MATERIAL DEPOSITS ......................................................................................................... 105

11 GABIONS ................................................................................................................................... 111

11.1 DESCRIPTION .................................................................................................................... 111

Draft of Version 1 – March 2008 Page ix

11.7.1 MEASUREMENT OF WORK .................................................................................................. 116

Draft of Version 1 – March 2008 Page x

CBR Californian Bearing Ratio

Draft of Version 1 – March 2008 Page 11

Formwork. Temporary boarding to hold concrete in shape while it hardens.

Draft of Version 1 – March 2008 Page 12

PE. Polyethylene pipe products.

Polypropylene fabric. Polypropylene or polypropene (PP) is a thermoplastic polymer used

Polyethylene. A thermoplastic material composed of polymers of ethylene. It is normally a

Prefabricated (prefab). Prefabricated items are components of an assembly, manufactured

Draft of Version 1 – March 2008 Page 13

Sand-cement bag (Portland cement). A cementitious binder used in most modern

Source. The original point from which the river flows.

Draft of Version 1 – March 2008 Page 14

• Stone granule mixtures for underlay courses;

3.3 Basic Material

3.3.1 Stone Granule Mixtures

3.3.2 Cement Concrete

3.3.2.1 Stone Granule Mixtures

3.3.2.2 Binder Aggregates

Draft of Version 1 – March 2008 Page 15

3.3.2.4 Protective Agents

3.3.3 Cement Mortar

Draft of Version 1 – March 2008 Page 16

3.4 Quality of Materials

3.4.1 Stone Granule Mixtures

• In deposit: maximum 5% (m/m);

• On building-in: maximum 8% (m/m).

Draft of Version 1 – March 2008 Page 17

• Natural granules: 15—100;

• Crushed and mixed granules: 8—50.

3.4.1.2 Mechanical Properties

Draft of Version 1 – March 2008 Page 18

Granule resistance against freezing effects, defined on granules above 4 mm in dimension

Draft of Version 1 – March 2008 Page 19