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Materials science

A diamond cuboctahedron showing a number of crystallographicplanes, imaged with scanning electron


microscopy.

Materials science, also commonly known as materials science and engineering, is an


interdisciplinary field which deals with the discovery and design of new materials, with an
emphasis on solids. The intellectual origins of materials science are from the Enlightenment,
when analytical thinking from chemistry, physics, and engineering began to be used to
understand ancient, phenomenological observations in metallurgy and
mineralogy.[1][2] Materials science still incorporates elements of physics, chemistry,
and engineering. As such, the field was long thought of as a sub-field of these related fields.
In recent years, materials science has become more widely recognized as a specific and
distinct field of science and engineering. Many of the most pressing scientific problems
society currently faces are due to the limitations of the materials that are available and, as a
result, breakthroughs in materials science are likely to have a significant impact on the future
of technology.[3][4]
Materials scientists emphasize understanding how the history of a material (its processing),
influences its structure, and thus the material's properties and performance. The
understanding of processing-structure-properties relationships is called the § materials
paradigm. This paradigm is used to advance understanding in a variety of research areas,
including nanotechnology, biomaterials, and metallurgy. Materials science is also an
important part of forensic engineering and failure analysis; the investigation of materials,
products, structures or components that fail or do not operate or function as intended, causing
personal injury or damage to property. Such investigations are key to understanding, for
example, the cause of various aviation accidents.
History

A late Bronze Age sword or dagger blade.

The material of choice of a given era is often a defining point. Phrases such as Stone
Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Steel Age are great examples. Originally deriving from the
manufacture of ceramics and its putative derivative metallurgy, materials science is one of the
oldest forms of engineering and applied science. Modern materials science evolved directly
from metallurgy, which itself evolved from mining and (likely) ceramics and the use of fire.
A major breakthrough in the understanding of materials occurred in the late 19th century,
when the American scientist Josiah Willard Gibbs demonstrated that
the thermodynamic properties related to atomic structure in various phases are related to the
physical properties of a material. Important elements of modern materials science are a
product of the space race: the understanding and engineering of the metallic alloys,
and silica and carbon materials, used in the construction of space vehicles enabling the
exploration of space. Materials science has driven, and been driven by, the development of
revolutionary technologies such as plastics,semiconductors, and biomaterials.
Before the 1960s (and in some cases decades after), many materials science departments
were named metallurgy departments, reflecting the 19th and early 20th century emphasis on
metals. The growth of materials science in the United States was catalyzed in part by
theAdvanced Research Projects Agency, which funded a series of university-hosted
laboratories in the early 1960s "to expand the national program of basic research and training
in the materials sciences."[5] The field has since broadened to include every class of materials,
including ceramics, polymers, semiconductors, magnetic materials, medical
implant materials, biological materials and nanomaterials.
1.Building sentences with 5W1H
 What is the materials science? Materials science is an interdisciplinary field which
deals with the discovery and design of new materials, with an emphasis on solids.
 Who is major breakthrough in the understanding of materials? A major breakthrough in
the understanding of materials is Josiah Willard Gibbs
 Where does Josiah Willard Gibbs come from? Josiah Willard gibbs come from America
 When did major breakthrough in understanding of material? occurred in the late 19th
century
 Why is materials science is required ? Because breakthroughs in materials science are
likely to have a significant impact on the future of technology
 How important is paradigm? This paradigm is used to advance understanding in a
variety of research areas, including nanotechnology, biomaterials, and metallurgy.
2.verbal sentences
1.tenses: present perfect tense
Materials science has become more widely reconized as specific and distinct field of
science and engineering.
Subject + has + verb3 + object
Passive: as specific and distinct field of science and engineering have been reconized
become more widely materials science.
2.tenses: simple past tense
The thermodynamic properties related to atomic structure.
Subject + verb2 + object
Passive: to atomic structure was related to the thermodynamic properties.
3.tenses: simple past tense
Modern materials science evolved directly from metallurgy.
Subject +verb2+ object

Passive: metallurgy was evolved directly from modren materials science.


3. nominal sentences
1.tenses:simple present tense
Materials science is also an important part of forensic engineering and failure analysis
Subject+ tobe + adverb
2.tenses: simple present tense
Modern materials science are a product of the spece race.
Subject + tobe + object + adverb

ilmu material

Ilmu material, juga dikenal sebagai teknik material, adalah bidang interdisipliner yang
berkaitan dengan penemuan dan desain material baru, dengan penekanan pada
benda padatan. Asal-usul ilmu material berasal dari abad pencerahan, ketika berpikir analitis
dari kimia, fisika, dan rekayasa mulai digunakan untuk memahami kuno, pengamatan
fenomenologis dalam metalurgi dan mineralogi.ilmu material masih memasukkan
unsur fisika, kimia, dan teknik. Dengan demikian, bidang adalah pemikiran yang panjang
sebagai sub-bidang dari bidang-bidang terkait. Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, ilmu material
telah menjadi lebih luas diakui sebagai bidang tertentu dan berbeda dari ilmu pengetahuan
dan teknik. Banyak masalah ilmiah yang menekan masyarakat saat ini hadapi karena
keterbatasan bahan yang tersedia dan akibatnya.terobosan dalam teknik material cenderung
memiliki dampak yang signifikan terhadap masa depan teknologi.
Ilmuwan material menekankan pemahaman bagaimana sejarah
bahan (pengolahan), mempengaruhi struktur, dan sifat material dan kinerja. Pemahaman
hubungan pengolahan-struktur-sifat disebut paradigma bahan . Paradigma ini digunakan
untuk meningkatkan pemahaman dalam berbagai bidang penelitian, termasuk nanoteknologi,
biomaterial, dan metarologi. Ilmu material juga merupakan bagian penting dari teknik
forensik dan analisis kegagalan; bahan penyelidikan , produk, struktur atau komponen yang
gagal atau tidak beroperasi atau fungsi sebagaimana mestinya, menyebabkan cedera atau
kerusakan properti. Penyelidikan tersebut menjadi kunci untuk mengetahui, contohnya,
penyebab berbagai kecelakaan penerbangan.
Sejarah
Bahan pilihan dari era tertentu sering kali menjadi titik Menentukan. Frase seperti Zaman
Batu, Zaman Perunggu, Zaman Besi, dan zaman baja adalah contoh besar. Awalnya berasal
dari pembuatan keramik dan di duga metalurgi turunan , ilmu material adalah salah satu
bentuk tertua dari bidang teknik dan ilmu terapan. Ilmu material modern berkembang
langsung dari metalurgi, yang dengan sendirinya berkembang dari pertambangan dan
(mungkin) keramik dan penggunaan api. Sebuah terobosan besar dalam memahami tentang
teknik materials terjadi pada akhir abad 19, ketika ilmuwan Amerika Josiah Willard
Gibbs menunjukkan bahwa termodinamika yang berkaitan dengan struktur atom dalam
berbagai tahapan terkait dengan sifat fisik material. Elemen penting dari ilmu material
modern produk ruang angkasa: pemahaman dan rekayasa campuran logam, silika dan karbon,
digunakan dalam konstruksi kendaraan ruang angkasa memungkinkan eksplorasi ruang . Ilmu
material telah mendorong, dan didorong oleh, pengembangan teknologi revolusioner
seperti plastik, semikonduktor, dan biomaterial.

Sebelum tahun 1960-an (dan dalam beberapa kasus setelah berpuluh tahun), banyak jurusan
teknik material dinamai jurusan metalurgi,mewakili abad ke-19 dan awal abad ke-20
penekanan pada logam. Pertumbuhan ilmu material di Amerika Serikat dikatalisasi sebagian
oleh Advanced Research Projects Agency, yang mendanai serangkaian laboratorium di
universitas di awal 1960-an "untuk mengembangkan program nasional penelitian dasar dan
pelatihan dalam ilmu material.” Sejak bidang diperluas dengan memasukan di setiap kelas
material mencakup, keramik, polimer, semikonduktor, bahan magnetik, implan medis, bahan
biologis dan Nanomaterials.

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