Water Quality and Habitat Status in Three Rivers of Bukidnon

1
Water Quality and Habitat Status in Three Rivers of Bukidnon
Researchers:
Kathleen O. Adajar
Maria Angela L. Melendez
Beatrix Madeline Tanquion
Bukidnon National High School

Science and Technology Engineering
2
3
CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this Research Paper contains no material which has been
accepted for any award in any competitions. To the best of the researchers’ knowledge
and belief, this research paper contains no material previously published or written by
another person except when reference is made in text of this research paper
KATHLEEN O. ADAJAR
MARIA ANGELA L. MELENDEZ
BEATRIX MADELINE TANQUION

4
Bukidnon National High School

Malaybalay City
Approval Sheet
The research paper of Kathleen O. Adajar, Maria Angela L. Melendez, and

Beatrix Madeline Tanquion entitled: “Water Quality and Habitat Status in Three Rivers
of Bukidnon” submitted in the fulfillment of the subject Research II.
In Bukidnon National High School, City of Malaybalay, has been approved by the
Research Committee:
IRENE G. ESCRUPULO
Research Teacher
EMILIE JOY P. IDULSA

Member
ETHEL M. GAYONA
Member
RUBY B. DAHILOG
Member
SUSAN S. OLANA, PhD MARY GRACE G. CRISPO

Secondary Principal IV Science and Technology Department Chair
5
ABSTRACT
The physicochemical and habitat status of Alanib River, Manupali River and Pulangi
River were assessed and compared. The water temperature, depth, substrate, width, odor,
color, current, pH, pH in millivolts, oxidation reduction potential, conductivity, turbidity,
dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, salinity and flow were the physicochemical
parameters considered. Biotic and abiotic evaluation were evaluated for habitat
assessment. The results revealed that the water temperature fluctuates from 23.37C° to
26.36C°. The depth of the rivers ranges from 0.37m to 0.63m, with a width of 17.6m to
234.34m. The current of the three rivers ranges from 0.27m/s to 0.306m/s. The pH levels
ranges from 7.3 to 7.17 with a pH in millivolts ranges from -5.45 to -7.78. The oxidation
reduction potential ranges from 270.33 to 318.22. The ranges of conductivity is from
0.11µs/cm to 0.193µs/cm while the turbidity ranges from 5.93NTU to 45.58NTU. The
dissolved oxygen ranges from 13.13mg/L to 26.1mg/L. The ranges of total dissolved
solids is from 74.33mg/L to 193.67mg/L. Salinity of the rivers ranges from 0.1 to 0.3.
The flow of the three rivers ranges from 2.29m3/s to 27.09m3/s. The evaluation of the
rapid habitat assessment of the abiotic parameters in Alanib River had a mean grade of
97.33 indicating a sub-optimal condition. Manupali River had a man grade of 81.23
showing a marginal condition while Pulangi River shows a marginal condition with a
mean grade of 70.33. For the rapid habitat assessment of the biotic parameters in Alanib
River had a mean grade of 79.52 indicating a marginal condition. Manupali River had a
mean grade of 78.9 showing a marginal condition while Pulangi River shows a marginal
condition with a mean grade of 60.78. Both Alanib River and Manupali River failed on
dissolved oxygen while all three River failed on turbidity. There is a significant
differences on the physicochemical parameters and habitat condition.
6
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE i
CERTIFICATION ii
APPROVAL SHEET iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
LIST OF TABLES vi
LIST OF FIGURES vii
I. INTRODUCATION 1
A. Background of the Study 1
B. Statement of the Problem 2
C. Statement of the Hypotheses 3
D. Significance of the Study 3
E. Scopes and Limitations of the Study 3
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 5
III. METHODOLOGY 14
A. Establishment of the Sampling Sites 14
B. Entry Protocol 14
C. Research Materials 15
D. Methods of the Study 15
E. Physicochemical Parameters 16
F. Habitat Status 16
G. Interpretation of Data 16
7
IV. RESULTS AND FINDINGS 18
V. DISCUSSION, SUMMARY, CONLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 38
A. Discussion 38
B. Summary 41
C. Conclusion 42
D. Recommendations 42
VI. LITERATURE CITED 43
VII. APPENDICES 45
A. Appendix A 46
B. Appendix B 55
C. Appendix C 62
D. Appendix D 61
8
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE:
1. Location and elevation of the selected study sites 14
2. Summary of the Mean Values of Physicochemical parameters of 19
Alanib River
3. Summary of the Mean Values of Physicochemical Parameters of 21
Manupali River
4. Summary of the Mean Values of Physicochemical Parameters of 22
Pulangi River
5. Summary of the mean Score of the Three Rivers 23
6. Rapid Habitat Assessment of the Abiotic Parameters in Alanib River 25
7. Rapid Habitat Assessment of the Biotic Parameters in Alanib River 26
8. Rapid Habitat Assessment of the Abiotic Parameters in Manupali River 28
9. Rapid Habitat Assessment of the Biotic Parameters in Manupali River 29
10. Rapid Habitat Assessment of the Abiotic Parameters in Pulangi River 31
11. Rapid Habitat Assessment of the Biotic Parameters in Pulangi River 32
12. Summary of the Mean Values of the Habitat Status (Abiotic) in 34
Three Rivers
13. Summary of the Mean Values of the Habitat Status (Biotic) in 34
Three Rivers
14. Pearson Correlation of Habitat Status and Physicochemical Parameters 36
15. Raw Data of Alanib River 97
16. Raw Data of Manupali River 98

9
17. Raw Data of Pulangi River 99
18. Abiotic Rapid River Assessment Field Data Sheet in Alanib River 100-105
(Songco)
19. Biotic Rapid River Assessment Field Data Sheet in Alanib River 106-111
(Songco)
(Alanib)
(Alanib)
(Balila)
(Balila)
24. Abiotic Rapid River Assessment Field Data Sheet in Manupali River 136-141
(Basac)
25. Biotic Rapid River Assessment Field Data Sheet in Manupali River 142-147
(Basac)
(Balila)
(Balila)
(Colonia)
10
(Colonia)
30. Abiotic Rapid River Assessment Field Data Sheet in Pulangi River 172-177
(Zamboanguita)
31. Biotic Rapid River Assessment Field Data Sheet in Pulangi River 178-183
(Zamboanguita)
(Sugod)
(Sugod)
(Dologon)
(Dologon)
36. DENR Administrative Order no. 34 Series of 1990. 215

11
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE:
1. Flow Chart 17
2. Map of the Alanib River (Songco) sampling area 55
3. Map of the Alanib River (Alanib) sampling area 55
4. Map of the Alanib River (Balila) sampling area 56
5. Map of the Manupali River (Basac) sampling area 56
6. Map of the Manupali River (Balila) sampling area 57
7. Map of the Manupali River (Colonia) sampling area 57
8. Map of the Pulangi River (Zamboanguita) sampling area 58
9. Map of the Pulangi River (Sugod) sampling area 58
10. Map of the Pulangi River (Dologon) sampling area 59
11. The location of the three Rivers 59
12. Map of the Philippines with the location of the Province of Bukidnon 60
13. Materials 61
14A. Sampling in Alanib River Upstream (Songco) 62
14B. Sampling in Alanib River Upstream (Songco) 63
15A. Alanib River Midstream (Alanib). 64
15B. Alanib River Midstream (Alanib). 65
16A. Alanib River Downstream (Balila). 66
16B. Alanib River Downstream (Balila). 67
17A. Manuplai River Upstream (Basac) 68
17B. Manuplai River Upstream (Basac) 69
18A. Manuplai River Midstream (Balila) 70

12
18B. Manuplai River Midstream (Balila) 71
19A. Manupali River Downstream (Colonia) 72
19B. Manupali River Downstream (Colonia) 73
20A. Pulangi River Upstream (Zamboanguita) 74
20B. Pulangi River Upstream (Zamboanguita) 75
21A. Pulangi River Midstream (Sugod) 76
21B. Pulangi River Midstream (Sugod) 77
22A. Pulangi River Downstream (Dologon) 78
22B. Pulangi River Downstream (Dologon) 79
23A. Graph of the Physicochemical Parameters of Alanib River in upstream,
midstream, and downstream. 80
23B. Graph of the Physicochemical Parameters of Alanib River in upstream,
26A. Graph of the Physicochemical Parameters of Alanib River, Manupali River
and Pulangi River 86

13
26B. Graph of the Physicochemical Parameters of Alanib River, Manupali River
and Pulangi River 87
27A. Alanib River One-way ANOVA 88
27B. Alanib River One-way ANOVA 89
28A. Manupali River One-way ANOVA 90
28B. Manupali River One-way ANOVA 91
29A. Pulangi River One-way ANOVA 92
29B. Pulangi River One-way ANOVA 93
30A. Alanib River, Manupali River, and Pulangi River One-way ANOVA 94
30B. Alanib River, Manupali River, and Pulangi River One-way ANOVA 95
31. Pearson Correlation of Habitat Status and Physicochemical Parameters 96
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Water is the most essential and prime necessity of life. Surface water generally
available in Rivers, Lakes, Ponds, and Dams is used for drinking, irrigation and power
supply. The usual source of drinking water is from streams, rivers, wells, and boreholes
which are usually not treated (Gupta et al, 2013). As cited by Opiso et al (2014), the
composition of surface and underground depends on natural factors and anthropogenic
activities which have significant effects on water quality. Some of these effects are the
result of hydrological changes, such as the building of dams, draining of wetlands and
diversion of flow. Polluting activities such as the discharge of domestic, industrial, urban
14
and other wastewaters into the watercourse are also some obvious factors affecting water
quality (Meghla et al, 2013).
Wang et al (1994) mentioned that a river considered a good habitat has high flow
gradient, not channelized and with rocky substrates. Moreover, high urban land use leads
to poor habitat quality. Habitat quality is essential for aquatic fauna because they have
very specific habitat requirements which are independent to water-quality composition
(Barbour et al, 1996).
Pulangi, Manupali, and Alanib River extremely need water quality and habitat
status analysis because these rivers are very beneficial to the people of Bukidnon. Alanib
River is nearby resided; people used the river for recreational activities and agricultural
purposes; there were flow obstructions in the river like culverts and paved stream
crossing. Manupali River is one of the major tributaries of Pulangi, various anthropogenic
disturbances such as slash and burn, and cultivation of agricultural lands, domestic
animals like cows and horses were observed in the river; there were also dams, weirs, and
other landscape and hydrologic condition stressors in the river. The headwater of Alanib
and Manupali River are located in Mount Kitanglad which is one of the Mindanao Long
Term Ecological Research according to the Center of Biodiversity Research and
Extension in Mindanao (CEBREM) Pulangi River is and extensive river system in
Mindanao and it is the receiving water of all the rivers and streams in Bukidnon
(Dacumas, 2012).
Due to increasing population, industrialization, and intensive agriculture, a big
change happened and impacted these rivers for the past years. There were some related
studies and similar sampling sites shown in Chapter 3 that guided the researchers in
conducting the study; however, those studies are in the past, and so the researchers
15
assessed the present water quality and habitat status of Pulangi, Manupali, and Alanib
River in Bukidnon.
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to assess the water quality and habitat status of the three rivers in
Bukidnon.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:
1. What are the physicochemical characteristics of the three rivers?
2. What are the differences between the physicochemical characteristics of the three
rivers?
3. What is the the habitat status of the three rivers?
4. What are the differences of the habitat condition of the three rivers.
Hypothesis of the Study
Ho: There is no significant difference in the water quality between the three rivers
in Bukidnon.
HA: There is a significant difference in the water quality between the three rivers
in Bukidnon.
Ho: There is no significant relationship between the physicochemical and habitat
status of the three rivers
HA: There is a significant relationship between the physicochemical and habitat
status of the three rivers

16
Significance of the Study
Results of the study will provide specific baseline information on the current
water quality and habitat status of the three rivers of Bukidnon.
Scope and Limitations
The physicochemical parameters and habitat status analysis was conducted in-situ
for three consecutive days. On the 9th of July 2016, the researchers went to the upper,
middle, and downstream of Alanib River to conduct the study. On the 10th of July 2016,
the upper, middle, and downstream of Manupali River was assessed; then on the 11th of
July 2016, the researchers evaluated the upper, middle, and downstream of Pulangi River.
This study was limited only to the water quality and habitat status of Alanib, Manupali,
and Pulangi River; the upstream of Alanib River, was in Songco, Lantapan, middle
stream was in Alanib, Lantapan, and downstream was in Balila, Lantapan, Bukidnon. The
second river is Manupali River, its upstream was in Basac, Lantapan, middle stream was
in Balila, Lantapan, and downstream was in Colonia, Valencia City. The third river is
Pulangi River, the upstream was in Zamboanguita, Malaybalay City, middle stream was
in Sugod, Valencia City, and downstream was in Dologon, Maramag, Bukidnon. The
researchers tested the water quality of the rivers with the physical and chemical
parameters, and the habitat status with its abiotic and biotic factor. Most of the
information for the physicochemical parameters was obtained with the use of HORIBA
water quality analyzer and the habitat status was evaluated using Rapid Bio-assessment
Protocol for use in Wadeable Stream and Rivers (Barbour et al, 1996) and the
documented species and the adjacent areas of the rivers.

17
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The following Review of Literature is a description of researches that is related to
Water Quality and Habitat Status in Three Rivers of Bukidnon that inspired and guided
this study. Included are the finding and related studies that investigated about the
assessment of the water quality and Habitat Status.
Water Quality
According to Evans et al (2012) water pollution in Asia, the uncontrolled release
of sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural run-off continue to affect Asia. Although
many Asian countries are getting closer to meeting the improved sanitation targets, much
18
of the waste remains untreated. Comprehensive databases are rarely available and
national data indicate that the water quality situation is serious. However, there are many
signs of hope. The efforts of basin agencies, such as the Mekong River Commission,
could lead the way to Tran’s boundary or even regional assessments. Many regulatory
and economics options are being tested for pollution control, but institutional and social
challenges remain in particular those related to population growth and the various ways it
is affecting water quality across the region. This study assesses water quality and finds
solutions for the problems and has a bigger coverage compared to the researchers’ study
which only involves three regional rivers and doesn’t look for a solution to the problem.
In the study of Dinh (2007) a wireless sensor network was designed for
monitoring water quality, e.g. salinity, and has been collecting water quality and flow
measurements, e.g. water flow rate and water flow tricks for over one month. Real time
water quality measurements were collected together with the amount of water being
pumped out in the area, and it investigated the impact of current irrigation practice on the
environments, in particular underground water salivation. Wide geographic area coverage
was featured. It is proven in the study that the wireless sensor network is a promising
solution to deploying a sustainable irrigation system, e.g. maximizing the amount of
water pumped out from an area with minimum impact on water quality.
The studies on physicochemical parameters to assess the water quality of river
Ganga for drinking purpose in Haridwar District of Joshi et al. (2009) indicates that the
water excessed in some of the physicochemical parameters like pH, total dissolved solids,
turbidity, and sodium, therefore, it is not suitable for drinking purposes. The analysis was
done for two consecutive years 2007 and 2008, the sampling was conducted during
19
winter (November to February), summer (March to June), and rainy (July to October)
season. Ninety samples from five sampling stations were collected and analyzed for
physico-chemical parameters (temp, velocity, pH, dissolved oxygen, free CO2, C.O.D.,
B.O.D., Carbonate, Bicarbonate, total alkalinity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved
solids, total suspended solids).
Manjare et al. (2009), Analysis of Water Quality Using Physicochemical
Parameters in Tamdalge Tank in Kolhaapur District, Maharashtra. It is revealed in the
study that all the parameters such as water temperature, transparency, turbidity, total
dissolved solids, pH, dissolved oxygen, total hardness, chloride, alkalinity, phosphate and
nitrates were within the permissible limits. The water was monitored for one year, the
sampling started on the first of January and ended on the thirty-first of December, 2009.
The results indicate that the tank is non-polluted and can be used for domestic, irrigation,
and pisciculture.
In the study of Shittu et al. (2008) a study for physicochemical and bacteriological
analyses of water used for drinking and swimming purposes in Abeokuta, Nigeria was
conducted. The analyses were carried out on well water, stream water, river water used
for drinking and swimming purpose in Abeokuta, Nigeria. The results obtained were
compared with WHO and EPA standards for drinking and recreational water. All of the
watersheds were within the standards set for pH, color, total solids, total dissolved solids,
acidity, total hardness, chloride, and iron except for Sokori Stream which did not comply
with turbidity and magnesium. None of the samples complied with the bacteriological
standards as total coliform counts generally exceeded 1,600 MPN/ml, and pathogen count
such as Salmonella-Shigella counts and Vibrio cholera counts were very high.
20
Physicochemical Parameters
Knowing water’s physical, chemical and biological characteristics allows experts
to determine whether it is suitable for aquatic life or human consumption. In the United
States, agricultural runoff and urban and wastewater discharges contribute to the
contamination of water resources. (Florida State Department. 2009). Temperature is a
very important part of a stream’s ecology. The water’s temperature affects the dissolved
oxygen capacity of the water. The pH of water is important to aquatic life. If the pH falls
below 4 or above 9, all life forms die. The pH is a measurement of the acid/base activity
in a solution. The pH scale runs from 0 to 14; a pH measurement of 7 is neutral. A pH
less than 7 is acidic and greater than 7 represents alkalinity. A pH range of 6 to 8.5 is
common for natural waters. Its levels can also be affected by wastewater discharge,
runoff from mining operations, and the types of rock naturally found in the area. (Gada.
2010). Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) measures the ability of a lake or river to
cleanse itself or break down waste products, such as contaminants and dead plants and
animals. When the ORP value is high, there is lots of oxygen present in the water. ORP
depends on the amount of dissolved oxygen that is in the water, as well as the amount of
other elements that function similarly to oxygen (Wetzel. 1983). When ORP is low,
dissolved oxygen is low, toxicity of certain metals and contaminants can increase, and
there is lots of dead and decaying material in the water that cannot be cleared or
decomposed. This is obviously not a healthy environment for fish or bugs. In healthy
waters, ORP should read high between 300 and 500 millivolts (Horne & Goldman. 1994).
Conductivity is the basis of most salinity and total dissolved solids calculation, it
is an early indicator of change in a water system. A sudden increase or decrease in
conductivity in a body of water can indicate pollution. Agricultural runoff or sewage leak
21
will increase conductivity due to additional chloride, phosphate, and nitrate ions
(FONDRIES Environmental 2010). Dissolved oxygen is an important parameter
assessing water quality because of its influence on the organisms living within a body of
water; if its level is too high or too low can harm aquatic life and affect water quality.
Low DO can cause fish kill and too high DO can cause Gas Bubble Disease in fish and
invertebrates (FONDRIES Environmental 2010). Velocity of the water flow also
influences levels of dissolved oxygen. During dry seasons, water levels decline and the
flow rate of the water slows down, so dissolved oxygen levels drop. (University of
Colorado at Boulder 2009). Buildup of organic wastes is the major factor contributing to
changes in dissolved oxygen levels. Oxygen tends to be less soluble as the temperature of
the water increases (Murphy 2009).
Turbidity is an important indicator of the amount of suspended sediment in water,
which can have many negative effects on aquatic life. The suspended sediments that
cause turbidity can block light to aquatic plants, smother aquatic organisms, and carry
contaminants and pathogens such as lead, mercury, and bacteria (FONDRIES
Environmental 2010). Salinity is the total concentration of all dissolve salts in water. It is
important as it affects dissolved oxygen solubility. The higher the salinity level, the lower
the dissolve oxygen concentration. On the solubility of DO is due to Henry’s Law; the
constant used will change based on ion contractions (FONDRIES Environmental 2010).
It is generally agreed that the total dissolved solids concentration of good,
palatable drinking water should not exceed 500 mg/L. However, higher concentrations
may be consumed without harmful physiological effects and may indeed even be more
beneficial. This limit was primarily set on the basis of taste thresholds. Livestock and
wildlife may be injured by drinking water that contains excessive dissolved solids.
22
Continuous use of such water may cause a general loss of condition, weakness, scouring,
reduced production, bone degeneration and death (Gordon 2013). Total dissolved solids
are important to aquatic life by keeping cell density balanced. Conductivity and salinity
have a strong correlation; as conductivity is easier to measure, it is used in algorithms
estimating salinity and TDS, both which affect water quality and aquatic life
(FONDRIES Environmental 2010).
Habitat Status
It is revealed on the study of Tewari et al. (2013) on population studies, habitat
assessment and threat categorization of Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) Allion in Kumuan
Himalaya that the density of individuals and area occupied were low as compared to
other species of the region, indicating habitat loss and heavy exploitation. Status was
determined on a site-to-site basis for the entire Kumuan region. The researchers of this
study focused on the Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) Allion count and status in Kumuan
while the researchers will check the biotic and abiotic factors affecting the rivers and will
not identify and focus on species. This study focused on a specific organism’s population
on a certain place while the researchers on took up the biotic and abiotic factors affecting
the rivers of Bukidnon.
In the study of Pȃrvulescu, Pacioglu, and Hamchevici (2010) on the assessment
and water quality requirements of the stone crayfish (Austropotamobius torrentium) and
noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) species in the Rivers from the Anina Mountains (SW
Romania), it is opined that the anthropogenic impacts registered in some of the sampling
sites (e.g. organic pollution and river bed modification) might have triggered the
disappearance of both species from the of the watersheds situated downstream and towns,
23
deforestation sites, and sewage treatment plants. Physical-chemical indicators were
measured on site.
According to Barbour et al. (1999) on “rapid bioassessment protocols for use in
streams and wadeable rivers: periphyton, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish”, an
evaluation of habitat status is critical to any assessment of ecological integrity and should
be performed at each site. In the truest sense, “habitat” incorporates all aspects of
physical and chemical constituents along with the biotic interactions. In these protocols,
the definition of “habitat” is narrowed to the quality of the instream and riparian habitat
that influences the structure and function of the aquatic community in a stream. The
presence of an altered habitat structure is considered one of the major stressors of aquatic
systems. The habitat quality evaluation can be accomplished by characterizing selected
physicochemical parameters in conjunction with a systematic assessment of physical
structure. Through this approach, key features can be rated or scored to provide a useful
assessment of habitat quality.
Alanib River
In the study of Amoroso et al. (2014) on assessment of biodiversity and water
quality in association with land use in the Alanib River, Mt. Kitangland Range Park,
Philippines, inventory and assessment of aquatic biodiversity were conducted in Alanib
River in Mt. Kitangland, Bukidnon, which is one of the Long Term Ecological Research
(LTER) sites in Mindanao. The species richness and abundance of fishes, macro-
invertebrates, plankton and also vascular plants in the riparian vegetation were evaluated
in relation to the influence of land use, water quality and elevation. The researchers
studied the upper part of the site. Results showed that the surrounding land uses and
24
human activities along the river were found to have significant impact on overall water
quality and biodiversity of the aquatic biota and riparian vegetation of Alanib River. The
increasing human population and agricultural intensification at the lower section of the
river contributed to the relatively lower water quality, presence of pollution tolerant
phytoplankton and macro-invertebrate groups as well as invasive species of vascular
plants. Hence, the overall results of this study revealed that the integrity of Alanib River
in terms of its biophysical and chemical condition is severely threatened especially in the
downstream section due to various anthropogenic activities which can degrade its overall
environment quality.
Manupali River
In the study of Lantican (2003), the impacts of soil erosion in the upper Manupali
watershed and the sequent sedimentation in the plains on the productivity of the
Manupali River Irrigation System’s (ManRIS) service area of 4,422 ha were assessed.
Land-use changes in the watershed for the past two decades caused soil erosion and the
consequent increasing trend of canal siltation at ManRIS. This resulted in a significant
decline in the productivity and income of the farmers. Rice yields in forms that were
heavily affected by siltation had decrease by 27% from 1990 to 1995. Furthermore, in
addition to the regular operation maintenance (O and M) costs, the ManRIS management
incurred desilting costs in its operation. To cope with the siltation problem, the ManRIS
management and farmers made adjusts in the water delivery schedule, cropping pattern
25
and land allocation to various crops. However, it is expected that the siltation in the
ManRIS canal network and the consequent decline in crop yield and income will
continue in the coming years. Drastic measures are needed to remedy the soil erosion
problem in the upper Manupali Watershed.
Pulangi River
According to Quimpang (1989), Bukidnon Sugar mill wastes which are mainly
organic wastes in Pulangi River did not pollute the river. The values on water quality
parameters fell under the values set for non-polluted water. The fast flow rate of Pulangi
River which averaged to 1,519.05 cm/sec. may have been important factor in dispersing
pollutant sources, facilitated gaseous exchange and controlled phytoplankton population.
Thus, the following studies are similar to the researchers’ study but will differ
only on the places, parameters, methods used, time, and objectives. Moreover, the
mentioned related studies guided the researchers in conducting the study.

26
METHODOLOGY
This chapter describes and presents the entry protocol, research materials,
methods of the study, habitat status, interpretation of data and documentation.
Establishment of Sampling Sites
The study was conducted in three different rivers of Bukidnon: Alanib, Manupali,
Pulangi River (Table 1).
Table 1. Location and elevation of the selected study sites

Site Elevation Location
(masl) Longitude Latitude

Alanib River
AL1 1052.607 124˚57’04.2’’ 8˚02’35.1’’
AL2 808.479 124˚58’51.3’’ 8˚01’42.4’’
AL3 633.917 125˚00’39.1’’ 7˚59’58.9’’
Manupali River
MN1 1048.504 124˚52’09.7’’ 8˚02’03.3’’
MN2 630.911 125˚00’32.4’’ 7˚59’23.5’’
MN3 320.228 125˚07’53.0’’ 7˚59’15.5’’
Pulangi River
PL1 503.000 125˚17’22.0’’ 8˚12’32.4’’
PL2 304.919 125˚07’33.1’’ 7˚56’22.1’’
PL3 286.730 125˚02’57.3’’ 7˚49’08.9’’
Alanib River: (AL1) upstream, (AL2) midstream, (AL3) downstream; Manupali River:
(MN1) upstream, (MN2) midstream, (MN3) downstream; Pungi River: (PL1) upstream,
(PL2) midstream, (PL3) downstream
Entry Protocol
The researchers asked permission to the Barangay Officials of the following
barangays: Zamboanguita, Sugod, Dologan, Basac, Balila, Colonia, Songco, and Alanib.
27
Research Materials
The researchers used HORIBA water quality analyzer, a portable apparatus used
to measure the physicochemical parameters such as; temperature, pH, potential of
hydrogen in millivolts, oxidation reduction potential, conductivity, turbidity, dissolved
oxygen, total dissolved solids, and salinity. A laser pro was used in getting the width of
the rivers. Meter stick was used for measuring the depth of the rivers. For the current,
pingpong balls, stop watch and 10 meter straw were used. And for the habitat status
assessment, everything that surrounds the rivers was documented with the use of a digital
camera.
Methods of the study
1. Current- In measuring the current, two pingpong balls were left flowing with the water
and the amount of time it reached from the first point of the 10 meter plastic rope to
another was recorded. Ten meters was divided by the time in seconds, the final result was
in meter per second.
2. Width- Laser Pro was used in measuring the width of the river.
3. Flow – The flow of the river is equal to the product of the depth and current times the
width.
4. Type of Substrate – in-situ ocular inspection was done to check the bottom part of the
river if it is with mud, sand, silt, clay, granule, pebble, cobble, or boulder.
5. Color – in-situ ocular inspection was done to identify the color of the river.
6. Odor – in-situ sensory evaluation technique was used.
7. Depth – The final depth is the average of the initial and final recording of the depth using
a meter stick.
28
HORIBA water quality analyzer was used to assess the following
physicochemical parameters: water temperature, pH, potential of hydrogen in millivolts,
oxidation- reduction potential, conductivity, turbidity, salinity, dissolved oxygen, total
dissolved solids. First, the HORIBA was stabilized by dipping its sensor into a basin
filled distilled with water, then the sensor was placed in the rivers, after one to five
minutes, the results were recorded.
Habitat Status
The biotic and abiotic parameters of the status of habitat are evaluated using
Rapid Bio-assessment Protocol for use in Wadeable Stream and Rivers (Barbour et al,
1996).
Interpretation of Data
Statistical significance of the gathered raw data was tested using One-way
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Pearson Correlation through Minitab 15.

29
Establishment of Sampling Sites
Entry Protocol
Research Materials
Research Method
Habitat Status
Physical Chemical Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors
Temperature, pH,
Canopy cover
pH in millivolts, shading,
Depth,
Hydrologic Bank vegetative
Oxidation reduction connectivity, protection,
Current,
potential, Landscape condition Streamside cover,
stressor, Riparian vegetable
Width,
Dissolve oxygen, Hydrologic zone width,
condition stressor, Native riparian
Flow,
Alkalinity, Physicochemical vegetation,
parameter, Invasive exotic
Type of substrate,
Conductivity, Bottom plant species
substrate/instream cover,
Color,
Total dissolved solids, cover, Biotic condition
Embeddedness, stressor,
Odor,
Salinity Channel alteration, Vegetation
Bank stability horizontal patch,
Turbidity
Vegetation
vertical patch
Documentation
Interpretation of Data
Fig 1. Flowchart of Methodology

30
RESULTS AND FINDINGS
This section presents, analyze, and interpret the results and findings of the data
obtained from Water Quality and Habitat Status in Three Rivers of Bukidnon. The
presentation of results is organized based on the order of the specific problems stated in
chapter one: (1) determine the physicochemical characteristics of the three rivers; (2)
compare the physicochemical characteristics of the three rivers; (3) assess the habitat
status of the three rivers; (4) compare the habitat status of the three rivers; (5) there is no
significant difference between the physicochemical characteristics and habitat status of
the rivers.
Description of the Physicochemical Characteristics of Alanib River
The data presented in Table 2 shows the overall mean scores of the
physicochemical parameters in Alanib River. The range of temperature in Alanib River is
from 20.9 to 26.24 with an overall mean of 23.84, the depth of the river reaches from
0.27 to 0.43 meters with an average score of 0.37 meters. The width of the river ranges
from 9.2 to 27 meters with an average of 17.6 meters while the current is form 0.24 to
0.39 m/s with an average of 0.306 m/s. Both up and middle stream have a boulder
substrate and the water is clear with dead leaves, downstream has a muddy, rocky, and
silt substrate and it is brownish blue green in color. The odor of the up and down stream
is normal while the midstream is anaerobic, the pH of the aforesaid river ranges from
7.25 to 8.13 with an overall mean of 7.6, while its pH in millivolts (pHmV) is from -
30.33 to -83.67 and the average is -49.8. Oxidation reduction potential (ORP) reaches
from 311.33 to 323.67 mV with a mean of 318.22 mV, the conductivity ranges from
0.135 to 0.2 mS/cm with an average of 0.16 mS/cm. The turbidity of the river is from 2.9
31
to 10.4 NTU with an overall mean of 5.93 NTU while the dissolved oxygen (DO) count
reached from 13.62 to 17.29 mg/L with an average of 15.52 mg/L. The amount of the
total dissolved solids (TDS) of the river ranges from 90 to 361 mg/L with a mean of
193.67 mg/L, salinity has an overall mean of 0.1 mg/L, and the flow of the river ranges
from 0.95 to 4.6 m3/s with an average score of 2.29 m3/s.
Furthermore, pH, pHmV, ORP, conductivity, DO, TDS, and salinity are within
the permissible limits of DAO 34 guideline for Class D watercourse, however; the
turbidity of Alanib River failed to pass the recommendable score for the Class D
watercourse; and DO shows that there is no significant difference across three stations.
Table 2: Summary of Mean Values of the Physicochemical Parameters in Alanib River

DAO 34 Upstream Midstream Downstream Overall
Parameters Class D (Songco) (Alanib) (Balila) Mean
Class Remarks
Temperature (˚C) 26-30 20.9a 24.37b 26.24 c
23.84 D Passed
Depth (m) -- 0.43 0.27 0.42 0.37 D --
Width (m) -- 9.2 16.6 27 17.6 D --
Current (m/s) -- 0.24 ns 0.29ns 0.39 no 0.306 D --
Muddy,
Substrate -- Boulder Boulder
rocky, silt
-- D --
Odor -- Normal Anaerobic Normal -- D --
Clear with Clear with Brownish
Color --
dead leaves dead leaves blue green
-- D --
pH 6.5-8.5 7.25a 7.32b 8.13 c
7.6 D Passed
Potential Hydrogen
28.57-
in millivolts current (-85.7)
-30.33a -35.33b -83.67c -49.8 D Passed
(pHmV)
Oxidation
Reduction Potential 500-300 323.67a 319.67b 311.33b 318.22 D Passed
(mV)
Conductivity
0-1500 0.2a 0.135b 0.14c 0.16 D Passed
(mS/cm)
Turbidity (NTU) 5 2.9a 4.5b 10.4c 5.93 D Failed
Dissolved Oxygen
4-15mg/L 17.29ns 13.62ns 15.65ns 15.52 D Failed
(mg/L)
500-1000
Total Dissolved
mg/L 130a 90b 361c 193.67 D Passed
Solids (mg/L)
< 0.5
Salinity (mg/L) mg/L
0.1a 0.1b 0.1c 0.1 D Passed
Flow ( m3/s ) -- 0.95 1.33 4.6 2.29 D --
Legend (abc) significant difference; (ns) no significant difference
32
Description of the Physicochemical Characteristics of Manupali River
The data presented in Table 3 shows that the mean of the physicochemical
parameters (pH, potential hydrogen in millivolts, oxidation reduction potential,
conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, turbidity and salinity) are within
the limits of DAO 34 guidelines for water quality Class D. The temperature of Manupali
River ranges from 20.16 to 26.03 with an average mean of 23.37; while the pH is from
7.11 to 7.46 with an overall mean of 7.3. The pH in millivolts has an average mean of
-5.45 and ranged from -37 to 43.33. Moreover, the oxidation reduction potential has a
range of 283.33 to 318.33 and a mean of 299.22. Conductivity has a mean of 0.11 from
and ranges from 0.1 to 0.16. The mean of turbidity is 8.67 that is from 4.5to 14.17; while
dissolved oxygen flaunt an average of 26.1 from the showed range of 23.53 to 30.03.
Total dissolved solids averaged 74.33 and ranges from 50 to 103; and lastly, salinity
shows 0.03 as an average mean from its range of 0 to 0.1.
Furthermore, all the physicochemical parameters show significant difference
across the three stations except for the current and dissolved oxygen.
33
Table 3: Summary of Mean Values of the Physicochemical Parameters in Manupali River

DAO 34 Upstream Midstream Downstream
Parameters Mean Class Remarks
Class D (Basac) (Balila) (Colonia)
Temperature (˚C) 26-30 20.16 a 26.03b 23.91c 23.37 D Passed
Depth (m) -- 0.32 0.69 0.43 0.48 D --
Width (m) -- 22.3 27 21.6 23.63 D --
Current (m/s) -- 0.41ns 0.37 ns 0.61 ns 0.46 D --
Muddy,
Substrate -- Boulder Boulder -- D --
rocky, silt
Odor -- Normal Normal Normal -- D --
Clear with Clear with Brownish
Color -- -- D --
dead leaves dead leaves blue green
pH 6.5-8.5 7.11 a 7.34 b 7.46 c 7.3 D Passed
Potential Hydrogen in
28.57-
millivolts current -22.67 a -37 b 43.33 c -5.45 D Passed
(-85.7)
(pHmV)
Oxidtion Reductant
500-300 283.33 a 318.33 b 296 c 299.22 D Passed
Potential (mV)
Conductivity
0-1500 0.07 a 0.1 b 0.16 c 0.11 D Passed
(mS/cm)
Turbidity (NTU) 5 4.5 a 7.33 b 14.17 c 8.67 D Failed
Dissolved Oxygen
4-15 mg/L 24.73 ns 23.53 ns 30.03 ns 26.1 D Failed
(mg/L)
500-1000
Total Dissolved
mg/L 50 a 70 b 103 c 74.33 D Passed
Solids (mg/L)
< 0.5
Salinity (mg/L) 0a 0b 0.1 c 0.03 D Passed
mg/L
Flow (m3/s) -- 2.93 6.9 5.7 5.18 D --
Description of the Physicochemical Characteristics of Pulangi River
The Data presented in Table 4 shows that the mean of the physicochemical
parameters (pH, potential hydrogen in millivolts, oxidation reduction potential,
conductivity, dissolve oxygen, total dissolves solids and salinity) excluding turbidity of
Pulangi River have all passed the limits of DAO 34 guidelines for Class D watercourse.
The range of water temperature is from 25.45 to 26.72 with an overall mean of 26.26.
The pH has a range of 5.59 to 8.62 with an overall mean of 7.17; while the range of pH in
millivolts ranges from -35 to -112.33 with a mean of -71.78. Oxidation reduction
34
potential has a range of 220 to 314.67 and a mean of 279.33; conductivity ranges from
0.238 to 0.163 and averaged 0.193; moreover, turbidity ranges from 8.63 to 40.37 with an
overall mean of 45.58. Dissolved oxygen has a range of 4.46 to 18.28 with a mean of
13.13. The total dissolved solids ranged from 106 to 155 with an overall mean of 125.67.
The salinity averaged 0.1; while the flow ranges from 0.38 to 44.54 and has an overall
mean of 27.09.
Furthermore all physicochemical parameters show that there is no significant
difference across three stations of Pulangi River.
Table 4. Summary of Mean Values of the Physicochemical Parameters in Pulangi River

DAO 34 Upstream Midstream Downstream
Parameter Mean Class Remarks
Class D (Zamboanguita) (Sugod) (Dologon)
a b
Temperature (°C) 26-30 25.45 26.91 26.72c 26.36 D Passed
Depth (m) 0.63 0.9 1.01 0.63 D --
fine sand,
3/4 stone,
Substrate -- stony muddy -- D --
gravel#1,
silt
Width (m) -- 2.3 101 600 234.43 D --
Odor -- normal musty musty -- D --
Color -- blue green brownish brownish -- D --
Current (m/s) -- 0.26 0.49 0.06 0.27 D --
pH 6.5-8.5 8.62a 7.31b 5.59c 7.17 D Passed
pH in millivolts 28.57-
-112.33 a -35b -68c -71.78 D Passed
(pHmV) (-85.7)
Oxidation
Reduction 300-500 220a 314.67b 303.33c 279.33 D Passed
Potential (mV)
Conductivity
0-1500 0.163a 0.238b 0.179c 0.193 D Passed
(mS/cm)
Turbidity
5 8.63a 40.37b 87.73c 45.58 D Failed
(NTU)
Dissolved 4-15
18.28a 16.65b 4.46c 13.13 D Passed
Oxygen (mg/L) mg/L
Total Dissolved 500/1000
106a 155b 116c 125.67 D Passed
Solids (mg/L) mg/L
<0.5
Salinity (mg/L) 0.1a 0.1b 0.1c 0.1 D Passed
mg/L
Flow (m3/s) -- 0.38 44.54 36.36 27.09 D --
35
Description of the Mean Score of the Physicochemical in Three Rivers
Table 5 presents the mean score of the physicochemical parameters of the three
rivers. The water temperature of Pulangi River (26.36 ˚C) is obviously higher than Alanib
River (23.84 ˚C) and Manupali River (23.37 ˚C), however, the three rivers are within the
permissible limits of DAO 34 Class D. Alanib River is 0.37 meters depth, while the
Manupali River is 0.48 meters and Pulangi River which is the deepest among the three is
0.63 meters deep. Pulangi River is the widest meters among these three rivers which has
234.34, Alanib River has 17.6 meters and Manupali River is 23.63 meters wide. The
current of these rivers is as follows: Alanib River (0.306 meters per second), Manupali
River (0.46 meters per second), and Pulangi River (0.27 meters per second). The pH of
the aforesaid rivers together with the pH in millivolts, oxidation reduction potential, and
conductivity did not have much difference in the mean score and these parameters are
within the limits of DAO 34 Class D. Moreover, none of the rivers passed with turbidity,
Alanib (5.93), Manupali (8.67), Pulangi (45.58); while only Pulangi River (13.13 mg/L)
passed for the dissolved oxygen parameter, Alanib (15.52 mg/L), Manupali (26.1 mg/L).
The total dissolved solids and salinity parameter of the rivers passed the DAO 34
guidelines. And the flow of the rivers differed, Alanib (2.29), Manupali (5.18), Pulangi
(27.09).
36
Table 5. Summary of the Mean Score of the Physicochemical Parameters in Three Rivers
DAO 34 Alanib Manupali Pulangi
Parameters
Class D River River River
Temperature ( ˚C) 26-30 23.84ns 23.37ns 26.36ns
a
Depth (m) -- 0.37 0.48b 0.63c
Width (m) -- 17.6a 23.63b 234.34c
Current (m/s) -- 0.306ns 0.46ns 0.27ns
ns
pH 6.5-8.5 7.6 7.3ns 7.17ns
Potential Hydrogen in 28.57-
-49.8ns -5.45ns -71.78ns
millivolts current (-85.7)
Oxidation Reduction
500-300 318.22ns 299.22ns 270.33ns
Potential (mV)
Conductivity (mS/cm) 0-1500 0.16ns 0.11ns 0.193ns
ns
Turbidity (NTU) 5 5.93 8.67ns 45.58ns
Dissolved Oxygen 4-15mg/L
15.52ns 26.1ns 13.13ns
(mg/L) (shallow)
Total Dissolved Solids 500-1000 mg/L
193.67ns 74.33ns 125.67ns
(mg/L)
Salinity (mg/L) < 0.5 mg/L 0.1ns 0.03ns 0.1ns
Description of Abiotic Component of Alanib River
Results of the total rapid assessment of the abiotic component in Alanib River is
sub-optimal as shown in Table 6. Hydrologic connectivity of the aforesaid river is rated
showing a sub-optimal condition which means that the watercourse has less frequent
inundation than fully connected streams, floodplain supporting riparian vegetation is
present. Landscape condition stressors like rural residential were observed in the river
and had a mean grade of 4.33 which means that it shows a poor condition. Hydrologic
condition stressors were also observed in the river, these stressors are non-point source
discharges (urban runoff, farm drainage), augmented flow diversions, dams (reservoirs)
flow obstructions (culvert), groundwater extraction. The stressors had a mean grade of
5.44 which means that it is of poor condition. Physicochemical parameters of the river
had a mean grade of 18 which means that it is in optimal condition. Thirty to fifty per
37
cent of the river was mixed with gravel and its habitat is stable and its mean grade is
14.33 which indicates a sub-optimal condition. In the embeddedness of the river, less
than 25% of the rocks were surrounded by fine sediment and its mean grade is 16.22
which shows an optimal condition. The river’s mean grade for channel alteration is 9.11,
it has a moderate deposition of new gravel, and coarse sand on old and new bars which
indicates that it is in marginal condition. The bank stability of both the left and right side
of the river shows a marginal condition, the mean grade of the left and right are 8.11 and
6.89 respectively.
Table 6. Rapid Habitat Assessment of the Abiotic Parameters in Alanib River

Upstream Midstream Downstream
Parameters (Songco) (Alanib) (Balila) Mean Description
Hydrologic
14 10.33 13.33 12.9
Connectivity Sub-optimal
Landscape Condition
4 3.33 5.67 4.33
Stressor Poor
Hydrologic
4 5 7.33 5.44
Condition Stressor Poor
Physicochemical 17 17 17 17
Parameters Optimal
Bottom
Substrate/Instream 9.67 7.33 8 8.33
Cover Sub-optimal
Embeddedness 14 13.67 12 13.22 Marginal
Channel Alteration 4 4.67 7 5.22 Poor
Bank Left Bank 8.33 7.33 8.67
Stability 8.11 Marginal
Right Bank 4 5 6.67 6.89 Marginal
Total 79 73.66 85.67 79.77 Marginal
0-45 (Poor); 46-80 (Marginal); 81-135 (Sub-optimal); 136-180 (Optimal)-total rate
0-5 (Poor); 6-10 (Marginal); 11-15 (Sub-optimal); 16-200 (Optimal)- ratings of the
parameters
38
Description of Biotic Component of Alanib River
Total rapid habitat assessment of the biotic component of Alanib River (Table 7)
is marginal. Sub-optimal condition was observed in the canopy cover shading with an
overall mean of 14.89. The mean grade of the left and right side of the river for bank
vegetative protection are 4.55 and 3.89 consecutively. Riparian vegetable zone width in
the left bank had a mean grade of 1.66 and the right side had 1 as a mean grade. Both
bank vegetative protection and riparian vegetable zone width was in poor condition, only
less than 50% of the stream bank surfaces are covered by vegetation and its width is less
the 6 meters. The streamside cover and native riparian regeneration rating condition are
marginal showing that the mean grade is 10.43 and 9.33 successively which indicates that
the dominant vegetation is grasses and saplings are present but are less than 1% cover of
the river. Furthermore, the invasive exotic plant species cover and biotic stressors
condition are marginal and the mean grade is 9.33 and 6.33 in order showing that there is
5% to 10% key invasive species and Alanib River experiences excessive human
visitation, habitat destruction by livestock and pet predators, cutting of tress and removal
of woody debris by residents nearby, and more importantly residents nearby lack
vegetation management. The vegetative horizontal and vertical patch condition is
marginal showing a low degree of patch diversity and shrubs and herbaceous plants are
visible.
39
Table 7. Rapid Habitat Assessment of the Biotic Parameters in Alanib River

Parameters Mean Description
(Songco) (Alanib) (Balila)
Canopy Cover Shading 13.33 16 15.33 14.89 Sub-optimal
Bank Left Bank
6.33 3.33 4 4.55 Poor
Vegetative
Protection Right Bank 5.33 4 2.33 3.89 Poor
Streamside Cover 10.67 10.33 10.33 10.43 Marginal
Riparian Left Bank
1.33 2.33 1.33 1.66 Poor
Vegetable
Zone Width Right Bank 1.33 1 0.67 1 Poor
Native Riparian
9.67 8 10.33 9.33 Marginal
Regeneration Rating
Invasive Exotic Plant
9.67 7 8 9.33 Marginal
Species Cover
Biotic Condition Stressor 6.67 8 4.33 6.33 Marginal
Vegetation Horizontal Patch 11.67 10 8.67 10.11 Marginal
Vegetation Vertical Patch 7.67 8.33 8 8 Marginal

Total 83.67 78.32 73.32 79.52 Marginal
parameters
Description of Abiotic Component of Manupali River
Total results for the rapid assessment of the abiotic components in Manupali
River is sub-optimal as shown in Table 8. Hydrologic connectivity of the said river shows
a result of sub-optimal condition with an average mean of 12.78. Landscape condition
stressor was also observed in the rivers and had a mean grade of 5.89 which means that it
is in a marginal condition. Hydrologic condition stressors were also observed at the river,
these stressors includes augmented flow diversion and nonpoint source discharges (urban
runoff and drainage), and flow obstructions were observed in the downstream of the river
(Colonia) and it shows marginal condition and its mean are 7.78. The Physicochemical
parameters of the river had the same result of 14.67 which means that the mean grade of
40
the river is 14.67 and it shows a sub-optimal condition. Bottom substrate/ instream cover
shows a marginal condition with an average mean of 10.44. The Embeddedness-extent to
which rocks are buried by the sediments and channel alteration shows a marginal
condition with an average mean of 9.56. The bank stability of both the left and right side
of the river shows marginal condition and has the same average mean of 6.22.
Table 8. Rapid Habitat Assessment of the Abiotic Parameters in Manupali River
Parameters Upstream Midstream Downstream Mean Description

Hydrologic
Connectivity 13.33 13.33 11.67 12.78 Sub-optimal
Landscape Condition
Stressor 6.67 8 3 5.89 Marginal
Hydrologic
Condition Stressor 9.67 7.67 6 7.78 Marginal
Physicochemical
Parameters 14.67 14.67 14.67 14.67 Sub-optimal
Bottom
Substrate/Instream
Cover 10.33 9 12 10.44 Marginal
Embeddedness 11.67 7.67 9.33 9.56 Marginal
Channel Alteration 9.33 5.67 8 7.67 Marginal
Bank Left Bank
Stability 7.67 6.67 4.33 6.22 Marginal
Right Bank
6 6.33 6.33 6.22 Marginal
Total 89.34 79.01 75.33 81.23 Sub-Optimal
parameters
Description of Biotic Component of Manupali River
Total of the rapid assessment of the biotic components of Manupali River shows
marginal condition as shown in Table 9. It has an average mean of 84.90. The canopy
cover shading shows a marginal condition with an average mean of 9.11. The left and
41
right bank also has a marginal condition when it comes to the bank vegetative protection
and has a mean of 7 for the left and 7.22 in the right.
The streamside cover condition is sub-optimal with a total mean of 13. Both the
left and the right side of the river have poor condition when it comes to Riparian
vegetable zone width because it only has 0.87 for its left side and 1.56 for right side.
Native riparian regeneration rating has an average mean of 11.78 with a sub-optimal
condition. The invasive exotic plant species cover shows marginal condition with a mean
of 8.56. Also, Vegetation horizontal patch and vegetation vertical patch have marginal
condition, the horizontal patch has an average mean of 7.89 and its vertical patch is 9.11.
Table 9. Rapid Habitat Assessment of the Biotic Parameters in Manupali River

(Basac) (Balila) (Colonia)
Canopy Cover Shading 13 4 10.33 9.11 Marginal
Bank Left Bank
6.67 7.33 7 7 Marginal
Vegetative
Protection Right Bank 8.67 7.33 5.67 7.22 Marginal
Sub-
Streamside Cover 13 11.67 13.67 13
optimal
Riparian Left Bank 1 1 0.66 0.87 Poor
Vegetable
Zone Width Right Bank 1 2 1.67 1.56 Poor
Native Riparian Sub-
12.33 11.33 11.67 11.78
Regeneration Rating optimal
Invasive Exotic Plant Species
10 8 7.67 8.56 Marginal
Cover
Biotic Condition Stressor 9.67 9 7.67 8.78 Marginal
Vegetation Horizontal Patch 8.33 7.67 7.67 7.89 Marginal
Vegetation Vertical Patch 7.67 10.67 9 9.11 Marginal
Total 92.01 80 82.68 84.9 Sub-Optimal
parameters
42
Description of Abiotic Component of Pulangi River
Result for the total rapid habitat assessment of the abiotic component in Pulangi
River is marginal as shown in Table 10. Hydrologic Connectivity of Pulangi River is
rated indicating marginal condition which means that the stream provides less hydrology
to utilize floodplain with over bankfull flows likely to inundate a broad area floodplain.
Hydrologic condition stressor were also observed at the river which include augmented
flow diversion and non-point source discharges (urban runoff and farm drainage) for
midstream and downstream. The stressors had a mean grade of 8 which shows marginal
condition. Landscape condition stressor is also present at the river. Common stressors of
landscape of three assessment areas of the river were rural residential and
industrial/commercial were also observed at the midstream and downstream assessment
area of Pulangi River. Landscape condition stressor has a mean of 5 which shows poor
condition. The physicochemical parameters were also observed and it has a mean grade
of 15 which shows sub-optimal condition. Bottom Substrate /Instream Cover is rated
indicating marginal condition which 10-30% mix of gravel or other stable habitat and
habitat availability is less than desirable. Embeddedness were also observed with a mean
grade of 8.78 which shows marginal condition. It refers to the extent to which rocks and
snags are covered or sunken into the silt, sand or mud of the stream bottom. Which is a
result of large-scale sediment movement and deposition (Barbour et al. 1999). Which it
surrounded by 50-75% of fine sediment. Channel alteration were also observed at the
river which it is used for flood control and irrigation purposes as shown in Fig. in
upstream and midstream. It has a mean grade of 5 indicating that it is at poor condition.
The bank stability score both left and right condition is poor indicating that the river are
unstable and has many eroded area.

43
Table 10. Rapid Habitat Assessment of the Abiotic Parameters in Pulangi River
(Zamoanguita) (Sugod) (Dologon)
Hydrologic
8 10 13.33 10.44 Marginal
Connectivity
Landscape
8.67 3 3.33 5 Poor
Condition Stressor
Hydrologic
8 4.33 11.67 8 Marginal
Condition Stressor
Physicochemical Sub-
15 15 15 15
Parameters optimal
Bottom
Substrate/Instream 12.33 14.33 4 10.22 Marginal
Cover
Embeddedness 13.33 8 5 8.78 Marginal
Channel Alteration 7.67 5 6 6.22 Marginal
Bank Left Bank 0.67 5 4 3.22 Poor
Stability Right
6.33 1 3 3.44 Poor
Bank
Total 80 65.66 65.33 70.33 Marginal
parameters
Description of Biotic Component of Pulangi River
Rapid habitat assessment of the biotic components of Pulangi River showed
marginal condition (Table 11). Poor condition was observed in the canopy cover shading
with an overall mean grade of 4.67. It has a poor condition in both left and right side of
the river for bank vegetative protection with a mean grade of 3.45 and 2.44
consecutively. Riparian zone width in the left bank had a mean grade of 0.78 with a poor
condition and the right side had 5.33 with a marginal condition. Native riparian
regeneration rating condition is marginal showing that the dominant vegetation is grasses
and seedlings are present but is less than 1% cover of the river with a mean grade of 5.67.
Streamside cover had a mean grade of 4.44 that shows poor condition. Moreover, the
invasive exotic plant species cover had a mean grade of 8.56 and biotic stressors
44
condition with a mean grade of 8.56 which shows marginal condition showing that there
is 5% to 10% key invasive species and Pulangi river experience excessive human
visitation, grazing and habitat destruction by domestic livestock and pet predators, cutting
and burning of trees and removal of woody debris by residents nearby. Excessive organic
debris was also noted and more importantly lack of vegetation management from the
residents nearby. The vegetative horizontal patch had a mean grade of 6.89 and
vegetative vertical patch had a mean grade 10 that the condition is marginal indicating a
low degree of patch diversity and shrubs and herbaceous plants are visible.
Table 11.Rapid Habitat Assessment of the Biotic Parameters of Pulangi River

(Zamoanguita) (Sugod) (Dologon)
Canopy Cover Shading 9 1.67 3.33 4.67 Poor
Bank Left Bank
1.67 0.67 8 3.45 Poor
Vegetative
Protection Right
0 0.33 7 2.44 Poor
Bank
Streamside Cover 3 2 8.33 4.44 Poor
Riparian Left Bank 0 1 1.33 0.78 Poor
Vegetable
Zone Width Right 6 5.67 4.33 5.33 Marginal
Bank
Native Riparian
5 3.33 8.67 5.67 Marginal
Regeneration Rating
14.67 4 7 8.56 Marginal
Species Cover
Biotic Condition
13.67 6 6 8.56 Marginal
Stressor
Vegetation Horizontal
6 7.33 7.33 6.89 Marginal
Patch
Vegetation Vertical
16.67 3 10.33 10 Marginal
Patch
Total 75.68 35 71.65 60.78 Marginal
0-5 (Poor); 6-10 (Marginal); 11-15 (Sub-optimal); 16-200 (Optimal) - ratings of the
parameters
45
Description of Abiotic Component of the Three Rivers
Result for the rapid assessment of the abiotic component in three rivers shown in
Table 12. Hydrologic Connectivity of Alanib River is higher than the two rivers with a
mean grade of 12.9 indicating marginal condition, while Manupali River has a mean
grade of 12.78 and Pulangi River with a mean grade of 10.44 indicating a marginal
condition. Hydrologic condition stressor were also observed at the river which include
augmented flow diversion and non-point source discharges (urban runoff and farm
drainage). Pulangi has the highest grade for hydrologic condition stressor with a mean
grade of 8 indicating a marginal condition. While Alanib River has mean grade of 5.44
and Pulangi river with a mean grade of 7.78 indicating a marginal condition. Landscape
condition stressor is also present at the river. Manupali River has the highest mean grade
of 5.89 while Pulangi River has a mean grade of 5 and the lowest is the Alanib River with
the mean grade of 4.33 indicating a poor condition. The physicochemical parameters
were also observed and Alanib River has the highest mean grade of 18. While Pulangi
River has a mean grade of 15 and Manupali river has the lowest mean grade of 14.67.
Bottom Substrate /Instream Cover of Alnib River has the highest mean grade of 14.33,
Manupali with the mean grade of 10.44 and Pulangi river with the mean graded of 10.22
which is rated indicating marginal condition which 10-30% mix of gravel or other stable
habitat and habitat availability is less than desirable. Embeddedness was also observed
with a highest mean grade of 16.22 which is the Alanib River, Manupali River with a
mean grade of 9.56 and Pulangi River with a mean grade of 8.78. Channel alteration was
observed at the river which it is used for flood control and irrigation purposes. Alanib
River has the highest mean grade of 9.11, Manupali River with a mean grade of 7.67 and
46
Pulangi River with a mean grade of 6.22. The bank stability score of Alanib River both
left and right has the highest mean grade of 8.11 and 6.89, Manupali River with a mean
grade of 6.22 and 6.22 and Pulangi River with a mean grade of 3.22 and 3.44.
Table 12. Summary of the Mean Values of the Habitat Status (Abiotic) in Three Rivers
Parameters Alanib River Manupali River Pulangi River
Hydrologic Connectivity 12.9 12.78 10.44

Landscape Condition
4.33
Stressor 5.89 5
Hydrologic Condition
5.44
Stressor 7.78 8
Physicochemical
17
Parameters 14.67 15
Bottom Substrate/Instream
Cover 8.33 10.44 10.22
Embeddedness 13.22 9.56 8.78
Channel Alteration 5.22 7.67 6.22
Bank Left Bank 8.11 6.22 3.22
Stability
Right Bank 6.89 6.22 3.44
Total 79.77 81.23 70.33
Marginal Sub-Optimal Marginal
Description of Biotic Component of the Three River
Rapid assessment of the biotic components of Alanib Rivers has the highest mean
grade of 14.89, Manupali with a mean grade of 9.11 and Pulangi River with a mean grade
of 4.67 for the Canopy cover shading. Manupali River has mean grade 6 and 5.22, Alanib
River with a mean grade of 4.55 and 3.89 and Pulangi River with a mean grade of 3.45
and 2.44 for the both left and right of bank vegetative protection. Riparian vegetative
zone width both the left and right has the highest mean grade of 1.66 and 1 for Alanib
47
and 0.87 and 1.56 for Manupali River. While Pulangi River has a mean grade of 0.78 and
5.33.
The streamside cover has the highest mean grade of 13 for Manupali River,
Alanib River with a mean grade of 10.43 and Pulangi River with a mean grade of 4.44.
Native riparian regeneration has a highest mean grade 11.78 which is the Manupali River,
Alanib River with a mean grade of 9.33 and Pulangi River with a mean grade of 5.67.
Moreover, the invasive exotic plant species cover has a highest mean grade of 9.33 which
has a marginal condition showing that there is 5% to 10% key invasive species. While
Manupali River has a mean grade of 9.89 and Pulangi River with amena grade of 8.56.
Biotic stressors condition has highest mean grade of 10.11 which is the Alanib River,
Manupali River with mean grade of 8.78 and Pulangi River with a mean grade of 8.56.
The vegetative horizontal of Alanib River has a mean grade of 8, Manupali River with a
mean grade of 7.89 and Pulangi River with a mean grade of 6.89. The vegetative vertical
patch of Pulangi River has the highest mean graded of 10, Manupali River with a mean
grade of 9.11 and Alanib River with a mean grade of 8.

48
Table 13. Summary of the Mean Values of the Habitat Status (Biotic) in Three Rivers
Parameters Alanib River Manupali River Pulangi River
Canopy Cover Shading 14.89 9.11 4.67
Bank Left Bank 4.55 7 3.45
Vegetative
Right Bank 3.89 7.22 2.44
Protection
Streamside Cover 10.43 13 4.44
Riparian Left Bank 1.66 0.87 0.78
Vegetable
Right Bank 1 1.56 5.33
Zone Width
Native Riparian
9.33 11.78 5.67
Regeneration Rating
9.33 8.56 8.56
Species Cover
Biotic Condition Stressor 6.33 8.78 8.56
Vegetation Horizontal Patch 10.11 7.89 6.89
Vegetation Vertical Patch 8 9.11 10
79.52 84.88 60.78
Total
Marginal Sub-Optimal Marginal
Description of the Pearson Correlation of Habitat Status and Physicochemical Parameters
of the Three Rivers
Table 14 shows the Pearson correlation of Habitat Status and Physicochemical
Parameters of the Three Rivers. Alanib River with r-value of -0.538 with a verbal
interpretation of Moderate Correlation. Manupali River with r-value of 0.891 with a
verbal interpretation of High Correlation. Pulangi River with r-value of 0.560 with a
verbal interpretation of Moderate Correlation. The three rivers has a very high correlation
with r-value of 0.996.

49
Table 14. Pearson Correlation of Habitat Status and Physicochemical Parameters
r-value Verbal Interpretation
Alanib River 0.538 Moderate Correlation
Manupali River 0.891 High Correlation
Pulangi River 0.560 Moderate Correlation
Three Rivers 0.996 Very high Correlation

0.00 to ±0.20 slight correlation; ±0.21 to ±0.40 low correlation; ±0.41 to ±0.60 moderate
correlation; ±0.61 to ±0.80 high correlation; ±0.81 to ±1.00 very high correlation
Findings
The findings of the study revealed that some of the physicochemical parameters
of the three rivers are within the permissible limits of DAO 34 guidelines for Class D
streams but some parameters failed like the turbidity of Pulangi River (Table 4) and
Alanib River (Table 2). The three rivers differed significantly as shown in Figure 26 and
29, the asterisk sign (*) on the P-value (Fig 29) means that there is a significant
differences on the individual value plot of the three rivers. On the other hand, only Alanib
River has a sub-optimal condition in the abiotic component of habitat status while
Manupali and Pulangi River have a marginal condition. On the biotic component, all of
the three rivers are in marginal condition. It is also revealed in the study that there is a
significant difference between the physicochemical and habitat status in three rivers.
50
DISCUSSION, SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This section presents the discussion, summary, conclusion, and recommendations
of the study.
Discussion
The study was conducted to obtain continuing information on the current water
quality and habitat status of the three rivers in Bukidnon. The results acquired shows that
the rivers are of different water quality.
Alanib River is not suitable for drinking purposes as it excessed in some
physicochemical parameters like turbidity and dissolved oxygen in the standards of DAO
34 for Class D watercourse (Table 2), during the sampling, flow obstructions were
observed in the sampling stations, all the areas were also near the resided and people
were performing varied activities in the river. In the upstream (Songco), a paved stream
crossing (Fig 14a) and a riprap was observed (Fig 14b) which may have affected its
scores for the physicochemical parameters and habitat assessment; this claim is supported
by Barbour et al (1999) because the presence of altered habitat structure is considered one
of the major stressors of aquatic system. Large hoses were also seen (Fig 14h) and
according to one resident the the researchers have interviewed, more or less 45 farmers
use the river for agricultural purposes, which may have caused the diminution of the
water in the river. Domestic animal (Fig 15a), a culvert (Fig 15b) and civilians (Fig 15d)
were observed in the middle stream (Alanib); there were also rubbishes in the area (Fig
15g). In the downstream (Balila), there is also a culvert (Fig 16d) and it is nearby resided.
51
Moreover, Manupali River also failed in turbidity and dissolved oxygen (Table 3);
as observed by the researchers, the upstream (Basac) was far from the residents, the water
was so clear and the temperature is fluctuating from the upstream to the downstream
resulting to fluctuating dissolved oxygen count; this result is supported by Gada (2010); it
is also being covered by trees and bamboos. In the midstream (Balila), a weir was
observed (Fig 17d), residents living near the area called the river “hydro” a short term for
Hydro 2 Tailrace; there were also cottages because people go there for swimming and
other recreational activities (Fig 17g). Surrounding land use and human activities along
the river contribute to relatively lower water quality (Amoroso et al., 2014), nonetheless;
there was an ongoing construction (Fig 18i) when the researchers conducted in the
downstream (Colonia), the area is nearby resided (Fig 18b), domestic animals were
observed in the river bank (Fig 18e), and it has an armored channel bank (Fig 18c);
children were also observed swimming in the area (Fig 18g).
In Pulangi River, only turbidity did not pass the DAO 34 guidelines for Class D
watercourse (Table 4), however; its score for turbidity is supernumerary, which means
that it is too turbid especially in the downstream (Fig 21). The upstream (Zamboanguita)
is far from the residents, however; quarrying is present in the area (Fig 20i) and it is being
visited by civilians for recreational activities (Fig 20j). In the midstream (Sugod),
domestic animals can be observed (Fig 21h); it is also near resided and there are
community volunteers who are in charge of observing the depth of the river constantly
(Fig 21g). The downstream (Dologon) is very wide, it is near resided and the land is used
as a public cemetery; there were also domestic animals and fishermen observed in the
area (Fig 22a).

52
Temperature of the rivers is fluctuating, resulting to fluctuating dissolved oxygen
count; the rivers’ pH ranges from 7.17 to 7.6 showing that it is alkaline; these claims are
supported by Gada (2010). Oxidation reduction potential values are high, therefore the
DO count is also numerous, this agrees with the claim of Wetzel (1983). The rivers can
be a healthy environment for fish or bugs, which is confirmed by the statement of Horne
& Goldman (1994) that ORP should read high between 300 and 500 millivolts.
Conductivity is low resulting to low salinity and dissolved oxygen, this coincides the
statement of the FONDRIES Environmental (2010). The flow of the three rivers varied
influencing dissolved oxygen count, this claim is supported by the University of
Colorado at Boulder (2009) because the velocity of the water flow influences the levels
of dissolved oxygen. All sampling stations did not have much plants underwater which
may have been affected by the turbidity of the rivers because all the three rivers failed on
turbidity in the standards given by DAO 34 for Class D watercourse; this agrees with the
statement of the FONDRIES Environmental (2010). The salinity of the rivers were low
so dissolve oxygen count were high because of the Henry’s Law which says that the
constant used will change based on ion contractions; this claim is supported by
FONDRIES Environmental (2010). The total dissolved solids of the three rivers passed
the DAO 34 standards for Class D watercourse, however, these rivers are still not safe for
drinking purposes which agrees with the statement of Gordon (2013) that water that
exceed 500mg/L can be utilized as a source of drinking water for animals. High urban
land use leads to poor habitat quality (Wang et al. 1994); hence, these landscape and
hydrologic stressors have contributed to the scores of the rivers in physicochemical
parameters and habitat status.

53
Though many of the physicochemical parameters of Alanib, Manupali, and
Pulangi River passed the DAO 34 Class D guidelines and none of the rivers is in poor
condition of habitat status, it is still not befitting to state that the rivers are safe for human
consumption because the aforesaid rivers failed in turbidity which means that it is not
pure anymore and these rivers were already exploited by humans.
The findings reported support the significance of the study. Therefore, the null
hypothesis which states that there is no significant difference between the water quality
of the three rivers is accepted. As shown in Figure 29, all the three rivers differed
significantly in the physicochemical parameters and the water quality and habitat status
of the rivers have a very high correlation.
Summary
The researchers studied water quality and habitat status in three rivers of
Bukidnon to sought answers on the physicochemical characteristics of the three rivers,
and compare their characteristics; assess the habitat status of the three rivers, and
compare their condition; and the null hypothesis which states that there is no significant
difference between the water quality of the three rivers and the other hypothesis that says
that there is no significant relationship between the water quality and habitat status of the
rivers. The data was obtained by sampling in-situ with the use of HORIBA water quality
analyzer. Results revealed that there is a significant difference between the water quality
and habitat status of the three rivers in Bukidnon.
According to Evans et al. (2012), comprehensive database are rarely and national
data indicate that the water quality situations is serious. Today, population grows rapidly
and industrialization is transpiring anywhere at any time in Bukidnon; people seem to

54
forget the importance of nature and just use up anything in the environment for their own
benefits, one of the most affected sections is the watercourse, especially the rivers. Now,
specific baseline information on the current water quality and habitat status of the three
rivers is already obtained and this information can be used to solve the water pollution
problem in Alanib, Manupali, and Pulangi River, Bukidnon.
Conclusions
The following are concluded from the findings of the study:
1. The three rivers differ significantly in physicochemical characteristics.
2. The habitat condition of the three rivers differed.
3. The null hypothesis is accepted and the alternative hypothesis is rejected.
4. Water quality and habitat status of the three rivers have a very high
correlation.
Recommendations
Based on the findings and conclusion s of the study, the following
recommendations are presented:
1. A similar study with same sampling sites but different methods and more
parameters would be more advantageous.
2. Finding an easy yet secure solution for the water pollution problems in
Bukidnon will be a very big help not only to the people but also for the rest of
organisms existing in the province.
3. The Local Government Unit are engaged to monitor the condition of the rivers
in Bukidnon and look for solutions to maintain and keep the rivers healthy.
55
LITERATURE CITED
Amoroso, V.B, Quimpang, V.T, Opiso, E.M., Coritico, F.P., Leano, E., Galan, G.L.,
Acma, F.M., Bruna, A.G., Labadan, A., Forten, R.R. and Coquille, K.L. 2014.
Assessment of Biodiversity and water Quality in Association with Land Use in
the Alanib River, Mt. Kitangland Range Park, Philippines. Asian Journal of
Biodiversity. Vol. 5 no. 1.
Barbour, M.T., Gerritsen, J., Stribling, J.B. and Synder, B.D. 1999. Rapid Bioassessment
Protocols for use in Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic
Macroinvertebrates, and Fish, Second Edition. EPA 841-B-99-002. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency; Office of Water; Washington. D.C.
Dinh, T.L, Hu, W., Sikka, P. Corke, P., Overs, L. and Brosnan, S. 2007. Design and
Deployment of a remote Robust Sensor Network: Experiences from an Outdoor
Water Quality Monitoring Network.
Evans, A.E, Hanjra, M.A, Jiang, Y.J, Qadir, M.Q. and Drechsel, P. 2012. Water Quality:
Assessment of Current Situation in Asia. International Journal of Water Resources
Development. 28(2).
Gupta, J., Dellapenna, J., Li, W. and Schmidt, F. 2013. Thinking about the Future of
Global Water Governance. Ecology and Society. 18(3):28.
Joshi, D.M, Kumar, A. and Agrawal, N. 2009. Studies on Physicochemical Parameters to
Assess the Water Quality of River Ganga for Drinking Purpose in Haridwar
District. Rasayan Journal Chemistry. (2) p. 195-203.
Lantican, M.A, Guerra, L.C. and Bhuiyan, S.I. 2003. Impacts of soil erosion in the upper
Manupali watershed on irrigated lowlands in the Philippines. Paddy and Water
Environment. (1) pp. 19-26.
Manjare. S.A., Vhanalakar, S.A. and Muley, D.V. 2009. Analysis of Water Quality Using
Physicochemical Parameters in Tamdalge Tank in Kolhapur District,
Maharashtra. International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research.
1(2) pp. 115-119.
Meghla, N.T, Islam, S., Ali, M.A, Sultana, S. and Sultana, N. 2013. Assessment of
Physicochemical Properties of Water from the Turag River in Dhaka City,
Bangladesh. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences.
2(5): 110-122.
Opiso, E.M. & Alburoa, J.L. 2014. Hydro-Geochemical Characteristics of Sawaga River,
Malaybalay City, Bukidnon. Asian Scientific Journals. Vol. 10.
Pȃrvulescu, L., Pacioglu, O. and Hamchevici, C. 2010. The Assessment and Water
Quality Requirements of the Stone Crayfish (Austropotamobius torrentium) and
Noble Crayfish (Astacus astacus) Species in the Rivers from the Anina Mountains
(SW Romania). Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems.
56
Quimpang, V.T. & Famador, E. 1989. Effects of Bukidnon Sugar Mill Wastes in Pulangi
River. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Shittu, O., Olaitan J. and Amusa, T. 2008. Physico-chemical and Bacteriological
Analyses of Water used for Drinking and Swimming Purposes in Abeokuta,
Nigeria. African Journal of Biomedical Research. Vol. 11 p. 205-290.
57
APPENDICES
58
APPENDIX A
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
APPENDIX B
AS1 AS3
AS2
Figure 2. Map of the Alanib River (Songco) sampling area; replicate 1 (yellow box),
replicate 2 (orange box), replicate 3 (red box)
AA1 AA3
AA2
Figure 3. Map of the Alanib River (Alanib) sampling area; replicate 1 (yellow box),
68
AB2
AB1
AB3
Figure 4. Map of the Alanib River (Balila) sampling area; replicate 1 (yellow box),
MA2 MA1
MA3
Figure 5. Map of the Manupali River (Basac) sampling area; replicate 1 (yellow box),
69
MB1 MB2
MB3
Figure 6. Map of the Manupali River (Balila) sampling area; replicate 1 (yellow box),
MB3
MB2
MB1
Figure 7. Map of the Manupali River (Colonia) sampling area; replicate 1 (yellow box),
70
PZ3 PZ1
PZ2
Figure 8. Map of the Pulangi River(Zambonguita) sampling area; replicate 1 (yellow

box), replicate 2 (orange box), replicate 3 (red box)
PC1
PC2
PC3
Figure 9. Map of the Pulangi River (Sugod) sampling area; replicate 1 (yellow box),
71
PD3 PD1
PD2
Figure 10. Map of the Pulangi River (Dologon) sampling area; replicate 1 (yellow box),
P1
A1 A2
M1 A3
P2
M2
M3
P3
Figure 11. The location of the three Rivers: Pulangi river (red box); Alanib River (orange
box); Manupali River (yellow box); Upperstream (1) Midstream (2); Downstream (2)
72
Figure 12. Map of the Philippines with the location of the Province of Bukidnon
73
APPENDIX C
Figure 13: Materials (a) laser pro, (b) HORIBA water quality analyzer, (c) pingpong ball
and plastic rope(d) meter stick
74
APPENDIX D
Figure 14A. Sampling in Alanib River Upstream (Songco). (a) paved stream crossing (b)
riprap (c) residents washing clothes (d) kids swimming (e) stony bank (f) invasive plants
75
Figure 14B. Sampling in Alanib River Upstream (Songco). (g) river bank (h) hoses (i)
river water (j) invasive plants (k) invasive plants (l) invasive plants
76
Figure 15A. Alanib River Midstream (Alanib). (a) goat (b) culvert (c) stony river bank
(d) residents (e) residents rinsing chicken in the river (f) dead leaves
77
Figure 15B. Alanib River Midstream (Alanib). (g) rubbishes (h) houses in the river bank
(i) kids swimming (j) invasive plant (k) invasive plant (l) invasive plant
78
Figure 16A. Alanib River Downstream (Balila). (a) stony bank (b) stony bank (c) rocks
(d) culvert (e) stony substrate (f) rocky substrate
79
Figure 16B. Alanib River Downstream (Balila). (g) rocky substrate (h) rocky river bank
(i) residents (j) rocky river bank (k) rocky substrate (l) invasive plant
80
Figure 17A. Manupali River Upstream (Basac). (a) rocky substrate (b) sampling (c) river
bank (d) bamboo grass (e) bamboo grass (f) bamboo grass
81
Figure 17B. Manupali River Upstream (Basac). (g) dead leaves (h) invasive plant (i)
invasive plant (j) makahiya plant (k bamboo grass) (l) invasive plant
82
Figure 18A. Manupali River Midstream (Balila). (a) river (b) river bank (c) bridge (d)
weir (e) bridge (f) vegetative vertical patch
83
Figure 18B. Manupali River Midstream (Balila). (g) cottage (h) vertical vegetative patch
(i) vertical vegetative patch (j) invasive plant (k) invasive plant (l) invasive plant
84
Figure 19A. Manupali River Downstream (Colonia). (a) bridge (b) river bank (c) armored
river bank (d) stony substrate (e) cow (f) kid swimming
85
Figure 19B. Manupali River Downstream (Colonia). (g) kids swimming (h) construction
site (i) construction site (j) invasive plant (k) invasive plant (l) invasive plant
86
Figure 20A. Pulangi River Upstream (Zamboanguita). (a) vegetative vertical patch (b)
river (c) river bank (d) people swimming (e) stony substrate (f) vegetative vertical patch
87
Figure 20B. Pulangi River Upstream (Zamboanguita). (g) silt substrate (h) (i) quarrying
(j) people swimming (k) riverbank (l) stony substrate
88
Figure 21A. Pulangi River Midstream (Sugod). (a) bridge (b) river bank (c) silt substrate
(d) stony substrate (e) carabao grass (f) bank
89
Figure 21B. Pulangi River Midstream (Sugod). (g) community volunteers (h) cow (i)
corn (j) cassava (k) gabi-gabi (l) tree
90
Figure 22A. Pulangi River Downstream (Dologon). (a) domestic animal (b) peanut (c)
trees (d) fishing (e) peanut (f) water lilies
91
Figure 22B. Pulangi River Downstream (Dologon). (g) snail’s egg (h) river (i) carabao
grass (j) corn (k) carabao manure (l) gabi-gabi
92
a b
d d
e f
Figure 23A. Graph of the Physicochemical Parameters of Alanib River in upstream,

midstream, and downstream. (a) water temperature (b) pH (c) pH in millivolts (d)
oxidation reduction potential (e) conductivity (f) turbidity
- Replicates
93
g h
i j
Figure 23B. Graph of the Physicochemical Parameters of Alanib River in upstream,

midstream, and downstream. (g) dissolved oxygen (h) total dissolved solids (i) salinity (j)
current
- Replicates
94
a b
d
c
e f
Figure 24A. Graph of the Physicochemical Parameters of Manupali River in upstream,

- Replicates
95
g h
i j
Figure 24B. Graph of the Physicochemical Parameters of Manupali River in upstream,

midstream, and downstream. (g) dissolved oxygen (h) total dissolved solids (i) salinity
(j) current
- Replicates
96
Individual Value Plot of Uptream (Zamboanguita), Midstream (Sugod), Downstream (Dologon) Individual Value Plot of Uptream (Zamboanguita), Midstream (Sugod), Downstream (Dologon)
27.00 9
a b
26.75
8
Water Temeprature
26.50
26.25
pH
7
26.00
25.75 6
25.50
5
Uptream (Zamboanguita) Midstream (Sugod) Downstream (Dologon) Uptream (Zamboanguita) Midstream (Sugod) Downstream (Dologon)
-20 340
c
Oxidantion Reduction Potential (mV)

d
320
-40
300
pH in millivolts
-60
280
-80 260
240
-100
220
-120 200
0.24 120
e f
0.23
100
0.22
80
Conductivity
0.21
Turbidity
0.20 60
0.19
40
0.18
20
0.17
0.16 0
Figure 25A. Graph of the Physicochemical Parameters of Pulangi River in upstream,

- Replicates
97
25 160
g h
150
20
Total Dissolved Solids

Dissolved Oxygen
140
15
130
10
120
5
110
0 100
Individual Value Plot of Uptream (Zamboanguita), Midstream (Sugod), Downstream (Dologon) Individual Value Plot of Upstream (Zamboanguita); Midstream(Sugod); Downstream(Dologon)
0.7
0.150
i 0.6
j
0.125
0.5
Salinity
0.4
Curre nt
0.100
0.3
0.075 0.2
0.1
0.050
0.0
Uptream (Zamboanguita) Midstream (Sugod) Downstream (Dologon) Upstream (Zamboanguita) Midstream(Sugod) Downstream(Dologon)
Figure 25B. Graph of the Physicochemical Parameters of Pulangi River in upstream,

midstream, and downstream. (g) dissolved oxygen (h) total dissolved solids (i) salinity (j)
current
- Replicates
98
a b
c d
e f
Figure 26A. Graph of the Physicochemical Parameters of Alanib River, Manupali River,
and Pulangi River. (a) water temperature (b) pH (c) pH in millivolts (d) oxidation
reduction potential (e) conductivity (f) turbidity
- Replicates
99
g h
i j
Figure 26B. Graph of the Physicochemical Parameters of Alanib River, Manupali River,
and Pulangi River. (g) dissolved oxygen (h) total dissolved solids (i) salinity (j) current
- Replicates
100
Water Temperature
pH
pH in millivolts
Oxidation Reduction Potential
Conductivity
Figure 27A. Alanib River One-way ANOVA: temp, pH, pHmV, ORP, conductivity
101
Turbidity
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Current
Figure 27B Alanib River One-way ANOVA: turbidity, DO,TDS, salinity, current
102
Water Temperature
pH
pH in millivolts
Conductivity
Figure 28A. Manupali River One-way ANOVA: temp, pH, pHmV, ORP, conductivity
103
Turbidity
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Current
Figure 28B. Manupali River One-way ANOVA: turbidity, DO,TDS, salinity, current
104
Water Temperature
pH
pH in millivolts
Conductivity
Figure 29A. Pulangi River One-way ANOVA: temp, pH, pHmV, ORP, conductivity
105
Turbidity
Dissolved Oxygen
Salinity
Figure 29B. Pulangi River One-way ANOVA: turbidity, DO,TDS, salinity, current
106
Water Temperature
pH
pHmV
ORP
Conductivity
Figure 30A. Alanib River, Manupali River, and Pulangi River One-way ANOVA: temp,
pH, pHmV, ORP, conductivity
107
Turbidity
Dissolved Oxygen
TDS
Salinity
Current
Figure 30B. Alanib River, Manupali River, and Pulangi River One-way ANOVA:
turbidity, DO,TDS, salinity, current
108
Alanib River
Manupali River
Pulangi River
Three Rivers
Figure 31. Pearson Correlation of Habitat Status and Physicochemical Parameters

109
Table 15. Physicochemical Parameters Raw Data of Alanib River
Upstream (Songco) Midstream (Alanib) Downstream (Balila)

Parameters
AS1 AS 2 AS 3 AA 1 AA2 AA3 AB1 AB2 AB3
Temperature 26.2
21.07 20.85 20.79 24.55 24.54 24.02 26.24 26.22
(°C) 6
pH 6.9 7.74 7.1 7.24 7.18 7.53 8.2 8.45 7.73
pHmV -10 -59 -22 -31 -27 -48 -88 -103 -60
ORPmV 339 297 335 319 327 313 273 359 302
0.13
Conductivity 0.199 0.2 0.201 0.136 0.13 0.138 0.14 0.142
9
Turbidity
2.8 2.9 3 4.3 5 4.1 9.6 10.3 11.3
(NTU)
16.2
DO (mg/L) 15.35 23.08 13.44 11.63 14.05 15.18 13.87 16.8
8
TDS (mg/L) 0.129 0.13 0.13 0.089 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.091 0.092
Salinity
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
(mg/L)
Depth (m) 0.4 0.43 0.465 0.32 0.26 0.25 0.43 0.38 0.47
Current (m/s) 0.17 0.4 0.14 0.33 0.25 0.29 0.29 0.22 0.67
Substrate Boulder Boulder Muddy, rocky, silt
Time 8:15-9:00 AM 11:00-12:00 AM 1:45-2:30 PM
Season Partly cloudy Sunny Sunny
Odor Normal Anaerobic Normal
Color Clear with dead leaves Clear with dead leaves Brownish blue green
Width (m) 9.2 16.6 27
Flow (m3/s) 0.95 1.33 4.6
110
Table 16. Physicochemical Parameters Raw Data Manupali River
Upstream (Basac) Midstream (Balilla) Downstream (Colonia)

Parameters
AS1 AS 2 AS 3 AA 1 AA2 AA3 AB1 AB2 AB3
Temperature
(°C) 20.27 20.11 20.09 29.38 24.35 24.35 23.89 23.9 23.93
pH 7.17 7.11 7.05 7.26 7.39 7.38 7.49 7.48 7.42
pHmV -26 -23 -19 -32 -40 -39 -45 -44 -41
ORPmV 263 285 302 320 316 319 287 296 305
Conductivity 0.072 0.072 0.073 0.097 0.098 0.098 0.159 0.157 0.158
Turbidity
(NTU) 4.1 4.7 4.7 7.3 7.4 7.3 14.8 13.41 14.3
DO (mg/L) 28.46 23.69 22.03 20.6 27.01 22.99 27.81 32.64 29.63
TDS (mg/L) 0.047 0.047 0.047 0.063 0.064 0.069 0.103 0.102 0.103
Salinity
(mg/L) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.1
Depth (m) 0.260 0.36 0.35 0.72 0.72 0.62 0.36 0.4 0.54
Current (m/s) 0.33 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.67 0.67
Substrate Boulder Boulder Muddy, rocky, silt
Time 8:15-9:00 AM 11:00-12:00 AM 1:45-2:30 PM
Season Cloudy Sunny Partly Cloudy
Odor Normal Normal Normal
Color Clear with dead leaves Clear with dead leaves brownish blue green
Width (m) 22.3 27 21.6
Flow (m3/s) 2.93 6.9 5.7
111
Table 17. Physicochemical Parameters Raw Data Pulangi River

Parameters (Zamboanguita) (Sugod) (Dologon)
PZ1 PZ 2 PZ3 PS1 PS2 PS3 PD1 PD2 PD3
Temperature
(°C) 25.44 25.43 25.48 26.85 26.93 26.96 26.69 26.63 26.83
pH 8.52 8.71 8.63 7.21 7.46 7.26 5.39 5.64 5.74
pHmV -106 -118 -113 -29 -44 -32 80 65 59
ORPmV 210 217 233 314 307 323 289 324 297
Conductivity 0.162 0.163 0.163 0.238 0.239 0.238 0.167 0.184 0.185
Turbidity
(NTU) 7.8 9.7 8.4 38.1 39.8 43.2 43.2 117 103
DO () 14.12 23.09 17.64 23.98 15.01 10.97 4.44 3.52 5.43
TDS (mg/L) 0.106 0.106 0.106 0.155 0.156 0.155 0.108 0.12 0.12
Salinity
(mg/L) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Depth (m) 0.47 0.5 0.92 0.89 0.97 0.85 0.66 1.18 1.2
Current (m/s) 0.33 0.33 0.12 0.5 0.67 0.29 0.07 0.06 0.05
Fine sand, ¾ stone,
Substrate Stony Muddy
gravel #1, silt
Time 8:15-9:00 AM 11:00-12:00 AM 1:45-2:30 PM
Season Sunny Sunny Sunny
Odor Normal Musty Musty
Color Blue green Brownish Brownish
Width (m) 22.3 101 600
Flow (m3/s) 0.38 44.54 36.36
112
Table 18. Abiotic Rapid assessment field data sheet in Alanib River Upstream (Songco)
Alanib River Upstream (Songco)

Beatrix Madeline Tanquion August 15, 2016
113
114

Kathleen O. Adajar August 15, 2016
115
116

Maria Angela L. Melendez August 15, 2016
117
118
Table 19. Biotic Rapid River Assessment Field Data Sheet in Alanib River (Songco)

119
120

v
121
122

v
123
124
Table 20. Abiotic Rapid River Assessment Field Data Sheet in Alanib River Midstream
(Alanib).
Paired T for Physicochemical Alanib - Abiotic Alanib
NAlanib River
Mean Midstream
StDev(Alanib)
SE Mean
Physicochemi 9 57.2 118.7 39.6
Abiotic Alan 9 Madeline
Beatrix 10.6
Tanquion 4.9 1.6 August 15, 2016
Difference 9 46.7 116.5 38.8
95% CI for mean difference: (-42.9, 136.2)

T-Test of mean difference = 0 (vs not = 0): T-Value = 1.20 P-Value =
0.264
Paired T for Physicochemical Alanib - Biotic Alanib
N Mean StDev SE Mean

Biotic Alani 9 8.2 3.9 1.3
Difference 9 49.0 120.6 40.2

0.257
Paired T for Physicochemical Balila - Abiotic Balila

Abiotic Bali 9 9.0 3.1 1.0
Difference 9 39.2 95.2 31.7

0.252
Paired T for Physicochemical Manupali - Biotic Manupali

Physicochemical 9 48.2 97.2 32.4
Biotic Manupali 9 8.5 3.3 1.1
Difference 9 39.7 100.1 33.4

0.268
125
126
Alanib River Midstream (Alanib)

127
128

129
130
Table 21. Biotic Rapid River Assessment Field Data Sheet in Alanib River (Alanib)

131
132

v
133
134

v
135
136
Table 22. Abiotic Rapid River Assessment Field Data Sheet in Alanib River (Balila).
Paired T for Physicochemical Alanib - Abiotic Alanib

Physicochemi Alanib
9 River
57.2Downstream
118.7(Balila)39.6
Abiotic Alan Beatrix
9 Madeline
10.6 Tanquion
4.9 1.6 August 15, 2016
Difference 9 46.7 116.5 38.8

0.264
Paired T for Physicochemical Alanib - Biotic Alanib

Biotic Alani 9 8.2 3.9 1.3
Difference 9 49.0 120.6 40.2

0.257
Paired T for Physicochemical Balila - Abiotic Balila

Abiotic Bali 9 9.0 3.1 1.0
Difference 9 39.2 95.2 31.7

0.252
Paired T for Physicochemical Manupali - Biotic Manupali

Physicochemical 9 48.2 97.2 32.4
Biotic Manupali 9 8.5 3.3 1.1
Difference 9 39.7 100.1 33.4

0.268
137
138
Alanib River Downstream (Balila)

139
140

141
142
Table 23. Biotic Rapid River Assessment Field Data Sheet in Alanib River (Balila)

143
144

v
145
146

v
147
148
Table 21. Abiotic Rapid River Assessment Field Data Sheet in Manupali River (Basac)
Manupali River Upstream (Basac)

149
150

151
152

153
154
Table 22. Biotic Rapid River Assessment Field Data Sheet in Manupali River (Basac)
Manupali Upstream (Basac)

155
156

157
158
Manupali River Midstream (Basac)

159
160
Table 26. Abiotic Rapid River Assessment Field Date Sheet in Manupali River (Balila)
Manupali River Midstream (Balila)

161
162

163
164

165
166
Table 27. Biotic Rapid River Assessment Field Data Sheet in Manupali River (Balila)

167
168

169
170

171
172
Table 28. Abiotic Rapid River Assessment Field Data Sheet in Manupali River (Colonia)
Manupali River Downstream (Colonia)

173
174

175
176

177
c
178
Table 34. Biotic Rapid River Assessment Field Data Sheet in Manupali River (Colonia)

179
180
Pulangi River Downstream (Colonia)

181
182

183
184
Table 30. Abiotic Rapid River Assessment Field Data Sheet in Pulangi River
(Zamboanguita)
Pulangi River Upstream (Zamboanguita)

185
186

187
188

189
190
Table 31. Biotic Rapid River Assessment Field Data Sheet in Pulangi River
(Zamboanguita)
Pulangi Upstream (Zamboanguita)

191
192

193
194

195
196
Table 32. Abiotic Rapid River Assessment Field Data Sheet in Pulangi River (Sugod)
Pulangi River Midstream (Sugod)

197
198

199
200

201
202
Table 33. Biotic Rapid River Assessment Field Data Sheet in Pulangi River (Sugod)

203
204

205
206

207
208
Table 34. Abiotic Rapid River Assessment Field Data Sheet in Pulangi River (Dologon)
Pulangi River Downstream (Dologon)

209
210

211
212

213
c
214

215
216
Pulangi
Pulangi River
River Downstream
Downstream (Dologon)
(Dologon)
217
218
Pulangi
PulangiRiver
RiverDownstream
Downstream(Dologon)
(Dologon)
L. Melendez
Maria Angela Melendez August 15, 2016
219
c
220
Table 35. Biotic Rapid River Assessment Field Data Sheet in Pulangi River (Dologon)

221
222

223
224

225
226
Paired T for Physicochemical Pulangi - Abiotic Pulangi

Abiotic Pula 9 7.8 3.8 1.3
Difference 9 39.5 99.4 33.1

0.267
Paired T for Physicochemical Pulangi - Biotic Pulangi

Biotic Pulan 9 6.1 2.6 0.9
Difference 9 41.2 101.8 33.9

0.259
227
Table 36. DENR Administrative Order no. 34 Series of 1990.
Classification Beneficial Use

Class AA Public Water Supply Class I
Class A Public Water Supply Class II
Class B Recreational Water Class I
1. Fishery Water
Class C 2. Recreational Water ClassII
3. Industrial Water Supply Class I
1. For agriculture, irrigation,
livestock, watering etc.
2. Industrial Water Supp\ly Class
Class D
3. Other inland waters by their
quality, belong of this
classification
228
RESEARCHER’S PROFILE
Kathleen O. Adajar
16 years old
February 27, 2000
Barangay 11, Impalambong, Malaybalay City
Mrs. Maria Gina O. Adajar
Maria Angela L. Melendez
16 years old
July 20, 2000
Zone 4, Kalasungay, Malaybalay City
Mr. and Mrs. Meldin P. Melendez
Beatrix Madeline Tanquion
16 years old
June 21, 2000
Avinca Village, Casisang, Malaybalay City
Ms. April A. Tanquion

Water Quality and Habitat Status in Three Rivers of Bukidnon

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Water Quality and Habitat Status in Three Rivers of Bukidnon

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

1

Water Quality and Habitat Status in Three Rivers of Bukidnon

Bukidnon National High School

MARIA ANGELA L. MELENDEZ

BEATRIX MADELINE TANQUION

Bukidnon National High School

The research paper of Kathleen O. Adajar, Maria Angela L. Melendez, and

EMILIE JOY P. IDULSA

SUSAN S. OLANA, PhD MARY GRACE G. CRISPO

APPROVAL SHEET iii

LIST OF FIGURES vii

A. Background of the Study 1

B. Statement of the Problem 2

C. Statement of the Hypotheses 3

D. Significance of the Study 3

E. Scopes and Limitations of the Study 3

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 5

A. Establishment of the Sampling Sites 14

D. Methods of the Study 15

IV. RESULTS AND FINDINGS 18

V. DISCUSSION, SUMMARY, CONLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 38

VI. LITERATURE CITED 43

1. Location and elevation of the selected study sites 14

2. Summary of the Mean Values of Physicochemical parameters of 19

3. Summary of the Mean Values of Physicochemical Parameters of 21

4. Summary of the Mean Values of Physicochemical Parameters of 22

5. Summary of the mean Score of the Three Rivers 23

6. Rapid Habitat Assessment of the Abiotic Parameters in Alanib River 25

7. Rapid Habitat Assessment of the Biotic Parameters in Alanib River 26

8. Rapid Habitat Assessment of the Abiotic Parameters in Manupali River 28

9. Rapid Habitat Assessment of the Biotic Parameters in Manupali River 29

10. Rapid Habitat Assessment of the Abiotic Parameters in Pulangi River 31

11. Rapid Habitat Assessment of the Biotic Parameters in Pulangi River 32

12. Summary of the Mean Values of the Habitat Status (Abiotic) in 34

13. Summary of the Mean Values of the Habitat Status (Biotic) in 34

14. Pearson Correlation of Habitat Status and Physicochemical Parameters 36

15. Raw Data of Alanib River 97

16. Raw Data of Manupali River 98

17. Raw Data of Pulangi River 99

36. DENR Administrative Order no. 34 Series of 1990. 215

2. Map of the Alanib River (Songco) sampling area 55

3. Map of the Alanib River (Alanib) sampling area 55

4. Map of the Alanib River (Balila) sampling area 56

5. Map of the Manupali River (Basac) sampling area 56

6. Map of the Manupali River (Balila) sampling area 57

7. Map of the Manupali River (Colonia) sampling area 57

8. Map of the Pulangi River (Zamboanguita) sampling area 58

9. Map of the Pulangi River (Sugod) sampling area 58

10. Map of the Pulangi River (Dologon) sampling area 59

11. The location of the three Rivers 59

14A. Sampling in Alanib River Upstream (Songco) 62

14B. Sampling in Alanib River Upstream (Songco) 63

15A. Alanib River Midstream (Alanib). 64

15B. Alanib River Midstream (Alanib). 65

16A. Alanib River Downstream (Balila). 66

16B. Alanib River Downstream (Balila). 67

17A. Manuplai River Upstream (Basac) 68

17B. Manuplai River Upstream (Basac) 69

18A. Manuplai River Midstream (Balila) 70

18B. Manuplai River Midstream (Balila) 71

19A. Manupali River Downstream (Colonia) 72

19B. Manupali River Downstream (Colonia) 73

20A. Pulangi River Upstream (Zamboanguita) 74

20B. Pulangi River Upstream (Zamboanguita) 75