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That’s great news right?! You don’t have to spend time learning those dreaded past
participles or future perfect continuous tense!
So how does someone know that you are referring to something that happened in the
past? Or that you are talking about something that still hasn’t happened?
There are still some rules that need to be followed when constructing sentences that
indicate past and future actions in Chinese. But trust me, they’re not as complicated as
you might think.
Chinese verbs will not change state, instead we add a time adverb or an
aspect particle
to the sentence to indicate past, present or future.
Here are some basic principles you should follow in order to indicate a past, present or
future event in mandarin Chinese.
Completed Actions
Usually, in order to indicate completion of an action, the particle 了 (le) is added after
the verb.
。(wǒ zhǎo dào le nà běn shū) I found that book.
我找到了那本书
。(wǒ chī guò zǎo fàn le) I have had breakfast.
我吃过早饭了
Completed Actions That Did Not Happen
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If you wish to indicate that something did not happen in the past, you must negate the
没
verb using (méi) or 了
(méi yǒu). The
没有 (le) particle is also removed from this kind
of sentence.
。(wǒ zuó tiān méi kàn jiàn tā) I didn’t see her yesterday.
我昨天没看见她
还
The adverb (hái) can also be used here to in suggest that something ‘has not yet
happened’.
。(wǒ hái méi chī fàn.) I haven’t eaten yet.
我还没吃饭
Present tense
Commonly used Time Adverbs
经常
(jīng cháng) often
(yǒu shí) sometimes
有时
(měi tiān) everyday
每天
(měi zhōu) every week
每周
(měi nián) every year
每年
(měi zhōu yī cì) once per week
每周一次
(在)周一
(zài zhōu yī) on Monday
Sometimes, the time adverb can be omitted, but they are often used to indicate that
something is occurring presently.
。(wǒ xǐ huan nǐ.) I like you.
我喜欢你
。(wǒ bù ài nǐ) I don‘t love you
我不爱你
。(wǒ měi tiān qí chē shàng xué) I ride a bike to school everyday.
我(每天)骑车上学
。(wǒ méi yǒu tiān tiān qù jiǔ bā) I don’t go to the bar everyday.
我没有天天去酒吧
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Ongoing Actions in the Present
正, 在 and 正在 all indicate that something is still happening at the present time. They
are only used when there is an action involved, and cannot be used with modal or
stative verbs.
。(wǒ zài xǐ wǎn.) I am washing the dishes.
我在洗碗
。(tā zhèng zài yóu yǒng) He is swimming now.
他正在游泳
Past Tense
Commonly Used Past Time Phrases
(yǐ qián) – before/ previously
以前
过去
(guò qu) – in the past / previously
(shàng zhōu) last week
上周
(qù nián) last year
去年
(zuó tiān) yesterday
昨天
刚刚
(gāng gang) just now/ a moment ago
(wǎng nián zhè ge shí hou) at the time over the last few years
往年这个时候
The clearest way to indicate that an action occurred in the past, is to use a time phrase
or adverb (listed above). The time phrase tends to go before the verb to emphasis that
specific time.
。(yǐ qián wǒ shì yī gè lǎo shī.) I was a teacher before.
以前我是一个老师
Action Verbs
看
An action verb describes a doing thing, such as ‘ to look’ 吃
(kàn) and ‘to eat’ (chī).
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了
To indicate that an action verb is completed or past, add the particle, (le) after the
verb.
。 (tā shàng le yī jié kè) She had a class.
她上了一节课
。 (wǒ kàn diàn yǐng le) I watched a movie.
我看电影了
过
To suggest an action was experienced in the past, use the particle, (guò). It is most
commonly used to talk about something that does not happen often or for action that
happened some time ago.
。(wǒ wèn guò wǒ de péng you.) I asked my friend.
我问过我的朋友
了
If the particle 过
(le) is used in the same sentence as (guò), this emphasises the
action that occurred in the past.
。(wǒ yòng guò nèi gè le) I used that before.
我用过那个了
没
To say that an action has never happened before, negate the verb using (méi) or
没
(méi yǒu).
有
没
过
(méi) + verb + (guò)
。(wǒ méi zuò guò yú jiā) = I have never done yoga before.
我没做过瑜伽
If you wish to say that an event has never happened before, then use the adverb
从来
(cóng lái), meaning ‘in the past’.
。(wǒ cóng lái qù guò běi jīng) I have never been to beijing before.
我从来去过北京
Future
Mandarin does not have a future tense, so something that has yet to occur is expressed
by using time phrases that indicate the future.
Commonly Used Future Time Phrases
(míng tiān) tomorrow
明天
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(jīn tiān wǎn shang) this evening
今天晚上
(hòu tiān) the next day tomorrow
后天
(xià gè xīng qī) next week
下个星期
(xià gè yuè) next month
下个月
(míng nián) next year
明年
(jiāng lái) in the future
将来
(xià cì) next time
下次
A time phrase usually comes after the subject to emphasise that particular time
expression.
。(jīn tiān wǎn shang wǒ huì qù běi jīng.) I will go to Beijing this
今天晚上我会去北京
evening.
。(xià cì qǐng gào su wǒ nǐ de diàn huà hào mǎ.) Next time
下次请告诉我你的电话号码
tell me your phone number.
Adverbs and the Future
Adverbs that refer to the future go before the verb phrase in the sentence.
(jiù yào)
就要
。(wǒ jiù yào zǒu le) I am going to leave now
我就要走了
(kě néng)
可能
。(wǒ míng tiān kě néng qù bù liǎo le) I may not go there tomorrow.
我明天可能去不了了
会 (huì) and the Future
(huì) can sometimes be used to indicate there is a high possibility that something will
会
happen.
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。 (tā sān diǎn zhōng huì dào le.) He will probably arrive at 3pm.
他三点钟会到了
Future Verbs
(zhǔn bèi) get ready/ prepare
准备
(yào) to want
要
(dǎ suàn) to plan
打算
。(wǒ dǎ suàn qù xué yóu yǒng.) I am planning to learn how to swim.
我打算去学游泳
。(wǒ zhǔn bèi chū guó.) I am preparing to go abroad.
我准备出国
Negation with 不 and 没 (有)
不
Both (bù) and
没 (有)
(méi yǒu) are always put before the verb or adjective to
express negation. Here are the differences between the two:
(méi yǒu) is used when expressing objectivity and therefore can only be used for
没 (有)
不
the past and present time. (bù) is used to express a subjective wishes or expectation
and can be used for past, present and future time.
。(jīn tiān tā méi lái.) He has not come today. (objective)
今天他没来
。(nǐ bù jiào tā tā kěn dìng bù lái.) If you do not call him, he will not
你不叫他他肯定不来
come. (subjective)
(bù) can also be used before modal verbs such as
不 (bù yuàn yì) – not willing,
不愿意
(bù yīng gāi) – should not,
不应该 (bù huì) – can’t.
不会
(méi yǒu) can be used before nouns to act as verbs, the affirmative form is
没有 有
(yǒu).
。
教室里没有人。 —— 教室里有人
(jiào shì lǐ méi yǒu rén — jiào shì lǐ yǒu rén)
There is no one in the classroom —— There is someone in the classroom
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(méi yǒu) can also act as an adverb, the affirmative form is ‘verb+了(le)‘.
没有
。
没有吃饭。 —— 吃了饭
(méi yǒu chī fàn — chī le fàn.)
Has not eat the meal —— Has eaten the meal.
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