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ISSN: 2231-3354
Received on: 10-01-2012
Synergistic antibacterial interaction between Melissa
Revised on: 16:01:2012
Accepted on: 20-01-2012
officinalis extracts and antibiotics
ABSTRACT
Synergism between water, ethanol and ethyl acetate extract of Melissa officinalis and
five commonly used antibiotics (streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, amoxicillin,
rifamycine) were investigated by disc diffusion method in relation to antibiotic-susceptible and
antibiotic resistant human-pathogenic bacteria. The total phenol content in the extracts were
determined by Folin-Ciocalteau`s method while the flavonoid concentration by aluminium
Olgica Stefanović and Ljiljana Comic chloride method. The extracts, at least with one antibiotic, showed synergistic interaction.
Department of Biology and Ecology,
Faculty of Science, University of Depending on the species of bacteria, the zones of inhibition in extract/antibiotic plates were in
Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, the range of 0.5 – 11.5 mm wider than in controls. The certain extract/antibiotic combinations
34000 Kragujevac, Serbia. exhibited significant results against antibiotic resistant bacteria (the inhibition zones were 7-
11mm wider than in controls). The ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts showed better synergistic
capacity than water extract. The least susceptible bacteria to extract/antibiotic combinations
were Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis. The highest amount of
total phenols was measured in water extract while the highest amount of flavonoids had ethyl
acetate extract.
Keywords: Herb-drug interaction, Melissa officinalis, plant extracts, total phenol content,
flavonoid concentration.
INTRODUCTION
Healing potential of plants has been known for thousands of years. Medicinal properties
of plants can be attributed to biologically active substances. Plants produce a whole series of
different compounds which are not of particular significance for primary metabolism, but
represent an adaptive ability of a plant to adverse abiotic and biotic environmental conditions.
They can have a remarkable effect to other plants, microorganisms and animals from their
immediate or wider environment. All these organic compounds are defined as biologically active
For Correspondence substances, and generally represent secondary metabolites, given the fact that they occur as an
Olgica Stefanović, intermediate or end products of secondary plant metabolism. These secondary metabolites, apart
Faculty of Science,
University of Kragujevac,
from determining unique plant traits, such as: colour and scent of flowers and fruit, characteristic
Radoja Domanovića 12,34000 flavour of spices, vegetables, they also complete the functioning of plant organism, showing both
Kragujevac, Serbia biological and pharmacological activity of a plant.
Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 02 (01); 2012: 01-05
The extracts of M. officinalis have been known to contain Hohmann J., Zupkó I., Rédei D., Csányi M.C., Falkay G., Máthé
a number of antimicrobial compounds. Phytochemical screening of I., Janicsák G. Protective effects of the aerial parts of Salvia officinalis,
Melissa officinalis and Lavandula anguistifolia and their constituents
this plant has shown the presence of flavonoids (isoquercitrin, against enzyme-dependent and enzyme-independent lipid peroxidation.
rhamnocitrin, luteolin, apigenin-7-O-glucoside) (Patora and Planta Med. 1999; 65: 576-578.
Klimek, 2002; Herodez et al., 2003), caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, Iauk L., Bue A.M., Milazzo I., Rapisarda A., Blandino G.
Antibacterial activity of medicinal plant extracts against periodontopathic
vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid (Canadanović-Brunet et al., 2008;
bacteria. Phytother. Res. 2003; 17: 599-604.
Herodez et al., 2003), phenolic substances and tannin (Hohmann et Koytchev R., Alken R.G., Dundarov S. Balm mint extract (Lo-
al., 1999). In this work high concentration of total phenolics was 701) for topical treatment of recurring herpes labialis. Phytomed. 1999; 6:
measured in water extract. The high total phenol content was, also, 225-230.
Khayyal M.T., El-Ghazaly M.A., Kenawy S.A., Seif-El-Nasr
determined by Dastmalchi et al., 2008, the water-ethanol extract M., Mahran L.G., Kafafi Y.A., Okpanyi S.N. Antiulcerogenic effect of
had 268.9 mgGAE/g of extract and by Trendafilova et al., 2010, some gastrointestinally acting plant extracs and their combination.
water extract had 1126.5 mg/L GAE/g of extract. The significant Arzneimittel-forsch. 2001; 51: 545-553.
Nolkemper S., Reichling J., Stintzing F.C., Carle R., Schnitzler
concentrations of flavonoids were determined in ethanol and ethyl
P. Antiviral effect of aqueous extracts from species of the Lamiaceae
acetate extract. These bioactive phytocompounds inhibit the family against Herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in vitro. Planta
growth of bacteria and their joint activity with antibiotics lead to an Med. 2006; 72: 1378-1382.
enhanced antibacterial effect and continuation of the useful life NCCLS (National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards)
Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That
time of antibiotics. The mechanism governing the joint action of Grow Aerobically. Approved Standard M7-A4, Wayne, PA, 1997.
plant extract compounds and antibiotics is still unknown. Some Patora J., Klimek B., Flavonoids from lemon balm (Melissa
authors suggest that phytocompounds disturb cell wall or increase officinalis L., Lamiaceae). Acta Pol. Pharm. 2002; 59: 139-143.
permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane and thereby facilitate Quettier-Deleu C., Gressier B., Vasseur J., Dine T., Brunet C.,
Luyckx M., Cazin M., Cazin J.C., Bailleul F., Trotin F. Phenolic
the influx of antibiotics, produce efflux pump inhibitors or inhibit compounds and antioxidant activities of buckwheat (Fagopyrum
penicillin-binding proteins (Sibanda and Okoh, 2007; Zhao et al., esculentum Moench) hulls and flour. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000; 72: 35-42.
2001; Shiota et al., 2004). Soulimani R., Fleurentin J., Mortier F., Misslin R., Derrieu G.,
Pelt J.M. Neurotropic action of the hydroalcoholic extract of Melissa
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CONCLUSIONS Sibanda T., Okoh A.I. The challenges of overcoming antibiotic
resistance: Plant extracts as potential sources of antimicrobial and
This work confirms the antibacterial activity of M. resistance modifying agents. Afr. J. Biotech. 2007; 6: 2886-2896.
officinalis extract and shows their potential use as agents which Stefanovic O., Comic Lj., Stanojevic D., Solujic-Sukdolak S.
enhance antibiotic activity. Future works of ours will be isolation Antibacterial activity of Aegopodium podagraria L. extracts and
interaction between extracts and antibiotics. Turk. J. Biol. 2009a; 33: 145-
and identification of active compounds responsible for these 150.
interesting activities and closer investigation of a mechanism of Stefanovic O., Stanojevic D., Comic Lj. Inhibitory effects of
action between phytochemicals and antibiotics. Torilis anthriscus on growth of microorganisms. Cent Eur J Biol. 2009b;
4: 493-498.
Stefanovic O., Stankovic M.S., Comic Lj. In vitro antibacterial
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