BCS Preliminary Written and Viva

BCS ASSISTANT Preliminary-Written-Viva
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Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ eëüZ wewfbœ TERMS (Exam Related)----------------- 2
PeriodicalBs‡iwR mvwnwZ¨K ‡ì Name list ------------------------------ 5
me Bs‡iwR mvwnwZ¨K‡ì Dcvwa I RbK ------------------------------------- 8
Old English Period (450-1066) -------------------------------------- 10
Middle English Period (1066-1500) --------------------------------- 11
Anglo Norman Period 1066-1340) -------------------------- 11
Age of Chaucer (1340-1400) ------------------------------- 12
The Dark Age (1400-1500) ---------------------------------- 12
The Renaissance Period (1500-1660) ------------------------------ 13
Preparation for the Renaissance (1500-1558) --------------
The Elizabath Period (1558-1625) --------------------------- 14
Shakespeare Special ---------------------------- 16
The Jacobean Period (1603-1615) --------------------------- 20
Caroline Period(1625-1649) ---------------------------------- 21
Commonwealth Period (1649-1660) ----------------------- 22
Neo-Classical Period (1660-1798) ---------------------------------- 25
The Restoration Period (1660-1700) ------------------------ 25
The Augustan Period (1700-1745) --------------------------- 26
The Age of Sensibility (1798-1798) ------------------------- 27
The Romantic Period (1798-1832) ---------------------------------- 29
The Victorian Period (1832-1900) ---------------------------------- 35
Modern & Post Modern Period (1900-1945-Present) ------------ 39
American Authors (all times) ---------------------------------------- 47
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Famous Nobel Prize Winners in Literature------------------------- 53
List of Authors and works-------------------------------------------- 54
List of Works and Authors-------------------------------------------- 57
Quotations--------------------------------------------------------------- 61
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Literary Terms
Abstract-A summary of any piece of Acronym-A word formed from on the initial
written work. letters or syllables of other words.
Alliteration-A figure of speech in A Canto-A division of an epic.
which consonants, especially at the
beginning of words, stressed syllabus
are repeated.
Allegorical-Having symbolic Allegory (iycK)-A story with double meaning
meaning.
Anecdote-A short story about a Apologue-bxwZKvwnbx
famous person.
Ballad-A kind of short narrative Ballad-It usually tells a story of unhappy love
poem. affairs, domestic tragedy.
Bathes-iPbvi †Kvb Mfxi welq †_‡K jNy
wel‡q P‡j hvIqv|
Blank Verse-(AwgÎv¶iQ›`) A kind of
verse having no rhyming end.
Caricature-ig¨ iPbv Catastrophe-`ytLgq cwiYwZ The last tragedy
Catastrophic-Tragic end of dramatic Catharsis-UªvwRwW‡Z Mfxi Abyf‚wZi K_v Ab¨‡K Rvbvevi
events d‡j Av‡e‡Mi gyw³ jvf |
Classic-m‡e©vËg gvbm¤cbœ Coherence-msjMœZv
Colloquialism-‡jLwb‡Z K_¨ ev PwjZ Comedy of Manners- AwfRvZ mgv‡Ri Manner or
fvlvi eënvi | Social code Dc¯’vcb |
Couplet-`y jvB‡bi Q›`hy³ KweZv | Debut-First appearance in the drama stage of
any character.
Decadence:- Decline of quality of art Dirge-A song expressing grief, lamentation and
and literature. mourning.
Domestic Tragedy-Where wife or Elegy- a poem of sorrows and mourning.
husband is killed by the other.
Elegy-Song of lamentation Epic-A long poem.
Epic-gnvKve¨| Epilogue-eB‡qi †k‡l †jLv wk¶vg~jK Dw³ |
Episode-cÖvmw½K DcvL¨vb | Euphemism-‡Kvgj fvlvi eënvi|
Fable-bxwZK_v ev iƒcKvwnbx| Fantasy-An imaginary story
Fantasy-D™¢U Kíbv | Farce-cÖnmb, nvwmi bvUK|
Flash Back-PjwP‡Î AZx‡Zi NUbvi `„k¨ | Folklore-‡jvKKvwnbx |
Gothic-hvhvei RvwZi fvlv | Hubris-AvZ¥vfxgvb
Hymn-mªóvi ¯ÍeMvb |
Hyperbole-AwZiÄb Interlude-ga¨hy‡Mi cÖPwjZ ig¨ bvUK
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Irony-m¤cyb© D‡ëvfv‡e g‡bvfve Legend-‡jvKKvwnbx |
Lexicographer-Person who writes Light Verse-A verse written to amuse.
dictionary.
Limerick-‡K․ZzKcyY© cÂc`x Qov | Limerick-A kind of short narrative poem.
Linguistics-The scientific study of Lyric-MxwZK_v |
language.
Machiavellian Character- A selfish Melodrama-Violent and sensational themes
person.
Melodrama-wgjbvÍKbvUK | Memoir-¯§„wZK_v |
Monologue-A speech in a play in Nemesis-Kg© dj
which a character, who is alone on
the stage, speaks his thoughts aloud.
Objectivity-‡h †jLK Zvui wb‡Ri m¤c‡K© Ode-MxwZKweZv|
Zvui †jLvq e‡j bv |
Oxymoron-‡h evK¨jsKv‡iwecixZA‡_©i `ywU Parable-bxwZMf©, iƒcK Kvwnbx |
fve _v‡K |
Paradox-‡h Dw³ AvcvZZ wg_¨v g‡b n‡jI Pastoral-cjøxRxeb m¤cK©xq |
mZ¨ |
Pathos-`ytL RvwM‡q †Zv‡j Ggb im| Picaresque-feNy‡i
Playwright-Someone who write plays Prologue-Kv‡eï cÖ¯Ívebv |
or dramas.
Protagonist-The leading character or Pun-kã †K․ZzK, K_vi gvic¨vP |
actor in a Play.
Reversal-DjUcvjU Rhyme-Q›`|
Sage-‡ivgvÂKi Kvwnbx| Satire-e¨½iPbv
Soliloquy-¯^M‡Zvw³ Sonnet-A poem of 14 lines.
Syntax-evKïxwZ | The Poet laureate-The court poet of England.
Alliteration-The Repetation of the same initial sound, expecially the consonant sound.
Aphorism-A Short pharse that says some thing true or wise in a cleve way.
Blue Print-Final documents having received finsihed touchs.
Canto-A subdivision of an epic or narrative poem.
Caricature-Ridiculus or exaggerated stylem parody.
Comic Papers-Humorous Stories.
Conceit-An exaggrated or far fetched metaphore or smile.
Epilogue-A Poem or speech at the end of a play.
Epitaph-Words that are said about a dead person.
Eulogy-Speech or writing in praise of a person.
Euphemism-Inoffensive expression.
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Genre-Classification of literarure such as drama, novel, poem, short story et.
Hyperbole-exaggerated statement
Idyll-a short poem describing simple, rural and pastoral1astoral' scenes
Irony-The deliberate use of words whose literal
Jargon-a mixture of two or more language
Lampoon-a piece of satire against a person
Lyric-A poem that could be sung.
Metaphor-A word or phrase used to describe in a way that is different from its normal
use.
Neology-Bringing into use of new words.
Opera-A Musical drama.
Parody-Initation of a poem or a writing.
Penny Bloods-Tales of blood curdling adventures.
Penny dreadful-Blood and thunder tales.
Plagarism-Act of stealing from the writting of others.
Poet Laureate-Court poet of England.
Prologue-Introduction of aplay or literary work.
Protagonist-The leading character in a play or writing.
Rhetoric-The art of persuasive impressive speaking or writing.
Rhyme-Short poem in same sound.
Satire -The literary art that uses honour and wit to attack and expose human folly and
weakness.
Setting-Elements of time, place and actor.
Smile-Similarity between two things is directly expresse.
Thrillers-Sensational Stories.
Questions (P.S.C. & BCS)

1. Allegorical means …..?
2. ‘Debut’ Means___.
3. From which language, Sonnet is originated?
4. A sonnet is a lyric poem of ____lines.
5. A work which has a meaning behind the surface meaning is _______.
6. What is epic?
7. Someone who writes plays is called a____.
8. A person who writes about his own life ____.
9. ‘The Poet Laureate’ is _____.
10. A Lexicographer is a person who writes____.
11. The Sentence ‘You shall not die’ is an example of _____.
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12. Every Atlas has it’s own legend. Which expression best fits the underline word in
the sentence?
13. Elegy means__?
14. Which of the following means –‘a song of morning”?
15.‘Thennyson’s in Memoriam’ is ____?
16.‘Limerick’ means ___?
17. Melodrama is a kind of Play of___?
18. Which is not a literary ornament?
19. Which one of the following dose not relate to literature? a) Epilogue b)Monologue
c) Demagogue d)Prologue
20. A poem of fourteen lines is called ?
21. What is catastrophe?
22. ‘Protagonist’ Indicates—
23. Readers who have eclectic tastes in literature___
24. Choose the one which dose not fit in ---a) sonnet b) ode c) Stanza d) Elegy
25. A Machiavellian Character is
26.A fantasy is __
27.‘Ballad’ is -----
28.A ‘Canto’ means ___
29. What is the meaning of the word ‘Dirge’?
30. ‘Blank Verse’ is a kind of verse___?
31.The Appropriate meaning of the word ‘Monologue” is
32. What is linguistics ?
33.Which one of the following dose not mean ‘A Road’—a) alley b) Boulevard c)
Track d) Lagoon
Answers: 1. Having symbolic meaning, 2. First appearance, 3. Italy, 4. 14 lines, 5. An

Allegory, 6. A long poem, 7. Playwright, 8. An auto-biographer, 9. The Court poet of
England, 10. Dictionaries, 11.Paradox, 12.Mythical story, 13.Song of Lamentation,
14.Elegy, 15.An Elegy, 16.A kind of short narrative poem, 17.Violent and sensational
themes, 18.Similar, 19.Demagogue 20, Sonnet 21.The tragic end of dramatic events,
22.The leading character or actor in a play, 23. Read books on just one topic 24.
Stanza 25.A selfish character 26 .An imaginary person 27.A kind of short narrative
poem 28.A verse from large poem 29. A song expressing grief, lamentation and
mourning, 30. Having no rhythmic end 31.The dialogue of a single character in a Play.
32. The scientific study of Language, 33. Lagoon
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Authors
Old English Period (450-1066): Caedmon, Venerable Bede, Henry-I, King Alfred the
Great.
Middle English Period (1066-1500):
1. Anglo Norman Period (1066-1340): Roger Bacon, Anslem.
2. Age of Chaucer (1340-1400): Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland, John
Wycliffe, William Coxton, SirThomas Malory.
3. The Dark/Barren Period (1400-1500): (No Authors Recorded).
The Renaissance Period (1500-1660):
1. Preparation for the Renaissance (1500-1558): Sir Thomas Wyatt, Sir Thomas
Moor, Henry Howard, Earl of Swouy.
2. The Elizabeth Period (1558-1625):Ben Jonson, Edmund Spenser, George
Chapman, John Milton, John Webster, Michel Drayton, Nicholas Udall , Sir
Philip Sidney, Thomas Kyd, Thomas Deker, Thomas Norton & Thomas
Sackville, William Shakespeare. University Wits: William Canden, John
Knox, Richard Hakluyt, Samuel Purchas, Francis Bacon, Thomas Kyd,
Christopher Marlowe, Richard Hooker, Robert Greene, Thomas Nashe.
3. The Jacobean Period (1603-1615):Andrew Marvell, George Herbert, Henry
Vanghan, John Donne. Metaphysical Poets: Andrew Marvell, John Donne,
George Herbert. [Puritan Period: John Milton, John Bunyan].
4. Caroline Period (1625-1649): Robert Herrick.
5. Commonwealth Period (1649-1660): Thomas Hobbes.
Neo-Classical Period (1660-1798):
1. The Restoration Period (1660-1700): Edmund Walter, John Locke, John
Dryden, Thomas Hobbes William Congreve.
2. The Augustan Period (1700-1745): Alexander Pope, Daniel Defoe, Jonathon
Swift, Joseph Addison & Sir Richard Steele, Samuel Richardson, Henry
Fielding.
3. The Age of Sensibility (1745-1785): Alexander Pushkin, Dr. Samuel Johnson,
Edmund Burke, Edward Gibbon, Goethe, Harold Lasky, Nicholas Machiavelli,
Oliver Goldsmith, R.B. Sheridan , Thomas Gray.
The Romantic Period (1798-1832):Charles Lamb, Jane Austen, John Keats, Lord Byron,
P. B. Shelly, S. T. Coleridge, Sir Walter Scott,Thomas De Quincey, William Blake,
William Hazlitt, William Wordsworth.
The Victorian Period (1832-1901):Alexander Dumas, Alfred Lord Tennyson,
Cardinal Newman, Charles Dickens, Charles Robert Darwin, Charlotte Bronte,
Edward Fitzgerald, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Emily Bronte, George Eliot, John
Stuart Mill, Karl Marks, Kiron desai, Leo Tolstoy, Lord Alfred Tennyson, Mathew
Arnold, Maxim Gorky, R. L. Stevenson, Robert Browning, Sir Richard Boston, Sir
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Arthur Conan Doyle, Thomas Carlyle, Thomas Hardy, William Mahepeace
Theckary.
Modern Period (1901-1939):
A P J Abul Kalam Azad, Abdul Asad, Adeline Virginia Woolf, Aldus Huxley,
Alice Ann Munro, Anthony Mascarennehas, Arbinda Adiyaon, Arundhuty Roy, Barak
Obama, Clonel Gaddafi, Condoleeza Rice, D. H. Lawrence, Dan Brown, David Emily
Durkheim, Dostoyvoski, E M Forster, E. M. Milford, Edger Allan Poe, Eugen O Neil,
Fidel Castro, Francis Fokuama, George Barnard Show, George Orewell, Gunar Midral,
Gunter Grass, H. G. Wells, Harold Pinter, Henrik Ibson, Henry James, Henry Kisinger,
Herman Melville, Hilary Clinton, Irwin Show, J M Synge, J. K. Rowling, J. M. Synage,
Jahanara Imam, James Joyce, Jean Paul Sartre, Jefferson, Jimmy Carter, John Masefield,
John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, Joseph Conrad, Jules Verne, Lee Kuan U, Lord Acton,
Mahatma Gandhi, Maolana Abul Kalam Azad, Martin Luther King, Michel Modhusudon
Dutta, Momota Babarzee, Monika ali, Napoleon , Nelson Mandela, Nirod C. Chowdhury,
Oscar Wilde, Pandit Nehru, Parvez Musharraf, Patrick Modiano, Pearl S. Buck,
Rousseau, Rudyard Kipling, Salman Rushdi, Samuel Beckett, Samuel Huntington, Saul
Bellow, Seamus Justin Heaney, Sigmund Freud, Sir Arthur Miller, Stephen Hawking, T.
S. Eliot, Tahmina Anam, Thomas Carlyle, Thomas Hardy, Tony Morrison, V. S. Naipaul,
Victor Hogue, W. B. Yeats, W. H. Auden, William Golding, William Hunter, William
Somerset Maugham, Winston Churchill, Wystan Hugh Auden.
American Authors: Arther Miller, Bertrand Russel, Eugene O’Neil, Emily Dickenson,
Earnest Hemingway, Herman Merville, Marjorie Kinnan Rawling, Mark Twain,
O’Henry, Robert Frost, Saul Bellow, Toni Morrison, Walt Whitman, William Faulkner.
Questions (P.S.C. & BCS):

1. Geoffrey Chaucer is the representative poet of ___?
2. Which was the oldest period of English Literature?
3. Which of the following ages in literary history is the latest? a) The Augustan
Period b) The Victorian Age c) The Georgian Age d) The Restoration age
4. The beginning of the Renaissance may be traced to the city of ____?
5. ‘Renaissance” means___?
6. 1798-1830 period of English literature is called ___?
7. The period from AD 1066 to 1500 is known as ___?
8.
9. Which period is known as the Golden age of English literature?
10.The Victorian period is the ____?
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Answers: 1. 14th century 2. Anglo Saxon period 3.The Georgian Period 4.Venice(Italy) 5.
Revival of Learning, Rebirth 6. The Romantic Age 7.Middle English Period 8. The
Elizabeth I age 9. 19th Century.
Recognition of Authors
 Father of ‘English Learning’ & ‘First Historian’ in English Venerable.

 Father of English Prose is King Alfred the Great.
 Father of English Language’ ‘Father of English Literature’ ‘Father of Modern
English’, Father of English Poetry—Chaucer.
 Father of ‘English Prose John Wycliff.
 Father of English Realistic Comedy Ben Jonson.
 Father of English Comedy Nicholas Udall.
 Father of Metaphysical Poem John Donne.
 Poet of Love/Religious poet John Donne.
 Father of Modern English Criticism John Dryden.
 Father of Socialist RealmMaxim Gorky.
 Father of Modern Drama Henrik Ibson.
 Father of ‘English Novel: Henry Fielding. (Daniel Defoe Edmund Spenser
/Jonathan Swift are also considered)
 Father of Modern Russian Literature Alexander Pushkin.
 Father of English Dictionary Dr. Samuel Johnson.
 Father of the Modern Political Science Nicholas Machiavelli
 Father of English Short Story Edger Allan Poe.
 Father of Modern English Literature George Barnard Show.
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 Father of 14 line Sonnet –William Shakespeare
 Father of the Novel of Stream of Consciousness James Joyce.
 Father of Science Fiction from Jules Verne (French).
 Poet of Poets-Edmund Spenser.
 Famous Mock and Heroic Poet of English Literature-Alexander Pope.
 Epic Poet –John Milton.
 Both Poet and Painter –Blake.
 Poet of Beauty-John Keats.
 Poet of Nature-William Wordsworth.
 Poet of Children-William Wordsworth.
 Bird of Havon-William Shakespeare.
 Rebel Poet –Lord Baryon.
 Poet of Skylark and Winds/ Revolutionary poet-P.B. Shelly.
 Lake Poet, Poet of Hope and Regeneration- S.T. Coleridge.
 Rebel Poet George Gordon and Lord Byron.

1. William Wordsworth is pre-eminently _____?
2. Who is considered to be the father of English Novel?
3. Who is considered to be the father of English Poem?
4. Who is called the poet of poets?
5. Who was the famous mock-heroic poet in English literature?
6. Who is the English Epic Poet?
7. Who both a poet and painter?
8. Who is known as the poet of nature in English literature?
9. Who is called the poet of beauty in English literature?
10.John Keats is primary a poet of ___?
11.Who was known as the poet of Skylark and winds?
12.Who is the father of Modern English literature?
13.Who is the most translated author of the world (according to 2006)?
Answers: 1. Poet of nature 2. Henry Fielding 3. Geoffrey Chaucer 4. Edmund Spenser

5. Alexander Pope 6. John Milton 7. William Blake 8. William Wordsworth 9. John
Keats 10. Beauty 11.P.B.Shelly 12. George Barnard Shaw 13. V.I. Lenin
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The Old English Literature Period

Duration: 450-1066
Anglo Saxon Period
 During 450-1060 some ancient tribes like Anglos, Saxon & Jutes started to occupy
today’s United Kingdom. They came from different parts of Europe such as Germany,
Denmark etc.
 During this period writing materials were not so available and local literature was
mostly oral.
 Christianity Reached in Englandduring this time.
 First epic of this period is ‘Beowulf’ written about 650 A.D.
Some known authors:

 Cædmon: First Known Poet in English Literature. Cædmon’s Hymn is often
considered the oldest extant poem in English.
 Venerable: Father of ‘English Learning’. ‘First Historian’ in English.
 King Alfred The Great: He Compiled the Anglo Saxon ‘Chronicle’ moreover it
is known as the first monument in English Prose. He is known as the Father of
‘English Prose’.
Some Famous Works:
The old English Poetry falls broadly into two styles ‘The Heroic Germanic’ and ‘The
Christian’. With a few exceptions, almost all Old English poets are anonymous. There
are four major poetic manuscripts from this period:
1. ‘The Junius’ manuscript, also known as the man hunt, is an illustrated collection of
poem.
2. ‘The Exeter’ Book is an anthology.
3. ‘The Vercelli’ Book contains both poetry and prose.
4. ‘The Beowulf’” manuscript, First monument in English Literature. Earliest Epic in
English literature and is one of the most famous works of English Literature.
 The Seafarer (Poem)
 The Husband’s Message
 The Wife’s Lament.
 ‘The Grave’ is one of the Final poems written in Old English.
Questions Related to the Old English Period:

1. Which is the oldest period in English literature?
2. What is the first epic of Anglo Saxon Period?
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3. Who is the father of English Learning?
4. What kind of book is ‘Beowulf’?
5. What is the duration of the Anglo Saxon Period?
6. Who wrote Beowulf?
7. What is the first monument in English literature?
8. Who is the first historian in English literature?
9. How many lines are in the ‘Beowulf’?
10.What kind of book is ‘The Exeter’?
11.Who is the king of Wassex?
12.Who is the founder of English prose?
Answers:
1. Anglo Saxon Period, 2. Beowulf, 3. Venerable Bade, 4. Epic Poem, 5. A.D 450-
A.D1066, 6. An unknown person, 7. Beowulf, 8. Venerable Bade, 9. Three
Thousand (N.B. Some says 1383 lines) 10. Anthology 11. King Alfred the Great
12. King Alfred
The Middle English Period

(1066-1500)
Authors:
1. Anglo Norman Period: Roger Bacon, Anslem.
2. Age of Chaucer: Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland, John Wycliffe, William
Coxton, SirThomas Malory.
3. The Dark/Barren Period: (No Authors Recorded).
Anglo Norman Period (1066-1340): ‘Norman’ race from France defeated the ‘Saxons’ in
1066 and up to 1340 they ruled England. Literatures from this period were marked as
‘The Anglo Norman’ period.
Authors: Roger Bacon, Anslem.
Roger Bacon: Was a famous literary person in this period. ‘Opus Majus’ is his famous
work.
Anslem: He was the author of ‘Cor Deas Homo’.
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The Age of Chaucer (1340-1400): During this time ‘Geoffrey Chaucer’ started to his
literary works in pure English. He is also known as ‘The Father of English Language’
‘Father of English Literature’ ‘Father of Modern English’.(N.B Father of Modern
English Literature is George Barnard Shaw) According to his name the period is
mentioned usually.
Authors: Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland, John Wycliffe, William Coxton,
SirThomas Malory.
Geoffrey Chaucer: Famous poet of 14th Century.
Father of English Poetry. He was both a poet & a
politician.
Works: ‘The Canterbury Tales’ (poems), ‘The House of
Flame’, ‘The Parliament of Fouls’, ‘The Legend of good
women’, The Book of Duchess, Troilus & Criseyde, Nun
Priest’s Tale.
Sir Thomas Malory:Morte D’Arthur
John Wycliffe: Known as the Father of ‘English prose’.
He translated the Bible into English from Hebrew.
William Langland’s works: Piers Plowman, Richard
the Redeless.
William Caxton: Was the first English Printer. He
Geoffrey Chaucer
established the first English Printing Press.
The Dark Period (1400-1500): During this time there was not any notable literary works
have found. Many describes this period as the Barren Age of English literature.
Questions Related to this period:

1. Whose famous work is ‘Opus Majus’?
2. Who is the author of ‘Cor Deas Homo’?
3. Which is the second period in English Period?
4. ____was a famous literary person in Anglo Norman Period?
5. Who is the ‘Father of English Poetry’?
6. Chaucer’s poetical works are broadly divided into___?
7. Who is the author of ‘The Legend of Good women’?
8. Who were Chaucer’s contemporaries?
9. Who translated the Bible into English for the first time?
10.Who established the first English Printer?
11.Who is the Father of English Prose?
12.When the first English Printing press established?
13.Who was Poet, diplomat and soldier?
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14.Chaucer is the representative poet of ___?
15.Who wrote the ‘Nuns’ Priests Tale”?
16. Who is considered to be the father of English Poet?
17.The period from A.D 1066-A.D 1500 is known as___?
Answers:
1. Roger Bacons, 2. Anslem, 3. Anglo Norman Period, 4. Roger Bacon, 5. Chaucer,
6. 3 periods, 7. Chaucer, 8. Langland & Wycliff, 9. John Wycliff, 10. John Caxton,
11. John Wycliff, 12. AD 1476, 13. Chaucer, 14. 14th Century, 15. Chaucer. 16.
Geoffrey Chaucer, 17. Middle English Period.
Renaissance Period
1500 — 1660
Renaissance Period: ‘Renaissance Means’ reborn, rebirth. In
English history it is broadly regarded as the movement of cultural and artistic dating from
the late 15th century to the early 17th century. It is a contemporary social outflow with the
Pan-European Renaissance that is usually started in the beginning of 14th century in Italy.
In English history the renaissance started right after the end of the War between two royal
family of England for the ‘Throne or Kingship of England’ in 1485. ‘The Wars of the
Roses’ were several rival fights between ‘The Royal House of the Plantagenet’and ‘The
Royal House of Lancaster of York’. The conflict ended in 1485 by the victory of Henry
Tudor of The Royal House of Lancaster and received the Kingship calling himself ‘King
Henry VII’ and he married the Princess Elizabeth of the Royal House of Plantagenet
thereby uniting the two houses leading to ‘The Renaissance Period’ sometimes referred
to as the ‘Golden Age of Elizabeth’.
Authors:
1. Preparation for the Renaissance (1500-1558):Sir Thomas Wyatt, Sir Thomas
Moor, Henry Howard, Earl of Swouy.
2. The Elizabeth Period (1558-1625): Ben Jonson, Edmund Spenser, George
Chapman, John Webster, Michel Drayton, Nicholas Udall , Sir Philip Sidney,
Thomas Kyd, Thomas Deker, Thomas Norton & Thomas Sackville, William
Shakespeare. University Wits: William Canden, John Knox, Richard Hakluyt,
Samuel Purchas, Francis Bacon, Thomas Kyd, Christopher Marlowe, Richard
Hooker, Robert Greene, Thomas Nashe.
3. The Jacobean Period (1603-1615): Andrew Marvell, George Herbert, Henry
Vanghan, John Donne. Metaphysical Poets: Andrew Marvell, John Donne,
George Herbert. [Puritan Period: John Milton, John Bunyan].
4. Caroline Period (1625-1649): Robert Herrick.
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5. Commonwealth Period (1649-1660): Thomas Hobbes.
Features of the Renaissance Period: Humanism,Nationalism,Sprit of

Adventure,Aestheicism.***
Historical Events:
1517 —Martin Luther posts his theses in Wittenberg, (Germany) leading to
Christian Protestant Reformation during the rule of King Henry VIII.
*1532 — Machiavelli, ‘The Prince’published.
1539 — English Bible (the "Great Bible") published
*1558 — 1603 — Reign of Queen Elizabeth I
1564 — 1616 — Life of William Shakespeare
1601 — Shakespeare's ‘Hamlet’ published.
1611 — King James translation of the Bible
*1640 — ‘Bay Psalm Book’: first book printed in America
*1649 — 1660 — Commonwealth Period–England ruled by Parliament.
Authors of Preparation for the Renaissance: Sir Thomas Wyatt, Sir Thomas Moor, Henry
Howard & Earl of Swouy.
Sir Thomas Wyatt: He is the first Sonnet writer in English literature. ‘Anne of
Geierstein’ is his notable work. He works also included into ‘Tottle’s Miscellany’.
Sir Thomas Moor: He was a famous easiest in Renaissance Period. He wrote ‘Utopia’.
Henry Howard & Earl of Swouy: Together these two writers own ‘Tottle’s Miscellany’
which is the first printed anthology of English lyrics.
The Elizabeth Period (1558-1625): ‘Queen Elizabeth I’ was

the daughter of King Henry VIII and also regarded as the
virgin Queen. King Henry VIII banned the Church’s
influence over State that is known as the ‘Seperation of
Church and State’. During this age Chiristianity divided into
two sects ‘Chatholic and Protestant’. King Henry
introduced Protastantism by the influence of German
reformist Martin Luther. This was the seed of the term
‘Secular’ point of view. The term Protestantism named
accroding the followers of Matrin Luther who protested the
influence of Church on Laws and State. Queen Ellizabath I
introduced ‘Angelican’ forms of Christianity to settle the
religious inconsistency in England. Queen Ellizabath
Features of Literature in this period:
 Women are not allowed to act in play. Male artists played the role of women
characters.
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 Tragedies followed ‘Revenge’.
 This period known as The Golden age/Glourios period of Englsih literature.
Sometimes called as ‘A nest of singing birds’.
Quotation:
‘A good face is the best recommendation’
--Queen Elizabeth I
Authors:
Ben Jonson, Edmund Spenser, George Chapman, John Webster, Michel Drayton,
Nicholas Udall , Sir Philip Sidney, Thomas Kyd, Thomas Deker, Thomas Norton &
Thomas Sackville, William Shakespeare.
Ben Jonson: Father of English realistic Comedy. He is considered the playwright right
after William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe.
Comedy: 1. The Alchemist, 2. The Silent Women, 3. Everyman in his Humor, 4.
Everyman out of His Humor, 5. Volpone or The Fox.
Tragedy: Sejanus, Cataline.
Edmund Spenser: Many poets from the romantic period followed his pattern of
poems/writings after his death. That’s why he is regarded as the Poet of Poets.
Works: ‘The Shepherd’s Calendar, Epithalanion, The Faerie Queen (Theme:
Patriotism, The Red Cross Night is the Hero, Una was the Heroine), The Ruins of Time,
The Amoretti (Sonnets).
George Chapman: He translated Homer’s ‘Iliad’ & ‘Odyssey’.
John Webster: works ‘The White Devil’ & ‘The Duchess of Malfi (Revenge Play,
Machiavellian/selfish character is yBosola”).
Michel Drayton: ‘Polyolbion’ and famous sequence is ‘Idea’.
Nicholas Udall: Sometimes regarded as the ‘Father of English Comedy’. ‘Raleph

Roister Doister’ was the first drama in English literature. Some says ‘Gammer Gurron’s
Needle’ by Stevenson is the first Comedy drama.
Sir Philip Sidney: He is known as a famous Critic. His works include (poem) Astrophel
and Stella, ‘An Apology/Defense for Poetry’ & ‘Arcedia or The Countess of Pembroke's
Arcedia’’.
Thomas Deker: ‘Old furniture’, ‘Honest Whore’, ‘The Smoker’s ho’.
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Thomas Norton & Thomas Sackville: They are the first pioneer of English Revenge
Play. ‘the Mirror of Magistrates’ and ‘the Ferrex & the Porrex’ which is known as ‘the
Tragedy of Gorboduc’.
William Shakespeare: William Shakespeare is the greatest dramatist in English

literature and also the national poet of England. He was born on 26th April, 1564 in Avon,
Stanford and died on 23rd April, 1616 in the same place. That’s’ why he known as the
‘Birds of Avon’. He wrote 3 narrative poems, 37 plays, 154 sonnets. He wrote four types
of play Tragedy, Comedy, Tragic Comedy & Historical Play. His plays consist of five
Acts. He is the first poet used ‘Fourteen Line Sonnet’. His plays are translated in every
alive languages.
3 narrative poems: ‘Venus and Adonis’, ‘The Rape of Lucretia’ & ‘The Passionate
Pilgrim’.
37 Plays:Comedy drama(16): ‘Love’s Labour’s
Lost’, ‘ The Tempest’, ‘As you like it’, ‘Comedy of
Errors’, ‘Twelfth night’, ‘A midsummer night’s
dream’, ‘Two gentlemen of Verona’, ‘Much Ado
about nothing’, ‘Merry wives of Windsor’, ‘The
Taming of the Shrew’, ‘Winter’s Tale’, ‘Pericles,
Prince of type’.
Tragic Comedies:‘Measures of Measure’ (known
as black comedy), ‘the Merchant of Venice’, ‘All’s
well that ends well’.
Historical Plays: ‘King Henry IV, King Henry V, William Shakespeare
King Henry VI, King Henry VII’, ‘King John’,
‘King Richard II’, King Richard III.
Tragedy Plays: ‘Hamlet’ ‘Romeo & Juliet’ ‘Macbeth’ ‘King Lear’ ‘Othello’ ‘Julius
Caesar’ ‘Cymbeline’ ‘Anthony and Cleopatra’[NB: ‘Caesar & Cleopatra is a famous play
by George Barnard Shaw]‘Titus Andronicus’ ‘Troilus and Cressida’’ Timon of Athens’
‘Corolanus’.
Important/Leading/Protagonist Characters, Facts and Quotations:

Hamlet: Protagonist Character is the ‘Ophelia and Hamlet’. Hamlet is the prince of
Denmark. Horatio is Hamlet’s close friend. Claudius is Hamlet’s uncle. Ophelia is
Hamlet’s lover.
Quotations:
‘To be or not to be that is the question’-by Hamlet(describes the ‘indecisionness of
human mind).
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‘To be honest as this world goes, is to be one man picked out of ten thousand’--
Hamlet
‘Thus conscience does make cowards of us all,

And thus the native hue of resolution-by Hamlet
‘Frailty, your name is women’- Hamlet.
‘Bravity is the soul of wit’- Hamlet.
‘There is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so’- Hamlet.
‘There are more things in the heaven and earth, Horatio, than are dreamt of our
philosophy’- Hamlet.
‘There is divinity that shapes our ends’- Hamlet.
‘The Play is a thing, where I’ll catch the conscience of the king’.- Hamlet.
‘How weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable

Seem to me all the uses of this world—By Hamlet
‘O that this too solid flesh would melt

Thaw and resolve itself into a dew’—Hamlet
‘What Piece of work is a man,

How noble in reason, how infinite in faculties’…By Hamlet
‘What is man, if his chief good and market of his time

Be but to sleep and feed? A Beast, no more,”---Hamlet
‘When sorrows come, they come not single spies, but in battalions
’—King Cladius (uncle and stepfather of Hamlet)
Macbeth: Protagonist character is ‘Macbeth’ who is a brave general.

Quotations:
‘All the perfumes of Arabia, will not sweeten this little hand’- Macbeth.
‘Life is but a walking shadow’- Macbeth.
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‘Life is a tale, told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing-Macbeth.
‘Your face is book where man may read strange matters, look like an innocent
flower, but be the serpent under it’-Lady Macbeth to General Macbeth.
Julius Caesar: – Protagonist Character is ‘Marcus Brutas/Brutas’. King Julius Caesar

ruled Italy 2000 years ago.
Quotations:
‘Cowards die many times before their death’—by Calpunia (wife of Caesar) to
Caesar
‘Brutus, you too’
‘Veni, Vidi, Vici’ (I came, I saw, I conquer).
‘Danger know full well
That Caesar is more dangerous than he’—Caesar to his wife
‘Friends, Roman countrymen, lend me your ears’
Othello: ‘Othello’ a brave black soldier. ‘Desdemona’ was heroine.
‘She loved me for the danger I had passed;
And I loved her that she did pity them
This only is the witchcraft I have used’---by Othello
‘Reputation is as idle and most false imposition’---Othello
As you like it: Theme: Love at first sight.
Quotations:
‘All the world’s a stage,
And all the men and women merely players
They have their exits and their entrance
And each man in his plays many parts
His act being seven ages’—Dialogue by Jaques, As you like it.
‘Blow, Blow thou winter wind

Thou art not so unkind
As mans ingratitude;
Thy tooth art not seen
Although breath be rude’—As you like it.
‘Love is merely a madness, and I tell you, it deserves as well dark house and whip
a madman do’
---Dialogue by Rosalind, As you like it
‘Sweet are the uses of the Adversity, which like the toad, ugly and venomous,Wears
yet a precious jewel in his head’— As you like it
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Romeo & Juliet:

‘By soft, what light through yonder window breaks?
It is the east and Juliet is the Sun !
Arise fair sun and kill the envious moon
Who is already sick and pale with grief
That thou her maid art far more fair than she’
-by Romeo
‘What’s in a name? That which we call a rose

By any other name would smell as sweet’---By Juliet
King Lear:
Quotations:
‘I am a man more sinned against than sinning’
Thankless children are sharper than a poisonous snake’.—King Lear
‘As flies to wanton boys are we to the God’s-They kill us for their sport’
--Gloucester, father of Edman and Eager (King Lear).
University Wits: ‘The University Wits’ refers to those playwrights who were highly
educated in Oxford and Cambridge University. They are William Canden, John Knox,
Richard Hakluyt, Samuel Purchas, Francis Bacon, Thomas Kyd, Christopher Marlowe,
Richard Hooker, and Thomas Nashe.
William Canden & John Knoxwas famous historian.
Richard Hakluyt, Samuel Purchas was famous editor.
Francis Bacon: Famous Essayist. Notable works: ‘Novum Organum’, ‘The Advancement
of Learning’.
Quotation:
‘Reading makes a full man conference a ready man: writing an exact man’.
‘Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed
and digested’.
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Thomas Kyd:For the first time he wrote the revenge tragedy ‘The Spanish Tragedy’ by
the inspiration of the Latin playwright ‘Seneca’. And ‘the Spanish Tragedy’ inspired
William Shakespeare to write his famous tragedy ‘HAMLET’.
Christopher Marlowe: He is regarded the greatest playwright before Shakespeare and

the founder of English Drama. He was the member of ‘The University Wit’.
Works: Timberline the Great, The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus (Renaissance
Hero), The Jew of Malta, Edward-II (Masterpiece), ‘You can Never Tell’. Lyrical Ballad:
The Passionate Shepherd to His Love. Some Shared plays are ‘The Massacre of Paris,
Queen of Carthage.
Quotations:
‘Come live with me, and be my love,
And we will all the pleasures prove,
That hills and valleys, dale and fields,
And all that craggy mountains yield.’
----The Passionate Shepherd to his Love.
Richard Hooker: was one of the greatest prose writers of Elizabethan period. ‘Of the law
of Ecclastical Policy’ his notable work.
The Jacobean Period (1603-1625):

This age was named after the King James (Jacob) I. Most of this ages poets are famous
for Metaphysical Poetry. The last five years from this period is known as ‘Puritan
Period’.
Authors from this period: Andrew Marvell, John Donne, George Herbert, Henry
Vanghan.
Metaphysical Poets: Andrew Marvell, John Donne, George Herbert, Henry Vanghan.
Andrew Marvell:
Poem: To His Coy Mistress, The Garden, An Horatian Ode upon Cromwell’s Return
from Ireland, The Mower’s Song, Upon Appleton House. His definition of love is ‘Out of
sight, near to mind’.
John Donne: He is the father of Metaphysical poem. He is known as the ‘poet of love’
and ‘religious poet’. His famous poems are ‘The Sun Rising’, ‘The Undertaking’, ‘The
Ecstasy’, ‘The Canonization’, ‘The good Morrow’, ‘A Valediction’, ‘Love’s Growth’,
‘Twicknam Garden’.
Quotations:
‘Love, all alike no season knows, nor clime,
Nor hours, days, months, which are the rags of time’---The Rising Sun.
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‘Busy old fool, unruly sun

Why dost(do) thou(you) thus(so)?---The Rising Sun.
‘She’s all states and all princess, I nothing else is’—The Rising Sun
‘For God’s sake hold your tongue, and let me love’---The Canonization.
‘For love, all love of other sights controls,

And makes one little room, an everywhere’—The Good Morrow.
‘If our two loves be one, or thou and I

Love so alike, than do slacken, none can die’---The Good Morrow.
‘I wonder by my truth, what you and I did till we love’—The Good Morrow.
George Herbart: His famous poems are ‘Easter Wings’ & ‘The Coller’.
Puritan Period (1620-1660):

Authors: John Milton, John Bunyan.
John Milton (1608–74): was the last great poet of the English Renaissance also known
as the ‘Epic Poet’ of English literature. He is called the Great Master of Verse.
Major works:
Epic:Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Lycidas, L'Allegro, Il
Penseroso, Comus (a masque).
Poems: Comus, Sonnet: Samson Agonistes.
Facts on Paradise Lost:

 Paradise Lost is an epic poem in ‘blank verse’ in 17th-
century.
 The poem is separated into twelve "books" or sections,
 It is attempted to justify the ways of God to man.
Quotation:
‘Better to regain in Hell than to serve in the Heaven’-
Satan’s speech in Paradise lost.
John Bunyan:
Prose: ‘The Pilgrims’ & ‘The Holy War’.
Caroline Period (1625-1649): This age is named after the King Paradise Lost
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Charles I. The name ‘Charles’ is known in Latin as ‘Carolus’. In 1649 King Charles I was
defeated by the Oliver Cromwell and the king was beheaded publically.
Robert Herrick: ‘To Daffodils’ is the famous poem of Robert Herrick. The poet
describes by this poem the short lived human life. The poet finds similarity with the
flowers ‘Daffodil’ and ‘Human life’ with ‘The Summer’s Rain and Morning’s Dew” these
two natural things.
Commonwealth Period (1649-1660):Thomas Hobbes is the famous poet from this

period. His most notable work is ‘Leviathan’.
Quotation:
‘Knowledge is Power’.

1. Who wrote the plays ‘The Tampest’ and ‘The Mid Summer Night’s Dream’?
2. William Shakespeare is a famous ____?
3. ‘Fraility, thy name is women’ is which of the following plays you find this?
4. Who is the gratest dramatist of all times?
5. Brutas is a famous character of Skakespeare in____?
6. One of the follwing plays is not a tragedy___? A. Hamlet B. Macbeth C. Otehllo
D.Tempest
7. ‘To be or not to be that is the _____’.
8. Shakespeare is known mostly for his ___?
9. The drama ‘Hamlet’ is written by___?
10.Macbeth is a ___?
11.Calliban is a character in ___?
12.The Marchent of Venice is a drama by ___?
13.Shakespears ‘Marchent of Venice’ is a _____?
14.Who is the author of King Lear?
15.Shakespeare wrote brilliant____?
16.Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar is a____?
17.Hamlet by Shakespeare is a ____?
18.‘Othello’ is an important character in the Shakespearean play___?
19.‘To be or not to be, that is the …’ is a quotation from Shakespeare’s ___?
20.Which one of the following is not written by William Shakespeare? A. Macbeath
B. Hamlet C. Othello D. Dr. Faustus
21. ‘Romeo and Juliet’ is a ____?
22.In what year Shakespeare died?
23.Shakespeare lived during the reign of ____?
24.William Shakespeare is a famous ____Century English Playwright?
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25.Which of the following is a ‘comedy’ by Shakespeare? A. As you like it b. King
Lear c. Macbeth d. Hamlet
26.Who is the autho of ‘The taming of the shrew’?
27. A Shakespearean play consists of ___?
28.‘There are more things in heaven and earth, Horation, than are dreamt of in our
philosophy’is quoted from Shakespeare’s ___?
29.Shakespeare’s Macbeth is a____?
30.‘All Perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand’ is quotation from?
31.Shakespeare was famous for all but one of the following: a. Comedies b.Tragedies
c. Bourgeoisic drama d. Tragic Drama
32.Who wrote ‘Cowards die many times before their death’?
33.‘Cowards die many tiimes before their death’ is excerpted from ___?
34.‘Comedy of Errors’ is written by___?
35.Who Tranaslated the Comedy of Errors in Bangla?
36. Where is the expressed the view that ‘There is a divinity that shapes our ends’?
37. ‘All the words stage and all the men and women merely players’ a quotation
fromShakespeare’s___?
38.‘Blow, Blow thou winter wind, thou art not so unkind, as mans ingratitude’ who is
the poet of this verse?
39.Shylock is a character of which play?
40.gyLiv igYxi ewkKiby Munir Chawdhury was a translation of which author?
41.‘All’s well that ends well’is a ____?
42.Who is the father of 14 lines sonnet?
43.Francis Bacon is ____?
44. ‘Reading Maketh a full man conference a ready man; writing an exact man’ who
said this ?
45.Who wrote somebooks are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be
chewed and digested’?
46.‘Better to reign in the Hell than to serve in Heaven” Who said this?and where?
47. ‘Paradise lost’ was written by ___?
48.Who was the composer of ‘Paradisee Lost’?
49.‘Paradise lost Attempted to________’?**
50.‘Paradise lost’ is ____?
51.Who wrote the ‘Paradise Regained’?
52.Who was an epic poet?
53.Who worte Lycidas? **
54.Elizabeth Tragedy is centered on ___?
55. ‘To Daffodils’ was written by ____?
56.Which two things of Nature does Robert Heric find similar to human beings and
daffodils?
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57.In the poem ‘To daffodils’ the poet weeps over____?
58.The Last line of ‘To Daffodils’ is ?
59.Charles lamb was _____?
Answers: 1. William Shakespeare 2. Dramatis 3. Hamlet 4. Shakespeare 5. Juliu

Caeseer 6. Tempest 7. Question 8. Plays 9. Shakespeare 10. Tragedy, play 11.
Tempest 12. Wiliam Shakespeare 13. Comedy play 14. Shakespeare 15. Dramas 16.
Tragedy, play 17. Tragedy Play 18. Hamlet 19. Hamlet 20. Dr. Faustus 21. Tragedy
play 22. 1564 AD 23. Queen Elizabeth I 24. Sixteen 25. As you like it 26.Shakespeare
27. Five Acts 28. Hamlet 29. Tragedy 30. Macbeth 31. Tragic Drama 32. Shakespeare
33.Julius Caeser 34. Shakespeare 35. Ishwar Chandra Viddzasagor 36. In Hamlet 37.
As you like it 38. Whilliam Shakespeare 39. Machent of Venice 40. Shakespeare 41.
Comedy 42. William Shakespeare 43. An Essayist 44. 44. Francis Bacon 45.Francis
Bacon 46. Satan said this in Paradise Lost (John Mmilton) 47. John Milton 48. John
Milton 49. Justify the ways of God to man 50. An Epic 51. John Milton 52. John
Milton 53. John Milton 54. Revenge 55. Robert Herrick 56. Summers rain and
morning dew 57. Short lived human life 58. As quick to growth to meet decay 59. An
essayist
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Neo-Classical Period
1660-1798
The writter of this period followed the principles of Classical Greek and Roman writters.
That’s why this period is named as Neo-Classical
Period. Slogan of this age is ‘Art for Man’s Sake’.
Famous Historical Events:

1667 — John Milton, Paradise Lost
*1687 — Sir Isaac Newton, Principia Mathematica
1719 — Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe
1726 — Jonathan Swift, Gulliver's Travels
1740 — Samuel Richardson, Pamela
1740-5 — The Great Awakening (religious revival)
1749 — Henry Fielding, Tom Jones
*1751 — Gray, "Elegy Written in a Country
Churchyard" French Revolution
1755 - Ben Johnson, Dictionary
1760-67 — Lawrence Stern, Tristram Shandy
1765-1830 — Revolutionary and Early National Period
*1770 — Oliver Goldsmith, "The Deserted Village"
1776 —Declaration of American Independence
*1789 — French Revolution begins. Slogan of French Revolution is ‘Liberty, Equality,
Fraternity’.
Authors:
1. The Restoration Period (1660-1700): Edmund Walter, John Locke, John
Dryden, Thomas Hobbes, William Congreve.
2. The Augustan Period (1700-1745): Alexander Pope, Daniel Defoe, Jonathon
Swift, Joseph Addison & Sir Richard Steele, Samuel Richardson, Henry
Fielding.
3. The Age of Sensibility (1745-1798):Alexander Pushkin, Dr. Samuel Johnson,
Edmund Burke, Edward Gibbon, Goethe, Harold Lasky, Henry Fielding,
Nicholas Machiavelli, Oliver Goldsmith, R.B. Sheridan , Thomas Gray.
The Restoration Period (1660-1700): The restoration comedy is generally known as

comedy of manners because it deals with the superficial sides of life. Its manners,
fashions, artificialities, follies and foibles. Edmund Walter, John Locke, John Dryden,
Thomas Hobbes William Congreve.
Edmund Walter: Was the most noted writer of this period.
John Locke: Was one of the Philosophers and literary figure from this period.
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John Dryden: He is the father of ‘Modern English Criticism’.
Plays:‘All for Love’, ‘The Conquest of Granada’.
Satires: ‘Mav Flecknoe’ The Medal’, ‘Absalom and Achitophel’.
Thomas Hobbes: One of the Philosophers from this period.
William Congreve:
Comedies: ‘The way of the world’, ‘The old Bachelor’, ‘The Double Dealer’.
The Augustan Period (1700-1745): Alexander Pope, Daniel Defoe, Jonathon Swift,
Joseph Addison & Sir Richard Steele, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding.
Alexander Pope: He is the ‘Mock Heroic Poet’. His most famous work is epic book ‘The
Rape of Lock’.
Famous poems are ‘The Dunciad’, ‘Eassy
on Criticism’, ‘Eassy on Man’.
Qoutation:
‘To err is human, to forgive is
divine’—An Eassy on Criticism.
‘Fools rush is where angels fear to
tread’—An Eassy on Criticism.
‘A little learning is a dangerous
thing’.
‘An honest man is the nobelest work
of God’.
‘The proper study of mankind is
man’.
‘Charms strike the sight but merit
strikes the heart’.
Daniel Defoe: ‘Robinson Crusoe’,
‘Roxana:the Fortunate mistress’, ‘Moll
Flanders’, ‘Colonel Jack’, ‘Captain
Singleton’, Memories of Cavalier’. Robinson Crusoe
Jonathon Swift: His famous novel is ‘Gulliver’s Travel’. And ‘A modest proposal’ is
his famous tales. Beside these he wrote ‘A tale of Tub’, ‘The Battle of Books’, ‘Drapier’s
Letters’.
Joseph Addison & Sir Richard Steele: Famous essayist. ‘The Spectator’ and ‘The
Tatlar’ are their notable Essay Book.
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Samuel Richardson: His novel is ‘Pamela or the virtue of Rewaded’, ‘Clarrssa’.
Henry Fielding: He is the father of ‘English novel’ but many says Daniel
Defoe/Jonathan Swift was the father of English Novel. The novel ‘Tom Jones’ was his
best work. He also wrote ‘Joseph Andrews’, ‘Jonathan Wilde’, ‘Amelia’ .
The Age of Sensibility (1745-1785): Dr. Samuel Johnson was the main author of this
period that’s why this period is named after his name like ‘Age of Johnson’. Major
features of this periods literature is ‘Sensibility’, ‘Reason’, and ‘Feeling’. ‘The Daily
Courant’ was the first English daily published in 1701 and the first full-fledged
biography ‘Life of Dr. Johnson’ by Games Boswell was published in 1792. And the first
theater in England was established in 1576. Authors of this period are Alexander Pushkin,
Dr. Samuel Johnson, Edmund Burke, Edward Gibbon, Goethe, Harold Lasky, Nicholas
Machiavelli, Oliver Goldsmith, R.B. Sheridan,Thomas Gray.
Alexander Pushkin: Father of modern Russian Literature and also the national poet of
Russia.
Dr. Samuel Johnson: He is the first Lexicographer (dictionary writer) also known as the
Father of English Dictionary. He wrote the first Dictionary is 1755. He also firstly
introduced one Act play. His notable works on literacy is ‘A preface to Shakespeare’.
Edmund Bruke: An Irish born famous Essayist, Orator. His famous speech are
‘Conciliation with America’ and ‘Speech of East India’. A notable books is ‘Reflection
on the Revolution in France’.
Qoutation:
‘The Greater the power, the more dangerous the abuse’.
Edward Gibbon: His famous historical book is ‘The Decline and fall of the Roman
Empire’.
Goethe: He is the greatest poet of Germany and his famous drama is ‘Faust’.
Harold Lasky: His famous book is ‘The Grammer of Politics’.
Nicholas Machiavelli: He is the father of the Modern Political Science. His famous book
on politics is ‘The Prince’. In literaature the term ‘Machiavellian Character’ refers to a
selfish character.
Oliver Goldsmith: His famous works are ‘The Citizen of the world’ & ‘The Vicar of
wakefield’, ‘She Stops Conquer’, ‘The Good Nature Man’.
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R.B. Sheridan: His famous plays are ‘The Rivals’, ‘The Critic’, ‘The School for Scand
at’.
Thomas Gray: His famous elegy is ‘Elegy writen in a country churchyard’. His notable
books are ‘The Bard’ & ‘Alexander’s Feast’.
Qoutation
‘Many a flower is born to blush unseen’
--- Elegy writen in a country churchyard
‘Where ignorance is bless, it is folly to be wise’

1. Who did write first English dictionary?
2. The first English dictionary was compiled by ___?
3. ‘Tom Jones’ by Henry Fielding was first published in _____?
4. A. S. Hornby is famous for___?
5. Who is the most famous satirist in English literature?
6. ‘Gulliver’s Travels’ is a famous story by___?
7. Alexander Pope’s ‘An Essay on Man’ is a ____?
8. Poet Alexander Pope’s famous work ____?
9. ‘To err is human, to forgive is divine’ is written by ___?
10. ‘Patriotism’ is written by ___?
11.Who wrote ‘Patriotism’?
12.Who wrote the book ‘Ivan Hoe’?
13.Who is the author of the book ‘Robinson Crusoe’?
14.Edmund Burke is belongs to____?
Answers: 1. Dr. Samuel Johnson 2. Samuel Johnson 3. The first half of 19th century
4.Writing dictionary 5. Jonathon Swift 6. Jonathon Swift 7. Poem 8.Rape of the Lock
9.Alexander pope 10. Sir Walter Scott 11. Sir Walter Scott 12. Sir Walter Scott 13.
Daniel Defoe 14. 18th Century
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The Romantic Period
(1798-1832)
The Romantic Period: The first half of 19th century is regarded as Romantic Period. The
Period begins by the publication of ‘Lyrical Ballads’ a collection of romantic poems by
William Wordsworth and S. T. Coleridge.
Features of this Period: Love for nature, Love for the Past, Love for the Remote, Love
for the Liberty and Freedom, Emphasis on emotion and imagination, Revolts against
rules and conventions, Simplicity of Languages and expression, Subjectivity,
Supernaturalism.
Historical Events between (1798-1832) : Romantic Period
1798 — William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lyrical Ballads
1811 — Jane Austen, Sense and Sensibility
1817 — Mary Shelley, Frankenstein
1819 — Lord Byron, Don Juan I and II
1820 — Sir Walter Scott, Ivanhoe
1830 — Edgar Allan Poe, Poems
Authors:Charles Lamb, Jane Austen, John Keats, Lord Byron, P. B. Shelly, S. T.

Coleridge, Sir Walter Scott,Thomas De Quincey, William Blake, William Hazlitt, William
Wordsworth.
Charles Lamb: He is an Essayist. ‘The Essay of Elia’ & ‘The Last Essay of Elia’ are his
notable Essays.
Jane Austen: A famous female romantic novelist. Her most notable works are ‘Pride
and Prejudice’, ‘Sense and Sensibility’, ‘Emma’, ‘Mansfield Park’, ‘Northanger
Abbey’, ‘Persuasion’. Her novels for youth are ‘Juvenilia’.
John Keats: He is known as the ‘Poet of Beauty’, ‘Poet of Sensuousness’. ‘Endymion’
and ‘Hyperion’ are his famous poetic book. ‘Lamia’ and ‘The anatomy of Melancholy’
are also his literary works. His famous poems are ‘Ode to Nightingale’, ‘Ode to a
Greecian Ura’ ‘Ode to Autumn’, ‘Ode to Melancholy’, ‘Isabella’, ‘The eve of St. Agnes’,
‘Lamia’, ‘Ode to Psyche’.
Quotations:
‘A thing of beauty is joy forever’

-----Endymion
‘Beauty is truth, truth beauty, that is all
Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know’
----Ode to a Grecian Urn
Heard Melodies are sweet but those unheard are sweeter; therefore, Ye soft
pipes, play on’
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(‘ESP’ is called the number sixth sense. [E=Extra, S=Sensory, P=Perception],
and Love is the seventh sense)----Ode to a Grecian Urn
‘My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains
My sense, as though of hemlock I had drank’
----Ode to Nightingale
‘The music in my heart I bore long after it was heard no more’
----Ode to Nightingale
‘Death is nothing but a short sleep’
Lord Byron: His full name is ‘George Gordon Lord Byron’. He is the Rebel poet of
English literature. His famous poetic book is ‘The Vision of Judgment’. ‘Dan Juan’ is
his famous epic book. ‘Lara’, ‘Childe Harold’, ‘The Corsair’ are also his works.
Quotation:
‘Man’s love of his life a thing, a part, ts(it is) women’s whole existence’---Dan
Juan
‘Revenge is sweet specially to women’
‘Man’s conscience is the oracle of God’

P. B. Shelly: His full name is ‘Percy Bysshe Shelly’ known as the Poet of Skylark and
Winds’ ‘Revolutionary Poet’ and ‘Poet of hope and Regeneration’. He was expelled from
the Oxford University because of his publication of ‘The Necessity of Atheism’. He was a
friend of Lord Byron. His wife Merry Shelly was also a poet and the author of
‘Frankenstein’ inspired by Lord Bayron. Shelly wrote ‘Episychidion’ for his last beloved
Emilia Viviania.
Literary works: ‘Revolt to Islam’, ‘The Necessity of Atheism’, A defense of poetry’,
‘Prometheus unbound’, ‘Queen Mab’, ‘The Cenci ’,‘ The Triumph of life’. Some of his
famous classical poems are ‘Ozymandias ‘Adonais’, ‘Ode to West wind’, ‘To Skylark’,
‘Hellas’, ‘Alastor or the Spirit of Solitude (Autobiography)’, ‘The Cloud’, ‘The Masque
of Anarchy’.
Quotation:
‘Wild spirit, which art moving everywhere;
Destroyer and preserver; hear, oh, hear !
---Ode to west wind
‘Oh, lifet me as a wave, a leat, a cloud !
I fall upon the thorns of leaf, a cloud !
---Ode to west wind
‘The trumpet of prophecy !o, wind,
If winter comes, can spring be far behind’
---Ode to west wind***
‘Oh, lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud;
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I fall upon the thorns of life! Bleed.’—Ode to west wind
Our Sweetest Song are those that tell of the saddest thoughts’
---To a skylark
‘Poets are unacknowledged legislators of the word’—A defense of Poetry
S. T. Coleridge: Along with his friend William Wordsworth published ‘Lyrical Ballads’
in 1798which started the Romantic Period in English Literature. He is called the ‘Poet of
Supernaturalism’ and even ‘Lake Poet’. ‘Literaria Biographia’ was his prose work.
Most Famous Poems are: ‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’, ‘Kubla Khan’,
‘Christabela’, ‘Ode to Dejection’.
Quotation:
‘Water, Water, everywhere,
And all the boards did Shrink;
Water, Water everywhere;
Nor any drop to drinnk’---The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
‘Alone, alone, all, all alone,

Alone on a wide wide sea!
And never a saint took pity on
My soul in agony’------The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
‘He Prayeth best, who loveth best

All things both great and small;
For the dear God who loveth us, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
He made and loveth all’----The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Sir Walter Scott: He is a famous poet in his time. He was also a novelsit. ‘Ivan Hoe’ is
his most famous historical novel. ‘Patriotism’ ‘Waverly’, ‘Talisman’ are his famous
novels. ‘The Lay of the Last Minstrel’ was his most famous poem.
Thomas De Quincey: was an English essayist, best known for his ‘Confessions of an
English Opium-Eater’.
William Blake: He was both ya Poet and a Painter”. His famous book is ‘The Marriage
of Hell and Heaven’. He also owns ‘Songs of Innocence’, ‘Songs of Experience’, ‘The
Poetical Sketches’, ‘The Four Zuas’.
Quotation:
‘The Road of excess leads to the place of wisdom’.
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William Hazlitt: He was a renowned Critic and essayist.
Books: ‘The Spirit of Ages’, ‘The Dramatic Literature of age of Elizabeth’.
William Wordsworth: He is called the ‘Poet of Nature’, ‘Poet of Childhood’.

According to him, poetry is the ‘Spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings’. ‘The
Prelude’ was his first literary work.
Famous Books on Poem: ‘Lyrical Ballads’, ‘The Prelude’, ‘The Preface to the Lyrical
Ballads’.
Famous Poems: ‘The Solitary Reaper’, ‘Written in March’, ‘The Daffodils: I wandered
lonely as a cloud’, ‘The Lucy Poems’, ‘Ode: Intimations of Morality’, ‘Ode to Duty’,
‘Michael’, ‘The Excursion’, ‘Tin tern Abbey’.
Quotation:
‘Child is the father of Man’---My heart leaps up when I behold
‘Ten thousands saw I at a glance

Tossing their heads in sprightly dance’---The Solitary Reaper
‘Behold her, Single in the field,

You solitary highland lass !
Reaping and singing by herself
Stop here or gently pass’—The Solitary Reaper
‘Nature never did betray the heart that loved her’—Tin Tern Abbey
‘Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings’

1. Most important feature of romantic poetry is _____?
2. Romanticism is mainly connected with of ___?
3. The Literary work ‘Kubla Khan’ is ____?
4. Which English Epic poet was addicted to opium?
5. Pioneer of Romanticism is_____?
6. Shelly was a poet from ______period?
7. ‘Poets are unacknowledged legislators of the world’ who told it?
8. ‘Our Sweetest songs are those that tell of saddest thought’ is by ___?
9. ‘If winters comes, can spring be far behind’ these lines were written by ____?
10.‘oh, lilft me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud; I fall upon the thorns of life ! behind’ this is
quoted from P. B. Shelly’s _____?
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11.In ‘oymandias’ the poet says, yI met a traveler ____an___land”.
12.What lines half sunk in Shelly’s ‘Ozymandias’ ?
13.In Shelly’s ‘Ozymandias’ the words, ‘My name is Ozymandias, King of Kings’ are
inscribed on ____?
14. ‘Ode to west wind’ is by ____?
15.‘The Trumpet of Prophecy ! O Wind. If winter comes, can spring be far behind?’
who is the author of this line?
16.P. B. Shelly is known as ____?
17.‘The Music in my heart I bore long after it was heard no more’. The lines are from
the poem---
18. John Keats was a poet of _____age.
19. Poet of Sensuousness is _____?
20.A famous English poet who was professionally known as a man of medicine
is___?
21.‘Ode to autumn’ is written by ___?
22.‘Ode to Grecian Unr’ who is the poet of this poem”
23. Who wrote ‘Ode to Nightingale’?
24.‘Death is nothing but a short sleep’ written by ____?
25. Who wrote ‘Beauty is truth, truth is beauty’?
26. Which ode begins with the lines ‘My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains.
My sense as though of hemlock I had drunk’______?
27. ‘A thing of beauty is joy forever’ was stated by ____?
28.Wordsworth was inspired by ____?
29. Who wrote the poem ‘Solitary Reaper”?
30. Wordsworth is a _____poet?
31.The Solitary Reaper is a _____?
32.In ‘the Solitary Reaper’ what dose the word solitary mean?
33. ‘Written in March’ is a poem composed by ____?
34.Who wrote the poem about lucy?
35. Who wrote ‘The Daffodils’?
36. In ‘I wandered lonely as a cloud’ the daffodils gave the poet _____?
37.‘Ten thousand saw at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance’ what is the
poet William Wordsworth reefing to?
38.‘Behold her, single in the field, you solitary highland lass !’ these are a few lines a
poem of another great poet. Who is the poet?
39.‘Child is the father of Man’ is taken from the writings of ___?
40.‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’ is a ____?
41.Who is the contemporary of the poet ‘William Wordsworth”?
42. Who is the author of ‘’the rime of the Ancient Mariner’?
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43. One of the following mentioned poets is not a poet of Romantic Period? A.
William Blake b. William Wordsworth c. P.B. Shelly d. John Keats
44.‘Water, Water every where, not a drop to drink’ is written by ___?
45. Who wrote ‘He Prayeth best, who loveth best, all things great and small’?
Answers: 1. Subjectivity 2. Love and Beauty 3.A verse by Coleridge 4. S. T. Coleridge

5. Wordsworth and Coleridge 6.Romantic 7. Tennyson 8. P.B. Shelly 9. P. B. Shelly 10.
Ode to west wind 11. From, antique 12. Broke head of a statue 13.The Visage of the
nature 14.P. b. Shelly 15. P. B. Shelly 16. Romantic Poet 17.Ode to nightingale by John
Keats 18.Romantic 19. John Keats 20. John Keats 21. John Keats 22. John Keats 23. John
Keats 24. John Keats 25. John Keats 26. Ode to nightingale 27. John Keats 28. The
French Revolution 29. William Wordsworth 30. Romantic 31.Romantic poem 32.Lonely
33. W. Wordsworth 34. William Wordsworth 35. William Wordsworth 36. A great deal
of pleasure 37.Daffodils 38. W. Wordsworth 39. W. Wordsworth 40. Poem 41. S.T.
Coleridge 42. S.T Coleridge 43. William Blake 44. S.T Coleridge 45. S. T. Soleridge
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The Victorian Period
(1832-1901)
The Victorian Period: The period is named by the reign of Queen Victoria also known
as the 19th century Literature period.
Major Historical (Literary) Events:

1836 — Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nature
1836 — Charles Dickens, Pickwick Papers
1837 — Nathaniel Hawthorne, Twice-Told Tales
1842 — Robert Browning, Dramatic Lyrics; Lord Tennyson, Poems
1845 — Edgar Allan Poe, The Raven
1847 — Emily Bronte, Wuthering Heights; Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre
1847-8 — Thackeray, Vanity Fair
1849 — Charles Dickens, David Copperfield
1850 — Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Sonnets from the Portuguese
1850 — Nathaniel Hawthorne, Scarlet Letter
1851 — Herman Melville, Moby Dick
1852 — Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom’s Cabin
1854 — Henry David Thoreau, Walden
1855 — Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass
1859 — Charles Darwin, Origin of the Species
1860 — George Eliot, Mill on the
Floss
*1860-5 — American Civil War
1867 — Karl Marx, Das Kapital
1868 — Louisa May Alcott, Little
Women
1872 — George Eliot, Middlemarch
1874 — Thomas Hardy, Far from the Madding Crowd
1876 — Mark Twain, Tom Sawyer
1879 — Henry James, Daisy Miller; * Henrik Ibsen, A Doll’s House
1883 — Robert Louis Stevenson, Treasure Island
1884 — Mark Twain, Huckleberry Finn
1891 — Thomas Hardy, Tess of the D’Urbervilles
1893 — George Bernard Shaw, Mrs. Warren’s Profession
1895 — Oscar Wilde, The Importance of Being Earnest; Stephen Crane, The Red Badge
of Courage
1900 — Theodore Dreiser, Sister Carrie
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Authors: Alexander Dumas, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Cardinal Newman, Charles Dickens,
Charles Robert Darwin, Charlotte Bronte, Edward Fitzgerald, Elizabeth Barrett
Browning, Emily Bronte, George Eliot, John Stuart Mill, Karl Marks, Kiron desai, Leo
Tolstoy, Lord Alfred Tennyson, Mark Twain, Mathew Arnold, Maxim Gorky, R. L.
Stevenson, Robert Browning, Sir Richard Boston, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Thomas
Carlyle, Thomas Hardy, William Mahepeace Theckary.
Alexander Dumas: Famous novelist of France. ‘Three Musketeers’ is his historical

novel.
Alfred Lord Tennysson: He was the poet laureate of Great Britain and Ireland during
the reign of Queen Victoria.
Major works: ‘Two Brothers’ is his first book. Famous poems are ‘Ulysses’, ‘Lotus
Eater’, ‘Lockless Hall’, ‘Morte D’ Arthur’ ‘In Memorium (elegy)’, ‘Tithonus’, ‘The
Brook’, ‘English idyll’, ‘The falcon’. ’The Princess a medley’ a three thousand lines
long blank verse poem.
Quote:
‘I want to live life to the lease’—Ulysses(Blank Verse)
His short lyrics are ‘Break, Break, Break’, ‘The Charge of the light Brigade’ ‘Tears, Idle
Tears’ ‘Crossing the Bar’.
Cardinal Newman: ‘The Idea of University’, ‘Loss and Gain’.
Charles Dickens: The greatest novelist in the Victorian Period.
Works: ‘David Coperfield’, ‘Oliver Twist’, ‘Great Expectations’, ‘A tale of two cities’,
‘The Black House’, ‘The Old Curiosity Shop’, ‘The Pickwick Papers’, ‘Hard Times: for
these times '.
Charles Robert Darwin: ‘The Origin of Species by the means of Natural Selection’,
‘The Descent of Man’.
Charlotte Bronte: ‘Jane Eyre’, ‘The Professor’, ‘Professor Shirly’.
Edward Fitzgerald: Translation of Omar Khaiam’s ‘Rubaiyat’ into English.
Elizabeth Barrett Browning: She is mostly remembered for her poems ‘How do I love
thee?’, ‘Aurora Leigh’.
Emily Bronte: ‘Wuthering Heights’.
George Eliot: She is a female novelist and her real name is ‘Marry Ann Evans’. Her
novels seven are ‘Sailas Manner’, ‘Adam Bede’, ‘The Mill on the Floss’, ‘Middle
March’, ‘Daniel Daranda’. Her famous poetry ‘The Spanish Gipsy’, ‘Agatha’, ‘Brother
and Sister’, ‘Aringart’, ‘Stradivarius’, ‘The Legend of Jubal’ ‘A Minor Propeht’ ‘A
College Breakfast party’.
John Stuart Mill: ‘On Liberty’, ‘Utilitarianiasm’.
Karl Marks: He was German Jew and the founder of Communism. His most influential
books are ‘Das Capital’, ‘Communist Menifesto’.
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Kiron Desai: ‘The inheritance of Loss’.
Leo Tolstoy: A famous Russian novelist who wrote ‘War and Peace’, ‘Anna Karenina’.
Mark Twain: ‘The Adventure of Tom Sawyear’ and ‘The Adventure of Hucklebery
Finn’.
Mathew Arnold: He was a critic and essayist. Works: ‘The study of Poetry’, ‘Essay on
Criticism’, ‘Culture and Anarchy’, ‘Thyrsis’.
Famous poems: ‘Dover Beach’, ‘The Scholar Gypsy’, ‘Sohrab and Rustam’.
Quotation:
‘Truth sits upon the lips of dying men’.
Maxim Gorky: He is the father of socialist realm. ‘Mother’ is his famous novel.
R. L. Stevenson: ‘The Tresure Island’, ‘Kidnapped’, ‘The new Arabian Nights’.
Robert Browning: He is famous for the Dramatic Monologue (Monologue=A speech of
a single character alone in play). ‘Man and Women’ & ‘Dramatic Lyrics’ are his famous
poetic books. ‘The Ring and the book’ is his famous blank verse poem. He was the
composer of the ‘Andrea del Sarto’. His famous poems are ‘The Patriot’, ‘Rabbi ben
Ezra’, ‘My Last Duchess,’ ‘The Last right together’, ‘Prophyria’s love’, ‘Fra Lippo
Lippi’, ‘The Pled Piper of Hamelin’, ‘Love among the Ruins’, ‘Two in the Campagna’,
‘One World More’, ‘A Grammarian’s Funeral’, ‘Porphyria’s Lover’.
Sir Richard Boston: Novel ‘The Arabian Nights’.
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle: Famous detective novel series ‘Sherlk Holmes’.
Thomas Carlyle: Scottish Philosopher, satirical writer, essayist, historian. His famous
works are ‘Signs of time’, ‘Sartor Resartus’, ‘The French Revolution: A history’, ‘Past
and Present’.
Thomas Hardy: ‘The Poor Man and the Lady’, ‘Manuscript’, ‘Desperate Remedies’,
‘Under the greenwood’, ‘The Return of the native’, ‘The Mayor of the d’Ubervilles’
‘Far from the Madding Crowd’, ‘Tess of the d’Ubervilles’, ‘Jude the obscure’.
William Mahepeace Theckary: Indian born British Novelist. ‘Vanity Fair’, ‘It is a
novel without a hero’, ‘The Virginious’.

1. Robert Browning was the composer of ______? A. Two voices b. The Scholar c.
Andrea Del Sarto d. Oneone
2. Robert Browning was a poet of _____age?
3. Who wrote the poem ‘The Patriot’?
4. Who wrote ‘Rabbi Ben Ezra’?
5. Who wrote David Copperfield?
6. Who wrote ‘The Tale of Two Cities’?
7. Charles Dickens was great____?
8. Charles Dickens is not the novelist for one of the following? A. A tale of two cities
b. Treasure Island c. James Joyce d. Thomas Hardy
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9. Great Expectations was written by ___?
10. One of the following mentioned is not a modern age novelist? A. H.G. Wells b.
Charles Dickens c. Rudyard Kipling d. T. S Elliot
11. Who was the author of the book ‘WAR & PEACE’?
12.The Theme of the ‘WAR and PEACE’ is ______?
13.Leo Tolstoy is a _____novelist.
14.W. B. Yeats was a Famous ______?
15. Who Translated the ‘Gitangoli’ of Rabindranath Tagor in English?
16. William Hazlit is ____.
17. One of the four mentioned is not a novelist of Victorian age? A. Charles Dickens
b. Treasure Eliot c. James Joyce d. Thomas Austin
18.Sharlock Homes detective stories were written by ___?
19.Who is the author of ‘Round the World in Eighty Days’?
20.Who is the author of origin of Species?
21. Alexander Dumas was ____author.
22. Who is the author of the novel ‘Three Musketeers’?
23. ‘Lora Doone’ is _____?
24. Tennyson wrote____?
25.Who is the author of ‘the Uncle Tom’s Cabin’?
26.The Real name of George Eliot was____?
Answers: 1. Andrea Del Sarto 2. Victorian Age 3. Robert Browing 4. Robert Browing 5.
Charles Dickens 6. Charles Dickens 7. Novelist 8.Treasure Island 9.Great Expectations
10. Charles Dickens 11. Leo Tolstoy 12. Napoleonic Invasion 13.Russian 14.Dramatist
15. W. B. Yeats 16. An Novelist 17. James Joyce 18.Sir Arther Conan Doyle 19. Jules
Vern 20. Charles Darwin 21. A French 22.Alexander Dumas 23.A novel by Blackmore
24.The Lotos Eaters 25.Mrs. Harriet Stowe 26. Marry Anne Evans
38
Modern & Post Modern Period
(1901-1939-Present)
 The Edwardian Period (1901-1910)
 The Georgian Period (1914-1936)
 Post Modern Period (1939-presen)
Major Historical Literary Events During this Period:

1901-1910: Edwardian Period
1903 — Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness; Jack London, The Call of the
Wild
1905 — Edith Wharton, The House of Mirth
1907 — John Millington Synge, Playboy of the Western World
1913 — D.H. Lawrence, Sons and Lovers; Willa Cather, O Pioneers!
The Georgian Period (1914-1936)
1914-1918: First World War
1917 — T.S. Eliot, "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"
1921- Aldous Huxley, Chrome Yellow
1922 - James Joyce, Ulysses; T. S. Eliot, The Waste Land
1924 - E.M. Forster, A Passage to India
1925 — Virginia Woolf, Mrs. Dalloway
1929 — William Faulkner, The Sound and the Fury
1933 — W.B. Yeats, Collected Poems
1937 — John Steinbeck, Of Mice and Men; The Red Pony
Post Modern Period (1939-Present)
1939-1945: The Second World War
1939 — James Joyce, Finnegan’s Wake
1940 — Richard Wright, Native Son
1946 — George Orwell, Animal Farm
1949 — Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman
1951 — J.D. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye
1952 — Samuel Beckett, Waiting for Godot
1955 — Vladmir Nabokov, Lolita
1957 — Jack Kerouac, On the Road
1958 — Chinua Achebe, Things Fall Apart
1961 — Iris Murdock, A Severed Head
1964 — Theodore Roethke, The Far Field
1966 — Sylvia Plath, Ariel
1969 — Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
1973 — Thomas Pynchon, Gravity’s Rainbow
1981 — Salman Rushdie, Midnight’s Children
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1983 — Alice Walker, The Color Purple
1985 — Raymond Carver, Cathedral
1987 — Toni Morrison, Beloved
1988- Salman Rushdie, The Satanic Verses
1989 — Amy Tan, The Joy Luck Club; Thoman Pynchon, Vineland
Authors & Works from Modern Period (1901-1939) & Post Modern Period (1939-19450:
A P J Abul Kalam Azad, Abdul Asad, Adeline Virginia Woolf, Aldus Huxley,
Alice Ann Munro, Anthony Mascarennehas, Arbinda Adiyaon, Arundhuty Roy,
Barak Obama,
Colonel Gaddafi, Condoleeza Rice, D. H. Lawrence, Dan Brown, David Emily
Durkheim, Dostoyvoski, E M Forster, E. M. Milford, Edger Allan Poe, Eugen O Neil,
Fidel Castro, Francis Fokuama, George Barnard Show, George Orewell, Gunar Midral,
Gunter Grass, H. G. Wells, Harold Pinter, Henrik Ibson, Henry James, Henry Kisinger,
Herman Melville, Hilary Clinton, Irwin Show, J M Synge, J. K. Rowling, J. M. Synage,
Jahanara Imam, James Joyce, Jean Paul Sartre, Jefferson, Jimmy Carter, John Masefield,
John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, Joseph Conrad, Jules Verne, Lee Kuan U, Lord Acton,
Mahatma Gandhi, Maolana Abul Kalam Azad, Martin Luther King, Michel Modhusudon
Dutta, Momota Babarzee, Monika ali, Napoleon , Nelson Mandela, Nirod C. Chowdhury,
Oscar Wilde, Pandit Nehru, Parvez Musharraf, Patrick Modiano, Rousseau, Rudyard
Kipling, Salman Rushdi, Samuel Beckett, Samuel Huntington, Saul Bellow, Seamus
Justin Heaney, Sigmund Freud, Sir Arthur Miller, Stephen Hawking, Tahmina Anam,
Thomas Carlyle, Thomas Hardy, Tony Morrison, V. S. Naipaul, Victor Hogue, W. B.
Yeats, W. H. Auden, William Golding, William Hunter, William Somerset Maugham,
Winston Churchill, Wystan Hugh Auden.
A P J Abul Kalam Azad: He is a scientist from India worte ‘Wings of Fire’ an auto
biography.
Abdul Asad: The Road to Macca’.
Adeline Virginia Woolf:Famous novelist. ‘The Voyage out’, ‘To the light house’, ‘Mrs.
dalloway’, ‘Orlando’, ‘A Room of One’s Own’..
Aldus Huxley: Novel ‘Point Counter Pint’.
Alice Ann Munro:
Anthony Mascarennehas: ‘The Rape of Bangladesh’, ‘Bangladesh: A legacy of Blood’.
Arbinda Adiyaon: ‘The white tiger’.
Arundhuty Roy: ‘God of small things’.
Barak Obama: ‘The Audacity of Hope’, ‘Dreams from my father’, ‘Change we can
believe in’ , ‘Of three I sing: A letter to my Daughters’.
Colonel Gaddafi:‘The Green Book’.
Condoleeza Rice: ‘No Higher Honour’.
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D. H. Lawrence: A famous novelist. His famous works are ‘Son’s and Lovers’, ‘Lady
Chatterley’s Lover’, ‘The Rainbow’, ‘Women in love’, ‘The white Peacock’.
Dan Brown: ‘The Da Vinchi Code’.
David Emily Durkheim: Famous novel is ‘Suicide’.
Dostoyvoski:
E M Forster: His full name is Edward Morgan Forster. He received his Nobel in 1908
for the ‘A room with a view’. He is also the author of ‘A Passage to India’, ‘The Celestial
Omnibus’, ‘Where angels fear to Trend’, ‘The Longest Journey’, ‘Howards End’.
E. M. Milford: ‘The Field of Embroidery Quilt’.
Edger Allan Poe: He is called ‘Father of English Short Story’. His very famous poem is
‘To Helen’.
Eugen O Neil: American Dramatist. His famous play is ‘The Hairy Ape’, ‘The Tragedy
of Class Division’.
Fidel Castro: Former president of Cuba. He wrote ‘The Strategic Victory’, ‘The ‘My
life:a Spoken Autobiography’
Quotation:
‘A revolution is not a bed of roses. A revolution is a struggle between the future
and the past’
‘The ever more sophisticated weapons pilling up in the arsenals of the wealthiest
and the mightiest can kill the illiterate, the ill, the poor and the hungry, but they cannot
kill the ignorance, illness, poverty and hunger’.
‘Today the entire country is an immense University’

‘Sorry I’m still a dialectical materialist’
‘If people call me Christian, not from the standpoint of religion but from the
standpoint of social vision, I declare that I am a Christian’
Francis Fokuama: ‘The End of the History and the lost men’.
George Barnard Show: He is called the ‘Father of Modern English Literature’. His
famous plays are ‘Man and Superman’, ‘Arms and the Man’, ‘Caesar and Cleopatra’,
‘Doctor’s Dilemma’, ‘Pygmalion’, ‘St. Juan of Arc’, ‘Major Barbara’, ‘You never can
Tell’, ‘Heart Break house’.
George Orewell: Novels ‘Animal Farm’, ‘Nineteen Eighty Four’.
Gunar Midral: His famous novel is ‘The Asian Drama’.
Gunter Grass:‘Famous poet and novelist from Germany. He received Nobel for his ‘The
Tin Drum’.
H. G. Wells: ‘The Time Machine’, ‘The Invisible Man’.
Harold Pinter: English Dramatist. He rewarded by Nobel prize in 2005. ‘The Room’,
‘The Birthday Party’, ‘The Homecoming’, ‘No Man’s Land’, ‘Betrayal’.
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Henrik Ibson: Norwegian Playwright. He is known as the ‘Father of Modern Drama’.
‘A Doll’s House’ , ‘Catelina’, ‘The Burial Mond’ ‘Saint John Eve’ ‘Brand’ ‘Pious
Gront’, ‘The League of Youth’ ‘An enemy of the people’, ‘Ghosts’, ‘Emperor and
Galilean’ ‘Lady Enger of the wasters’ are his famous play.
Henry James: Novels ‘The Wings of the Dove’, ‘The Ambassadors’, ‘The Golden Bowl’.
Henry Kisinger: Former secretary of the USA in 1971. He wrote ’White house Years’.
Herman Melville: American Novelist. ‘Moby Dick’, ‘Bartelby the Scrivener’.
Hilary Clinton: ‘Invitation of the White house’, ‘Living History’.
Irwin Show: Famous American Playwright and Novelist. His famous play ‘Bury the
Dead’. Munir Chawdhury wrote the drama ‘Grave or Kabor’ by this works inspiration.
J M Synge:
J. K. Rowling: ‘Harry Porter’.
J. M. Synage: He is a famous dramatist. His famous dramas are ‘Readers to the sea’,
‘The Playboy of the western world’, ‘The Shadow of the Glen’, ‘The well of saints’.
Jahanara Imam: ‘Of Blood of Fire’.
James Joyce: Father of the Novel of Stream of Consciousness. Famous novels are
‘Ulyssis’ ‘A Patriot of Artist’ ‘Exiles’.
Jean Paul Sartre: French novelist and rejected the Noble. ‘The Roads to Freedom’,
‘Nausea’.
Jefferson: He is the Ex-President of the USA author of ‘External Vigilance is the Price
of Liberty’.
Jimmy Carter: Ex-president of the USA and wrote ‘White house Diary’.
John Masefield: His famous novel is ‘The Mid Summer Night’.
John Ronald Reuel Tolkien: ‘The Hobbit’, ‘The Lord of the Ring’, ‘The Silmarillion’
are his classic fantasy.
Joseph Conrad: Famous novelist. His famous novels are ‘Heart of Darkness’, ‘Lord
Jim’, ‘Under Western Eyes’, ‘The Secret Agent’ , ‘The Shadow Line’, ‘The Arrow of God’
‘The Rover, ‘Victory’, Almayer’s Folly’, ‘An outcast of the Islands’.
Jules Verne: Father of Science fiction from France. His novels are ‘Around the world in
Eighty days’, ‘Twenty thousand leagues under the sea’.
Lee Kuan U: ‘From Purdah to Parliament’.
Lord Acto: Quote ‘Power trends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely’.
Mahatma Gandhi: ‘My Experience with Truth’.
Maolana Abul Kalam Azad: Indian Politician and was the president of ‘All India
Congress’ for 23 years. He is the author of ‘India Wins Freedom’.
Martin Luther King: He is prominently known for his speech in front of 2,60, 000
people. He received Nobel Prize in 1968.
‘I have dream that one day my four little children will one day live in a nation
where they will not be judge by the colour of their skin, but the content of their character’
Michel Modhusudon Dutta: Poems are ‘Visions of the Past’ ‘The Captive lady’.
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Momota Babarzee:‘My unforgettable Memories’.
Monika ali:‘Brick Lane’.
Napoleon : His called the Child of French Revolution.
Qoute: ‘Give me good a mother; I will give you a good nation’.
‘The Career is open to the talents’
‘England is a nation of Shop-keeper’.
Nelson Mandela: ‘A long walk to freedom’.
Nirod C. Chowdhury:‘A Passage to India’.
Oscar Wilde: He is renowned Irish born novelist and dramatist. He was also a literature
and philosophical Critic. His famous novels are ‘A women of No importance’, ‘An Ideal
Husband’, ‘The Importance of Being Earnest’, ‘The Picture of Dorian Gray’, ‘House of
Pomegranates’ ‘Intensions’, ‘De Profoundis’.
Pandit Nehru: ‘Discovery of India’, ‘Glimpse of World
History’.
Quote: ‘A country is good if it’s Universities are
good’.
Parvez Musharraf: Ex-Pakistani President wrote ‘In
the line of fire’.
Patrick Modiano: Famous novelist of France and
received his Noble in 2014. His famous works are ‘Rue
des boutiques obscure’, ‘Grand Prix du roman de I’
academie francaise’
Rousseau: He was a social contract. His famous
The Picture of Dorian Gray
Quotations are
‘Men is born free but everywhere he is in Chain’.
‘Patience is bitter but its fruit is sweet’.

Rudyard Kipling: He was a India born British
Journalist. He is famous for ‘The Jungle Book-Mughly).
Salman Rushdi: ‘Satanic Verses’ ‘Midnight’s Children’.
Samuel Backett: An Irish Dramatist. He received Nobel in 1969. His famous plays are
‘Waiting for Goodot’, ‘Endgame’, ‘Murphy’, ‘Krapp’s Last Tape’, ‘Malone Dies’,
‘Molloy’.
Samuel Huntington: ‘The Clash of Civilization;.
Saul Bellow: American Novelist. His famous novels are ‘Seize the Day’, ‘Theme Just
love today’.
Seamus Justin Heaney: An Irish poet. ‘The Death of Naturalist’, ‘Joy or Night’, ‘Mid
Term Break’, ‘Door into dark’, ‘Wintering out’, ‘District and Circle’, ‘ Field Work’,
‘Staion Island’, ‘The Haw Lantern’, ‘Seeing Things’, ‘The Spirit Level’, ‘Electric light’,
‘Human’.
43
Sigmund Freud: ‘Psycho-Pathology in Everyday life’, ‘Interpretation of Dream’.
Sir Arthur Miller: ‘The Death of Sales Man’.
Stephen Hawking: ‘A Brief History of Time’.
Tahmina Anam: She is a England born Bangladeshi writer. She is the author of ‘The
Good Muslims’, ‘The Golden age’.
Thomas Carlyle: ‘The French Revolution’. Quote: ‘Speech is great but silence is
greater’.
Thomas Hardy: He is called pessimistic Novelist. His famous novels are ‘The Tess of
the D’urverbilles’, ‘The return of the Native’, ‘The mayor of Casterbridge’.
Tony Morrison: American Female Novelist. Her famous novel is ‘The Bluest Eye’.
V. S. Naipaul: ‘The Enigma of Arrival’, ‘
Victor Hogue: His famous novel is ‘La Miserable or The Miserable’. Quotation ‘Men
are the women’s plaything but womens are devils’.
W. B. Yeats: His full name is William Butter Yeats is the national poet of Ireland. He is
a famous critic, Poet, dramatist and also famous for symbolism and mysticism. His
famous books on poem are ‘The Wild swans at coole’, ‘The Tower’, ‘The cat and the
Moon’, ‘The falling of the leaves. His famous poems are ‘The Second Coming’, ‘A
prayer for my Daughters’, ‘Easter 1916’, ‘The Lake Isle of Innisfree’ He is the preface
writer of the translation of Rabindranath Taggor’s ‘Songs Offerings’.W. B. Yeats own
Nobel prize in literature in 1923. Glamorous Bangali Poet Jibonanda Das inspired to
write ‘Dhusor Pandulipi’ by the influence of W. B. Yeat’s ‘The Falling of the Leaves’.
Quote:
‘Things fall apart, the center cannot hold;
Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world’
W. H. Auden: ‘Lullaby’, ‘In memory of W. B. Yeats’, ‘The Shield of Achilles’.
William Golding: ‘Lord of the Files’ (a novel).
William Hunter: ‘The Indian Muslims’.
William Somerset Maugham: An English Novelist. His famous short story is ‘The
Launcheon’. Novels are ‘Of Human Bondage’, ‘The Moon and Six Penee’, The Sacred
Flame’, ‘The Razor’s Edgs’.
Winston Churchill: He was a statesman of United Kingdom and the Prime minister of
the UK during the II World war. He was awarded Nobel Prize in 1953 for his historical
book ‘The History of the Second World War’.

1. Who wrote ‘The waste land’?
2. T.S. Eliot was born in ___?
3. ‘Man and Superman’ or yArms and the Man’ is written by __
4. ‘A Passage to India’ is written by ___
44
5. ‘Of human Bondage’ is written by___
6. Who wrote the novel ‘Ulyssess’
7. Lady Chatterly’s Lover is written by __
8. Who wrote ‘the women in love’?
9. ‘Animal Farm’ was written by __
10.James Joyce’s famous novel__
11.Who is the greatest modern English dramatist__
12.‘Caesar and Cleopatra’ is
13.T. S. Eliot was a ?
14.‘The Author of the picture of the Dorian Gray’ is
15.George Barnard Shaw is ?
16.The Poet Laureate is ___
17.Sommerset Maugham wrote __
18.Novelist from the Victorian age?
19. The greatest modern English Dramatist?
20. The Solitary Reaper is a romantic poem.
21. Where was Rudyard Kipling born?
22. ‘Balled of East and West” is written by__
23. Who was H. G. Wells?
24.Who wrote the heart of Darkness?
25.Who wrote ‘Where Angels Fear to trend”?
26. ‘Our sweetest songs are those that tell us of saddest thought’ is stated by__
27. Who is ‘Eric Btair’?
28.‘Nineteen Eighty Four’ is written by __
29.‘Who wrote ‘the heart of the matter’__
30.yThe Power and glory’ is written by __
31.‘The Lord of the files’ is written by___
32.Who wrote ‘History of the second world war”.
33.Who translated the Gitanjali into Englsih?
34.‘Usura’ is written by ___
35.G. B. Shaw was ___
36.What kind of Play did G. B. Shaw wrote?
37.‘Doctors Dilemma’ is written by ?
38.Samuel Beckeet was ___origin.
39.What kind of play Samuel Beckeet worte?
40.‘End game’ is written by ___
41.Who said yA little learning is a dangerous thing”?
42.yTo be or not to be that is the question” quoted from?
43.Any of the following pairs are literary collaborators? A. Eliot and Pound b. Yeats
and Eliot c. Pope and Dryden d. Shelly and Keats
45
44.Who was the greatest modern English Dramatist?
45. George Barnard Shaw is a _____.
46. ‘Caesar and Cleopatra’ is a ______by _____?
47.Who wrote ‘Man and Superman’?
48.Who is the modern Philosopher who was awarded Nobel Prize for literature?
49. ‘The Author of Road to Freedom’ is ____.
50. Bertrand Russel was British ____.
51.Who is the author of the book ‘The Human Bondage’?
52.Chose the Correct Spelling of the name of writer given.
53.What kind of literary work is ‘The Luncheon’ by Somerset Maugham?
54.Who was a statesman but awarded Noble Prize in English Literature?
55.Sir Winston Churchill got Noble Prize in literature in ____.
56. ‘History of the Second World War’ is written by ____.
57.‘You May fool some of the people some of the time; you van even fool some of the
people all the time; but you can’t fool all the people all time’ was stated by ____?
Answers: 1. T.S Eliot 2. America 3. G.B. Shaw 4. E M Foster 5. Sommerset Maugham 6.

James Joyce 7. D. H. Lawrance, 8. D. H. Lawrance 9. George Orwell 10. Ullussess 11. G.
B. Shaw, 12. A play by G. B. Shaw 13. Poet, 14. Oscar Wild, 15. A playwright 16.The
Court poet of England 17.Of human Bondage 18. Charles Dickens, George Eliot, Thomas
Hardy 19. G. B. Shaw 20. Romantic Poem 21.In India 22. Rudyard Kipling 23. Great
Science fiction writer 24. Joseph Conrad, 25. E. M. foster 26. Shelly 27. George Orwell
28. George Orwell 29. Graham Greene 30. Graham Greene 31. William golding, 32.
Winston Churchil 33. W. B. Yeats 34. Exra Pound 35. An Irish 36.Problem Play 37. G.
B. Shaw 38. Irish 39. Absurd play 40. Samuel Beckett 41. Alexander Pope 42. Hamlet,
Shakespeare 43.Eliot and Pound 44. G. B. Shaw 45. A Playwright 46.play, G. B. Shaw
47. G.B. Shaw 48. Bertrand Russel 49. Bertrand Russel 50. Philosopher 51. Somerset
Maugham 52. Somerset Maugham 53. A short story 54. Churchill 55. 1953 56. Winston
Churchill 57. Churchill
American Authors
American Authors: Arther Miller, Bertrand Russel, Eugene O’Neil, Emily Dickenson,
Earnest Hemingway, Herman Merville, Marjorie Kinnan Rawling, Mark Twain,
O’Henry, Pearl S. Buck,
Robert Frost, Saul Bellow, Toni Morrison, T. S. Eliot,Walt Whitman, William Faulkner.
46
Historical Events: 1926 — T.E. Lawrence, The Seven Pillars of Wisdom; Earnest
Hemingway, The Sun Also Rises.
Arthur Miller: American Dramatist, author of ‘Death of a Salesman’.
Bertrand Russell: American/Modern Philosopher also awarded by Noble Prize in
literature in 1950. His famous books are ‘Problems of Philosophy’, ‘Road to freedom’
‘Mysticism & Logic’, ‘History of western Philosophy’, ‘Marriage and Morals’, ‘The
Impact of Science’, ‘The Analysis of Mind’, ‘Authority and the Individual’.
Eugene O’Neil: American Dramatist, ‘Long days Journey inot night’.
Earnest Hemingway: American Novelist. He received
Nobel Prize in 1954. His famous novels are ‘A farewell
to Arms’, ‘The Old man and the Sea’, ‘For Whom the bell
Tolls’, ‘The Sun also Rises’, ‘A Moveable Feast’, ‘The
Short happy life on Francis Macomber’.
Herman Merville: ‘Moby Dick’.
Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings: ‘The Yearlings’, ‘Gedal
Young Un’.
Mark Twain: ‘The Adventure of Tom Sawyear’ and
‘The Adventure of Hucklebery Finn’, ‘The life of
Mississipi’.
O’Henry: His real name is ‘William Sidney Porter’.This
American writer is very famous for short sroty. His most
renowned short stories are ‘The Gift of Magi’, ‘Sixes and
Sevens’, ‘Roads and Destiny’, ‘Cableages and Kings’.
Pearl S. Buck: American Novelist and ‘The Good Earth’
is her famous novel for which she received Nobel Prize
in 1938.
Robert Frost: He is greatest poet of the USA. President
John Kenedy told about him ‘The Great Poet of our
time’. He received 4 times Pulitzer Prize. His famous
books are ‘A boy’s will’, ‘North of Boston’, ‘From
mountain interval’, ‘New Hampshire’, ‘West Running Brook’ ‘A further Range’ ‘A
witness tree’ ‘Steeple Bush’ An Afterward’.
Quote:
‘The woods are lovely dark and deep
But I have promises to keep
And miles to go before I sleep
And miles to go before I sleep……Stopping by woods on a snowy evening, Robert
Frost
47
Saul Bellow: She is a Canadian Born American Writter. She received Noble in 1976 for
the novels. After the World War Second she is regarded one of the most renowned writer
in the USA. Her famous works are ‘Seize the Day’ , ‘Revelstein’ ‘Herzog: Mr. Sammler’s
Planet’, ‘Henderson the Rain King’ ‘The Adventures of Augie March’.
Toni Morrison: Novels ‘The Blue Eye’, ‘Songs of Solomon’, ‘Sula’, ‘Beloved’.
T. S. Eliot: Thomas Stearns Eliot was a US born poet, dramatist, critic. He is famous for
the theory of Objective co-relative. His famous poem is ‘The Waste Land’ and received
Nobel for this master piece in 1945. ‘The Love songs of J. Alfred Prufrock’ ‘The Hollow
Men’ are his famous poems.‘Murder in Cathedral’ ‘Sweeney Agonistes’ ‘The Rock’ ‘The
Family Reunion’, The Cocktail Party’ are his most renowned plays. Rabindranath
translated his works in bangle first time calling ‘Tirthajatriæ.
Walt Whitman: He is called the poet of Democracy. America’s national poets are three
‘Walt Whitman’ ‘Robert Frost’, ‘Emily Dickinson’. His famous works are ‘Franklin
Evans’, ‘Leaves of the Grass’, ‘Drum Taps’, ‘Memorandum during the war’ ‘Specimen
Days’, ‘Democratic Vistas’. ‘Leaves of the Grass’ is his most renowned work.
William Faulkner: ‘Light in August’, ‘The Mansion’, ‘Sound and Fury’.

1. Earnest Hemingway is a famous ___?
2. Who is the author of ‘A farewell to arms’?
3. Who is the author of ‘For whom the bell tools’?
4. Who is the author of ‘the Old man and the Sea’?
5. What is the full name of O’henry?
6. Who wrote the short story ‘The Gift of Magi’?
7. O’henry is famous for ____.
8. Who is the greatest modern short story writer?
9. Nobel Prize winner American novelist is __?
10. Pearl S. Buck got Noble Prize in ____.
11.‘ The Good Earth’ has been written by ____.
12.For which Book Pearl S. Buck got Noble Prize?
13. D. H. Lawrance is a not the author one of the following novels. A. The Rain Bow
b. Ulysses c. Sons and Lovers d. Lady Chatterley’s lover
14.Lady Chaterley’s lover was written by the author of ____.
Answers: 1. Amercian Novelist 2. Earnest Hemingway 3.Earnest Hemingway 4. E.
Hemingway 5. William Sidney Porter 6. O’Henry 7. Short Story 8.O’ Henry 9.Pearl S.
Buck 10.1938 11.Pearl S. Buck 12.‘The Good Earth’ 13.Ulysses 14. D. H Lawrance
The Gardian Gi Rwi‡c 100 weL¨vZ Novel
48
Novels
Don Quixoteby Miguel De Cervantes
Pilgrim's Progress by John Bunyan
Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe (The first English nove)l.
Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift (Satire)
Tom Jones by Henry Fielding
Tristram Shandy by Laurence Sterne
Dangerous Liaisons by Pierre Choderlos De Laclos
Emma by Jane Austen
Frankenstein by Mary Shelley
Nightmare Abbey by Thomas Love Peacock
The Black Sheep by Honoré De Balzac
The Charterhouse of Parma by Stendhal
The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas
David Copperfield by Charles Dickens (Autobiographical novel)
Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë
Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë
Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray
The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne
Moby-Dick by Herman Melville
Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert
The Woman in White by Wilkie Collins
Alice's Adventures In Wonderland by Lewis Carroll
Little Women by Louisa M. Alcott
The Way We Live Now by Anthony Trollope
Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy
Daniel Deronda by George Eliot
The Brothers Karamazov by Fyodor Dostoevsky
The Portrait of a Lady by Henry James
Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain
The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson
Three Men in a Boat by Jerome K. Jerome
The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde
The Diary of a Nobody by George Grossmith
Jude the Obscure by Thomas Hardy
The Riddle of the Sands by Erskine Childers
The Call of the Wild by Jack London
Nostromo by Joseph Conrad
The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame
In Search of Lost Time by Marcel Proust
49
The Rainbow by D. H. Lawrence
The Good Soldier by Ford Madox Ford
The Thirty-Nine Steps by John Buchan
Ulysses by James Joyce
Mrs Dalloway by Virginia Woolf
A Passage to India by EM Forster
The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald To Daffodil
The Trial by Franz Kafka
Men Without Women by Ernest Hemingway
Journey to the End of the Night by Lbouis-Ferdinand
Celine
As I Lay Dying by William Faulkner
Brave New World by Aldous Huxley
Scoop by Evelyn Waugh
USA by John Dos Passos
The Big Sleep by Raymond Chandler
The Pursuit Of Love by Nancy Mitford
The Plague by Albert Camus
Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell
Malone Dies by Samuel Beckett
Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger
Wise Blood by Flannery O'Connor
Charlotte's Web by E. B. White
The Lord Of The Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien
Lucky Jim by Kingsley Amis
Lord of the Flies by William Golding
The Quiet American by Graham Greene
On the Road by Jack Kerouac
Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov
The Tin Drum by Gunter Grass
Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe
The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie by Muriel Spark
To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee
Catch- by Joseph Heller
Herzog by Saul Bellow
One Hundred Years of Solitude by Gabriel García Márquez
Mrs Palfrey at the Claremont by Elizabeth Taylor
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy by John Le Carré
Song of Solomon by Toni Morrison
The Bottle Factory Outing by Beryl Bainbridge
50
The Executioner's Song by Norman Mailer
If on a Winter's Night a Traveler by Italo Calvino
A Bend in the River by V. S. Naipaul
Waiting for the Barbarians by J.M. Coetzee
Housekeeping by Marilynne Robinson
Lanark by Alasdair Gray
The New York Trilogy by Paul Auster
The BFG by Roald Dahl
The Periodic Table by Primo Levi
Money by Martin Amis
An Artist of the Floating World by Kazuo Ishiguro
Oscar And Lucinda by Peter Carey
The Book of Laughter and Forgetting by Milan Kundera
Haroun and the Sea of Stories by Salman Rushdie
La Confidential by James Ellroy
Wise Children by Angela Carter
Atonement by Ian McEwan
25 wU weL¨vZPlays
Death of Sales Man by Aurtherr Miller
A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennesse Williams
Long Days Journey into Night by Eugene O’Neil
Fences by August Wilson
Angels in America by Tony Kushnar
51
Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett
Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw
A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry
Our Town by Thornton wilder
Six Characters in search of an Author by Luigi Pirandello
The Glass Menageri by Tennessee Williams
Glengarry Glen Rose by David Mamet
August Osage County by Tracy
True West by Sam Shepard
The Ice man Cometh by Eugene O’Neill
Look Back in Anger by John Osborn
A View from the Bridge by Arthur Miller
The Little Foxes by Lilian Hellma
The Real thing by Tom Stoppard
Master Harold by Athol Fugard
The Homecoming by Harold Pinter
Ruined by Lynn Nottage
Mother Courage by Bertolt Brecht
Six Degrees of separation by John Guard
Doubt by Patrik Shaply
Present Laughter by Nobel Coward
Noises off by Michael Frayn
The Norman Conquest by Alan Ayckbourn
M. Butterfly by David Henry
The Front Page by Ben Hecht
The Weir by Conor Mc Pherson
Uncommon women and Others by Wendy Wasserstein
The Piano Lesson by August Willson
Awake and Sing by Clifford Odest
What the Butler Saw by Joe Orton
The Women by Clare Boothe luce
The Orphan Home Cycle by Horton Foote
Notable Nobel Prize winners

• Rudyard Kipling (1907): UK
• Rabindranath Tagore (1913): India
• W. B. Yeats (1923): Ireland
• George Bernard Shaw (1925): Ireland
52
• Sinclair Lewis (1930): US
• John Galsworthy (1932): UK
• Eugene O'Neill (1936): US
• Pearl S. Buck (1938): US
• T. S. Eliot (1948): UK (born in the US)
• William Faulkner (1949): US
• Bertrand Russell (1950): UK
• Winston Churchill (1953): UK
• Ernest Hemingway (1954): US
• John Steinbeck (1962): US
• Samuel Beckett (1969): Ireland (lived in France much of his life)
• Patrick White (1973): Australia
• Saul Bellow (1976): US
• Isaac Bashevis Singer (1978): US (born in Poland)
• William Golding (1983): UK
• Wole Soyinka (1986): Nigeria
• Joseph Brodsky (1987): US (born in Russia)
• Nadine Gordimer (1991): South Africa
• Derek Walcott (1992): St Lucia, West Indies
• Toni Morrison (1993): US
• Seamus Heaney (1995): Ireland
• V. S. Naipaul (2001): UK (born in Trinidad)
• J. M. Coetzee (2003): South Africa
• Harold Pinter (2005): UK
• Doris Lessing (2007): UK (grew-up in Zimbabwe)
• Alice Munro (2013): Canada
•Patrick Modiano (2014) France
Important Authors and their works

Authors Origin & Type Works
Adlof Hitlar German Fiejrer Mein Kamph
Aeschylus Father of Gerak Tragedy Prometheus Unbound,
Agamemnon
53
Alexander Pope English Poet and Satirist The Rape of the Lock, The
Dunciad
Alfred Tennyson English Poet In Memoriam, The lady of
Shalott, Idylls of th eKing,
Ulysses
Andrew marvell English Poet The Garden
Aristophanes Greak Poet and Playwright The Peace, The Clouds,
Frogs
Aristotle Greak Philosopher Politics
Ben Jonson English Poet and Dramatist Volpone, Every man in his
Humor
Bertrand Russel British Philosopher Problems of Philosophy,
Marriage and Morals, The
Impact of Science upon
Society
Charles Darwin English Writer Orogin of Scpecies, Descent
of Man
Charles Dickens English Novelist The Pickwick Paper, Oliver
Twist, David Copperfield,
Great Expectations
Chrlotte Bronte British Novelist Jane Fyre, Professor Shirley
Christopher British Dramatist of Elizabethan Dr. Faustus, The Jew of
Marlowe Age Malta, Tamburaline
D. H. Lawrence English Novelist and poet Lady Chatterley’s Lover
Daniel Defoe English Journalist and Novelist Robinson Crusoe, Moll
Flanders
Dante Italian Poet La Divina Comedia
Dr. Samuel English Lexicographer and Vanity of the Human
Johnson writter Wishes. Dictionary
Dylan Thomas English Poet and Journalist Under Milk Wood, Eighteen
Poems
E. M. Foster English Novelist A Passage to India, Longest
Journey
Edger Allen Poe American Short Story Writer The Raven
Francis Bacon English Philosopher and Novum Organum
Essayist
Geoffrey Chaucer Father of Englsih Poetry Canterbury Tales, The
Legand of Good Women
George Bernard Irish Dramatist and Critic Man and Superman,
54
Shaw Candida, Apple Cart, Arms
and the Man, Saint Joan
George Eliot Author Adam Bade, The Mill on
the Eloss, Silas Marner
George Orwell Novelist Ninteen Eighty Four,
Animal Farm
H. G. Wells Englsih Science Fiction Writer The Time Machine, The
Invisible Man
H. G. Longfellow American Poet A Psalm of Life
Henry Fielding English Novelist Tom Jones, Joseph
Andrews
Homer Greak Epic Poet Odessey, Illiad
James Henry Leigh English Poet Politicain and Abu Ben Adhem
Hunt Essayist
Jane Austen English Woman Novelist Pride and Prjudice, Sense
and Sensibility
John Bunyan Englsih Prose Writer The Pilgrime’s Progress
John Milton English Poet Samson Agnistes, Paradise
Lost, Paradise Regained
John Wnester English Playwright The White Devil, The
Duchess of Malfi
Karl Marks German Philosopher and Das Capital, Communist
Economist Manifesto
Leo Tolstoy Russian Author War and Peace
Lord Byron Romantic & Reble Poet Don Juan
Matthew Arnold English Poet and Critic Sohrab and Rustom, The
Scholar Gypsy, Dover
Beach
Maxim Gorky Russian Author Mother, My Childhood
Mrs. Virginia English Novelist Night and Day, A Room of
Woolf One’s Own
Oliver Goldsmith Irish writer, poet, novelist and The Vicar of Wakefield
playwright
Oscar Wilde English Poet and Novelist An Ideal Husband
P. B. Shelley Englsih Poet Adonias, Prometheus
Unbound, Ozymandia, Ode
to the West Wind, To
Skylark
Robert Frost American Poet West Running Brook
55
Robert Herrick English Poet Hesperides, To Daffodils
Robert Louis Scottish Author and Poet Kidnapped, Treasure Island
Stevenson
Rudyard Kipling English Poet and Novelsit The Jungle Book, Kim
S. t. Coleridge English Poet Kubla Khan, Biographya
Literari
Samuel Butler English Author The Way of All Flesh
Samuel Johnson Englsih Writter The Vanity of Human
Wishes
Saul Bellow American Novelsit Seize The day
Shakespeare Greatest Englsih Poet and Macbeth, Hamlet, As you
Dramatist like it
Sigmund Freud Austraian Founder of Psycho Delusion and Dream,
Analysis Interpretations of Dream
Sir Atrhur C. Doyle Englsih Novelist The Adventures of Sherlck
Holmes
Sir Phillip Sidney Englsih Soilder and Poet Apology for Poetry
Sir Winston Politician of England The Gathering Storm, The
Churchil Scond World War
T. S. Eliot English Poet and Playwright Murder in the Cathedral
Thomas Carlyle English Writer Past and Present
Thomas Gray Englsih Peot Ode to Adversity
Thomas Hardy Novelist The Mayor Casterbird
Thomas Kyd Playwright The Spanish Tragedy
Thomas Moore Irish Poet The Epicurean, The
Minstreal Boy, La Rose of
Summer
Virginia Woolf Englsih Novelist Mrs. Dalloway
W. B. YEAts Irish Poet and Dramatist The Tower
William Blake Englsih Poet Songs of Experiance, Songs
of Innonce
William Faulkner American Novelist The Sound and Th funy
William Langland Prose Writer The Vision of Piers
Plowman
William Englsih Novelist Henry Esmond, Vanity Fair
Makepeace
Thackeray
William Englsih Poet Lyrical Ballads, The
Wordsworth Prelude, The daffodils,
56
Michael, Tinterm Abbey
Important Works And Their Authors:
 A Brief History of Time, Stephen W. Hawking (History).

 A Doll’s House, Henrik Ibson (Socail Drama).
 A farewell to Arms, Earnest Hemingway (Novel).
 A Haunted House by Virginia Woolf (Novel)
 An Ideal Husband by Oscar Wild (Novel)
 A Kiss for Cindrella by J. M. Barrie (Play)
 A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare (Comedy)
 A Passage to England by Nirad C. Chawdhury (Novel)
 A Passage to India by E. M. Forster.
 Roads to Mocca-Mohammad Asad.
 Long walk to freedom- Nelson Mendela.
 Passage to destiny-O’Henry.
 A tale of Tub by Jonathon Swift (Satire)
 A Women of No Importance by Oscar Wild (Novel)
 Adam Bede by George Eliot (Novel).
 Adonias by P. B. Shelly (Poem)
 Adventure of Sherlock Holmes by Arther Conan Doyl (Thrill Story)
 Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain (Travelogue)
 Aenied by Virgil (Epic Poem).
 Ain I Akbari by Abul Fazal (Law Book).
 Akbar nama by Abul Fazal (Biography).
 All’s well that ends well by Shakespeare (Comedy).
 Ancient Mariner by S. T. Coleridge (Poem).
 Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy (Novel).
 Antony and Cleopatra by Shakespeare (Comedy).
 Arabian Nights by Sir Richard Burton (Fairy Tales).
 Arms and the Man by G. B. Shaw (Play).
 Around the world in Eight Days by Jules Verne (Novel)
 Asian Drama by Gunner Myrdal (Play).
57
 Battle of the Books by Jonathan Swift (Satire).
 Biographia Literaria by S. T. Coleridge (Literary Criticism).
 Braek, Break, Break-by Tennyson (Lyrical Poem).
 Canterbury Tale by Geoffrey Chauce (Collection of Tales).
 Ceasar and Cleopatra by G. B. Shaw (Play).
 Child Harold’s Pilgrimage by lord Bron (Relighious Poem).
 Comedy of Errors by Shakespeare (Comedy).
 Crime and Punishment by Dostoevsky (Novel).
 Das Capital by Karl Marks (Theory).
 David Copperfield by Charles Dickens (Novel).
 Divine Comedy by Dante (Political Work).
 Doctors Dilemma by G. B. Shaw (Play).
 Don Juan by Byron (Epic Satire).
 Emma by Jane Austen (Nove).
 Eassy of Man by Alexander Pope (Poem).
 Fairie Queene by Edmund Spenser (Allegorical Poem).
 Far from Madding Crowd by thomas Hardy (Novel).
 For Whom the Bell Tolls by Earnest Hemingway (Novel).
 French Revolution by Thomas Carlyle (Historical Work).
 God of Small things by Arundhuty Roy (Novel).
 Great Expectations by Charles Dickens (Novel).
 Gulliver’s Travel by Jonathon Swift (novel).
 Hamlet by Shakespeare (Tragedy play).
 Hard Times by Charles Dickens (Novel).
 Idylls of the King by Tennyson (Verse).
 Illiad by Home (Epic).
 Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wild (Comedy).
 In Memoriam by Tennyson (verse).
 India wins freedom by Abul Kalam Azad (Autobiography).
 Indian Divided by Rajendra Prasad (Autobiography).
 Invisible Man by H. G. Wells (Novel).
 Isabella by John Keats (Long verse).
 Ivanhoe by Walter Scott by (Novel).
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 Julius Caesar William Shakespeare (Tragedy).
 Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling (Fairy tales).
 King Lear by William Shakespeare (Tragedy).
 Kubla Khan by S. T. Coleridge (Poem).
 La Divine Comedia by A. Dante (Verse).
 Lady Chatterly’s Lover by D. H. Lawrance (Novel).
 Love’s Labour’s Lost by Shakespeare (Comedy)
 Lycidas by John Miltion (Elegy)
 Man and Superman by G. B. Shaw (Comedy)
 Marriage and Morals by Bertrand Rusel (Comedy).
 Measure for Measure by Shakespeare (Comedy).
 Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare (Comedy).
 Middle March by George Eliot (Novel).
 Mill of the Floss by George Eliot (Novel).
 Murder in Chathedral by R. L. Stevenson (Short Story).
 Ode to west wind by P. B. Shelly (Poem).
 Odessey by Homer (Epic).
 Old Man and the Sea by Earnest Hemingway (Novel).
 Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens (Novel).
 One World and India by Arnald Toynbee (Historical Works).
 Othello by W. Shakespeare (Tragedy).
 Paradise Lost by John Milton (Epic).
 Pilgrim’ s Progress by John Bunyan (Allegorical Novel).
 Plays Pleasent and Plays Unpleasent by G. B. Shaw (Collection of Plays).
 Prelude by Wordsworth (Verse).
 Pride and Prejudice by Jene Austen (Novel).
 Rape of the lock by Alexander pope (Mock Epic).
 Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe (Novel).
 Rome Juliet by Shakespeare (Tragedy).
 Satanic Verses by Salman Rushdie (Ficticious Story).
 Scholar Gipsy by Mathew Arnold (Poem).
 Sense and Sensibility by Jane Austen (Novel).
 Silent Women by Ben Johson (Drama).
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 Sohrab and Rustom by Mathew Arnold (poem).
 Sons and Lovers by D. H. Lawrence (Novel).
 Sound and Fury by William Faulkner (Novel).
 St. Joan by G. B. Shaw (Play).
 Tempest by Shakespeare (Comedy).
 Tess of the Ubervilles by Thomas Hardy (Novel).
 The Alchemist by Ben Jonson (Play).
 The Return of the Native by Thomas Hadry (Novel).
 The Virginians by William M. Thackeray (Eassy).
 Three Musketeers by Alexander Dumas (Novel).
 Time Machine by H. G. Wells (Science Fiction).
 To a Skylark by P. B. Shelly (Poem).
 Tom Jones by Henry Fielding (Novel).
 Tom Sawyer by Tark Twain (Novel).
 Top Secret by Henry Fileding (Novel).
 Travel With a Donkey by R. L. Stevenson (Travelogue).
 Tresure Island by R. L. Stevenson (Romance).
 Twelfth Night by Shakespeare (Comedy).
 Ulysses by James Joyce (Novel).
 Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Mrs. Harriet Stowe (Novel).
 Utopia by Sit by Thomas More (Speculative Work).
 Vanity Fair by W. M. Thackeray (Novel).
 The Vegabond by R. L. Stevenson (Poem).
 Vica of Wakefiled by Oliver Goldsmith Novel).
 Vision of Judgement by Lord Byron (Poem).
 Vison of Mirza by Addison (Allegory).
 Voyage to Liliput by Jonathon Swift (Satire).
 Witing for Godot by Samuel Becket (Play).
 War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy (Novel).
 Waste Land by T. S. Eliot (Poem).
 Way of World by Congreve (Comedy).
 Winter’s Tale by Shakespeare (Play).
 Wuthering Heights by Emilie Bronte (Story).
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All Quotaions
 A face that cannot smile is never good—Martial

 A good friend is another himself.- Bacon
 A little learning is a dangerous thing —Alexander Pope
 A single step for man- a giant leap for mankind.- Neil Armstrong
 A thing of beauty is a joy for ever—John Keats.
 A wise man will make more opportunities than he I finds. - Bacon
 Absence of occupation is not rest, A mind quite vacant iis a mind distressed.- Cowper
 Admiration is the daughter of ignorance—Franklin
 Example is better than precept—S. Smiles
 All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand-William Shakespoare
 Beauty is truth, truth beauty— Keats
 Better to reign in hell, than serve in heaven- John Milton
 Brevity is the soul of wit— Shakespeare (Hamlet)
 Charms strike the sight, but merit wins the soul. -Alexander Pope
 Come forth into the light of things, Let Nature be your teacher— William Wordsworth
 Cowards die many times before their deaths— Shakespeare
 Death is the golden key that opens the places of eternity.- John Milton
 Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy,wealthy and wise. – Franklin
 East is East and West is West Never the twain shall meet. —Rudyard Kipling
 Eat to please thyself, but dress to please others. – Franklin
 England is a nation of shopkeepers- Napoleon Bonaparte
 Eureka! Eureka! (I have found it)—Archimedes.
 Example is better than precept—S. Smiles
 Fame is the perfume of heroic deeds-Socrates
 Fools rush in Where angels fear to tread— Alexander Pope
 Frailty, thy name is woman. – Shakespeare
 Give us good mothers and I shall give you good nation—Napoleon.
 God is in the heaven all is right with the world.-Browning
 God is on the side of big battalions-George Bernard Shaw
 God made the country and man made the town. – Cowper
 Good nature and good sense must ever join, To err is human. to forgive divine.-
Alexander Pope
 Government of the people , by the people , for the people—Abraharm Lincoln
 He prayeth best, who loveth best all things both great and small- S. T.
Coleridge(The Rime of the Ancient Mariner)
 Heard Melodies are sweet but those unheard are sweeter—John Keats.
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 Help thyself, and God will help thee.- Herbert
 I have a dream that one day this nation will live out the true meaning of its creed
that all men are created equal—Martin Luther King.
 I slept and dreamed that life was beauty. I waked and found that life was duty. S.
Hooper
 If winter comes, can spring be far behind?___ P.B. Shelley (Ode to The West
Wind)
 Justice hurried is justice buried— Gladstone
 Knowledge is power—Hobbes
 Liberty consists in doing what one desires—John Stuart Mill.
 Love, all alike, no season knows, no clime Nor hours, days, months, which are the
rags of time- John Donne
 Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains— Rousseau.
 Man is by nature a political animal—Aristotle.
 Nature teaches beasts to know their friends. (Coriolanus) — Shakespeare
 Opportunity makes a thief- 1-rands Bacon
 Our birth is but a sleep and a forgetting...—William Wordsworth
 Our sweetest songs are those that tell of saddest thought– P.B. Shelley (To a
Skylark)
 Poetry is a criticism of life- Matthew Armold
 Poetry is the breath and finer spirit of knowledge—William Wordsworth.
 Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world— Shelley
 Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man and writing an exact man—
Francis Bacon.
 Religion is the opium of the people—Karl Marx.
 Superstition is a religion of feeble minded person — Edmund Burke
 That's one small step for men-a giant leap for mankind___Neil Armstrong
 The best portion of a good man's life: his little, nameless unremembered acts of
kindness and love-- William Wordsworth.
 The Child is the father of a man—William Wordsworth.
 The common curse of mankind, - folly and ignorance. (Troilus and
Cressida)___ Shakespeare
 The fool doth think he is wise, but the wise man knows himself to be a fool. (As u
Like it) — Shakespeare
 The greater the power, the more dangerous the abuse- Edmund Burke.
 The miserable have no other medicine but only hope. (Measure for Measure) —
William Shakespeare.
 The unexamined life is not worth living— Socrates.
 They think too little who talk too much — Dryden
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 To be or not to be, that is the question— William Shakespeare (Hamlet)
 To err is human; to forgive is divine— Alexander Pope.
 True is it that we have seen better days. (As u Like it) — Shakespeare
 What's in a name? That which we call a rose by arty other name would smell as
sweet. (Romeo and Juliet) — William Shakespeare.
 When sorrows come, they come not single spies, but in battalions —
Shakespeare (Hamlet)
 Wives are young men's mistress, companions for middle age, and old men's
nurse—Francis Bacon.
Aristotle 384 -322 BC Greek philosopher

 We make war that we may live in peace.
 Probable impossibilities are to be preferred to improbable possibilities.
 Man is by nature a political animal.
 He who is unable to live in society, or who has no need because he is sufficient
for himself, must be either a beast or a god.
Neil Armstrong
 That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. In New York
Times
Mathew Arnold (English poet and essayist)

 Eternal Passion! Eternal Pain!
 Truth sits upon the lips of dying men.-Sohrab and Rustum.
Francis Bacon
 A crowd is not company, and faces are but a gallery of pictures, and talk but a
tinkling cymbal, where there is no love. –Essays
 Wives are young men's mistresses, companions for middle age, and old men's
nurses.-Essays (1625) Of Marriage and the Single Life
 Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be
chewed and digested’- Of Studies(Essays).
 Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact
man.--Of Studies (Essays).
 Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, rubble; natural
philosophy, deep; moral, grav; logic and rhetoric, able to contend. -- Of
Studies(Essays).
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 A mixtue of lie cloth ever add pleasure.---Of Truth(Essays).
 Opportunity makes a thief.--A letter of Advice to the Earl of Essex
Blake, William (English poet)

 The road of excess leads to the palace of wisdom.--The Marriage of Heaven and Hell
(1790)
 To Mercy Pity Peace and Loves. All pray in their distress.---Songs of Innocence
(1789) The Divine Image
Browning, Robert (English poet)

 So absolutely good is truth, truth I never hurts The teller.-Fifine at the Fair
 Ignorance is not innocence but sin.----The Inn Album
 Oppression makes the wise man mad.---Luria
Burke, Edmund (Irish-born Whig politician and man of letters)

 'Tyrants seldom want pretexts’---.Letter to a Member of the National Assembly
 Between craft and credulity, the voice of reason is stifled.----Letter to the Sheriffs
of Bristol
 A perfect democracy is therefore the most shameless thing in the world. --
Reflections on the Revolution in France
 The greater the power, the more dangerous the abuse.----Speech on the Middlesex
Election, in the Speeches
 The people are the masters. Speech, ,peech, Hansard 11 February
Byron, Lord (George Gordon English Romantic Poet)

 Sweet Ls revenge - especially to women.---Don Juan
 Pleasure's a sin, and sometimes sin's a pleasure.---Don Juan
 Man's love is of man's life a thing apart,Tis woman's whole existence.---Don Juan
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (Romantic poet, critic, and philosopher)
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 Alone, alone, all, all alone, Alone on a wide wide sea! And never a saint
took pity on My soul in agony.--The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
 0 Lady! we receive but what we give,And in our life alone does Nature live.--
Dejection: an Ode
 Water, water, everywhere, And all the boards did shrink; Water, water,
everywhere, Water, water, everywhere, Nor any drop to drink.--- The Rime of
the Ancient Mariner
 He prayeth best, who loveth best, All things both great and small.-- The Rime of
the Ancient Mariner
John Donne (English poet and divine)

 For God's sake hold your tongue, and let me love. Songs and Sonnets The Canonization
 Love, all alike, no season knows, nor clime, Nor hours, days, months, which are
the rags of time Songs andSonnets The Sun Rising
 This bed thy centre is, these walls thy sphere--Songs and Sonnets The Sunne
Rising
Robert Frost (American Poet)

 The woods are lovely, dark amd deep but I have promisis to to keep, and
miles to go before I sleep---Stopping by woods on a Snowy Evening
 Good fences make good neighbours—Mending Wall
John Keats (Englisj Romantic Poet)

 Beauty is truthm truth beauty, that is all ye know on earth, and all ye need to
know—Ode on a Grecian Urn
 My Heart Aches and a drowsy numbness pains, My sense, as though of hemlock I
had drunk—Ode to Nightingale
 Heard melodies are sweet, but unheard aer sweeter—Ode on a Grecian urn.
John Milton (Greatest English Epic Poet)

 Better to reign in Hell. Than serve in Heaven—Paradise lost
 The Childhood Shows the man, as morning shows the day—Paradise Regained
 Just are the ways of God, and justifiable to men; Unless there be who think not
God at all—Samson Agonistes
 Love quarreks oft in pleasing concord end—Samson Agonistes.
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 A good book is the precious life blood of a master spirit, embalmed and
treasure up on purpose to a life beyeyond life—Areopagitica.
 Books are not absolutely dead, but do contain a potency of life in them to be as
active as that soul was whose progeny thay are, nay they do preserve as in vial
the purest effiency and extraction of that living intellet that bred them---
Areopagitica.
 Give me the liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to
conscience, above all liberties—Areopagitica.
Christopher Marlowe (English Playwright)

 Come live with me and be my love, and we will all the pleasure prove, that valleys,
groves, hills and field, woods or sleep mountain yeilds---The Passionate Shephered
to his love.
P. B. Shelly(English Romantic Poet)

 I am the daughter of Earth and Water and the nursing of the sky—The Cloud
 Wild spirit, which art moving everywhere; destroyed and preserve, hear, oh, hear
!—Ode to West wind.
 Oh lift mea as a wave, a leaf, a cloud, I fall upon the thorns of life ! I bleed !—Ode
to west wind.
 We look before and after, and pine for what is not, our sincerest laughter, with
some pain is fraught, our sweetest songs are those that tell of saddest thought-To
Skylark
 Poets are the unacknowledged legislature of the world---A defene of Poetry.
Jean Jacues Rousseau (French Philosopher and novelist)

 Man was born free, and everywhere he is in chains.—Du Contract Social
Gladstone (British Liberal Politician, Prime Minister)

 Justice delayed, Justice denied.
Nepoleon I 1769-1821 (Emperor of France, 1804-1815)

 The career open to the talents.
 England is a nation of shopkeepers.
 Cive me good a mother, I will give you a good nation.
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Alexander Pope (English Poet)

 To err is human, to forgive is divine.-An eassy on Criticism
 Fools rush in where angels fear to tread.—An eassy on Criticism.
Thomas Kempis (German ascetical Writter)

 Man proposes, but God disposes.
William Shakespeare (English Poe and Playwritght-1564-1616)

 Cowards die many times before their death-Julius Caesar.
 To be or not to be: that is the question.-Hamlet.
 There are many more things in the heaven and earth, Horatio, Than are dreamt of
in our philosophy.—Hamlet.
 Bravity is the soul of wit.—Hamlet.
 Blow, blow, thou winter wind,
Thou art not so unkind
As man’s ingratitude:
Thy tooth is not so keen,
Because thou art not seen,
Although thy breath be rude-----As you like it.
 All the world’s a stage,

And all the men and women merely players:
They have their exits and their entrances;
And one man in his plays many parts,
His acts being seven ages----As you like it.
 All the perfume of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand—Macbeth.
 Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player---Macbeath.
 Fair is foul, and foul is fair—Macbeath.
 A young man married is a man that’s married—All’s well that ends well.
 Sweer are the uses of adversity—As you like it.
 Under the greenwood tree, who loves to lie with me, and turn his merry note unto
the sweet bir’s throat----As you like it.
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William Wordsworth (English Romantic poe 1770-1850)
 Ten thousands saw at a glance, tossing their heads is sprightly dance.---The
solitary Reapear.
 The Child is father of the man---My heart leaps up when I behold.
Thomas Gray(Englsih Poet)

 Full many a gem of purest ray serene, the dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear,
Full many a flowers is born to blus unseen,
And waste its sweeness on the desert air---Elegy written in a country Churchyard
Lord Horatio Nelson (British Armiral)

 England expects that every man will do hsi duty.—At the battle of Trafalger.
Socretes (Greak Philosopher 469-399 BC)

 I know nothing except the fact of my ignorance.-----In diogenes laertius lives of
the philosophers
 The Unexamined life is not worth living—In Plato Apology
 It is never right to do wrong or to require wrong with wrong, or when we suffer
evil to defend ourselves by doing evil return—In Plato Crito
 It is perfectly certain that the soul is immortal and imperishable, and our souls will
actually exits in another world.—In Plato Phaedo
Plato (Greek Philosopher-429-347)

 Know thyself—Plato, in Protagoras, On the temple of Apollp at Delphi
All BCS & PSCPrevious Years Questions
1. Shakespeare is mostly known for his_____

Ans: Plays
2. Which of the following school of literary writings is connected
68
with a medical theory?
Ans: Comedy of humours
3. 'The Merchant of Venice' is written by-----?
Ans: William Shakespeare
4. Who wrote the world famous tragic play 'King Lear'?
5- Shakespeare's 'Julius Caesar' is a —?
Ans: Tragedy
6- 'Renaissance7 means--------?
Ans: The revival of learning
7. One of the four mentioned below is not a novelist of Victorian Age...
Ans: James Joyce
8. Hamlet by Shakespeare is a------?
Ans: Tragedy
9. In What year Shakespeare died?
Ans: 1616
10. Francis bacon is a/an_____
Ans: Essayist
11. Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice ' is a -?
Ans: Comedy
12. Author of 'hamlet' is------?
Ans: Shakespeare
13. Which of the following is a Comedy written by Shakespeare—?

Ans: As You Like
14. 'Silent woman' written by?
Ans: Ben Jonson
15. Elizabethan Tragedy is centered on___
Ans: revenge
16. 'To be or not to be' is the beginning of a famous soliloquy from...
Ans: hamlet
17. Who is the author 'the taming of the Shrew'?
Ans: Shakespeare
18. Who is considered to be the father of English prose?
Ans: Francis Bacon
19. A song embodying religious and sacred emotions________
Ans: Hymn(30"'BCS)
20. Who wrote the two famous novels 'David Copperfield' and 'A Tale of Two Cities'?
Ans: Charles Dickens (29th BCs)
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21. Who wrote the plays 'The Tempest' and 'A Midnight's Dream? Ans:.William
Shakespeare (29th BCs)
22. Julius Caesar was thaw ruler of Rome About____?
Ans: 2000 Years Ago (28* BCS)
23. 'Animal Farm' was written by______
Ans: George Orwell (28th BCS)
24. A fantasy is a______
Ans: An Imaginary Story (16th BCS)
25. The 'Poet Laureate' is____?
Ans: The Court Poet of England (15th BCS)
26. 'Paradise Lost' attempted to____
Ans: Justify the ways of God to Man (14th BCS)
27. 'Caesar and Cleopatra' is____?
Ans: A Tragedy by Shakespeare (12th BCS)
28. Who was the modern philosopher who was awarded Nobel prize
for literature__?
Ans: Bertrand Russel (12* BCS)
29. Who is the author of 'A farewell to Arms'? Ans: Ernest Hemingway (12 th BCS)
30. Who is the famous satirist in English Literature? Ans: Jonathon Swift (12* BCS)
31. Who is the poet of the 'Victorian Age'? Ans: Robert Browning (11* BCS)
32. Who is the author of' For Whom the Bell Tolls'? Ans: Ernest Hemingway (11* BCS)
33. 'Justice delayed is justice denied' who stated____?Ans: Gladstone (11* BCS)
34. Who is the author of 'A farewell to Arms'? Ans: Ernest Hemingway (10* BCS)
35. Who is the author of' Animal Farm'? Ans: George Orwell
36. Who is the author of 'India wins Freedom'? Ans: Abul Kalam Azad (10* BCS)
37. Which was the oldest period in English literature? Ans: Anglo-Saxon
38. Who is the father of modern English poetry?
Ans: Geoffrey Chaucer
39. Who is considered to be the father of English poem?
Ans: Geoffrey Chaucer
40. Who is the English epic poet?
Ans: John Milton
41. Who wrote the book 'Paradise Regained'? Ans: John Milton
42. 'Tom Jones' by Henry Fielding was first published in? Ans: The 1st half of 18*
century
43. Who is the famous satirist in English literature? Ans: Jonathon Swift
44. A lexicographer is a person who writes___
Ans: Dictionaries
45. Poet Alexander Pope's famous work......
Ans: Rape of the Lock
70
46. Of the following authors who wrote an epic?
Ans: John Milton
47. Who wrote the book 'Ivan Hoe'?
Ans: Sir Walter Scott
48. Who is considered to be the father of English Novel? Ans: Henry Fielding
49. Who was both a poet and a painter? Ans: William Blake
50. The Literary work 'Kubla Khan' is — Ans: A verse by S.T. Coleridge
51. Who is called the 'Poet of Nature'?
Ans: William Wordsworth
52. Poet of sensuousness___?
Ans: S. T. Coleridge
53. Most important romantic poetry is......
Ans: Subjectivity
54. 'Ode on a Grecian Urn' —who is the poet ? Ans: John Keats
55. Who is called the 'poet of beauty'? Ans: John Keats
56. Who was English poet addicted to opium?
Ans: John Keats
57. Who wrote the Poem Solitary Reaper?
Ans: Wordsworth
58. The 'Solitary Reaper' is a___?
Ans: Romantic Poem
59. Wordsworth was inspired by__,
Ans: The French Revolution
60. Who wrote the poem 'Justice'?
Ans: Henry Wordsworth Longfellow
61. Who is considered to be the rebel poet?
Ans: Lord Byron
62. One of the four mentioned below is not a poet of Romantic Age_ Ans: William
Blake (he is sometimes not considered as Romantic)
63. The 'Poet of Romantic Age'?
Ans: John Keats, Shelley, Wordsworth?
64. Which poetry is written by Walter Scott?
Ans: Patriotism
65. Browning was the composer of any of the following poem......
Ans: Andrea Del Sarto
66. In which century was the Victoria Period Ans: 19thcentury
67. A Tale of Two Cities is a novel by— Ans: Charles Dickens
68. Who wrote 'War and Peace'?
Ans: Leo Tolstoy
69! 'Vanity Fair' is a novel by___
71
Ans: Thackeray
70. Charles Dickens is a great___
Ans: Novelist
71. Who created the detective 'Sherlock Holmes'?
□ An Easy Approach to English Literature
Ans: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
72. Who is the author of 'Around the World in Eighty Days'? Ans: Jules Verne
73. Who is the author of 'The Origin of Species'?
Ans: Charles Darwin
74. Who wrote the poem 'Patriot'?
Ans: Robert Browning
75. Which Book is written by Charles Dickens?
Ans: David Copperfield, Oliver Twist
76. One of the following authors is French, who is he?
Ans: Alexander Dumas
77. Charles Dickens wrote the following—
Ans: A Tale of Two Cities, David Copperfield, Great Expectations
78. Any one of the following pairs is literary collaborators-----
Ans: Eliot and Pound
79. Which of the following ages in literary history is the latest? Ans: The Georgian Age
80. The 'Rainbow'
Ans: A poem by Wordsworth
81. T. S. Eliot was born in? Ans: USA (13th BCS, police)
82. Who is the author of 'A Farewell to Arms'? Ans: Ernest Hemingway (12th BCS,
police)
83. Who is the greatest modern English dramatist? Ans: G. B. Shaw (12th BCS, police)
84. 'Caesar and Cleopatra' is........
Ans: A play by G. B. Shaw (12th BCS, police)
85. Who is the modern philosopher who was awarded Nobel Prize for
Literature? Ans: Bertrand Russel (12th BCS, police)
86. Who is the author of 'For Whom The Bell Tolls'? Ans: Ernest Hemingway (11th
BCS)
87. Who is the author of India Wins Freedom'? Ans: Abul Kalam Azad (10th BCS)
88. Who is the author of Animal Farm'? Ans: George Orwell (10th BCS)
89. Who wrote 'Rape of Bangladesh'?
Ans: Anthony Mascarenhas
90. Who wrote the book 'Dr. Zivago'?
Ans: Boris Pasternak
91. American female novelist Pearl S. Buck got Nobel Prize in 1938
for the book------?
72
Ans: The Good Earth
92. 'The God of Small Things' is written by....
Ans: Arundhuti Roy
93. Who translated 'The Gitanjali'?
Ans: W. B. Yeats
94. Who of the following was a poet?
Ans: T. S. Eliot
95. What does T.S. stand for.....?
Ans: Thomas Stearns
96. Bertrand Russel was a British____
Ans: Philosopher
97. Who is the author of 'The Jungle Book'?
Ans: Rudyard Kipling
98. Who is the author of' The Captive Lady'?
Ans: Michael Madhusudan Dutta
99. Who is the author of Man and Superman'?
Ans: G. B. Shaw
100. Who wrote the short story 'The Gift of the Magi'? Ans: O' Henry
101. Who was a statesman but awarded Nobel Prize for English literature?
Ans: Churchill
102. The author of the book 'Asian Drama' is?
Ans: Gunnar Myrdal
103. George Bernard Shaw is____?
Ans: A playwright
104. Who wrote 'A Brief History of Time'?
Ans: Stephen Hawking
105. Awarded of Nobel prize started in the year......?
Ans: 1901
106. T.S. Eliot is a-----poet?
Ans: Modern
107. Author of the 'Time Machine' is___?
Ans: H. G. Wells
108. Which one is by W. Sommerset Maugham?
Ans: Of Human Bondage
109. The 'Poet laureate' is____?
Ans: The Court Poet of England
110. When a writer writes a story of his own life is called—? Ans: Autobiography
111. What is Limerick?
Ans: A form of light verse
112. 'Melodrama' is a kind of_____?
73
Ans: Violent and sensational themes
113. What is sonnet'?
Ans: A poem of fourteen lines
114.. What is catastrophe?
Ans: The tragic end of a dramatic event
115. 'Protagonist' indicates_____?
Ans: The leading character of actor in a play
116. A Machiavellian character is_____
Ans: A selfish person
117. A fantasy is____
Ans: An imaginary story
118. 'Ballad'is____
Ans: A kind of short narrative poem
119. A sonnet is a poem having —line Ans: 14 lines
120. Which of the following means___ 'a song of mourning'?
Ans: Elegy
121. What is the English of Qov?
Ans: Rhyme
122. If a part of a speech or writing breaks the theme, it is called... Ans: Digression (33th
BCS)
123. The sentence 'Who would have thought Shylock was so unkind' express___
Ans: wonder (32th BCS)
124. Who wrote the two famous novels 'A Tale of Two Cities' and 'David Copperield'?
Ans: Charles Dickens (29th BCS)
125. Who did write first English Dictionary? Ans: Samuel Johnson (28th BCS)
126. 'Animal Farm' was written by Ans: George Orwell (28th BCS)
127. Julius Caesar was the ruler of Rome about-----
Ans: 2000 years ago (28th BCS)
128. What is the full name of the American short story writer O' Henry?
Ans: William Sidney Porter (14th BCS, Education)
129. Who is called the 'Poet of Nature in English' literature? Ans: William Wordsworth
(CU, E Unit, 2013-14)
130. Who is the author of the novel 'The Trial'? Ans: Franz Kafka (CU, E Unit, 2013-14)
131. Who is the father of English Novel? Ans: Henry Fielding (BUTex, BLC Unit, 2013)
132. The author of 'War and Peace'?
Ans: Leo Tolstoy (NU, Humanities, 2013-14)
133. Why were the daffodils in Wordsworth's 'I wondered Lonely as a Cloud' dancing?
Ans: There was a strong wind (DU, A Unit, 2012-13)
134. Why was the poet so sad to see the daffodils in 'The Daffodils'? Ans: The poet is
sad because the flowers remind his own death
74
135. In 'I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud' Wordsworth compares the daffodils with......
Ans: The stars of the milky way
136. Synonym of Paradox is_______
Ans: Contradiction
137. Guy de Maupassant is a famous----short story writer?
Ans: French
138. Paradise Lost is an epic written by.........
Ans: John Milton
139. Epics are divided into.....types?
Ans: two
140. An epic is based on____ performed by a hero.
Ans: Heroic needs
141. Hamlet is a play written by.... Ans: Shakespeare
142. Rabindranath Tagore wrote.... Ans: Balaka
143. The only medium of literature is......
Ans: Language
144. William Shakespeare is not the author of? Ans: White Devil
145. Shakespeare is the writer of ?
Ans: The Tempest
146. Who is called the poet of Beauty? Ans: John Keats
147. The word 'Limerick' means.........
Ans: A form of light verse (CU, Law, 2012-13)
148. Who is the author of the novel 'A Golden Age'? Ans: Tahmima Anam (CU, Law,
2012-13)
149. Kazi Nazrul Islam is the......poet in Bangladesh?
Ans: National
150. The author of 'The Old Man and the Sea'? Ans: Ernest Hemingway (Barisal Uni, D
Unit, 2012-13)
151. The novel Wuthering Heights is written by.......
Ans: Emily Bronte
152. The epic 'Odyssey' was written by ... Ans: Homer
153. According to writer of 'A Mother in Menville' which of the following describe the
character of Jerry?
Ans: Integrity
154. In Shelley's 'Ozymandias' 'frown' and 'sneer of cold command' are seen on......
Ans: Shattered Visage
155. 'The Origin of Species' was written by......
Ans: Charles Darwin
156. 'The Rape of Bangladesh' was written by......
Ans: Anthony Mascarenhas
75
157. 'The waves beside them danced' from (I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud') is an
example of.........
Ans: Personification
158. On 'Under the Greenwood Tree' which is mentioned as enemy? Ans: Winter
159. The central idea of the poem 'Ozymandias' is......
Ans: All things, both small and great will perish
160. "I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud" is an example of.....
Ans: Simile
161. The central idea of 'Under the Greenwood tree' is that. Ans: Life in nature is simple
and free
162. In 'To Daffodils' human life is compared with.....
Ans: "Morning's Dew"
163. In 'Ozymandias' who saw the statue of Ozymandias? Ans: A traveller
164. "We have short time to say, as you" from "To Daffodils" is an example of....
Ans: Simile
165. The central idea of "I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud" is that... Ans: we can find
solace in nature
166. "Continuous as the stars....they stressed (from 'I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud') is an
example of.....
Ans: Simile
167. The central idea of "To Daffodils" is that......
Ans: Life is short, so live to the fullest
168. The statue of Ozymandias is.......
Ans: in a desert
169. "We..dry away/like to the summer's rain (from the poem 'To Daffodils') is an
example of -
Ans: Smile
170. The speaker of "I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud" saw..... Ans: Golden Daffodils
171. The phrase 'trunkless legs' in the poem 'Ozymandia' refers to.... Ans: Legs without
body (JU,C Unit, 2011-12)
172. A literary work 'The Waste land' is a .....
Ans: A poem by T. S. Eliot (KU, Social Science, 2011-12)
173. 'To be or not to be, that is the question' a quotation feom... Ans: Hamlet
174. The poem 'Under the Greenwood Tree' was written by„..Ans: William Shakespeare
175. Which is known as a Romantic period of English literature.?Ans: 1798-1832
176. What is an epic?
Ans: A long narrative poem 177: The author of 'The Songs of Innocence and
Experience"? Ans: William Blake (KU, Arts, 2011-12)
178. King Lear banished his youngest daughter Cordelia from his kingdom but in the
end, she became her only shelter. This is an example of....
76
Ans: Irony
179. Who is not a novelist? Ans: Blake
180. Who wrote the famous poetic line 'To err is human, to forgive divine"?
Ans: Alexander Pope
181. When a poem has a speaker, what does a novel has...? Ans: narrator
182. The Victorian age is named after-Ans: Queen Victoria
183. Who is not true of an English sonnet?
Ans: It has fourteen syllables in each line
184. 'A Doll's House' is written by......
Ans: Henrik Ibsen
185. Who is the author of "Sherlok Holmes"?
Ans: Sir Arthur Connan Doyle
186. What is Limerick?
Ans: A form of light verse
187. 'Romeo and Juliet' is a...
Ans: Tragedy
188. William Shakespeare is not the author of... Ans: White Devil
189. Who wrote 'Crime and Punishment'? Ans: Dostoyevsky
190. Who is the author of 'The Origin of Species'? Ans: Charles Darwin
191. Romanticism is mainly connected with. Ans: Love and Beauty
192. Melodrama is a kind of play of..... Ans: Violent and Sensational themes
193. Who is the author of 'Man and Superman" Ans: G. B. Shaw
194. 'The Animal Farm'is written by.... Ans: George Orwell
195. "Hamlet" is written by..... Ans: Shakespeare
196. Rabindranath Tagore won Nobel Prize for writing... Ans: poetry?
197. Macbeth is a-----by Shakespeare
Ans: play
'98. Kazi Nazrul Islam is a —poet
Ans: Rebel
199. Who is the father of English poetry? Ans: Geoffrey Chaucer
200. The author of famous book 'The Justice Man' Ans: Kuldip Nayar
201. 'My Experiments with True'is written by......
Ans: Mahatma Gandi
202. A fantasy is ....
Ans: An imaginary story
203. Which of the following is a story in verse? Ans: Ballad
204. Who is the author of the book of 'The Sense of an Ending'? Ans: Julian Berns
205. Who is not a poet?
Ans: Doris Lessing
77
206. 'The Hungry Jusdges soon the sentence sign and wretches hang that juryman may
die' this is an example of......
Ans: Satire
207. Who Excels in Dramatic Monologue? Ans: John Milton
208. 'There is no one so poor as a wealthy miser' this is an example of...
Ans: Paradox
209. Who was not awarded the Novel Prize?
Ans: Elizabeth Barrett Browning
210. The Romantic Age began with the publication of......
Ans: Lyrical Ballads
211. What is not the work of Winston Churchill?
Ans: History of Second World War
212. In Shelley's 'Ozymandias' the word 'My name is ozymandias, king of king' are
inscribed on...
Ans: The visage of the statue (DU, B Unit, 2010-11)
213. In 'Under the Greenwood Tree' the tree refers to.....
Ans: Forest (DU, B Unit, 2010-11)
214. Which two things of nature does Robert Herrick find similar to human beings and
daffodils......
Ans: Rebel (NU, 2011-12)
199. Who is the father of English poetry? Ans: Geoffrey Chaucer (CU, E Unit, 2011-12)
200. The author of famous book 'The Justice Man' Ans: Kuldip Nayar (CU, E Unit,
2011-12)
201. 'My Experiments with True'is written by......
Ans: Mahatma Gandi
202. A fantasy is ....
Ans: An imaginary story (CU, F Unit, 2011-12)
203. Which of the following is a story in verse? Ans: Ballad (CU, B Unit, 2011-12)
204. Who is the author of the book of 'The Sense of an Ending'? Ans: Julian Berns
205. Who is not a poet?
Ans: Doris Lessing
206. 'The Hungry Jusdges soon the sentence sign and wretches hang that juryman may
die' this is an example of......
Ans: Satire
207. Who Excels in Dramatic Monoloque? Ans: John Milton
208. 'There is no one so poor as a wealthy miser' this is an example of...
Ans: Paradox
209. Who was not awarded the Novel Prize?
Ans: Elizabeth Barrett Browning
210. The Romantic Age began with the publication of......
78
Ans: Lyrical Ballads
211. What is not the work of Winston Churchill?
Ans: History of Second World War
212. In Shelley's 'Ozymandias' the word 'My name is ozymandias, king of king' are
inscribed on...
Ans: The visage of the statue (DU, B Unit, 2010-11)
213. In 'Under the Greenwood Tree' the tree refers to.....
Ans: Forest (DU, B Unit, 2010-11)
214. Which two things of nature does Robert Herrick find similar to human beings and
daffodils.....
Ans: Summer's rain, morning's dew (DU, B Unit, 2010-11)
215. According to most of the critics who is not a romantic poet? Ans: T. S. Eliot (JnU,
AUnit, 2010-11)
216. Bertrand Russel was a British.... Ans: Philosopher (CU, E Unit, 2010-11)
217. 'Gulliver's Travel was written by.......
Ans: Jonathon Swift (CU, E Unit, 2010-11)
218. Which is the author of the drama 'John of Arc'? Ans: G. B. Shaw (RU, Language
Deptt, 2010-11)
219. Who is the author of 'War and Peace'? , Ans: Leo Tolstoy (RU, Language Dept,
2010-11)
220. Who write the 'A Tale of Two Cities'?
Ans: Charles Dickens (RU, Social Science, 2010-11)
221. Father of English Poetry is....
Ans: Geoffrey Chaucer (KU, Social Science, 2010-11)
222. Elizabethan tragedy is centered on........
Ans: Revenge (KU, Social Science, 2010-11)
223. The author of 'Man and Superman'? Ans: G. B. Shaw (KU, Social Science, 2010-
11)
224. Which is the oldest period in English literature? Ans: Anglo-Saxon (KU, Social
Science, 2010-11)
225. King Lear banished his youngest daughter Cordelia from his Kingdom; but in the
end, she became her only shelter. This is example of....
Ans: Irony (KU, Arts, 2010-11)
226. Who among the following is not a novelist? Ans: Blake (KU, Arts, 2010-11)
227. The author of Songs of'Innocence and experience' is... Ans: Blake (KU, Arts, 2010-
11)
228. The Victorian Age is named after......
Ans: Queen Victoria (KU, Arts, 2010-11)
229. 'Who doth ambition shun' in 'To Daffodils' means.. Ans: Give up ambition (DU, B
Unit, 2009-10)
79
230. 'Hasting day' in 'To Daffodils' means......
Ans: Hurriedly passing day (DU, B Unit, 2009-10)
231. In the poem 'Ozymandias' who calls Ozymandias 'King of Kings'?
Ans: Ozymandias himself (DU, B Unit, 2009-10)
232. The line 'I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud' is an example of... Ans: Simile (DU, B
Unit, 2009-10)
233. 'A Tale of Two Cities' refers to... Ans: London and Paris (CU, E Unit, 2009-10)
234. Who is the author of the drama 'Joan of Arc'? Ans: G. B. Shaw (CU, E Unit, 2009-
10)
235. 'To be or not to be that is the question' from which play the line is quoted?
Ans: Hamlet (RU, Psychology, 2009-10)
236. Who is the author of 'Gulliver's Travels'? Ans: Jonathon Swift
237. Who wrote the book 'The Kite Runner'? Ans: Khaled Hosseini
238. 'Merchant of Venice' is written by- •
Ans: William Shakespeare (RU, Public Administration, 2009-10)
239. Who is the author of' Silent Woman'? Ans: Ben Jonson (RU, Social Work, 2009-
10)
240. Who is the author of 'Heaven and Earth'? Ans: Lord Byron (RU, Social Work,
2009-10)
241. Who wrote 'The Birthday Party'? Ans: Harold Pinter (KU, Arts, 2009-10)
242. 'Essays of Elia' was written by.....
Ans: Charles Lamb (KU, Arts, 2009-10)
243. Which is known as Shakespeare's Swansong? , Ans: The Tempest
244. Who writes 'Waiting for Godot'? Ans: Samuel Beckett
245. Who is famous for his elegies? Ans: Thomas Gray
246. Nissim Ezekiel is a famous poet of..... Ans: India
247. 'Things Fall Apart' was written by.... Ans: Chinua Achebe
248. 'If winter comes, can spring be far behind?' who wrote the line? Ans: P. B. Shelley
(KU, Arts, 2009-10)
249. Who is called the poet of beauty?
Ans: John Keats
250. The writer of' David Copperfield' is.....
Ans: Charles Dickens
251. Who is the poet of 'Victorian Age'?
Ans: Matthew Arnold
252. William Wordsworth was a.......
Ans: Poet
253. The writer of' David Copperfield' is___
Ans: Charles Dickens
254. Who is the poet of 'Victorian Age'? Ans: Matthew Arnold
80
255. William Wordsworth was a.......
Ans: Poet
256. Which one does not relate to literature?
Ans: Demagogue
257. Who wrote the plays 'The Tempest', 'The Midsummer Night's Dream'?
Ans: W. Shakespeare
258. Shakespeare is known mostly for his............?
Ans: Plays
259. Rainbow is.....
Ans: A novel by D. H. Lawrence
260. Who is the author of' Arabian Nights'?
Ans: Sir Richard Buston
261. The drama 'A Mid Summer Night's Dream' was written by ... Ans: W. Shakespeare
262. William Shakespeare wrote.....
Ans: Tempest frail
263. 'Gulliver's Travels' has been written by.
Ans: Jonathon Swift
264. The drama 'Hamlet' was written by ....
Ans: Shakespeare
265. 'All the world's stage
And all the men and women merely players'
Poet of the poem is.....
266. Who wrote 'Beauty is truth, truth beauty'? Ans: Keats
267. 'Macbeth'is....
Ans: A play
268. 'Paradise Lost' was written by...
Ans: John Milton
269. Chaucer is the representative poet of.......
Ans: 14th Century
270. 'Gulliver's Travels' is a famous story by...
Ans: Jonathon Swift
271. William Shakespeare is a famous..........
Ans: Dramatist
272. A sonnet is a lyric poem of..........
Ans: 14 lines
273. Who is a dramatist....?
Ans: G. B. Shaw
274. Who is the composer of 'Paradise Lost'?
Ans: John Milton
81
275. Who wrote 'Wuthering Heights'?
Ans: Emily Bronte
276. Who wrote 'Madame Bovery'?
Ans: Gustave Flaubert
277. Who wrote 'Prometheus Unbound'? Ans: Shelley
278. Lady Chatterley's Lover was written by the author of......?
Ans: Rainbow
279. William Shakespeare was the author of-
Ans: Daffodils and King Lear
280. 'Vanity Fair' is a....?
Ans: Absurdist Play
297. 'Lyrical Ballad' was published in the year of.... Ans: 1798
298. The drama 'Man and Superman' as written by... Ans: G. B. Shaw
299. What was the first novel of Virginia Woolf?
Ans: The Voyage Out
300. The first English novel 'Pamela' has been written by.....
Ans: Samuel Richardson
301. Leo Tolstoy is a-----novelist.
Ans: Russian
302. 'Lady Chattterley's Lover' is a novel by......
Ans: D. H. Lawrence
303. 'War and Peace' was written by...
Ans: Leo Tolstoy
304. Guy de Maupassant is a famous ...short story writer.
Ans: French 305. 'The Good Earth' was written by...?
Ans: Pearl. S. Buck
306. 'Brick Lane' is written by.....
Ans: Monica Ali
307. 'The Return of the Native' was written by...?
Ans: Thomas Hardy
308. William Wordsworth was per-eminently....?
Ans: A poet of nature
309. 'Alice in the Wonderland' belongs to...
Ans: Junenile literature
310. Who translated Bible into English for the first time?
325. Novel Prize winner in literature 'Harold Pinter' is from....?
Ans: UK
326. A famous English poet who was professionally known as a man of medicine is ....?
Ans: Keats
327. Novel Prize winner American woman novelist is.....?
82
Ans: Pearl S. Buck
328. The appropriate meaning of the word monologue is ...
Ans: A speech in a play which a character, who is alone on the stage, speaks his thoughts
aloud
329. Who is the author of the drama 'You Never Can Tell'?
Ans: Christopher Marlowe
330. Keats belonged to...?
Ans: 19th Century
331. 'The Good Earth' deals with...?
Ans: Chinese Life
332. Which one of the following was not written by Shakespeare? Ans: Dr. Faustus
333. 'Murder in the Cathedral' was written by...
Ans: T. S. Eliot
334. Who is the author of' India Wins Freedom'?
Ans: Abul Kalam Azad
335. Who is the modern philosopher who was rewarded Nobel Prize for literature?
Ans: B. Russel
336. Famous Irish poet and dramatist....
Ans: W. B. Yeats
337. Shakespeare is known mostly for his .... Ans: plays
338. Who is the author of' Animal Farm ?Ans: John Wycliff
311. Which of the following ages in literary history is the latest? Ans: The Victorian
312. The period from AD 1066to 1500 is known as....? ,
Ans: The Middle English Period
313. 'The Sacred Flame' is written by...?
Ans: William Sommerset
314. The 'Protagonist' means?
Ans: The central figure of a drama
315. Limerick is...
Ans: A short form of light verse
316. Who is called the poet of poets?
Ans: Edmund Spenser
317. Who wrote the 'Spanish tragedy'?
Ans: Tomas Kyd
318. Which one of the following is the first long poem in English? Ans: Beowulf
319. What is the full name of 'Dr. Faustus'? Ans: The tragedy of Doctor Faustus
320. Who is famous for the theory of 'Objective Co-relative'? Ans: T. S. Eliot
321. 'Mist and mellow fruitfulness' which of the following figures of speech is used
here?
Ans: Alliteration 322. Tennyson wrote...
83
Ans: The Lotos-eaters'
323. Who wrote the book 'Lord Jim'?
Ans: Joseph Conrad
324. What is an epic?
Ans: A long poem
325. Novel Prize winner in literature 'Harold Pinter' is from....?
Ans: UK
326. A famous English poet who was professionally known as a man of medicine is ....?
Ans: Keats
327. Novel Prize winner American woman novelist is.....?
Ans: Pearl S. Buck
328. The appropriate meaning of the word monologue is ...
Ans: A speech in a play which a character, who is alone on the stage, speaks his thoughts
329. Who is the author of the drama 'You Never Can Tell'?
Ans: Christopher Marlowe
330. Keats belonged to...?
Ans: 19th Century
331. 'The Good Earth' deals with...?
Ans: Chinese Life
332. Which one of the following was not written by Shakespeare? Ans: Dr. Faustus
333. 'Murder in the Cathedral' was written by...
Ans: T. S. Eliot
334. Who is the author of 'India Wins Freedom'?
Ans: Abul Kalam Azad
335. Who is the modern philosopher who was rewarded Nobel Prize for literature?
Ans: B. Russel
336. Famous Irish poet and dramatist....
Ans: W. B. Yeats
337. Shakespeare is known mostly for his .... Ans: plays
338. Who is the author of' Animal Farm'?
Ans: George Orwell
339. Who was the only laureate to refuse the Nobel Prize?
Ans: Jea-Paul-Sartre
340. What is the salient features of all literature? Ans: Artistic Quality
341. Which one of the following was written by Robert Herrick? Ans: To Daffodils
342. Caliban is a character in....?
Ans: Tempest
343. In the poem 'to Daffodils' the poet weeps over....?
Ans: Short-lived Human Life
344. What type of book' The Woman' is..?
84
Ans: Novel
345. Author of the 'Picture of Dorian Gray'...
Ans: Oscar Wilde
346. Who wrote the book 'Cancer Ward'?
Ans: Aleksandr Solzhenitsym
347. A famous short story of Maupassant is...?
Ans: The Diamond Necklace
348. Goethe is the greatest poet of....? Ans: Germany
349. O' Henry is famous for ...?
Ans: Short Story
351. Who is well-known for his translation of' The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam' into
English?
Ans: Edward Fritzgerald
352. A. S. Hornby is famous for...
Ans: Writing Dictionaries
353. Which one is the shortest dramatic work?
Ans: Bieath
354. The beginning of the Renaissance may be traced to the city of...? Ans: Florence
355. 'Booker Prize' is given ...
Ans: For Literature
356. One of the following authors, one is American. Who is he? Ans: William Faulkner
357. One of the four mentioned below is not a novelist of Victorian Age...
Ans: James Joyce
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 evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g bvUK (evsjvq iwPZ)-f`ªvR©zb (Zvivc` wkK`vi)|
 evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g we‡qvMvšÍK bvUK-KxwË©wejvm |
 evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g ¯^v_©K Uªv‡RwW bvUK-K…òKzgvix (gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë, 1861)|
 evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g cÖnmb bvUK- ÒG‡KB wK e‡j mf¨ZvÓ I Òey‡ov kvwj‡Ki Nv‡o †ivÓ
(gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë,1859)
 evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g mvgvwRK bvUK Kzjxb Kzj me©¯^ (ivgvqY ZK©iZœ)|
86
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ BwZnvm welqK cÖ_g MÖš’-e½fvlv I mvwnZ¨ (`x‡bkP›`ª †mb¸ß)
 evsjv mvwn‡Zï ga¨ hy‡Mi cÖ_g wb`k©b-kªxK…ò KxZ©b (eo– PÛx `vm)|
 ev½vwji †jLv evsjv A¶‡i gyw`ªZ cÖ_g †g․wjK MÖš’/Rxebx MÖš’-ivRv cÖZ¨vcvw`Z¨ PwiÎ (ivgivg
emy, 1801)
 ev½vwji †jLv cÖ_g gyw`ªZ MÖš’ eªvþY-‡ivgvb-K¨v_wjK msev` (‡`vg A¨v‡šÍvwbI †`v †ivRvwiI)
 AvaywbK evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g Kve¨- cÙxbx DcvL¨vb (i½jvj e‡›`vcva¨vq)|
 evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g Rxebx Kve¨-kªx •PZb¨ fvMeZ (ga¨hyM)|
 evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g I †kªô gnv Kve¨-‡gNbvèa Kve¨ (gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë, 1861)
 evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g cÖY‡qvcvL¨vb-BDmyd Ry‡jLv (kvn gyn¤§` mMxi, 1400-1500)|
 evsjvq cÖ_g cÖeÜ MÖš’ ‡e`všÍ (ivRv ivg †gvnb ivq, 1815)
 XvKv †_‡K cÖKvwkZ cÖ_g MÖš’-bxj`c©Y ( ØxbeÜy wgÎ, 1860)
 Qvcvi A¶‡i cÖ_g evsjv eB- K…cvi kv‡¯¿i A_©‡f` (g¨vby‡qj `¨ A¨vmmy¯cmvuI, 1734)
 evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g gyw`ªZ MÖš’ K‡_vK_b (DBwjqvg †Kwi, 1801)
 evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g Kve¨ msKjb (Kve¨MÖš’)/cÖvPxbZg I cÖ_g wb`k©b Ph©vc` (cvj Avg‡j
iwPZ, nicÖmv` kv¯¿x KZ©…K Avwe®‥vi)|
 evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖPxbZg gymwjg Kwe- kvn gyn¤§` mMxi (12Zg wewmGm) (BDmyd Ry‡jLv
Kve¨-PZz`k© kZK)|
 Kwe RwmgD``x‡bi Kei KweZv cÖ_g ÒK‡jøvjÓ(1923) cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ (25Zg wewmGm)|
 Kwe RwmgD``x‡bi cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ Kve¨ MÖš’-ivLvjx (24Zg wewmGm)|
 cÖ_g evsjv w_mivm ev mgv_©K kã Awfavb msKjb K‡i‡Qb-A‡kvK gy‡Lvcva¨vq (23Zg
wewmGm)|
 evsjv †g․wjK bvU‡Ki cÖ_g cÖeZ©K-Zvivc` wkK`vi(f`ªvR©zb) I ivgbvivqY ZK©iZœ (KzjxbKzj
me©¯^ (27 Zg wewmGm)|
 ‘c`vejxi I kªx K…òKxZ©b’ (‡e․× ev •eòe a‡g©i M~X ZË¡) cÖ_g Kwe PÛx`vm (22 Zg
wewmGm)|
 cÖ_g PjwPÎ bvUK-GKZjv †`vZjv, cÖ_g m¨v‡UjvBU P¨v‡bj-GwUGb, cÖ_g QvqvQwe-gyL I
gy‡Lvk |
 cyw_ mvwn‡Zï cÖvPxbZg Kwe-‣mq` nvgRv (11Zg wewmGm)|
 cyw_ mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g ¯^v_©K I RbwcÖq Kwe- dwKi Mixeyjøvn (11 Zg wewmGm)|
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g gymwjg mvwnwZ¨K iwPZ bvUK- ÒemšÍ KzgvixÓ (14Zg wewmGm)|
 KvRx bRiyj Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ MÖš’ ‘e¨_vi `vb’ (20Zg wewmGm)|
 KvRx bRiyj Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’ AwMœexbvi (1922)(29Zg wewmGm) cÖ_g Kve¨-
‘cÖjqDjøvm, wØZxqwU-‘we‡`ªvnx’ |
87
 g‡bvGj `¨ Avmmy¤cmvE iwPZ K…cvikv‡¯¿i A_©‡f` evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ K_ïxwZi Avw` MÖš’ (29Zg
wewmGm)|
 g‡bvGj `¨ Avmmy¤cmvE iwPZ K…cvikv‡¯¿i A_©‡f` evsjv fvlvi cÖ_g e¨vKiY |
 eªvwm n¨vj‡nW me©cÖ_g evsjv UvBc mn‡hv‡M evsjv e¨vKiY gy`ªY K‡ib (26Zg wewmGm)|
 ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq evsjv fvlvq cÖ_g e¨vKiY ‡M․woq e¨vKiY iPbv K‡ib (1833) (29Zg
wewmGm)|
 evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g Kwe jyBcv (cÖvPxb) (29Zg wewmGm)|
 e„Îmsnvi evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g I †kªô gnvKve¨ gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `‡Ëi ‡gNbvèa Kve¨ Ask
we‡kl (26 Zg wewmGm)|
 e½`k©b (1872) cwÎKvi cÖ_g m¤cv`K ew¼g P›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq (25 Zg wewmGm)|
 evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g BwZnvm welqK MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib e½fvlv I mvwnZ¨ iPbv K‡ib(1896)
 `x‡bkP›`ª †mb(27Zg, 22Zg, 25Zg wewmGm)|
 fviZe‡l©i cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ cwÎKv †Rgm AMv÷vb wnwK m¤cvw`Z ‡e½j †M‡RU (1780)|
 mvwnZ¨ mgªvU ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi cÖ_g Dcb¨vm-`y‡M©kbw›`bx (29Zg wewmGm)|
 evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g Dcb¨vm-c¨vwiPv` wg‡Îi Avjv‡ji N‡i `yjvj(1857) D‡jøL‡hvM¨ PwiÎ
VKPvPv | Ava¨vwZKv c¨vwiPvu` wg‡Îi Av‡iKwU Dcb¨vm (30Zg wewmGm)|
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g ¯^v_©K Dcb¨vm ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi `y‡M©kbw›`bx |
 ûgvq~b Avn‡g` cwiPvwjZ cÖ_g PjwPÎ -Av¸‡bi cikgwY (cÖKvkKvj 1994)|
 ûgvq~b Avn‡g‡ì cÖ_g Dcb¨vm -bw›`Z bi‡K (cÖKvkKvj 1973)|
 evsjv KvU©zb wmwiR wgbv-Gi iPwqZv -gy¯Ívdv g‡bvqvi|
 evsjvmvwn‡Zï cÖ_g mvgwqK cÎ Rb K¬vK© gvk©g¨vb KZ©…K m¤cvw`Z w`K`k©b(1818)|
 ‡j․wKK Kvwnwbi cÖ_g iPwqZv-‡`․jZ KvwR(27 Zg wewmGm)|
 †`‡ki cÖ_g msev`cÎ †e½j †M‡RU |
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g Dcb¨v‡mi bvg--Avjv‡ji N‡ii `yjvj|
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g evOvwj gwnjv Dcb¨vwmK ¯^YK © zgvix †èx|
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g gymwjgiwPZ mv_©K bvUK -- emšÍKzgvix|
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g gymwjg PwiÎ Aej¤^b bvUK--Rwg`vi `c©b|
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g evOvwj gymjgv‡bi †jLv Dcb¨vm -- iZœvewZ|
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g I GKgvÎ M`¨ gnvKve¨ --welv` wmÜy|
 evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g †ivgvÝ ag©x Dcb¨vm-- KcvjKzÛjv|
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g mv_©K Dcb¨vm- `y‡M©kbw›`bx
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g cwi‡ek m‡PZb Kwe-- Ck¦iP›`ª ¸ß|
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g cÖnmb--G‡KB wK e‡j mf¨Zv|
88
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g m‡bU iPbv K‡ib--gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë|
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g mv_©K bvUK -- kg©xôv|
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g HwZnvwmK bvUK K…òKzgvix|
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g mv_©K Uªv‡RwW-- K…òKzgvix|
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g I GKgvÎ mv_©K gnvKve¨ ‡gNbv_ea Kve¨|
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g evsjv MxwZKweZvi iPwqZv--gvB‡Kj gayym~`b `Ë|
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g gymjgvb gnvKwe Kvq‡Kvev`|
 cÖ_g gymwjg evsjv M`¨ †jLK -kvgmywÏb gyn¤§` wmwÏKx
 cÖ_g gymwjg evsjv M`¨ †jwLKv- wewe Zv‡niyb †bQv
 evsjv •`wb‡Ki cÖ_g gwnjv mvsevw`K-jvqjv mvgv`
 evsjv‡`k Z_v fviZe‡l©i cÖ_g gyw`ªZ msev`cÎ †e½j †M‡RU |
 evsjv fvlvq cÖKvwkZ cÖ_g msev`cÎ mgvPvi `c©Y |
 ev½vwj cwiPvwjZ cÖ_g msev`cÎ ev½vj †M‡RU |
 gymjgvb m¤cvw`Z cÖ_g msev`cÎ mgvPvi mfviv‡Rb`ª |
 evsjv fvlvi cÖ_g •`wbK msev`cÎ msev` cÖfvKi |
 evsjv‡`k f‚LÊ †_‡K cÖKvwkZ cÖ_g msev` cÎ iscyi evZ©ven |
 XvKv †_‡K cÖKvwkZ cÖ_g msev`cÎ XvKv cÖKvk |
 XvKvi cÖ_g evsjv QvcvLvbv cÖwZôvZv-evsjv †cÖm (AvwRgcyi)my›ìwgÎ
 cÖ_g e½xq mvwnZ¨ m‡¤§jb nq-Kvwkg evRvi
 evsjvfvlvq cÖ_g m‡bU iPwqZv - gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë
 evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g gymjgvb bvU¨Kvi- gxi †gvkviid †nv‡mb
 ‘The Daily Courant’ was the first English daily published in 1701.
 gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U _vKv Kvjxb cÖ_g wnmv‡e wej wK¬bUb evsjv‡`k mdi K‡ib |
 Av‡gwiKvq BD‡ivwcqiv cÖ_g emevm ¯’vcb K‡i- †gwij¨vÛ A½iv‡R¨ |
wewfbœ Kwe-mvwnwZ¨‡Ki cÖKvwkZ cÖ_g Kve¨

 gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ët The Captive Lady
 iex›`ªbv_ VvKzit Kwe Kvwnbx
 Kvq‡Kvev`t wein wejvc
 KvRx bRiyj Bmjvgt AwMœexYv
 Kvwgbx ivqt Av‡jv I Qvqv
 Rxebvb›` `vkt Siv cvjK
 Avnmvb nvexet ivwÎ‡kl
89
 Rmxg D``xbt ivLvjx
 kIKZ Imgvbt Rbbx
 Avj gvngy`t †jvK †jvKvšÍi
 nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvbt wegyL cÖvšÍi
 Ave`yj Kvwìt w`jiyev
 diiyL Avng`t mvZ mvM‡ii gvwS
 BmgvBj †nv‡mb wmivRxt Abj cÖevn
 m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ `Ët cÖ_gv
 †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ nvmvbt gwZPzi
 kvgmyi ivngvbt cÖ_g Mvb wØZxq g„Zÿi Av‡M
cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ Dcb¨vm
‡jL‡Ki bvg Dcb¨v‡mi bvg cÖKvk Kvj
ew¯‥gP›`ª P‡Ævca¨vq Rajmohon’s Wife 1865
(Bs‡iwR)
`y‡M©kbw›`bx (evsjv)
iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi †e․ VvKzivYxi nvU 1883
KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg evaubnviv 1927
Av.b.g. eRjyi ikx` c‡_i WvK 1949
Ave`yj Mvd&dvi ‡P․ayix P›`ªØx‡ci DcvL¨vb 1960
Avãyj gvbœvb •mq` cwi‡cÖw¶‡Zi `vm`vmx 1974
Avey BmnvK m~h`© xNj evox 1955
Aveyj dRj ‡P․wPi 1934
AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` ‡ZBk b¤î •ZjwPÎ 1960
gvwbK e‡›`¨vcva¨vq wèvivwÎi Kve¨ 1935
kvIKZ Imgvb ewb Av`g 1943
knx`yjvø n Kvqmvi mv‡is †e․ 1962
gxi gkviid †nv‡mb iZœveZx 1869
AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm wP‡j‡KvVvi †mcvB 1983
‣mq` Iqvjx Djøvn jvjmvjy 1948/1960
c¨vixPvu` wgÎ (†UKPvu` VvKzi) Avjv‡i N‡ii `yjvj 1858
cÖfvZKzgvi gy‡Lvcva¨vq igvmy›ìx 1908
†eMg †iv‡Kqv cÙivM 1924
Avnmvb nvexe AiY¨ bxwjgv 1965
90
cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ bvUK

‡jL‡Ki bvg bvUK cÖKvk Kvj
iex›`ªbv_ VvKyi iæ`ªPÐ 1881
KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg wSwjwgwj -
Av.b.g eRjyi ikx` S‡oi cvwL 1959
Ave`yj nK AwØZxqv 1956
Avãyjvø n Avj gvgyb myePb wbev©m‡b 1974
Aveyj dRj Av‡jvKjZv 1934
AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv` gi‡°vi Rv`yKi 1958
byiæj ‡gv‡gb ‡b‡gwmm 1948
gvgybyi iwk` Iiv K`g Avjx 1978
gybxi †P․ayix i³v³ cÖvšÍi 1368
gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë kwg©ôv 1859
wMwikP›`ª †Nvl cÖdzjø 1889
`xbeÜz wgÎ bxj`c©Y 1860
gxi gkviid †nv‡mb emšÍKzgvix 1873
wØ‡R›`ªjvj ivq ZvivevC 1903
 evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ`vbKvix cÖ_g †`k mg~nt cÖ_g †`k fviZ (6 wW‡m¤î, 1971), 1972 G
cÖ_g BD‡ivwcq I cÖ_g mgvRZvwš¿K †`k †cvj¨vÛ I eyj‡Mwiqv (12 Rvbyqvwi), cÖ_g Avwd«Kvb
†`k †m‡bMvj (1jv †deªyqvwi), DËi Av‡gwiKvi KvbvWv (14 †deªyqvwi), cÖ_g Abvie gymwjg
†`k gvj‡qwkqv(25 †deªyqvwi), cÖ_g Avie †`k BivK(8RyjvB)|
 RvZxq msMx‡Zi cÖ_g Abyev`K‣mq` Avjx Avnmvb |
 evsMvwji gyw³i cÖ_g Av‡›`vjb fvlv Av‡›`vjb |
 cÖ_g mvgwiK kvmb Pvjy K‡ib B¯‥v›ì wgR©v |
 evsjvq BD‡ivwcq ewbK‡ì g‡a¨ cÖ_g cZ©zwMRiv G‡mwQ‡jv (1517)|
 RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY cwil‡ì cÖ_g evsjv‡`wk mfvcwZ ûgvqyb iwk` (1986-41Zg
Avwa‡ekb)(27 Zg wewmGm)|
 we‡k¦i cÖ_g MYbvhš¿ GevKvm |
 cÖ_g hvwš¿K K¨vjKz‡jUi Avwe®‥vi K‡ib Rvg©vb fb wjewbR (1671 mvj)|
91
 Kw¤cDUv‡ii RbK P¨vj©m e¨v‡eR 1822 mv‡j wWdv‡iÝ BwÄb I 1833 mv‡j GbvjvBwUK¨vj
BwÄbcÖ_g Avwe®‥vi K‡ib |
 P¨vj©m e¨v‡eR we‡k¦ cÖ_g Kw¤cDUvi bKkv K‡ib |
 we‡k¦ cÖ_g Kw¤cDUvi †cÖvMÖvg K‡ib Bs‡iR Kwe jW© evqi‡Yi Kb¨v †jwW GWv AMv÷v
j¨vf‡jm |
 W. nvIqvW© GBP AvB‡Kb cÖ_g •e`ÿwZK ev wWwRUvj Kw¤cDUvi gvK©-1 (MARK-1)
Avwe®‥vi K‡ib 1830 mvj |
 cÖ_g ev‡ii gZ gvbe wbwg©Z †iveU ‘dx‡j’ ayg‡KZz‡Z AeZiY K‡i (12 b‡f¤î, 2014)|
 evBbvwi MwYZ wfwËK cÖ_g B‡jw±ªK Kw¤cDUvi Gwewm |
 we‡k¦i cÖ_g cyY©v½ Kw¤cDUvi GwbqvK-1 (ENIAC-1) Avwe®‥vi K‡ib Aa¨vcK W. Rb
gvDmwj|
 we‡k¦i cÖ_g AvaywbK Kw¤cDUv‡ii RbK Rb fb wbDg¨vb -EDVAC|
 cÖ_g msiw¶Z †cÖvMÖvg wewkó B‡j‡±ªvwbK Kw¤cDUvi EDSAC |
 Rb gvDmwj I †cÖmcvi GKvU© cÖ_g evwbwR¨K wfwË‡Z •Zwi (B‡jw±ªK I wWwRUvj) cÖ_g
Kw¤cDUvi UNIVAC|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g cyb©vsM mgy`ª mxgvi g¨vc cÖKvk K‡i PÆMÖvg wek¦ we`¨vj‡qi mgy`ª weÁvb
wefvM|
 †`‡ki cÖ_g AvBwmwU wek¦we`¨vjq MvwRcy‡ii Kvwjqv‣K‡i |
 wewUwfi cÖ_g Abyôvb Bs‡iwR QvqvQwe (50 wgwb‡Ui)|
 wewUwfi cÖ_g Mvb H †h AvKvk bxj nj AvR, †nbv †gv¯Ídv Kvgv‡ji iwPZ |
 wewUwfi cÖ_g bvUK GKZjv †`vZjv |
 wewUwfi cÖ_g i½xb Abyôvb Pvjy 1jv wW‡m¤î 1980|
 wewUwfi cÖ_g msev` cvVK ûgvqyb iwk`(evsjv), Avjg iwk` (Bs‡iwR) |
 wewUwfi cÖ_g RvZxq †Uwjwfkb cyi®‥vi 1975 |
 wewUwfi cÖ_g jvB‡mÝ cÖ`vb 1970|
 wewUwfi cÖ_g mivmwi †Ljv m¤cÖPvi cvwK¯’vb wbDwRj¨vÛ wµ‡KU †U÷ g¨vP 1969 |
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb A_©Kwi dmj-Avjy (2014)|
 Pj Pj Pj...(21 jvBb) iY msMxZ cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ 1928, bZz‡bi Mvb wk‡ivbv‡g, mÜ¨vKve¨
MÖ‡š’, wkLv cwÎKvq | MxwZKvi I myiKvi KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg |
 wewRwei me©cÖ_g bvg wQj ivgMo †jvKvj e¨vUvwjqb|
 ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k MYcwil‡ì cÖ_g Awa‡ek‡b mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib-gvIjvbv Ave`~i iwk` ZK©
evMxk|
 Mbcwil‡ì cÖ_g w¯cKvi wQ‡jb kvn Avãyj nvwg` |
92
 Mbcwil‡ì cÖ_g †WcyU w¯cKvi-‡gvnv¤§` Djøvn|
 ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msm‡ì cÖ_g w¯cKvi †gvnv¤§` Djøvn|
 n¯Í wjwLZ evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi cÖ_g †jLK-Avãyi iDd (A½m¾v-wkívPvh© Rqb~j Av‡ew`b)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g cÖavb wePvicwZ- G Gm Gg mv‡qg |
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g cÖavb wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi wePvicwZ Gg Bw`ªm |
 †`‡ki cÖ_g †gwiUvBg wek¦we`¨vjq ‡kL gywReyi ingvb †gwiUvBg wek¦we`¨vjq PÆMÖv‡g |
 evsjv‡`‡ki •Zwi cÖ_g hy× RvnvR- ev‡b․Rv cÙv |
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g KwgDwbwU †iwWI- ‡iwWI cÙv|
 cÖ_g Mvj© mvwgU 2014 †Z evsjv‡`‡ki c‡¶ †hvM`vb K‡i cÖavb gš¿x †kL nvwmbv |
 †U÷ wµ‡K‡Ui BwZnv‡m cÖ_g wµ‡KUvi wnmv‡e GKB †U‡÷ †mÂzwi I n¨vwUªK Kvix ‡mvnvM
MvwR|
 cÖ_g evsjv‡`wk wnmv‡e d«v‡Ýi †kfvwjqvi bvBU Dcvwa cvb-cv_© cÖxZg gRyg`vi|
 weª‡U‡b UvIqvi n¨vg‡jU Gi †gqi wbe©vwPZ n‡q‡Qb-evsjv‡`kx esk™¢zZ jyZdi ingvb
(2014)|
 gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U evivK Ievgvi cÖkvm‡b wbhy³ cÖ_g evsjv‡`wk bxbv Avn‡g` (2014)|
 weª‡U‡b cÖ_g evsjv‡`wk wnmv‡e wePviK wbhy³ nb-¯^cœiv LvZzb (2014)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g bvix cÖavb cÖ‡K․kjx †eMg Lv‡j`v Avnmvb |
 cÖ_g evsjv‡`wk wn‡m‡e ICC Gi mfvcwZ wbe©vwPZ n‡q‡Qb evsjv‡`‡ki cwiKíbv gš¿x Av n
g†gv¯Ídv Kvgvj (2014)|
 evsjvq wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í (1793) cÖeZ©b K‡ib__ jW© Kb©Iqvwjm
 fvi‡Z wmwfj mvwf©m cix¶vi cÖPjb K‡ib__jW© Kb©Iqvwjm
 m~hv© ¯Í AvBb Pvjy nq__jW© Kb©Iqvwjm Gi Avg‡j |
 •ØZ kvmb eë¯’vi cÖeZ©b K‡ib jW© K¬vBf|
 •ØZ kvmb eë¯’v iwnZ K‡i cvPukvjv e‡›`ve‡¯Íi I ivR¯^ †evW© cÖeZ©K Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm|
 mZx`vn cÖ_vi we‡jvc(1829) K‡ib jW© †ew›U¼|
 Dcgnv‡`‡k weaev weevn AvBb (1856),cÖ_g †ij, WvK, I †UwjMÖvd Ges ¯^Z¡ we‡jvc bxwZ
(bvMcyi `Lj) Pvjy K‡ib jW© Wvj‡n․wm|
 Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖ_g weªwUk Mfb©i jW© K¬vBf |
 Awef³ evsjvi †kl weªwUk Mfb©i--m¨vi †d«WwiK Rb ev‡ivR |
 Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖ_g fvBmiq ev eojvUev ivR cÖwZwbwa--jW© K¨vwbs
 Dcgnv‡`‡ki †kl weªwUk fvBmiq ev eojvU ev ivR cÖwZwbwa jW© gvD›Ue¨v‡Ub|
 cÖ_g wR¼ mg„× av‡bi bvg-weª-62, Avwe®‥vi K‡ib AvjgMxi †nv‡mb|
 hy³iv‡óªi B‡›Uj K‡c©v‡ikb W. †UW nd cÖ_g gvB‡µv cÖ‡mmi •Zwi K‡ib 1971 mv‡j |
93
 cÖ_g gvB‡µv Kw¤cDUvi Avwe®‥vi K‡ib GBP GWIqvW© ievU© 1975 mv‡j |
 UªvwÄ÷vi wfwËK cÖ_g Kw¤cDUvi TX-O (Transistor Experimental Computer)|
 UªvwÄ÷vi wfwËK cÖ_g wgwb Kw¤cDUvi PDP-8|
 AvBwm wPc w`‡q •Zwi cÖ_g wWwRUvj Kw¤cDUvi IBM-System 360.
 AvBwm ev Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U wfwËK cÖ_g Kw¤cDUvi B2500 &B3500 .
 we‡k¦i cÖ_g I GKgvÎ Kw¤cDUvi Rv`yNi hy³iv‡óªi AvUjv›Uvq |
 Gcmg †Kv¤cvwb cÖ_g j¨vcUc Kw¤cDUvi cÖeZ©b K‡i 1981 mv‡j (17 Zg wewmGm)|
 cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤cDUv‡i evqyïb¨ fvj¡ eëüZ nZ |
 cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤cDUvi ¸‡jv nj ENAIC, EDSAC, UNIVAC-1, MARK-1.
 evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g Kw¤cDUvi ¯’vwcZ nq 1964 mv‡j cigvYy kw³ †K‡›`ª |
 evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g ¯’vwcZ Kw¤cDUvi IBM-1620 Mainfraim Computer|
 evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g Kw¤cDUvi welqK gvwmK cwÎKv Kw¤cDUvi RMZ |
 mvP© BwÄ‡bi RbK †K Gjvb GgUvR |
 B›Uvi‡b‡Ui RbK - wf›Ub‡MÖ Kvd©|
 B †gB‡ji RbK h©vqgÛ m¨vgy‡qj Ugwjbmb|
 gvB‡µvmd‡Ui RbK - wej‡MUm|
 WWW-Gi RbK - wUg evb©vmwj|
 †gvevBj †dv‡bi RbK -gvwU©b Kzcvi|
 ¸M‡ji RbK - mv‡R©B web|
 †dmey‡Ki RbK - gvK©RyKvievM©|
 UzBUv‡ii RbK - R¨vK‡Wvi‡mB|
 Bey‡Ki RbK - gvB‡Kj GmnvU©|
 wmwW Gi RbK - †bvwi I I‡Mv|
 wWwRUvj K¨v‡givi RbK - w÷‡fb‡R wm‡mvb|
 ATM-Gi RbK - Rb †kdvW©e¨vib
 DBwKwcwWqvi cÖwZôvZv - wRwg I‡qjm
 evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g Kw¤cDUvi I cÖhyw³ wefvM Pvjy nq evsjv‡`k cÖ‡K․kj wek¦we`¨vj‡q 1984
mv‡j |
 †`‡k cÖ_g B›Uvi‡bU Pvjy 1996 mv‡j |
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g †Rjv ev‡RU cvq Uv½vBj †Rjv |
 evsjv‡`‡k me©cÖ_g Av‡m©wbK aiv c‡o-PvucvBbeveMÄ †Rjvq |
 Av‡m©wbK `~i Kivi m‡bv wdëvi Avwe®‥vi cÖ_g K‡ib-evsjv‡`‡ki Aa¨vcK Avãyj ûmmvg |
 †`kR Dcv`vb eënvi K‡i Av‡m©wbK `~i Kivi c×wZ Avwe®‥vi K‡ib- W. Gg G nvmvb|
94
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g †j․n Lwb Avwe®‥…Z nq w`bvRcy‡ii nvwKgcyi Dc‡Rjvi gywm`cyi MÖv‡g |
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g mvP© BwÄb wcwcwjKv|
 evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g Kw¤cDUvi I cÖhyw³ wefvM Pvjy nq evsjv‡`‡k cÖ‡K․kj wek¦we`¨vj‡q 1984|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g B›Uvi‡bUwfwËK wbDR G‡RwÝ wewW wbDR |
 evsjv‡`k Awjw¤c‡K cÖ_g AskMÖnY K‡i 1984 mv‡j |
 cÖ_g gymwjg †bv‡ej (kvwšÍ‡Z) cyi®‥vi jvf K‡ib wgk‡ii Av‡bvqvi Avj mv`vZ |
 cÖ_g gymwjg bvix wkwib Gev`x †bv‡ej (kvwšÍ‡Z) cyi®‥vi jvf K‡ib |
 mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g gymwjg †bv‡ej jvf K‡ib bvwRe gvndzR (wgki)|
 c`v_© weÁv‡b cÖ_g gymwjg †bv‡ej jvf K‡ib cvwK¯’v‡bi Avãym mvjvg |
 imvq‡b cÖ_g gymwjg †bv‡ej jvfK‡ib wgk‡ii Avn‡g` †RIqvwj |
 A_©bxwZ‡Z cÖ_g gymwjg †bv‡ej jvf K‡ib W. gyn¤§` BDbym |
 evsjv‡`k hy³iv‡óªi jmG‡Äjm Awjw¤c‡K cÖ_g Ask MÖnY K‡i (1980)|
 evsjv‡`k cÖ_g RvwZms‡Ni kvwšÍ i¶v evwnbx‡Z KvR K‡i 1988 mvj|
 AvBwmwm wµ‡KU Uªwd‡Z evsjv‡`k `‡ji cÖ_g AwabvqK wQ‡jb-kwdKzj nK nxiv (26 Zg
wewmGm)
 wek¦Kvc wµ‡KU cÖ_g AwabvqK(1999) wQ‡jb-Avwgbyj Bmjvg eyjeyj |
 cÖ_g evsjv‡`wk wnmv‡e gvwK©b hy³iv‡ói (wbDRvwm©i, †nj‡Wb) cÖ‡`‡ki KvDwÝji wbhy³ nb-
Zvnwmbv Avn‡g`|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g Bwc‡RW PÆMÖvg Bwc‡RW (20 Zg wewmGm)|
 XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cÖ_g DcvPvh© wc. †R. nvU©R (1921)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g bvix DcvPvh© Aa¨vcK Av‡bvqviv †eMg, AZxk `xcsKi wek¦we`¨vjq |
 HwZnvwmK 21 `dvi cÖ_g `vwe-evsjv‡K cvwK¯’v‡bi Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv (28Zg, 22Zg
wewmGm)|
 W. BZivZ †nv‡mb Ry‡eix ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cÖ_g DcvPvh© (cÖwZôv 1953-13 Zg
wewmGm)|
 PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cÖ_g DcvPvh© W. G Avi gwjøK (cÖwZôv 18 b‡f¤î, 1966)|
 K…wl wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cÖ_g DcvPvh© wQ‡jb-W. Imgvb Mwb |
 XvKv †c․imfvi cÖ_g cÖkvmK- wg. ¯‥¨vbvi, cÖ_g fviZxq- Avb›` P›`ª |
 Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖ_g miKvwi mv‡f© Bwbw÷wUDU cÖwZwôZ nq Kzwgjøv †Rjvi ivgvjøvq (1914)|
 XvKv kn‡i cÖ_g cvwb †kvabvMvi Pvu`wbNvU Pvjy 1874 mvj(17 Zg wewmGm)|
 kvgmywÏb Bwjqvm kv‡ni Avg‡j mgMÖ evsjv fvlvfvlx AÂj cÖ_g ev½vjvn bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf
K‡i (12 Zg wewmGm)|
 evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g iw½b †Uwjwfkb Pvjy-1981 mv‡j (26 Zg wewmGm)|
95
 kvwšÍi Rb¨ †bv‡ej cÖvß cÖ_g gwnjv-ev_©vfb myUbvi, Aw÷ªqv 1905 (26 Zg wewmGm)
 cÖ_g gymwjg gwblx †bv‡ej cyi®‥vi cvb wgk‡ii †cÖwm‡W›U Av‡bvqvi mv`vZ (27 Zg wewmGm)|
 evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g wPbvgvwUi mÜvb cvIqv †M‡Q-weRqcy‡i (12 Zg wewmGm)|
 msweav‡bi cÖ_g ms‡kvabx hy×vcivax‡ì wePvi Gi AvBb msµvšÍ 15 RyjvB, 1973 (22 Zg
wewmGm)|
 evsjv‡`k msweavb iPbvq mn‡hvwMZvq 1 gvÎ we‡`wk AvBwik-wg÷vi Mv_wi Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g †U÷wUDe †ewei gv nb-wd‡ivRv †eMg(27 Zg wewmGm)|
 cÖ_g kÎygy³ GjvKv h‡kvi |
 cÖ_g wbi¶i gy³ †Rjv gv¸iv |
 I‡cK fz³ GKgvÎ Abvie Gkxq †`k-Bivb (17 Zg wewmGm)(m`m¨-12wU, mì `c¿-Aw÷ªqvi
wf‡qbv|
 cÖvPxb Kv‡j bxwZkªv‡¯¿i wfwË‡Z AvBb iwPZ n‡Zv Pxb I wgk‡i |
 cÖ_g Bs‡iwR Awfavb (wWK‡kbvwi) iPbv K‡ib m¨vgy‡qj Rbmb (28 Zg wewmGm)|
 evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g Pv‡qi Pvl ïiynq wm‡j‡Ui gvjbx Qovq (17 Zg wewmGm)|
 †gvnv¤§` bvwmiDwÏb KZ©…K cÖKvwkZ(1918) ÒmIMvZÓB GKgvÎ cwÎKv hv AvRI wU‡K Av‡Q
(16 Zg wewmGm)|
 evsjv GKv‡Wwgi cÖ_g gnvcwiPvjK- Aa¨vcK gvhnviyj Bmjvg (26 Zg wewmGm)|
 evsjv GKv‡Wwgi cÖ_g cwiPvjK-W. Gbvg~j nK|
 evsjvq AvMZ cÖ_g BD‡ivwcq ewbK- cZ©zwMR (16g wewmGm)|
 Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖ_g Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij-Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm (jW© gvD›U e¨v‡Ub me©‡kl-16 Zg
wewmGm)|
 cÖ_g ivóªcwZ †kL gywReyi ingvb, DcivóªcwZ •mq` bRiyj Bmjvg, cÖavbgš¿x ZvRDÏxb
Avn‡g`, ciivóª I AvBbgš¿x L›`Kvi †gvkZvK, A_© I evwYR¨ gš¿x Gg gÝyi Avjx, cÖavb
†mbvcwZ K‡b©j G wR Imgvbx, wPd Ae÷vd K‡b©j Avãyiie, wegvb evwnbxi cÖavb G †K
L›`Kvi | Dc‡`óv KwgwUi †Pqvig¨vb gvIjvbv fvmvwb, A¯’vwq mwPevjq gywRebMi,
†nW‡KvqvU©vi 8 w_‡qUvi †ivW, KjKvZv (10 GwcÖj, 1971 gywRebMi miKvi)|
 XvKv †_‡K cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ MÖš’ ØxbeÜy wg‡Îi Òbxj`c©bÓ(1860)(16 Zg wewmGm)|
 XvKvq cÖ_g †c․imfv nq- 1864 mvj (16 Zg wewmGm)|
 XvKv †_‡K wmKv›`vi Avey Rvdi KZ©…K cÖKvwkZ cÖ_g cwÎKv ÒmgKvjÓ(1957)(16 Zg
wewmGm)|
 cÖvPxb evsjv fvlvi cÖ_g Kve¨ msKjb ÒPh©vc`Ó Gi msKjK wQ‡jb-W. nicÖmv` kv¯¿x (17 Zg
wewmGm) (1907 G †bcv‡ji i‡qj jvB‡eªwi †_‡K Avwe®‥vi, 1916 KjKvZv e½xqmvwnZ¨
cwil` †_‡K ‘nvRvi eQ‡ii cyivbv †e․× I †`vnv Mvb’ bv‡g cÖKvk)|
96
 KvRx bRiyj Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ Kve¨ MÖš’ ÒAwMœexYvÓ(1922)i cÖ_g Kve¨-ÒcÖjqDjøvmÓ,
2q Kve¨-Òwe‡`ªvnxÓ (10g wewmGm)|
 evsjvq wU Gm Gwjq‡Ui cÖ_g Abyev`K- iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (10g wewmGm)|
 evsjvq cÖ_g †KviAvb Abyev` K‡ib (AvswkK) gvIjvbv Avgxi DwÏb emybxqv|
 evsjvq m¤cyY© †KviAvb kixd cÖ_g Abyev` K‡ib- fvB wMwik P›`ª †mb (10g, 16Zg wewmGm)
| 1881-86 ch©šÍ 6 eQi AK¬všÍ cwikª‡g e½vbyev` K‡ib|
 gvg©vwWDK wcK_vj cÖ_g †KviAvb Bs‡iwR‡Z Abyev` K‡ib |
 Avãyjvø n BDmyd (fviZxq) cÖ_g gymwjg whwb †KviAvb Bs‡iwR‡Z Abyev` K‡ib |
 John Wycliff evB‡ej cÖ_g Bs‡iwR‡Z Abyev` K‡ib |
 P›`ª‡Nvbvq †`‡ki cÖ_g I e„nËg KvMR Kj ¯’vcb 1953 mv‡j|
 cÖ_g gnvRvMwZK ik¥x Avwe®‥vi K‡ib- wf±i †nm (33 Zg wewmGm)|
 weMe¨vs ZZ¡ cÖ_g cÖeZ©b K‡ib- wR j¨‡gUvi (33 Zg wewmGm)|
 wbDUªb cÖ_g Avwe®‥vi K‡ib-P¨vWDBK (22 Zg wewmGm)|
 cÖ_g wek¦hy× ïiy1914 mv‡j(28 RyjvB)|
 †m․i RMZ me©cÖ_g Avwe®‥vi&K‡ib †KvcviwbKvm(1540)
 me© cÖ_g Gfv‡ió Rq K‡ib GWgÛ wnjvix †ZbwRs (1953)|
 me© cÖ_g †Kvb gwnjv Gfv‡ió Rq K‡ib Rbv‡Kv Zv‡eB,1975 mv‡j|
 cÖ_g P›`ª cÖ`w¶Y K‡ib d«©v¼ eig¨vb I A¨vÛvim (1968)|
 U¨v½vwbKv nª` Avwe¯‥vi K‡ib K¨v‡Þb Rb †¯cK (1856)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g Gfv‡i÷ Rwq g~mv Beªvnxg (2010) (32 Zg wewmGm)|
 wbkvZ gRyg`vi cÖ_g evsjv‡`kx bvix wn‡m‡e Gfv‡i÷ Rq K‡ib (2012)|
 cÖ_g wek¦hy× †kl 1918 (11 b‡f¤î)|
 cÖ_g RvZxq cZvKv D‡Ëvjb 2iv gvP©, 1971 XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi eU Zjvq (Av m g
Avãyiie)|
 RvZxq cZvKvi mv‡_ RvZxq msMxZ(10 jvBb) 3iv gvP©, 1971 kvRvnvb wmivR cëb gq`v‡b|
 ga¨cÖv‡P¨ cÖ_g †Zj A¯¿ eënvi Kiv nq 1973 mv‡j (25 Zg wewmGm) |
 cÖ_g we‡`‡k cZvKv D‡Ëvjb 18 GwcÖj, 1971 KjKvZv |
 gvbwPÎ LwPZ RvZxq cZvKvi cÖ_g wWRvBbvi wke bvivqY `vm |
 RvZxq cZvKvi cÖ_g wWRvBbvi Kvgiyj Bmjvg |
 1610 mv‡j XvKv evsjvi cÖ_g ivRavbx nq (10g wewmGm)|
 mv‡K©i cÖ_g kxl© m‡¤§jb 1985 mv‡j (10g wewmGm)|
 ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g cÖavb †mbvcwZ-‡Rbv‡ij AvZvIj Mwb Imgvwb (18 GwcÖj, 1971)
(33 Zg wewmGm)|
97
 †m․i RM‡Zi cÖ_g DcMÖn Pvu` |
 evsjv‡`‡k Mevw` cï‡Z cÖ_g åyb e`j Kiv n¨-1995 (17 Zg wewmGm)
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g wPswo M‡elbv †K›`ª-ev‡MinvU †Rjvq (2011)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ wPwb wk‡íi †Uªwbs Bwbw÷wUDU Ck¦i`x (26 Zg wewmGm)|
 evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g RvnvR wbg©vb KviLvbv Lyjbv wkcBqvW© (14 Zg wewmGm)|
 evsjv‡`k †_‡K †cÖwiZ cÖ_g DcMÖ‡ni cÖ¯ÍvweZ bvg-e½eÜy -1 |
 cÖ_g fvm©vB Pzw³‡Z(1780) Av‡gwiKv I Bsj¨v‡Ûi g‡a¨ Av‡gwiKvi ¯^vaxbZv mb` mv¶i nq|
 RvZxq msMx‡Zi cÖ_g MxwZKvi I myiKvi wek¦Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi |
 Pj Pj Pj...(21 jvBb) iY msMxZ cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ 1928, bZz‡bi Mvb wk‡ivbv‡g, mÜ¨v
Kve¨MÖ‡š’, wkLv cwÎKvq | MxwZKvi I myiKvi KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg |
 cÖ_g gvbwPÎ Avu‡Kb ‡gRi †Rgm †i‡bj |
 cÖvPxb P›`ªØx‡ci bvg-ewikvj (11 Zg wewmGm)|
 ivóªxq g‡bvMÖv‡gi cÖ_g wWRvBbvi G Gb mvnv|
 RvZxq cÖZx‡Ki cÖ_g wWRvBbvi Kvgiyj Bmjvg |
 RvZxq MÖš’vMvi ¸wj¯Ívb, XvKv; RvZxq D`¨vb †mvnivIqvw`© DÏ¨vb, RvZxq Drme evsjv beel©,
 RvZxq wèm 26 gvP©, RvZxq µxov msMx‡Zi iPwqZv †mwjbv †nv‡mb |
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g Ddwk avb Bwi-8 (11Zg wewmGm)|
 Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g †bv‡ej weRqx weÁvbx wm wf igY |
 †mvW© Ae Abvi cÖvß cÖ_g bvix gviwRqv Bmjvg |
 cÖ_g RvZxq msm` wbe©vPb 1973, 7 gvP© |
 Avie †`k ¸‡jv cvðvZ¨ †`k ¸‡jvi Dci cÖ_g †Zj Ae‡iva Av‡ivc K‡i-1973 mv‡j(17
Zg wewmGm)|
 evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g MY‡fvU 1977 mv‡j |
 cÖ_g Dc‡Rjv wbe©vPb 1985 |
 cÖ_g evwbR¨ RvnvR evsjvi `~Z |
 cÖ_g DcMÖn ¯cyUwbK-1, cÖ_g gnvï‡b¨ cÖvYx jvBKv bvgK KzKzi ¯cyUwbK-2, cÖ_g b‡fvPvix
BDwi M¨vMvixb (ivwkqv)(24 Zg wewmGm), cÖ_g b‡fvïb¨ Pvwibx ‡f‡jwšÍbv †Z‡i‡¯‥vfv-1963
 cÖ_g Avwe®‥…Z †Zj †¶Î nwicyi, wm‡jU |
 cÖ_g Kqjv PvwjZ we`ÿr †K›`ª eocyKzwiqv, w`bvRcyi |
 Pv ißvwb‡Z †Kwbqv wek¦ cÖ_g |
 cÖ_g †emiKvwi we`ÿr †K›`ª evR©gvD›U, Lyjbv| (‡emiKvwi e„nËg †gNbv NvU 450 †gMvIqvU)|
 †`‡ki cÖ_g Rv`yNi- e‡i›`ª Rv`yNi (24 Zg wewmGm)|
 †`‡k cÖ_g †µv‡gv‡Rvg M‡elbv †K›`ª-XvKv wek¦ we`¨vj‡qi Dw™¢` weÁvb wefv‡M |
98
 †`‡ki cÖ_g Jla cvK© gwÝM‡Äi MRvwiqv Dc‡Rjvi evDwmqv (29Zg wewmGm)|
 †`‡k cÖ_g B›Uvi‡bU mvwf©m cÖ`vbKvwi cÖwZôvb Information service network.
 †RvU wbi‡c¶ Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖ_g m‡¤§jb hyM¯¬vwfqvi †ej‡MÖ‡W-1961 (17 Zg, 25 Zg
wewmGm)|
 hy³iv‡Rï cÖ_g gwnjv cÖavbgš¿x gvM©v‡iU _¨vPvi(1979-1990) †j․ngvbex bv‡g cwiwPZ (25
Zg wewmGm)|
 †`‡k cÖ_g ‡iwWK¨vk KvW© Pvjy K‡i RbZv e¨vsK
 †c‡Uªvj BwÄb Avwe®‥vi K‡ib wb‡Kvjvm A‡Uv
 we‡k¦ cÖvPxb Zg †i‡¯Íviv Kvmv †evwWj Pvjy K‡i wQ‡jv †¯c‡bi gvw`ª` kni (1725)(17 Zg
wewmGm)|
 Kw¤cDUvi Avwe®‥vi K‡ib-nvIqvW© AvB‡Kb (20 Zg wewmGm)|
 RvZxq `~‡h©vM eë¯’vcbvi cÖavY-cÖavYgš¿x |
 cÖ_g iYZix weGbGm-cÙv | cÖ_g †b․ eni e½eÜy |
 †`‡ki cÖ_g Wi-Fi kni-wm‡jU|
 †`‡ki cÖ_g ev‡qvM¨vm Pzwjø wbg©vY n‡Z hv‡”Q-- PÆMÖv‡g
 me©vaywbK K¨vÝvi kbv³KiY hš¿ Avwe®‥vi K‡ib-- evsjv‡`wk weÁvbx W.Rwniyj Avjg wmwÏKx
 h©ve Gi cÖ_g bvg wQj h©vU |
 BD‡iv‡c bvixiv cÖ_g †fvUvwaKvi cvq wdbj¨v‡Û |
 we‡k¦i cÖ_g Kw¤cDUvi ENIAC.
 evwbwR¨K wfwË‡Z we‡k¦i cÖ_g Kw¤cDUvi UNIVAC.
 c„w_exi cÖ_g K…wÎg DcMÖn-‡Uj÷vi-1 gnvï‡b¨ D‡¶wcZ nq 1961|
 c„w_exi cÖ_g evwbwR¨K K…wÎg DcMÖn ‘Avwj evW© nj’ gnvï‡b¨ D‡¶wcZ nq 1965 mv‡j(29
Zg wewmGm)|
 BDwiM¨vMvwib-cÖ_g b‡fvPvix|
 †f‡jwšÍbv †Z‡i‡¯‥vfv-cÖ_g gwnjv b‡fvPvix |
 †Wwbm wU‡Uv cÖ_g gnvKvk ch©UK|
 Avby‡kn Avbmvwi-cÖ_g gwnjv ch©UK|
 bxj Avg©÷ªs cÖ_g P›`ªc„‡ô AeZiYKvwi|
 fvBwKs-cÖ_g g½‡j †cÖwiZ b‡fvhvb|
 we‡k¦i cÖ_g Kj¨vYivóª myB‡W‡bi ÷K‡nvg‡K Ò‡fwbm Ae `¨v b_©Ó ejv nq |
 fvi‡Zi cÖ_g fvBmiq wbhy³ nb jW© K¨vwbs 1985| B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤cvwbi kvm‡bi Aemv‡bi
ci †Kv¤cvwbi kvm‡bi Aemv‡bi ci e„wUk ivRwUk ivRcÖwZwbwa‡K †Rbv‡ij fvBmiq AwfwnZ
Kiv nq |
99
 `w¶Y Av‡gwiKvq cÖ_g Dcwb‡ek ¯’vcb K‡i †¯cb |
 cvwK¯’v‡bi cÖ_g Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij †gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn, Gi ci LvRv bvwRg DwÏb |
 c~e© cvwK¯’v‡bi cÖ_g gyL¨gš¿x-LvRv bvwRgywÏb, Gi ci byiyj Avwgb |
 ÒZgywÏb gRwjmÓ Gi D‡`¨v‡M 1948 mv‡ji A‡±vei, gv‡m me© cÖ_g ivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil`
MVb Kiv nq |
 1952 mv‡ji 22 †k †deªyqvwi XvKv †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡Ri mvg‡b cÖ_g knx` wgbvi wbg©vb Kiv nq,
DØ‡avb K‡ib kwdD‡ii wcZv |
 RvwZms‡N Gwkqv †_‡K cÖ_g gnvmwPe-wgqvb¥v‡ii D_v›U (gymwjg) | (whwb ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i mgq
gnvmwPe wQ‡jb wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡k Av‡mbwb) |
 me© cÖ_g ev½vwj ivRv kkvs‡Ki ivRavbx KY©myeY© (gywk©`vev`) |
 ZvivB‡bi cÖ_g hy× (1191-Nyix civwRZ) I 2q hy× (1192- c„_¡xivR civwRZ) c„_¡xivR †P․nvb
I gynv¤§` Nyixi g‡a¨ |
 me©cÖ_g †f‡bRy‡qjv OPEC cÖwZôvi Rb¨ D‡`¨vM MÖnb K‡i (13 Zg wewmGm)|
 evsjvq cÖ_g myjZvwb hy‡Mi m~Pbv K‡ib dLiywÏb gyeviK kvn& (1338) hv cÖvq `yk eQi ¯’vqx
wQ‡jv|
 evsjvq gymwjg Avwa‡ßï m~Pbv K‡ib eLwZqvi LjwR (1204)|
 cÖ_g evsjvi AwacwZ gymwjg myjZvb-Bwjqvm kvn& |
 cj n¨vwim cÖ_gRotaryInternational cÖwZôv K‡ib |
 cvwbc‡_i cÖ_g hy× nq 1526, evei I Beªvwng †jvwì mv‡_, Gi gva¨‡g w`wjøi mvjZvbv‡Zi
cZb I gyNj mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôv jvf K‡i | w`wjøi mvjZvbv‡Zi †gqv` (1206 - 1526) cÖvq 300
eQi |
 gvbevwaKv‡ii cÖ_gmb`--g¨vMbvKvU©v |
 CERN-Gi eZ©gvb I cÖ_g bvix gnvcwiPvjK dvweIjv RvwbIwË (BZvwj)|
 BD‡ivwcq BDwbq‡bi eZ©gvb †cÖwm‡W›U-R¨v K¬` R¨vsKvi |
 wf‡qZbv‡gi ivóªcÖavb evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g mdi K‡ib-2004 mvj (25 Zg wewmGm)|
 †nvqvBU nvD‡m cÖ_g emevm K‡ib-Rb GWvgm |
 cÖ_g wek¦ hy‡×i mgq gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U wQ‡jb D‡Wªv DBjmb |
 XvKvq cÖ_g PvP© Av‡g©wbqvb PvP© |
 evsjv‡`‡ki Afÿ`q wb‡q d«v‡Ý 1Rb †jLK evb©vW© †nbwi †jwf Les Indes Rouges eBwU
†j‡Lb |
 biI‡qi wUªMf¨vwj RvwZms‡Ni cÖ_g gnvmwPe |
 AvMvwg- AvšÍR©vwZK cyi¯‥vi cÖvß cÖ_g evsjv‡`wk PjwPÎ
 RvKvwiqv wc›Uz- evsjv‡`‡k RvZxq `‡ji wµ‡K‡Ui cÖ_g AwabvqK
100
1 wb‡q hZ K_v
 1 Rvbyqvwi, 1999 BD‡ivwcqvb BDwbqb GKK gy`ªv Pvjy K‡i (20 Zg wewmGm)|
 1jv Rvbyqvwi, 1995 evsjv‡`k WTO Gi m`m¨ nq | GATT cwiewZ©Z n‡q WTO nq |
 1jv Rvbyqvwi, 2002 evsjv‡`‡k cwjw_b e¨vM wbwl× Kiv nq |
 1jv Rvbyqvwi, 2014 jvUwfqv BD‡iv gy`ªv Pvjy K‡i 18Zg †`k wn‡m‡e|
 1jv Rvbyqvwi c„w_ex m~‡h©i wbKUZg ¯’v‡b Ae¯’vb K‡i |
 1jv •ekvL eB Dcnvi wèm |
 1jv †deªyqvwi, 1762 mv‡j e½xq AvBb mfv 12 Rb m`m¨ (weªwUk) wb‡q Kvh©µg ïiy|
 1jv †deªyqvwi RvZxq KweZv Drme |
 1jv RyjvB XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq wèm, G w`b 1912 mv‡ji bv_vb Kwgk‡bi mycvwik µ‡g 1921
mv‡j XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ nq|
 1jv RyjvB, 1991 †`‡k g~j¨ms‡hvRb Ki Pvjy Kiv nq(25 Zg wewmGm)|
 1jv AvM÷, 1971 KÝvU© di evsjv‡`k iwe ksKi I RR© n¨vwimb KZ©…K hy³iv‡óª|
 1jv AvM÷ wek¦ gvZ…`y» wèm |
 1jv †m‡Þ¤î, 1978 evsjv‡`k RvwZqZvev`x `j(weGbwc) cÖwZôv K‡ib Gmgq G wKD Gg
eìy‡ÏvRv †P․ayix cÖ_g gnvmwPe wQ‡jb,
 1jv †m‡Þ¤î, 2007 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k ¯^vaxb wePvi wefvM Kiv nq|
 1jv ANªvqnY RvZxq K…wl wèm |
 1jv †m‡Þ¤î, 2008 RvZxq gvbevwaKvi AvBb|
 1 jv A‡±vei cÖwZ eQi hy³iv‡óªi ev‡RU †NvlYv nq |
 1jv A‡±vei, 1949 mv‡j gvI‡mZzs wZ‡qbAvb‡gb ¯‥qv‡i mgvRZš¿ †NvlYv K‡ib |
 1jv b‡f¤î, 2007 evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii wbe©vnx wefvM †_‡K wePvi wefvM c„_K I ¯^vaxb Kiv
nq (29Zg wewmGm)|
 1jv b‡f¤î gyw³‡hv×v wèm |
 1jv wW‡m¤î, 1980 cÖ_g iw½b †Uwjwfkb Pvjy Kiv nq |
 1jv wW‡m¤î gyw³‡hv×v wèm, RvZxq hye wèm, I wek¦ GBWm wèm |
 1 †_‡K 99 ch©šÍ msL¨vi †hvMdj-4950|
 gyw³hy‡×i 1bs †m±i PÆMÖvg | †m±i KgvÛvi †gRi wRqvDi ingvb I †gRi iwdK |
 ¯îe‡Y©i Aa©gvÎvi e‡Y©i msL¨v 1 wU |
 evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ fviZ I gvqvbgvi Df‡qi mxgvbv i‡q‡Q- 1wU †Rjv iv½vgvwU |
 G-8 fz³ GKgvÎ Gwkq‡`k Rvcvb |
 cÂMo RvZxq msm‡ì 1bs Avmb |
101
 evsjv‡`‡k GKgvÎ grm M‡elYv Bwbw÷UxDU gqgbwmsn (26 Zg wewmGm)|
 †`‡ki 1 gvÎ †cv÷vj GKv‡Wwg ivRkvnx |
 †`‡ki GKgvÎ cÖkvmwbK Avcxj UªvBeybvj XvKvq |
 evsjv‡`‡k GKgvÎ cvnvwo Øxc g‡nkLvjx (26 Zg wewmGm)|
 †UKbv‡d Aew¯’Z evsjv‡`k-gvqvbgvi 56 wKwg wmgvšÍ wb‡`©kKvwi GKgvÎ b`x bvd (29 Zg
wewmGm)|
 `w¶Y Av‡gwiKvi GKgvÎ KgbI‡qj_ ivóª Mvqvbv |
 GKgvÎ gvwK©b cÖwm‡W›U c`Z¨vM K‡i wQj-wiPvW© wb·b, IqvUvi †MU †K‡jsKvwii Rb¨ |
 1 gvÎ gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U cywjrhvi cyi¯‥vi †c‡qwQ‡jv- Rb Gd †K‡bwW |
 `w¶Y Av‡gwiKvi GK gvÎ OIC m`m¨ ivóª mywibvg |
 Jla bxwZi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨-AcÖ‡qvRbxq I ¶wZKi Jla cÖ¯‘Z eÜ (11 Zg wewmGm)|
 gvwK©b wPwKrmK †Rvbvm mvé †cvwjI wUKv Avwe®‥vi K‡ib (1952), g„Zÿ-1995(17 Zg
wewmGm)|
 Gwkqvi GKgvÎ wn›`y ivóª ‡bcvj (34 Zg wewmGm) |
 GKgvÎ DcRvZxq exi weµg BD †K wPs |
 †`‡ki 10 fvM GjvKvi 1 fvM cvnvwo GjvKv |
 wbi¶ †iLvi 00-50 (ïb¨ †_‡K cvuP) `ªvwNgv †iLv ch©šÍ Nywb©So nq bv |
 msweav‡bi cÖ_g Aby‡”Q` evsjv‡`k iv‡óªi bvg |
 c„w_exi ¯’j fv‡Mi 3 fv‡Mi 1 fvM Gwkqv gnv‡`‡k |
 †`‡k BDbvwb I Avqy‡e©w`K †gwW‡Kj (wWwMÖ) K‡jR 1 wU |
 evsjv‡`‡k †nvwgIc¨vw_K †gwW‡Kj K‡jR 1 wU |
 RvwZms‡N wb‡qvwRZ evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g gvÎ ¯’vqx cÖwZwbwa- W. Gg Avãyj †gv‡gb |
 evsjv‡`k †_‡K fvi‡Z cÖ‡ekKvwi b`x 1 wU (KzwjL)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki 1wU gvÎ RxešÍ Rxevk¥ ivR KvuKov (17 Zg wewmGm)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ A¯¿ wbg©vY KviLvbv, MvRxcyi|
 evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ †emiKvwi KvMR Kj, †mvbvjx †ccvi wgj,bvivqYMÄ|
 evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ gvbwmK e¨vwa nvmcvZvj, cvebv|
 evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ mk¯¿ evwnbx ÷vd K‡jR, wgicyi|
 evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ •Zj †kvavbvMvi B÷vY© widvBbvix wjt (PÆMÖvg)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ kvwšÍ wbevm †Ucv‡Lvjv,dwi`cyi|
 evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ NywY©So I `y‡h©v‡Mi c~e©vfvm †K›`ª ,¯cvi‡mv (AvMviMvuI)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ †iqb wkí cÖwZôvb KY©dzjx †iqb wgj,iv½vgvwU|
 evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ KqjvwfwËK Zvcwe`ÿr Drcv`b †K›`ª eo cyKzwiqv, w`bvRcyi|
102
 evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ cÖevj Øxc-‡m›UgvwU©b (24 Zg wewmGm)|
 A¨v‡Kvqv †iwRqv-1 AbcvZ bvBwUªK GwmW I 3 AbycvZ nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK Gwm‡Wi wgkªY (17 Zg
wewmGm)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi 1 PZz_©vsk kn‡i emevm K‡i |
 msweavb iPbv KwgwUi GKgvÎ gwnjv m`m¨t ivwRqv evby |
 †`‡ki miKvwi gvbwmK nvumcvZvj 1wU-cvebv †ngv‡qZ cyi (cvebv)|
 wbivcËv cwil‡ì mfvcwZi Avqy®‥vj 1 eQi |
 1 wK‡jvIqvU=3600 wK‡jvRyj|
 1 KzB›Uvj=100 wK‡jvMÖvg (14 Zg wewmGm)|
 1 KmwgK Bqvi=Qvqvc‡_i wbR A‡¶ GKevi AveZ©Y |
 1 wgUvi=37.39 BwÂ (25 Zg wewmGm)|
 1 Ak¦ kw³ =746 IqvU |
 1 eM©BwÂ=6.45 eM©‡mw›UwgUvi (15 Zg wewmGm)|
 1 bwUK¨vj gvBj = 1.852 wKwg
 Pvu‡ì Av‡jv c„w_ex‡Z Avm‡Z mgq †bq 1.3 †m‡KÛ(cÖvq)
 1 Megabyte is equal to =220 bytes.
 1 MB = 1024 KB.
 1 byte =8 bits.
 1 kilobyte =1024 bits.
 1 Nautical Mile=1.85200 Kilometers
 1 Mile=1.6093 Kilometers
 1 Kilo bytes=1000 x 8 byte.
 In computer Application Function key F1 is the HELP button.
 1 Megabyte is equal to 1024 x 1024 .
 Size of a Floppy Disk is 1.44 Megabyte.
 The Speed of Data transmission in the Broad Band is 1 Megabyte per
second.
 cvwbi 1 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎv e„w×i Rb¨ 1 K¨vjwi kw³ cÖ‡qvRb (28Zg wewmGm)|
 Kv‡e©vnvB‡WªU Gi AbycvZ C:H:O=1:2:1
 †Kvb kã †kvbvi ci 0.1 †m‡KÛ mgq ch©šÍ Avgv‡ì gw¯Í‡®‥ Gi †ik _v‡K (28 Zg
wewmGm)|
 evqygÛ‡j IR‡bi cwigvb 0.0001% |
 10 `ªvwNgvi Rb¨ mg‡qi cv_©K¨ 4(Pvi) wgwbU |
 f‚Z¡‡K cÖwZ 1 wKwg MfxiZvi Rb¨ ZvcgvÎv ev‡o 30 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm |
103
 WHO KZ©…K Av‡m©wb‡Ki wbivc` gvÎv 0.01 wgwjMÖvg, mnbxq gvÎv 0.05 wgwjMÖvg, wKš‘
Av‡m©wbK `~lb 0.01 wcwcGg Gi †ewk n‡j|
 mgy‡`ªi cvwbi D”PZv 1 wgUvi evo‡j †`‡ki 15% f‚wg cvwb‡Z Zwj‡q hv‡e |
 †`‡k DcRvwZi msL¨v †gvU RbM‡Yi 1.10 fvM |
 25‡k gvP© iv‡Zi †kl cÖn‡i †kL gywReyi ingvb KZ©…K cÖ`Ë fvlb me© cÖ_g AvIqvgxjx‡Mi
mvaviY m¤cv`K ÒAvãyj nvbœvbÓ c‡ii w`b 26 †k gvP© `ycy‡i PÆMÖv‡gi ¯^vaxb evsjv †eZvi
†K›`ª †_‡K cÖPvi K‡ib | GKB †K›`ª †_‡K †gRi wRqvDi ingvb †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi c‡¶
¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv cvV K‡ib |
 hy³iv‡óªi (2001) BivK bxwZi Kvi‡b GKgvÎ c`Z¨vM Kvix gvwK©b K‚UbxwZK Rb †eªwW
wKmwjs |
2 wb‡q hZ K_v
 2iv †deªyqvwi RbmsL¨v wèm |
 2iv gvP©, 1971 XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi eU Zjvq Av m g Avãyiie cÖ_g RvZxq cZvKv D‡Ëvjb
K‡ib (12Zg wewmGm) | 2iv gvP© evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cZvKv wèm |
 2iv AvM÷, 1858 weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›U fviZ kvmb AvBb cvk, hv‡Z †Kv¤cvwbi KvQ †_‡K kvmb
eë¯’v ivbxi AšÍM©Z nq|
 msweavb 2q ms‡kvabx(22 †m‡Þ¤î, 1973) Riyix Ae¯’v †NvlYvi weavb I wbeZ©b g~jK AvBb
cvk |
 2iv A‡±vei-c_wkï wèm, AvšÍR©vwZK Awnsm wèm |
 2 wW‡m¤î, 1997 cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg kvwšÍ Pzw³ nq (20 Zg wewmGm, 19 Zg wewmGm)|
 2q wek¦hy× ïiy-1jv †m‡Þ¤î, 1939, †kl-14 AvM÷, 1945 |
 ‘‡b‡gwmm’ bvU‡K byiyj‡gv‡gb Zz‡j a‡ib 2q wek¦hy× (26 Zg wewmGm)|
 e„‡Ëi cwiwa 2πr (‡¶Îdjπr2)|
 evsjv‡`k wePvi wefv‡Mi KvR 2wU msweav‡bi e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb I Acivaxi kvw¯Í weavb Kiv |
 evsjv‡`‡k cÖkvmwbK UªvBeybvj Av‡Q-2 wU|
 cÖvPxb evsjvi ¯^vaxb ivR¨ 2wU | ¯^vaxb e½ ivR¨ I ¯^vaxb †M․o ivR¨ |
 ‘evsjv fvlv’ †K 2q ivR¨fvlv wnmv‡e ¯^xK…wZ †`q fvi‡Zi Kb©vUK (2014)|
 evsjv fvlv †K 2q ivóªfvlvi ¯^xK…wZ †`q- Avwd«Kvi ivóª wmqviv wjIb |
 cvwbc‡_i 2q hy× (5 b‡f¤î, 1556 ) wngy I AvKei †mbvcwZ •eivg Lv‡bi g‡a¨|
 MVb Abyhvqx evsjv fvlvi kã 2 cÖKvi-‡g․wjK I mvwaZ kã |
104
 Pvlvev‡ì myweav‡_© evsjv‡`‡ki FZz‡K 2 fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q-iwe FZz, Lwid FZz |
 gnvb gyw³hy‡× XvKv 2 bs †m±‡i(18 Zg wewmGm), †m±i KgvÛvi †gRi Lv‡j` †gvkviid I
†gRi nvq`vi |
 evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ`vbKvix 2q †`k fzUvb (7 wW‡m¤î 1971)|
 evsjv‡`k GLb ch©šÍ 2 ev RvwZms‡Ni wbivcËv cwil` ev ¯^w¯Í cwil‡ì m`m¨c` jvf K‡i |
 gywRebMi miKvi `yfv‡e Kvh©µg K‡i K. mvgwiK L.‡emvgwiK |
 PÆMÖv‡g wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb 2wU (PÆMÖvg I Kzwgjøv) |
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ AjsKvi 2 cÖKvi-kãvj¼vi I A_©vjsKvi (31 Zg wewmGm)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki mxgv‡iLvi †fZi e½‡cvmvM‡i M¨vm †¶Î Av‡Q-2wU (mv•¸ I KzZzew`qv) |
 B‡jKUª‡bi cÖ_g K¶ c‡_ B‡jKUªb msL¨v 2wU |
 NywY©So wec` ms‡KZ eySv‡Z `yB cZvKv D‡Ëvjb Kiv nq-18 N›Uv c~‡e© |
 evsjv‡`‡ki Gg G gywnZ 2 evi Gfv‡i÷ Pzov Rq K‡ib |
 me©e„nr mvgwiK †RvU b¨v‡Uvi gymwjg m`m¨ †`k 2 wU Zzi¯‥ I Avj‡ewbqv |
 Awfbœ BD‡ivc MV‡bi j‡¶¨ g¨vmwUªPU Pzw³ Aby‡gv`‡bi Rb¨ †WbgvK© 2 ev Mb‡fvU Av‡qvRb
K‡iwQ‡jv (26 Zg wewmGm)|
 mgf‚wg 2 cÖKvi : ¶qRvZ I mÂqRvZ|
 evqyi Av`ª©Zv 2 cÖKvi, 1. cig Av`ªZv 2. Av‡cw¶K Av`ªZv
 In a Computer System there are 2 Parts –Software & Hardware.Computer
uses two digits -0 & 1.
 To Avoid EYESTRAIN one should place the computer monitor about 2-3
feet away.
 2q cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤cDUvi -IBM-1620, IBM-1600.
 Mostly used semi conductor memory is two types- ROM and RAM..
 Backup power of IPS is generally 2 hours.
 wcGm/2 †cvU© Kv‡b±‡i †cvU© Av‡Q 6 wU wcb Av‡Q |
 2q cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤cDUv‡i f¨vKzqvg wUD‡ei cwie‡Z© UªvwÄ÷‡ii eënvi Kiv nZ GQvov
†dviUªvb,‡Kvej cÖf…wZ †cÖvMÖvwgs j¨v•¸‡qR eënvi Kiv nZ |
 fvix cvwbi ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ D2O Deuterium Oxide (33Zg wewmGm)
 evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ fvi‡Zi 2wU †Rjvi mxgvšÍ †bB-ev›ìevb I K·evRvi |
 2 fvm©vB Pzw³‡Z(28 RyjvB 1919) Rvg©vwb‡K LÛ weLÛ I jxM Ae †bkb cÖwZôv Kiv nq |
 esjv‡`k mywcÖg †KvU© 2 fv‡M wef³- nvB‡KvU© I Avwcj wefvM |
 e¨vw³ †kªwYi Ki gy³ Avq 2 j¶ 20 nvRvi UvKv |
 wfUvwgb we-2 Gi Afv‡e gy‡L Nv I •`wbK e„w× evavcÖvß nq |
105
 evsjv‡`‡k †kqvi †Kbv‡ePvi ÷K G·‡PÄ 2wU-XvKv I PÆMÖvg (cÖ¯ÍvweZ 3q wU Lyjbv)|
 msweav‡bi 2 Aby‡”Q` iv‡óªi wmgvbv I 2K ivóª ag© Bmjvg |
 evsjv‡`k msweavb ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb-`yB Z…Zxqvsk msm` m`‡mï †fvU |
 evsjv‡`k msweavb 2wU fvlvq iwPZ-evsjv I Bs‡iwR (‡Kvb welq cwi®‥vi wb‡q f‚j †evSveywSi
AeKvk n‡j evsjvq wjwLZ msweavb †K ï× a‡i wb‡Z n‡e )|
 miKvi‡K cÖavbZ 2 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq | ¶gZv e›U‡bi wfwË‡Z MbZvwš¿K miKvi 2 cÖKvi |
 knivÂ‡ji miKvi KvVv‡gv 2 ¯Íi wewkó |
 SALT-2 Pzw³ wU hy³iv‡óªi wm‡b‡U Aby‡gvw`Z nqwb (27 Zg wewmGm)|
 START-2 gvwK©b hy³ivóª I †mvwf‡qZ ivwkqvi g‡a¨ m¦v¶wiZ †K․kjMZ A¯¿nªvm Pzw³ (27
Zg wewmGm)|
 RvZxq cZvKv Aa©wbwgZ Kiv nqbv-2wU †`‡k (‡m․wÀvie I Bivb) |
 evsjv‡`k miKvi ¯^xK…Z mv‡f© Bwbw÷wUDU-2 wU (Kzwgjøv I ivRkvnx)|
 RvwZms‡Ni wbivcËv cwil‡` evsjv‡`‡ki m`m¨ c` jvf-2 evi(1978 I 1999) |
 evb wK gyb(`t †Kvwiqv) Gwkqv †_‡K wbe©vwPZ RvwZms‡Ni 2q gnvmwPe |
 evsjv‡`‡ki 2wU †`‡ki mv‡_ ewn© mgc©b Pzw³ i‡q‡Q _vBj¨vÛ I fviZ |
 †LZveavix gwnjv gyw³‡hv×v 2 Rb | K¨v‡Þb †mZviv †eMg (4 bs †m±i) I Zvivgb wewe (11
bs †m±i) (exi cÖwZK) (27 Zg wewmGm)|
 iex›`ªbv_ XvKvq G‡mwQ‡jb-2 evi|
 c„w_ex‡K Kiv m~‡h©i †P‡q Pvu‡ì AvKl©Y ¶gZv wØ¸b |
 A‡÷ª‡jwkq ivóª 2 wU A‡÷ªwjqv I wbDwRj¨vÛ |
 Kw¤cDUv‡i‡i †g‡gvwi 2 cÖKvi (RAM-A¯’vqx †g‡gvwi I ROM-¯’vqx †g‡gvwi) |
 A¶vsk wbY©‡qi KqwU c×wZ Av‡Q 2wU,1wU aªyeZviv 2 †m·U¨v›U I m~‡h©i Ae¯’vb †_‡K|
 2wU c×wZ‡Z `ªvwNgv wbY©q Kiv hvq 1 ¯’vbxq mg‡qi cv_©K¨ 2 wMÖwb‡Pi mg‡qi cv_©K¨
 Gwkqvi `yB Z…Zxqvsk †jvK emevm K‡i fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡k |
 KvRx bRiyj Bmjv‡gi we‡`ªvnx KweZvwU cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’ AwMœexbvi(1922)(29Zg wewmGm)
wØZxq Kve¨ (cÖ_g Kve¨-cÖjqDjøvm) |
3 wb‡q hZ K_v
 3 Rvbyqvwi 1952 GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU cÖwZôv jvf K‡i |
 3 Rvbyqvwi 1966 AvMiZjv lohš¿ gvgjv `v‡qi Kiv nq |
 3 Rvbyqvwi 1971 mv‡j AvIqvgxjxM †_‡K 1970 Gi wbe©vP‡b wbe©vwPZ RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK
cwil‡ì m`mïv †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b kc_ MÖnb K‡ib |
 3iv Rvbyqvwi c„w_ex m~‡h©i me‡P‡q Kv‡Q Av‡m|
106
 3iv gvP©, 1971 mv‡j RvZxq msMx‡Zi mv‡_ cÖ_g RvZxq cZvKv D‡Ëvjb K‡ib kvRvnvb cëb
gq`v‡b, e½eÜy †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K RvwZi RbK Dcvwa †`b Av m g Avãyiie|
 3 gvP©, 1978 ev½vjx RvZxqZvev‡ì cwie‡Z© evsjv‡`kx RvZxqZvev` cÖeZ©b|
 3 gvP©, 2014 cÖ_g ev‡ii gZ wek¦ eb¨ cÖvYx wèm cvjb|
 3iv GwcÖj RvZxq PjwPÎ wèm |
 3 Ryb, 1978 evsjv‡`‡k ivóªcwZ wbe©vPb, †cÖwm‡W›U wRqvDi ingv‡bi Rq jvf I ivóªcwZ
wnmv‡e kc_ MÖnY |
 3 RyjvB RvZxq Rb¥ wbeÜb wèm |
 3 A‡±vei, 1990 `yB Rvg©vwb cybivq GK nq (evwj©b Iqvj cZb-1989)|
 3 b‡f¤î, 1975 †Rj nZ¨v wèm | Gw`b L›`Kvi †gvkZvK miKvi XvKv †K›`ªxq KvivMv‡i
†Mvcb wePv‡i RvZxq Pvi †bZv‡K nZ¨v K‡i |
 3 wW‡m¤î, 1955 mv‡j evsjv GKv‡Wwg cÖwZôv jvf K‡i 1954 21 `dvi †cÖw¶‡Z|
 3 wW‡m¤î, 1971 cvwK¯’vb fvi‡Zi wegvb NvwU‡Z AvµgY Pvjv‡j cvK fviZ hy× ïiynq |
 3 wW‡m¤î, 1971 evsjv‡`k cvwK¯’vwb evwnbxi Dci cÖ_g wegvb nvgjv Pvwj‡q evsjv‡`k wegvb
evwnbxi hvÎv ïiyK‡i | G mgq wegvb evwnbxi cÖavb wQ‡jb Gqvi Kgv‡Wvi G †K L›`Kvi |
 cvwbc‡_i 3q hy× 1761 Avng` kvn& Ave`vwj I gvivVv‡ì g‡a¨ (gvivVviv ewM© bv‡g cwiwPZ
wQ‡jv)|
 3 weNv Kwi‡WviwU (178×85 wgUvi= 14875 eM©wgUvi) 1974 mv‡ji gywRe-Bw›ìv mxgvšÍPzw³
I msweav‡bi wØZxq ms‡kvabx †gvZv‡eK jvjgwbinvU †Rjvi cvUMÖvg wmgvšÍ msjMœ fvi‡Z
Aew¯’Z `nMÖvg Av‡½vi‡cvZv wQUgn‡j (35 eM© gvBj ) hvZvqv‡Zi Rb¨ Ly‡j †`qv nq 26 Ryb,
1992 |
 GKwU Av`k© b`xi wZbwU MwZ _v‡K (M½v GKwU Av`k© b`x )|
 †e‡bjv· Gi m`m¨ 3
 mywcÖg RywWwkqvj KvDwÝ‡ji m`m¨ 3 Rb |
 Avcxj wefv‡Mi †e‡Âi msL¨v 3wU |
 evsjv‡`‡ki miKvwi †Uwjwfkb P¨v‡bj 3 wU|
 msweav‡bi 3q ms‡kvabx 28 b‡f¤î, 1974 mv‡j, welq- fviZ evsjv‡`k mxgvbv wba©viY I
wQU gnj
 wZb weNv Kwi‡Wv‡ii wewbg‡q fviZ‡K †eiyevwi wQUgnj cÖ`vb |
 msweav‡bi 3q Aby‡”Q` ivóªfvlv evsjv |
 Iqvb‡W wµ‡K‡U n¨vwUªK Kvwi evsjv‡`‡ki 3q †evjvi iy‡ej †nv‡mb|
 gyw³hy‡×i 3 b¤î †m±i KgvÛvi kwdDjøvn I KvwR byiy¾vgvb |
 evsjv‡`‡ki gwnjv K¨v‡WU K‡jR 3wU-gqgbwmsn, †dbx, RqcyinvU |
107
 wkjv wZb cÖKvit Av‡Mœq wkjv, cvjwjK wkjv, iycvšÍwiZ wkjv |
 e„‡Ëi e¨vm 3 ¸b evov‡j †¶Îdj 9 ¸b e„w× cv‡e (32Zg wewmGm)|
 evqy‡Z ev ïb¨ gva¨‡g Av‡jvi MwZ 3x1010 wKwg/‡m‡KÛ |
 Aqb evqy 3 cÖKvi : Aqb, cwðgv I †giyevqy|
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Q›` 3 cÖKvi-¯îe„Ë(4 gvÎv), gvÎve„Ë (6 gvÎv), A¶i e„Ë(8/10 gvÎv)(30Zg,
17Zg wewmGm)|
 ev‡Kï 3wU ¸Y-AvKv•¶v, Avmw³, †hvM¨Zv (29Zg wewmGm)|
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ PwjZ ixwZi cÖ_g msev` cÎ cÖg_ †P․ayixi-meyRcÎ |
 kãv_© Abymv‡i evsjv fvlvi kã mgwó‡K 3 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq -‡h․wMK, iƒwX, I †hvMiƒwX (17
Zg wewmGm)|
 2014 mv‡j cywjrRvi cyi¯‥vi cÖvß KweZv weRq †kL nvw`ªi ‘3 sectors’|
 f~wgiƒc wZb cÖKvit-ce©Z, gvjf‚wg I mgf‚wg |
 wgk‡ii mgy`ª e›ì 3wU-‡cvU© •mq`, Av‡jKRvw›`ªqv, my‡qR|
 hy³iv‡óªi mgy`ª e›ì 3 wU- wbDBqK©, wkKv‡Mv, mvbd«vwÝm‡Kv |
 BZvwji mgy`ª e›ì wZbwU- †fwbm, †bcm, †R‡bvqv |
 f‚cÖK…wZ Abymv‡i evsjv‡`k‡K 3 fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q-cve©Z¨ AÂj, c- veb mgf‚wg I †mvcvb
AÂj |
 †Rvbv_b n¨vB‡Ui g‡Z •bwZKZv D™¢e N‡U 3 wU welq †_‡K |
 bvMwi‡Ki KZ©e¨ 3 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq |
 divwm BwÄwbqvi Kb‡mvwU©qvg 1989 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki f‚wgK¤c ej‡qi g¨v‡c 3 wU ejq
†`Lvb| cÖjqsKix ej‡q-4wU †Rjvi-PÆMÖvg, wm‡jU, gqgbwmsn, iscyi; wec¾bK ej‡q-6 wU
†Rjvi XvKv, Uv½vBj, e¸ov, w`bvRcyi, Kzwgjøv I iv½vgvwU | wmmwgK ej‡q -54wU †Rjv)
 evsjv‡`‡k FZz 3 wU, evwl©K e„wócvZ 203 †mw›UwgUvi |
 evsjv‡`‡k RvnvR wbg©vb I †givgZ KviLvbv 3wU (Lyjbv wkc BqvW©, PÆMÖvg WK BqvW©,
bvivqbMÄ WK BqvW©)|
 evsjv GKv‡Wwg †_‡K cÖKvwkZ •ÎgvwmK cwÎKv ÒDËivwaKviÓ(14 Zg wewmGm)|
 †m›UgvwU©b Øx‡ci `¶x‡Y Aew¯’Z †Qov Øx‡ci AvqZb-3 e.wKwg |
 dmj †Zvjvi myweav‡_© evsjv‡`‡ki FZz 3 wU-fv‡`vB, •ngwšÍK, iwe |
 `~‡h©vM eë¯’vcbvi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ 3 wU |
 †h †Kvb bvkKZvi cwiKíbvq _vK‡e m‡e©v”P 3 Rb | Gi †ewk n‡j bvkKZvi cwiKíbvKvwi
wnmv‡e Mb¨ n‡e bv |
 †bv‡ej cyi®‥vi weRqx ev½vjx 3 Rb-iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi-1913, AgZ© †mb-1998, W. gyn¤§`
BDbym-2006 |
108
 MÖvgvÂ‡j ¯’vbxq miKvi KvVv‡gv 3 ¯Íi wewkó |
 evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi wbqwš¿Z gmwR` 3 wU |
 evsjv‡`k fviZ cvwb e›Ub Pzw³(12 wW‡m¤î,-1996) m¤cvw`Z nq 3wU fvlvq-Bs‡iwR, evsjv
I wn›`x fvlvq |
 ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k XvKv ivRavbx nIqvi c~‡e© 3 evi ivRavbx n‡qwQ‡jv (my‡e`vi Bmjvg Lv‡bi
Avg‡j-1610, jW© KvR©‡bi e½f‡½i mgq 1905, ¯^vaxb c~e© cvwK¯’v‡bi 1947) |
 XvKvi †gvnv¤§`cy‡i kv‡q¯Ív Lvb wbwg©Z HwZnvwmK ÒmvZ M¤^yR gmwR`Ó Gi M¤^yR 3 wU |
 ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki ivRavbx nIqvi c~‡e© XvKv evsjvi ivRavbx wQ‡jv 3 evi (1610, 1905,
1947) |
 evsjv‡`‡k AvšÍR©vwZK wegvb e›ì 3 wU |-nhiZ kvn&Rvjvj AvšÍR©vwZK wegvb e›ì
(XvKv),nhiZ kvn& AvgvbZ AvšÍR©vwZK wegvb e›ì (PÆMÖvg), nhiZ Imgvb wegvb e›ì
(wm‡jU)|
 evsjv‡`‡k mgy`ª e›ì 3 wU PÆMÖvg, gsjv I cvqiv |
 gvbeRvwZ‡K 3 wU gnv RvwZ‡Z fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| 1. wb‡MÖv‡qW 2. g‡½vj‡qW 3. BD‡ivc‡qW |
 MVb I wµqvbxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i Kw¤cDUvi 3 cÖKvi GbvjM, wWwRUvj, nvBweªW |
 evsjv‡`‡k mvgwiK kvmb †gvU 3 evi |
 evsjv‡`‡k ¯’vbxq miKvi ¯Íi 3 wU (25Zg wewmGm)|
 †`‡k ivóªcwZ wbe©vPb nq 3 evi |
 evsjv‡`‡k 3wU DcRvZxq cÖwZôvb Av‡Q, ¶z`ª b„‡Mvwô ms¯‥…wZ †K›`ª-iv½vgvwU 1wU, ev›ìevb 1wU,
¶z`ª b„‡Mvwô ms¯‥…wZ GKv‡Wwg-‡bÎ‡Kvbv (wewiwmwi)(31Zg wewmGm)|
 miKvi MwVZ nq 3 wU wefvM wb‡qt AvBb wefvM(msm`), kvmb wefvM(wbe©vnx wefvM) I wePvi
wefvM (mywcÖg †KvU©)|
 †Uwjwfk‡bi †g․wjK is 3wU-jvj, meyR I Avmgvwb bxj |
 IP is a Layer 3 Network Protocol.
 3q cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤cDUvi IBM-360, PDP-8.
 3q cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤cDUv‡i Integrated Circuit (IC), Semi Conductor eënvi Kiv nq |
 In a computer Hardware there are 3 parts-Input, CPU & Output.
 CPU is devided into 3 parts- Arritmetic logic unit, Control Unit, Register
unit .
 Microprocessor is devided into 3 parts- CISC processor, RISC processr,
Special purpose processor.
 wZbwU gyL¨ e‡Y©i mgš^‡q Ab¨vb¨ me eY© m„wó Kiv hvq-jvj, meyR I Avmgvwb (10g wewmGm)|
 cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg welqK gš¿Yvjq 3 wU †Rjv wb‡q |
109
 evsjv‡`‡k †gwW‡Kj wek¦we`¨vjq 3wU-e½eÜy †gwW‡Kj wek¦we`¨vjq, ivRkvnx I PÆMÖvg
†gwW‡Kj wek¦we`¨vjq |
 msweavb 3 evsjv‡K ivóªfvlv wnmv‡e ¯^xK…wZ †`qv n‡q‡Q |
 evsjv‡`k msweavb ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ MY‡fvU cÖ‡qvRb nq-3wU Aby‡”Q‡ì (8, 48 I 56 bs) |
 G ch©šÍ mvK© kxl© m‡¤§jb XvKvq n‡q‡Q 3 evi-1985, 1993, 2005 mv‡j|
 2q wek¦ hy‡× A¶ kw³ 3 wUt Rvg©vwb, BZvwj I Rvcvb |
 f¬vw`wgi cywZb 2012 mv‡j BDbvB‡UW ivwkqvi R‡qi gva¨‡g 3q ev‡ii gZ cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vwPZ
nb |
 Aw÷ªqvi wf‡qbv‡Z 2 RvwZms‡Ni UNIDO AvšÍR©vwZK m‡¤§jb (4 b‡f¤î 2014)|
 evsjv‡`k gvqvbgvi Awfbœ b`x ev wgqvbgvi †_‡K †`‡k cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q 3wU b`x-mv•¸, gvZvgynwi
I bvd|
 `w¶Y Avwd«Kvi wZbwU ivRavbx-wcÖ‡Uvwiqv, †KcUvDb I e- gdb‡Ub|
 m¤cÖwZ DËi †Kvwiqvi Drw¶ß Dbnv-3 i‡KU wb‡q wek¦e¨vcx D‡ËRbv m„wó nq
 †Mv‡ìb Uªvqvs‡Mj cwc Drcv`b Kvwi 3wU †`k (13Zg wewmGm)-gvqvbgvi(ivRavbx-bvBwc‡`v,
gy`ªv-wKqvZ, AvBbmfv-A¨v‡m¤^jx Ae `¨v BDwbqb), jvIm(wf‡qbwZ‡qb ivRavbx, jvIwKc gy`ªv,
b¨vkbvj A¨v‡m¤^jx AvBbmfv) I _vBj¨vÛ (ivRavbx-e¨vsKK, gy`ªv-ev_, AvBbmfv-cvj©v‡g›U) |
 †Mv‡ìb wµ‡m›U 3wU †`k-Bivb-(ivRavbx †Znivb-gy`ªv-wiqvj-AvBbmfv-gRwjm B ïiv),
cvwK¯’vb (ivRavbx-Bmjvgvev`, gy`ªv-iywc, AvBbmfv-gRjxk B ïiv)I AvdMvwb¯’vb (ivRavbx-
Kveyj, gy`ªv-AvdNvbx,AvBbmfv-jqv wRiKv)|
 †Mv‡ìb I‡qR 3wU †`k–(evsjv‡`k; fviZ-ivRavbx-bqv`xwjø, gy`ªv-iywc, AvBb mfv-
cvj©v‡g›U(D”PK¶-ivR¨mfv, wb¤œK¶-‡jvKmfv) I †bcvj ivRavbx-KvVgÛz, gy`ªv-iywc, AvBb
mfv-Kbw÷Uz‡q›U Av‡m¤^wj) |
 B‡›`vPx‡b 3 wU ivóª-K‡¤^vwWqv(bg‡cb ivRavbx, wi‡qj gy`ªv), jvIm (wf‡qbwZ‡qb ivRavbx,
wKc gy`ªv) I wf‡qZbvg (n¨vbq ivRavbx, Ws gy`ªv) |
 NAFTA Pzw³i m`m¨ 3wU-(KvbvWv ivRavbx A‡Uvqv, g~`ªv-KvbvwWq Wjvi, AvBb mfv
cvj©v‡g›U; †gw·‡Kv-ivRavbx-‡gw·‡Kv wmwU, g~`ªv-wbE †c‡mv, AvBb mfv-Ks‡MÖm; hy³ivóª-
ivRavbx-IqvwksUb wWwm, g~`ªv-gvwK©b Wjvi I AvBbmfv-Ks‡MÖm) |
 evwëK ivóª 3 wU-G‡¯Ívwbqv (wZwjøb ivRavbx, BD‡iv gy`ªv), jvUwfqv (wiMv ivRavbx, jvUm gy`ªv),
wj_ywbqv (wfjbBqvm ivRavbx, wj_vm gy`ªv) |
 cwj‡bwkqv ivóª 3 wUt mv‡gvqv(Avwcqv ivRavbx, gy`ªv -Zvjv) , Uªyf¨vjy(dzbvdzwU ivRavbx, gy`ªv-
Wjvi), †Uv½v (byKzqv‡jvdv ivRavbx, gy`ªv-cv½v) |
 AvšÍR©vwZK Av`vj‡Z mfvcwZi †gqv` 3 eQi (GKRb wePviK wb‡qvM nb 9 eQ‡ii Rb¨,
wePviK 15Rb)|
 we‡k¦i 4 fv‡Mi 3 fvM gvbyl emevm K‡i Gwkqv gnv‡`‡k |
110
4 wb‡q hZ K_v
 4 Rvbyqvwi, 1990 evsjv‡`‡k me©cÖ_g wWwRUvj †Uwj‡dvb eë¯’v Pvjy Kiv nq (26 Zg
wewmGm)|
 4 gvP©, 1972 evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g gy`ªv Pvjy, 1 UvKv I 100 UvKvi †bvU (16 Zg wewmGm)|
 4 GwcÖj, 1949 mv‡j hy³ivóª, KvbvWv I BD‡iv‡ci 26‡`k mn †gvU 28 wU †`k wb‡q NATO
MwVZ nq (16 Zg, 17 Zg wewmGm)|
 4 GwcÖj, 1972 hy³ivóª evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ †`q (16 Zg wewmGm) |
 4Vv RyjvB c„w_ex m~‡h©i me‡P‡q `~‡i _v‡K |
 4 RyjvB hy³iv‡óªi RvZxq wèm |
 4 RyjvB, 1776 hy³ivóª ¯^vaxbZv jvf K‡i |
 4 b‡f¤î msweavb wèm, 1972i GB w`b MYcwil‡` cÖ¯ÍvweZ Lmiv msweavb M„wnZ n‡qwQ‡jv |
 4 wW‡m¤î, 1953 4 wU we‡ivax `‡ji mgš^‡q hy³d«›U MwVZ nq |
 4 wW‡m¤î, 1829 jW© †ew›UK KZ©…K mZx`vn cÖ_v wejyß (ivRv ivg †gvnb iv‡qi mvgvwRK
Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j) |
 4 wgwbU eëavb nq 10 `ªvwNgvi cwieZ©‡bi d‡j |
 GKRb my¯’ e¨w³i †`‡ni ¯^vfvweK ZvcvgvÎv-40 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm(104 wWwMÖ dv‡ib nvBU)|
 ¯œvqy†Kv‡li 1/4 ev GK PZz_©vsk aŸsm n‡q †M‡j gw¯Í‡®‥i ¶gZv ¶q †c‡Z ïiyK‡i (25 Zg
wewmGm)|
 evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi g~jbxwZ 4 wU |
 wgVvcvwbi gvQ Drcv`‡b evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb we‡k¦ 4_© |
 evsjv‡`k msweavb 4 bs Aby‡”Q` RvZxq msMxZ, RvZxq cZvKv I cÖZxK | Aby‡”Q` 4K
e½eÜyi cÖwZK…wZ msi¶Y |
 msweavb 4_© ms‡kvabxt 25 Rvbyqvwi 1975 | ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi, GK`jxq kvmb, AvÁven
gš¿x cwil`, msm`xq e¨ve¯’vi we‡jvc |
 evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cÖZx‡K Zvivi msL¨v 4 wU (29Zg wewmGm)(wWRvBbvi G Gb mvnv)|
 wek¦e¨vs‡Ki `„wó‡Z mykvmb 4wU ¯Í‡¤¢i Dci cÖwZwôZ |
 cvwievwiK Av`vj‡Zi Awa‡¶Î- 4wU-weevn we‡”Q`, `v¤cZ¨ AwaKvi cybiy×vi, †gvnivbv I
fiY- †cvlY, AvwffveKZ¡ I wkï‡ì ZZ¡veavb msµvšÍ gvgjv |
 hy³iv‡óªi 4 Rb †cÖwm‡W›U AvZZvqxi ¸wj‡Z wbnZ n‡q‡Qbt Aveªvnvg wjsKb, †Rgm G
M¨viwdì, DBwjqvg g¨vKwKb‡j,Rb Gd †K‡bwW|
 i‡³i MÖyc-4wU (G, we, Gwe I I )|
 mylg Lv‡`¨ kK©iv, Avwgl I Pwe©i AbycvZ-4:1:1
 gvby‡li ü`wc‡Û 4 wU cÖ‡Kvô _v‡K (27 Zg wewmGm)|
111
 evsjv fvlvq Zrmg I LvwU evsjv DcmM© DfqwU‡Z DcmM© Av‡Q 4wU |
 avb Drcv`‡b evsjv‡`k wek¦ 4_© |
 iv‡óªi Dcv`vb 4 wU (Rbmgwó, wbw`©ó f‚LÛ, miKvi I mve©‡f․gZ¡) |
 evsjv‡`‡k RvZxq e¨vsK 4wU |
 me‡P‡q †ewk evi 4 †gqv‡` 12 eQi hy³iv‡óªi †cÖwm‡W›U wQ‡jb-d«v¼wjb iyR‡fë (2q
wek¦hy‡×i Kvi‡b) |
 evsjv‡`‡k AvenvIqv †K‡›`ªi msL¨v 4 wU |
 b`x e›`‡ii mZK© ms‡KZ 4wU |
 A‡÷ªwjqvi mgy`ª e›ì- 4wU wmWwb, †gjeb©, weªm‡eb, WviDBb|
 cÖ¯ÍvweZ cÙv †mZzi †j‡bi msL¨v 4 wU |
 Kvj‣ekvLx mvaviYZ nq GwcÖj gv‡m |
 In old English literature period four major literature manuscript were
found: The Junius manuscript, The Exeter Book, The Vercelli Book, The
Beowulf manuscript.
 WWW. HTML, DVD, Ipad are the invention of 4th Generation among
compueter generations|
 4_© cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤cDUvi IBM –PC, IBM-3033, HP-3000|
 Kw¤cDUvi msL¨v c×wZ‡K mvaviYZ 4 fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q ‡Wwm‡gj, evBbvwi, A±vj I
†n·v‡Wwm‡gj |
 BCD Code- Binary Coded Decimal is consist of 4 BIT.
 4_© cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤cDUv‡ii •ewkó¨ †fwijvR© †¯‥j (VLSI-Very Large Scale
Integration)
 Bw›U‡MÖkb wP‡ci e¨vcK eënvi |
 wWwfwW i‡g WvUv avib¶gZv 4.7 †_‡K 17 wMMv evBU |
 Currently the active Internet Protocal Version is 4 or IPV4 which is made
of 32 bits.
 Kw¤cDUvi wm‡÷‡gi 4wU cÖavb KvR nj(IPOS)-Input, Processing, Output, Storage.
 ¯^vaxbZvi †Nvlbv c‡Î bvg D‡jøL Av‡Q 4 R‡bi | (e½eÜy, •mq` bRiyj Bmjvg, Aa¨vcK
BDmyd Avjx, Bqvwnqv Lvb)|
 evsjv ¯îe‡Y© gvÎv bvB 4wU‡Z |
 K¬vDW Kw¤cDwUsGi myweav Av‡Q-4-wR †gvevBj †dv‡b |
 1 wek¦hy‡× A¶ kw³ 4wU (Awóªqv, Rvg©vwb, nv‡½wi I Zzi¯‥) |
 2q wek¦hy‡× wgÎ kw³ 4 wU (hy³ivR¨, hy³ivóª, d«vÝ I ivwkqv ) |
112
 wek¦Kvc dzUej AbywôZ nq 4 eQi cici |
 mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i ¶gZv I Kvh©vewj 4 cÖKvi |
 evsjv‡`k e¨vsK MfY©‡ii †gqv` 4 eQi |
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖkvmwbK e¨ve¯’vi ¯Íi 4wU |
 evsjv‡`‡k Aew¯’Z fvi‡Zi me‡P‡q Kg wQU gnj bxjdvgvix †Rjvq (4wU) |
 †`‡ki †gvU e„wócv‡Zi 5 fv‡Mi 4 fvM nq el©vKv‡j |
 divwm BwÄwbqvi Kb‡mvwU©qvg 1989 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki f‚wgK¤c 3wU ej‡qi cÖjqsKix ej‡q-
4wU †Rjvi-PÆMÖvg, wm‡jU, gqgbwmsn, iscyi |
 c„w_ex m~h©‡K cwiµgY Kv‡j c„w_exi Ae¯’vb 4wU | 21‡k gvP©, 21‡k Ryb, 23‡k †m‡Þ¤î I
22‡k wW‡m¤î |
 fvi‡Z FZz 4 wU |
 bxjdvgvwi †Rjvq fvi‡Zi wQUgnj 4wU |
 cÖwZ eQi wnib c‡q›U K·evRv‡i cvwbi D”PZv evi‡Q 4 †_‡K 6 wgwjwgUvi |
 eZ©gvb gš¿xmfvq bvix gwš¿i msL¨v 4 Rb (2014) |
 XvKv wefv‡M wmwUK‡c©v‡ikb 4wU (2014) |
 lvU M¤^yR gmwR‡` wcjvi msL¨v 4wU |
 evqygÐ‡ji ¯Íi 4 wU-‡UªvcgÐj, ÷¨v‡UvgÐj, †g‡mvgÐj, ZvcgÐj |
 ce©Z 4 cÖKvi |
 c„w_exi evqy cÖevn 4 wUfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq |
 e„wócvZ 4 cÖKvi |
 4 wWwMÖ †mw›U‡MÖW ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi NbZ¡ me‡P‡q †ewk (25 Zg wewmGm)|
 evsjv‡`‡k †b․_vbv-4 wU|
 Avie Bmiv‡qj hy× nq-4 evi(1948, 1956, 1967, 1973)|
 wm‡jU wefv‡M †Rjv 4wU |
 gyw³hy‡× 4 bs †m±i †g․jfxevRvi, †m±i KgvÛvi wm Avi `Ë |
 Av‡gwiKvi cÖgvY mgq 4wU|
 nY© Ae Avwd«Kv †`k 4wU-‡mvgvwjqv, wReywZ, Bw_Iwcqv, BwiwÎqv |
 hy× I mk¯¿msNl© msµvšÍ AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb †R‡bfv Kb‡fbkb 4wU AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³ m¤^wjZ ev
4wU †iWµm Kb‡fbkb bv‡g cwiwPZ hv myBRvij¨v‡Ûi †R‡bfv‡Z 1949 mv‡j ¯ev¶wiZ nq|
evsjv‡`k 132 Zg †`k wn‡m‡e G‡Z ¯ev¶iK‡i |
 †g‡jv‡bwkqvi ivóª 4 wU-cvcyqvwbDwMwb, m‡jvgvbØxc cyÄ, fvbyqvZ I wdwR |
113
 1971 mv‡ji gv‡P© RvZxq cwil‡` †hvM`v‡bi c~‡e© 4 wU cye© kZ©‡`b e½eÜy †kL gywReyi ingvb
(mvgwiK kvmb cÖZ¨vnvi, wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡ì wbKU ¶gZv n¯ÍvšÍi, †mbvevwnbxi MbnZ¨v
Z`šÍ, •mb¨‡ì e¨viv‡K wd‡i hvIqv)|
 e½eÜy †mZzi •`N¨©-4.8 wKwg (20 Zg, 19 Zg wewmGm)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× 4 nvRvi fviZxq †Rvqvb g„Zÿ eiY K‡ib |
 evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgvÂ‡j 4 ¯Íi wewkó ¯’vbxq miKvi KvVv‡gv (kn‡i 2wU) |
 †h Q‡›ì g~j c‡e© gvÎv msL¨v 4 Zv‡K ¯îe„Ë Q›` e‡j (17 Zg wewmGm)|
 eZ©gv‡b evsjv GKv‡Wwgi wefvM 4 wU |
5 wb‡q hZ K_v
 5 Rvbyqvwi 1969 AvMiZjv gvgjvi Avmvgx‡ì gyw³i `vwei mv‡_ mv‡_ 1966i Qq`dv `vwe
m¤^wjZ 11 `dv `vwe †K›`ªxq QvÎ msMÖvg cwil` †ck K‡i |
 5 †deªyqvwi, 1966 jv‡nv‡i Qq`dv `vwe †NvlYv K‡ib e½eÜy †kL gywReyi ingvb |
 5 GwcÖj wek¦cÖwZe›`x wèm |
 †g, 1971 Lyjbvq RvgvqvZ †bZv G †K Gg BDmyd ÒivRvKvi evwnbxÓ MVb K‡i|
 5 Ryb wek¦ cwi‡ek wèm cvjb, ÷K‡nvg m‡¤§j‡b 1968 (30Zg, 26Zg, 11Zg wewmGm) |
 5 †m‡Þ¤î, 1971 exi‡kªô knx` j¨vÝ bv‡qK b~i †gvnv¤§` †kL 8bs †m±‡ii m~wZcyi cÖwZi¶v
Ae¯’v‡bi mvg‡b ÷¨vwÛs †cUª‡ji `vwqZ¡ cvjb Kv‡j ¸iyZi AvnZ n‡q knx` nb | Zvui g„Z
†`n hy×‡¶Î Kvkxcy‡i mgvwnZ Kiv nq | 26 †deªyqvwi, 1936 bovB‡j Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib |
 5 wW‡m¤î, 1969 †mvnivIqvw`©i g„Zÿ wèm Dcj‡¶ e½eÜy Av‡qvwRZ GK Abyôv‡b fvlY `vb
Kv‡j c~e©cvwK¯’v‡bi bvgKiY K‡ib Òevsjv‡`kÓ |
 5 wW‡m¤î, 2013 `w¶Y Avwd«Kvq †bjmb †g‡Ûjvi g„Zÿ |
 †g 1945 mv‡j Rvg©vwb AvÍmgc©b K‡i (10g wewmGm)|
 gwnjv‡ì †Uwb‡m †m‡ibv DBwjqvg 5 evi A‡÷ªwjqvb I‡cb Rq K‡ib |
 evsjv‡`‡k we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK 5 wU |
 evsjv‡`‡k K…wl wek¦ we`¨vjq 5 wU|
 msweavb Aby‡”Q` 5, ivRavbx XvKv |
 †R‡bfv Kb‡fbk‡b AskMÖnbKvix †`k 5wU|
 In MS-Powerpoint application the function key F5 is use to lunch the slide
show.
 Computer programming language is devided into 5 generatios-1st
generation(Machine language), 2nd Generation(Assembly Language), 3rd
Generation(High Level
114
 Language), 4th Generation (Very High Level Language), 5th
Generation(Natural Language).
 To get an Internet Connection minimum 4 Megabyte RAM is necessary.
 gnvb gyw³hy‡× 5 bs †m±i wQj wm‡jU AÂj | †m±i KgvÛvi †gRi gxi kIKZ Avjx |
 ¯^vaxbZvi ci †`‡k GLb ch©šÍ Av`gïgvwi 5 evi, 2011 me©‡kl|
 my›ìeb evsjv‡`‡ki 5 wU †Rjvq-Lyjbv, mvZ¶xiv, ev‡MinvU, cUzqvLvwj, ei¸bv |
 105 †Wwme‡ji D”P kã gvbyl‡K eaxi Ki‡Z cv‡i (12 Zg wewmGm)|
 †m․iRM‡Z evgb MÖn 5wU
 Dr‡mi w`K †_‡K evsjv fvlv‡K 5 fv‡M fvM Kiv nq Zrmg, Aa© Zrmg, Z™¢e, †`wk I we‡`wk
|
 GKwU m¤c~Y© g½j Kv‡e¨ 5 wU Ask _v‡K |
 gvby‡li †g․wjK Pvwn`v 5wU |
 evsjv‡`‡k gyw³hy× Rv`yNi 5 wU |
 cvuP wewei gvRvi †mvbviMvu‡q |
 RvwZms‡Ni wbivcËv cwil‡` †f‡Uv ¶gZv Av‡Q 5 wU ¯’vqx iv‡óªi (hy³ivóª, d«vÝ, weª‡Ub, ivwkqv
I Pxb) |
 MÖvg Av`vj‡Z 5 Rb m`m¨-BDwbqb cwil‡ì †Pqvig¨vb, evw` I weev`x c¶ †_‡K 2 Rb K‡i
4 Rb | (N:B: 15 Rb m`m¨ wb‡q MÖvg miKvi MwVZ nZ, (26 Zg wewmGm) 2008 mv‡j MÖvg
miKvi AvBb evwZj Kiv nq |)
 KvbvWvi cÖgvY mgq 5wU
 evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ fvi‡Zi 5wU iv‡Rï mxgvšÍ Av‡Q –Avmvg (ivRavbx-w`mcyi),
wg‡Rvivg(ivRavbx-AvBRj), wÎcyiv(ivRavbx-AvMiZjv), †gNvjq(ivRavbx-wkjs),
cwðge½(ivRavbx-KjKvZv) |
 gvBµ‡bwkqv ivóª 5wUt gvB‡µv‡bwkqv †dWv‡ikb(ivRavbx-cvwjwKi, gy`ªv-Wjvi, AvBbmfv-
Ks‡MÖm), gvk©vj Øxc cyÄ(ivRavbx-gvRy‡iv, gy`ªv-gvwK©b Wjvi, AvBbmfv-wbwZ‡Rjv),
wKwievwZ(ivRavbx-`w¶Y ZvivIqv, gy`ªv-Wjvi, AvBbmfv-nvDR Ae A¨v‡m¤^wj),
bvDiy(ivRavbx-Bqv‡ib, gy`ªv-A‡÷ªwjqvb Wjvi, AvBbmfv-cvj©v‡g›U), cvjvD(ivRavbx-
‡gwjwKIK, gy`ªv-gvwK©b Wjvi, AvBbmfv-b¨vkbvj Ks‡MÖm) |
 ¯‥¨wÛ‡bwfqvb †`k 5wU-AvBmj¨vÛ(ivRavbx-wiKRvwfK, gy`ªv-‡µvbv), myB‡Wb(ivRavbx-
÷K‡nvg, gy`ªv-‡µvbv), †WbgvK©(ivRavbx-‡Kv‡cb‡n‡Mb, gy`ªv-‡Wwbm †µvb), biI‡q(ivRavbx-
Am‡jv, gy`ªv-‡µvbv), wdbj¨vÛ(ivRavbx-‡njwmswK, gy`ªv-BD‡iv) |
 e‡½vcmvM‡ii Mo MfxiZv 5 wK,wg|
 GLb ch©šÍ 5 Rb evsjv‡`wk Gfv‡i÷ Pzov Rq K‡i‡Qb |
 5g Av`gïgvwi nq 2011 |
115
 cÂfz‡Ri mgwó 6 mg‡KvY (34 Zg wewmGm)|
 †iw±dvBW w¯cÖ‡U cvwbi cwigvY 5 % |
 cÖavb wbe©vPb Kwgkbv‡ii †gqv` -5 eQi (25 Zg wewmGm)|
 †h Q‡›ì g~j c‡e© gvÎv msL¨v 6 Zv‡K gvÎve„Ë Q›` e‡j |
 AvenvIqvi gnvwec` ms‡KZ-5 wU |
6 wb‡q hZ K_v
 6 wLª÷c~ev© ã †_‡K fviZ e‡l© ag© ms¯‥vi Pj‡Z _v‡K |
 6 AvM÷, 1945 wn‡ivwkgv‡Z wjUj eq cvigvbweK †evgv wb‡¶c (10g wewmGm)|
 6 wW‡m¤î •¯îvPvi cZb wèm |
 6 wW‡m¤î 1997 UNESCO my›ìeb‡K Iqvì© †nwi‡UR †Nvlbv K‡i‡Q |
 6 wW‡m¤î, 1971 fvi‡Zi evsjv‡`k †K ¯^xK…wZ |
 gywRebMi A¯’vqx miKv‡ii m`m¨ msL¨v 6 Rb |
 AvB‡bi cÖavb Drm 6wU |
 †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi †`qv nq 6 wU wel‡q |
 gyw³hy‡× 6 bs †m±i eªþcyÎ b`xi ZxiewZ© GjvKv, iscyi | †m±i KgvÛvi †gRi Gg †K evkvi
|
 wMÖbxP gvb mg‡qi †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki mgq †c‡Z 6 NÈv GwM‡q ev †hvM Ki‡Z nq (26 Zg, 15
Zg wewmGm)|
 †Rvqvi fvUvi eëavb 6 NÈv 13 wgwbU (29 Zg wewmGm)|
 DcK‚‡ji wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b cici `ywU †Rvqv‡ii eëavb 6 NÈv (16 Zg wewmGm)|
 6 `dv `vwe ev½vjxi gyw³i mb` |
 wek¦e¨vsK mykvm‡bi 6wU •ewk‡óï K_v e‡j‡Q |
 wÎf‚R 6 cÖKvi |
 evqygÐ‡ji ¯Íi 6wU|
 Nb‡Ki †¶Îdj 6a2.
 DcmvMixq mn‡hvwMZv ms¯’vi m`m¨ 6 wU |
 DËi Avwd«Kvi †`k 6 wUt my`vb( ivRavbx-LvZ©zg, gy`ªv-m~`vwbR cvDÛ, AvBbmfv-b¨vkbvj
†jwMm‡jPvi), `w¶Y my`vb( ivRavbx-Ryev, gy`ªv-`w¶Y my`vwbR cvDÛ, AvBbmfv-b¨vkbvj
†jwMm‡jPvi), wgki(ivRavbx-Kvq‡iv, gy`ªv-wgmixq cvDÛ, AvBbmfv-Rviyj AvIqvg),
Avj‡Rwiqv(ivRavbx-AvjwRqvm©, gy`ªv-w`bvi, AvBbmfv-cvj©v‡g›U), wZDwbwkqv( ivRavbx-
wZDwbm, gy`ªv-w`bvi, AvBbmfv-Kbw÷Uz‡q›U A¨v‡m¤^wj), wjweqv(ivRavbx-wÎcwj, gy`ªv-w`bvi,
AvBbmfv-nvDR Ae wi‡cÖ‡R‡›UwUf) |
116
 eª‡Rb `vm Bswjk P¨v‡bj cvwo †`b 6 evi
 Ph©vc‡` cÖev` evK¨ i‡q‡Q 6 wU|
 m‡b‡Ui ló‡K (6 jvB‡b) Òfv‡eiÓ mgvwß Kiv nq |
 mylg Lv‡`¨ 6wU Dcv`vb (34 Zg wewmGm)|
 wdbj¨v‡Ûi †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui †gqv` 6 eQi |
 RvwZmsN MwVZ nq 6wU A½ AvsMVb wb‡q |
 cÖ¯ÍvweZ cÙv †mZzi •`N¨© 6.15 wKwg (27 Zg wewmGm)|
 e¨vÄb e‡Y© gvÎv bvB 6wU |
 ¯îe‡Y© c~Y© gvÎv 6wU |
 GKRb my¯’ ¯^vfvweK gvby‡li †`‡n nvo Av‡Q 206wU (13 Zg wewmGm)|
 †`‡k cwi‡ek Av`vjZ 6 wU |
 †`‡k cÖ‡K․kj wek¦we`¨vjq 6 wU|
 Mv‡Qi Lv`¨ ZvwjKvq †M․b-6wU gyL¨ Dcv`vb Av‡Q|
 evsjv‡`‡k †K›`ªxq cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv 6 ¯Í‡i web¨¯Í |
 G ch©šÍ evsjv‡`‡k cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv n‡q‡Q 6 wU |
 evsjv‡`k msweav‡b †`‡k Ae¯’vb iZ evsjv‡`wk I we‡`wk bvMwiK Df‡qi †gvwjK AwaKvi
Av‡Q 6 wU |
 msweavb Aby‡”Q` 6 bvMwiKZ¡ |
 evsjv‡`k msweavb Aby‡”Q` 6(2) Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK Mb evsjv‡`wk e‡j cwiwPwZ
jvf Ki‡e (26 Zg wewmGm)
 †M․Zg ey× m‡Zï fxZ iPbv K‡ib- 6wU |
 ewikvj wefv‡M †Rjv -6 wU|
 dvi B÷ ev `~i cÖv‡Pï †`k 6 wUt g‡½vwjqv, DËi †Kvwiqv, `w¶b †Kvwiqv, Rvcvb, Pxb I
ZvBIqvb |
 mgv‡Ri cwieZ©b †K 6wU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q | K. wkKvi I Lv`¨ msMÖn wfwËK mgvR
L.D`¨vb K…wl wfwËK mgvR M. cïcvjb N.K…wl wfwËK O.wkí wfwËK P. wkí ciewZ© mgvR|
 e‡i›`ª f‚wgi D”PZv 6-12 wgUvi |
 gaycyi I fvIqvjM‡oi c~e© I `w¶‡Yi D”PZv 6 wg |
 †h Q‡›ì g~j c‡e© gvÎv msL¨v 6 Zv‡K gvÎve„Ë Q›` e‡j |
7 wb‡q hZ K_v
 7 gvP©, 2000mv‡j 28 Zg m`m¨ wnmv‡e evsjv‡`k CTBT Comprehensive Nuclear
Test Ban Treaty Aby‡gv`b K‡i | mv¶i K‡i 28‡k A‡±vei, 1996 |
117
 7 gvP©, (1971) HwZnvwmK fvlY wèm | G fvl‡b e½eÜy KZ©…K fwel¨Z iv‡óªi bvg
Òevsjv‡`kÓ PzovšÍ n‡q D‡V, (5 wW‡m¤î 1969 evsjv‡`k bvgKiY) |
 7 gvP©, 1973 ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k RbM‡Yi cÖZ¨¶ †fv‡U wbe©vPb AbywôZ |
 7 GwcÖj, 1973 evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g RvZxq msm` Awa‡ekb e‡m |
 7 GwcÖj 1948wek¦ ¯^v¯’¨ wèm 7 GwcÖj world health organization (WHO) cÖwZwôZ
nq
 7‡g 1861 iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii Rb¥
 7 AvMó 1941 iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii g„Zÿ ZvwiL
 7 b‡f¤î iyk wec- e wèm
 BIMSTEC -Gi m`m¨ msL¨v 7wU
 7 GwcÖj wek¦ ¯^v¯’¨ wèm |
 7 RyjvB 2014 fviZ evsjv‡`k mgy`ª mxgv ivq †NvlYv |
 7 b‡f¤î RvZxq wec- e I msnwZ wèm |
 7 wW‡m¤î, 1941 Rvcvb cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡ii c~e© DcKz‡j gvwK©b †b․NvuwU cvj©nviev‡i wegvb
nvgjv Pvjv‡j Av‡gwiKv hy³ivóª mivmwi 2q wek¦hy‡× Rwo‡q c‡o(12 Zg wewmGm) |
 7 wW‡m¤î, 1970 cvwK¯’vb RvZxq cwil` wbe©vPb nq | AvIqvgxjxM G wbe©vP‡b RvZxq
cwil‡ì 169 wU Avm‡bi 167 wU Avmb cvq (17 wW‡m¤î, 1971 cvwK¯’vb cÖv‡`wkK wbe©vPb)|
 7 wW‡m¤î, 1971 fzUvb (2q ivóª) evsjv‡`k †K ¯^xK…wZ †`q |
 7 wW‡m¤î, 1971 cÖ_g kÎygy³ †Rjv h‡kvi |
 cÖ_g wek¦hy‡× wgÎ kw³ †`k 7 wU-hy³ivR¨, hy³ivóª, ivwkqv, d«vÝ, mvwe©qv, BZvwj I †ejwRqvg
|
 ga¨ Av‡gwiKvi †`k 7 wU |
 c„w_exi gyw³‡eM 7 gvBj/‡m‡KÛ |
 GwmW wcGBP-7 Gi Kg|
 ¶vi wcGBP 7 Gi †ewk |
 gvby‡li •`wbK M‡o 7 M¨vjb cvwb cÖ‡qvRb
 †RvwZ®‥ 7 cÖKvi |
 wegm‡U‡Ki m`m¨ 7|
 evsjv ¯îaŸwb‡Z †gvU `xN©¯î 7wU
 †g․wjK ¯îaŸwbœ 7wU |
 "mvZ mvM‡ii gvwS"Kve¨MÖ‡š’i †jLK diiyL Avn‡g`
 "mvZ Zvivi wZwgiæ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i †jLK Rxebvb›``vk
 Avie jx‡Mi cÖwZôvKvwjb m`m¨ ivóª 7wU
118
 Kj‡¤^v cwiKíbv hvÎv ïiyK‡i 7wU †`k wb‡q
 c„w_ex‡Z cÖvq 7 wU PvKv ejq Av‡Q |
 7 wU †`k wb‡q mvK©cÖwZwôZ
 f‚Z¡‡K me‡P‡q †ewk cvIqv hvq A¨vjywgwbqvg 7% |
 wiLUvi †¯‥‡j mvaviYZ 7 gvÎvi f‚wgK¤c gvivZ¥K n‡q _v‡K |
 evsjv‡`‡k wefvM 7wU (iscyi me©‡kl)|
 XvKvi †gvnv¤§` cy‡i kv‡q¯Ív Lvb wbwg©Z HwZnvwmK ÒmvZ M¤^yR gmwR`Ó Gi M¤^yR 3 wU |
 †m‡fb wm÷vi fvi‡Z DËi c~e©vÂ‡j mshy³ 7wU ivR¨ Avmvg, †gNvjq, gwYcyi, wÎcyiv,
wg‡Rvivg, AiyYvPj, bvMvj¨vÛ |
 evsjv‡`k, fviZ I wkªjsKvq wK‡kvi Aciv‡ai eqmmxgv 7-16 eQi |
 cvwK¯’vb, _vBj¨v‡Û wK‡kvi Aciv‡ai eqm mxgv 7-18 eQi | Rvcv‡b 14-20 eQi|
 evsjv‡`k e¨vsK †bvU 7 wU |
 msweavb Aby‡”Q` 7 cÖRvZš¿ |
 gnvb gyw³hy‡× 7 bs †m±i ivRkvnx AÂj, †m±i KgvÛvi †gRi Imgvb I †gRi Gg gÄzi |
 c„w_ex‡Z evqy ejq Pvc 7 wU |
 e¨vÄb e‡Y© Aa©gvÎvi eY© 7 wU |
 evsjv‡`‡k †gvU KvMR Kj 7 wU |
 bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi cvigvYweK msL¨v 7 wU |
 In a TPC/IP Protocol suit there are 7 layers.
 In MS-WORD file the function key F7 is used to spelling check.
 The OSI model has 7 Layers.
 ASCII-American Standard Code for Information Interchange is consist of
7 numeric code that means 27 or 128 figures.
 cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ i¶vq †`‡k cÖ‡qvRbxq ebf‚wg Av‡Q 7 wU †Rjvq (ev‡MinvU, iv½vgvwU,
 mvZ¶xiv, Lyjbv, PÆMÖvg, ev›ìevb, K·evRvi)|
 wgVv cvwbi gvQ ißvwb‡Z evsjv‡`k we‡k¦ 7g |
 OICi Agymwjg m`m¨ ivóªt 7wU DMvÛv, iyqvÛv, K¨v‡giyb, †ewbb, mywibvg, Mvqvbv I †gvRvw¤^K
)|
8 wb‡q hv wKQz
 8 Rvbyqvwi 1972 cvwK¯’vb kvmKe„›` e½eÜy †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K gyw³ †`q |
 8 gvP© AvšÍR©vwZK bvix wèm|
119
 8 GwcÖj, 1971 exi‡kªô knx` jvÝ bv‡qK gywÝ Avãyi iDd iv½vgvwU gnvjQwo †b․c‡_i
Av‡kcv‡k K¨v‡Þb Lv‡jKz¾vgv‡bi evwnbxi Dci cvwK¯’vbx †evU I jÂ †_‡K nvgjv Pvjv‡j
Kvfvwis dvqvi w`qvi mgq †Mvjvi AvNv‡Z g„ZÿeiY K‡ib |
 8 †g, 1943 mv‡j dwi`cy‡ii †evqvjgvix _vbvi mvjvgZcyi MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib |
 8‡g wek¦ †iW µm wèm |
 8 †m‡Þ¤î, 1982 mv‡j cwðge‡½i †gw`bxcyi †Rjvq †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqvw`© Rb¥ MÖnY
K‡ib |
 8 †m‡Þ¤î we‡k¦i mv¶iZv wèm (11Zg wewmGm)|
 8wW‡m¤î, 1985 mv‡j 7 wU †`k wb‡q mvK©cÖwZwôZ | (2007 mv‡j AvdMvwb¯’vb 8g †`k
wnmv‡e mv‡K© †hvM †`q)(20 Zg wewmGm)|
 eZ©gv‡b RbmsL¨vq evsjv‡`k c„w_ex‡Z 8g(27 Zg wewmGm)|
 gyw³hy‡×i mgq gywRebMi wQ‡jv 8 bs †m±‡i (e„nËi dwi`cyi AÂj, †gRi Avey Imgvb I
†gRi gÄzi KgvÛvi, †ngv‡qZ evwnbx G AÂ‡j hy× K‡i‡Q ) |
 gvwU †_‡K fwj e‡ji †b‡Ui D”PZv 8 dzU |
 wiLUvi †¯‥j Abyhvqx c„w_exi me©v‡c¶v Zxeª f‚wgK‡¤ci gvb - 8.9
 cvigvbweK kw³ai †`‡ki msL¨v 8 wU| (DËi †Kvwiqv me©‡kl, b‡f¤î 2014ch©šÍ) |
 myh© †_‡K c„w_ex‡Z Av‡jv Avm‡Z mgq jv‡M 8 wgwbU 20 †m‡KÛ (18 Zg wewmGm)|
 m~‡h©i MÖ‡ni msL¨v 8 wU | †bcPzb 8g (wbw`©ó K¶c_, fi I AvK…wZ bv _vKvq c- y‡Uv‡K †m․i
RMZ †_‡K ev` †`qv nq)|
 8bs †m±‡i mvZRb exi‡kªó‡ì g‡a¨ `yBRb exi‡kªó GKB †m±‡i hy× K‡iwQ‡jb - wmcvnx
†gv¯Ídv Kvgvj Ges j¨vÝ bv‡qK b~i †gvnv¤§` †kL|
 D-8 Gi m`m¨ msL¨v 8 wU-B‡›`v‡bwkqv, gvj‡qwkqv, evsjv‡`k, cvwK¯’vb, Bivb, Zzi¯‥, wgki
I bvBRvi (1997 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ, mì`ßi Zzi‡¯‥i B¯Ív¤^yj) (34 Zg wewmGm)|
 wkí DbœZ G-8 Gi m`m¨ †`k ¸‡jv-hy³ivR¨, d«vÝ, Rvg©vwb, BZvwj, ivwkqv, hy³ivóª, KvbvWv,
Rvcvb, 1975 G cÖwZwôZ msMVbwUi †Kvb mì `ßi †bB | m¤cÖwZ ivwkqvi m`m¨ c` G
msMVb †_‡K ¯’wMZ Kiv nq (30Zg wewmGm)|
 B-8 n‡jv cwi‡ek `~lb Kvix kxl© 8 wU †`k |
 mylg lof‚‡Ri †Kv‡bi mgwó 8 mg‡KvY |
 Bmjvg ivóªag©, XvKvi evB‡i nvB‡Kv‡U©i 6wU ¯’vqx †eÂ, Dacca bvgwU Dhaka, Bangali
bvgwU
 Bangla Kiv nq evsjv‡`k msweavb Aóg ms‡kvabx‡Z 1988, 9 RyjvB|
 AvUjvw›UK mb` (14 AvM÷, 1941) G `dv wQ‡jv 8wU hv RvwZms‡Ni g~j wfwË |
 RvwZms‡Ni MGD (Millennium Development Goal) Gi j¶ 8wU |
 ga¨ Av‡gwiKvq †`‡ki msL¨v 8 wU |
120
 nsKs we‡k¦i 8g e„nËg e›ì |
 gywRe bMi K¨v¤c Awdm 8 w_‡qUvi †ivW, KjKvZv |
 Avjy Drcv`‡b evsjv‡`k we‡k¦ 8 g|
 ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ eY©xZ Av‡Q evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 8g Aby‡”Q‡` |
 mv‡K©i m`m¨ †`k 8wU (2007‡_‡K)| (31 Zg wewmGm)
 †`‡k miKvwi Bwc‡RU 8wU (me©‡kl DËiv Bwc‡RU, bxjdvgvix) |
 239 Rb hvÎx wb‡q gvj‡qwkqv †evwqs 777-200ER-MH 370 wb‡LvR nq-8gvP© 2014|
 iscyi I ivRkvnx wefv‡M †Rjv Av‡Q 8wU K‡i |
 †Qov Øxc ev ZvjcwÆ Øx‡ci AvqZb 8 eM© wKwg|
 †m›UgvwU©g Øx‡ci AvqZb 8 eM©wKwg (27 Zg wewmGm)|
 evb wK gy RvwZm‡•Ni 8g gnvmwPe |
 f‚-Z¡‡K Gjywgwbqvg kZKiv 8fvM |
 GATT-(WTO in 1995) Gi Diy¸‡q m‡¤§jb P‡j 8 eQi (1992 ch©šÍ)(26 Zg
wewmGm)|
 Generally Computer BUS speed is 8 Mega Hertz to 400 Mega Hertz .
 evsjv e¨vÄb eY© gvjvq Aa© gvÎvi e‡Y©i msL¨v 8wU |
 m‡b‡Ui Aó‡K (8 jvB‡b) Òfv‡eiÓ AeZviYv Kiv nq |
 †h Q‡›ì g~j c‡e© gvÎv msL¨v 8 ev 10 Zv‡K A¶ie„Ë Q›` e‡j |
 gvKomvi cv 8wU |
 1 evBU= 8weU |
 NywY©So gnvwec` ms‡K‡Zi cÖ_g avc-8bs gnvwec` ms‡KZ|
 evsjv‡`‡k mviKviLvbv 8wU |
 wR-GBU Gi m`m¨ 8wU †`k (ivwkqv ¯’wMZ 2014)
 Aw·‡R‡bi cvigvbweK msL¨v 8 |
 AvU bs †m±i KgvÛvi †gRi Avey Imgvb I †gRi Gg G gÄzi | †nW †KvqvU©vi ‡ebv‡cvj
(fviZ)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Av‡qi 80 fvM Av‡m ivR¯^ Avq †_‡K (2014)|
 †g․PvK gMevRvi d¬vBIfvi 8.15 wKwg|
9 wb‡q hZ K_v
 9 gvP©, 1857 e½‡`‡ki e¨vivKcy‡i wmcvnx we‡`ªvn ïiy|
121
 9 GwcÖj, 1971 gyw³hy× we‡ivax 140 m`m¨ wewkó ÒkvwšÍ KwgwUÓ MVb Kiv nq |
 9 GwcÖj, 2002 AvBbk„•Ljv weNœKvix Aciva (`ªyZ wePvi) AvBb RvZxq msm‡` cvk nq (24
Zg wewmGm)|
 9 GwcÖj, 2014 wM‡bm eyK Ae Iqvì© †iKW©m KZ©…c¶ jvL K‡Ú MvIqv Mvb Ò‡mvbvi evsjvÓ
¯^xK…wZ †`q |
 9 AvM÷ RvZxq R¡vjvbx I wbivcËv wèm |
 9 AvM÷ wek¦ Avwèvmx wèm|
 9 AvM÷, 1945 bvMvmvwK‡Z GUg †evg d¨vU gvb wb‡¶c Kiv nq |
 9 A‡±vei wek¦ WvK wèm |
 9 wW‡m¤î †eMg †iv‡Kqv wèm | †eMg †iv‡Kqv iscyi †Rjvi wgVvcyKzi _vbvi AšÍM©Z
cvqive›` MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib 9wW‡m¤î, 1880 I 9 wW‡m¤î, 1932 g„Zÿ | ÒgwZPzi I
Ae‡ivaevwmbxÓ Zvui D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÖš’, ÒmyjZvbvi ¯^cœ I cÙivMÓ Zvui iwPZ Dcb¨vm |
 9 wW‡m¤î AvšÍR©vwZK `~b©xwZ we‡ivax wèm |
 9 wW‡m¤î, 1971 †nv‡Uj B›Uvi Kw›U‡b›Uvj‡K wbi‡c¶ GjvKv †NvlYv Kiv nq |
 RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY cwil‡ì wbqwgZ Avwa‡ekb e‡m-‡m‡Þ¤î gv‡mi 3q g½jevi |
 AvKz Gi m`m¨ 9 wU †`k |
 `w¶b Av‡gwiKvq 9 wU †`‡ki fvlv ¯c¨vwbk |
 evsjv‡`‡k Kv¸‡R †bvU 9wU |
 we‡`wk †emiKvwi e¨vsK 9wU |
 A‡÷ªwjqvi weªm‡e‡b 9 wR-20 m‡¤§jb (15 b‡f¤î,2014)|
 gyw³hy‡×i 9 bs †m±i ewikvj, KgvÛvi †gRi Rwjj I †gRi gÄzi |
 †Kvb ¯’v‡b gva¨vKl©YRwbZ Z¡iY 9 ¸b evo‡j †mLv‡b GKwU mij †`vj‡Ki †`vjb Kvj 3¸b
Kg‡e (13 Zg wewmGm)|
 9 wU IqvW© wb‡q GKwU BDwbqb |
 AvšÍR©vwZK Av`vj‡Z GKRb wePviK wb‡qvM nb 9 eQ‡ii Rb¨ (wePviK 15Rb, mfvcwZi
†gqv` 3 eQi)|
 mgy`ª c„ô †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki mgf‚wgi D”PZv 9 wgUv‡ii Kg |
 RvZxq msm` feb 9 Zjv |
 msweavb Aby‡”Q` 9 RvZxqZvev` |
 f‚‡Mv‡ji kvLv 9wU|
 evsjv‡`‡ki mxgvšÍeZx© fvi‡Zi cwðg e‡½i †Rjv Av‡Q 9 wU|
 Computer Serial Port connection has 9 Pins. (g‡Wg, gvDm wmwiqvj †cv‡U©i
wWfvBm)
122
10 wb‡q hZ K_v
 10 Rvbyqvwi 1966 fviZ cvwK¯’vb ZvmL›` Pzw³ (14 Zg wewmGm)|
 10 Rvbyqvwi, 1971 e½eÜy cÖZ¨veZ©Y wèm |
 10 Rvbyqvwi 1992 ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq PË¡‡i mvevm evsjv‡`k D‡™¢vaY K‡ib knx` Rbbx
Rvnvbviv Bgvg |
 10 †deªyqvwi, 1972 Rvcvb evsjv‡`k †K ¯^xK…wZ †`q |
 10 GwcÖj, 1971 cÖevmx evsjv‡`k A¯’vqx miKvi MVb | Gw`b e½eÜy †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi
†`qv 26gv‡P©i fvlbwU ¯^vaxbZvi †Nvlbv c‡Îi Aby‡gv`b †`qv nq |
 10 GwcÖj, 1972 Mbcwil‡ì cÖ_g Awa‡ekb |
 10 RyjvB RvZxq g~j¨ms‡hvRb Ki wèm |
 10 AvM÷, 2014 †`‡k 90w`‡bi B‡evjv mZK©Zv Rvwi (90 w`‡bi), evsjv‡`‡k cyY© P›`ª MÖnY
|
 10 A‡±vei, 1905 e½f½ Kvh©Ki nq jW© KvR©‡bi mgq |
 10 b‡f¤î knx` byi †nv‡mb wèm |
 10 b‡f¤î, 2014 RvZxq ¯§„wZ¯Í‡¤¢i ¯’cwZ •mq` gBbyj †nv‡mb g„Zÿ eiY K‡ib |
 10 wW‡m¤î, 1971 mg¯Í wegvb nvgjv eÜ ivLv nq we‡`wk bvMwiK‡ì XvKv Z¨v‡Mi my‡hvM
w`‡q |
 10 wW‡m¤î, 1971 exi‡kªô knx` †gvnv¤§` iyûj Avwgb Mvb‡evU cvjv‡ki BwÄbiyg AvwU©wdkvi
wnmv‡e wniY c‡q›U †_‡K cvwK¯’vwb †b․NvwU AvµgY Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ gsjv e›`‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ iIbv
†`b | Gmgq Lyjbv wkcBqv‡W©i KvQvKvwQ cvwK¯’vwb Rw½ wegv‡bi nvgvjvq cjvk aŸsm n‡j
wZwb AvnZ nb I Zx‡i †c․uQv‡j cvwK¯’vwb I ivRvKvi evwnbx Zvu‡K nZ¨v K‡i | Zvui jvk D×vi
Kiv m¤¢e nqwb | wZwb Ryb gv‡m 1935 †bvqvLvwji evNPvcovq Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib |
 10 wW‡m¤î, 1966 gvbevwaKvi Pzw³ mv¶wiZ (24Zg wewmGm)|
 10 wW‡m¤î gvbevwaKvi wèm (30Zg, 26Zg wewmGm)|
 1610 mv‡j XvKv evsjvi cÖ_g ivRavbx nq (27Zg, 10g wewmGm)|A‡±vei (10) gv‡mi cÖ_g
†mvgevi AvšÍR©vwZK wkï wèm |
 A‡±vei gv‡mi cÖ_g †mvgevi wek¦ cÖwZ‡ek wèm (World Habital Day) (14 Zg
wewmGm)|
 Av‡gwiKv ey‡a ‡gwibvi-10 hvbwU cvVvq(1974)|
123
 gnvb gyw³hy‡× 10 bs †m±i wQ‡jv †b․evwnbx †m±i, †Kvb †m±i KgvÛvi wQ‡jv bv | ÒAcv‡ikb
R¨vKcU (15 AvM÷, ivZ 12 Uvi ci 16 AvM÷, cÖ_g cÖn‡i 1971)Ó GB †m±‡ii Awa‡b Kiv
nq |
 B‡Kv Gi m`m¨ 10 wU |
 Avwkqv‡bi m`m¨ 10 wU |
 evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki 10g MfY©i AvwZDi ingvb |
 hy³iv‡óªi msweavb cÖ_g 10 ms‡kvab‡K e‡j Bill of Rights|
 KvbvWv MwVZ nq 10wU cÖ‡`k wb‡q |
 evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki cwiPvjbv cwil‡ì m`m¨ 10 Rb |
 BmjvwgK Dbœqb e¨vsK‡K evsjv‡`‡ki †`qv evwl©K Pv`vi cwigvY 10 wgwjqb BmjvwgK w`bvi |
 evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki AvÂwjK kvLv 10 wU |
 NywY©So ZxeªZv wb‡`©kK me©‡kl ms‡KZ-10bs gnvwec` ms‡KZ |
 †U÷ wµ‡KU †Ljy‡o †`‡ki msL¨v 10 wU |
 Lv`¨ I K…wl ms¯’v (d¨vI) Gi g‡Z evsjv‡`‡k ebf‚wg 10 fvM |
 RvZxq msMxZ cÖ_g 10 jvBb |
 hvbevn‡b RvZxq cZvKv jvMv‡Z cvi‡e 10 Rb |
 RvZxq cZvKv AbycvZ 10:6 |
 evsjv‡`‡ki wgVv cvwbi †gvU PvlK…Z gv‡Qi Drcv`b 10 jvL Ub |
 evqyi Pvc eënvi K‡i f‚M‡f©i cvwb 10 wgUvi Mfxi †_‡K †Zvjv hv‡e (17 Zg wewmGm)|
 wbi¶‡iLvi 100 -300A¶‡iLvq N~wY©So †ewk nq |
 msKi avZz Kvmv ev †eªv‡Ä 10% wUb +90%Zvgv |
 Lyjbv wefv‡M †Rjv 10 wU |
 evsjv eY©gvjvq gvÎvnxb eY© 10 wU (18 Zg wewmGm)|
 iyk wec- e ¯’vwq n‡qwQ‡jv 10 w`b (1917) |
 m~‡qR Lvj 10 wgUvi Mfxi |
 10 WvDwbs w÷ªU weªwUk cÖavbgš¿xi miKvwi evmfeb |
 cÖvbx RM‡Zi c‡e©i msL¨v 10 wU |
 Dw™¢‡ì gyL¨ Dcv`vb 10 wU |
 f‚-c„‡ô evqyi MfxiZv cÖvq 1610 wKwg|
 msweavb Aby‡”Q` 10 mgvRZš¿ I †kvlY gyw³ |
 A¨vwmqv‡bi m`m¨ †`k 10 wU |
 ECO Gi m`m¨ †`k 10 wU |
 Backup power of UPS is 10-30 minutes.
124
 The Range of Personal Area Network is uo to 10 Meters.
 The Range of Local Area Network is upto 10 Kilometers.
 †`‡k wk¶v †ev‡W©i msL¨v 10 wU |
 RvwZms‡Ni wbivcËv cwil‡ì A¯’vqx m`m¨ 10 wU (5wU ¯’vqx) 1965 mv‡ji Av‡M A¯’vqx m`m¨
wQ‡jv 6wU |
 mgy`ª c„‡ôi evqyi Pvc 10 wbDUb (26 Zg wewmGm)|
11 wb‡q hZ wKQz
 11 Rvbyqvwi 1972 †kL gywReyi ingvb A¯’vqx msweavb Av‡`k Rvwi K‡ib (10 Rvby, 1972
cvwK¯’vb KvivMvi †_‡K gy³ n‡q †`‡k †divi ciw`b
 11 †deªyqvwi, 1972 evsjv‡`k ICAO Gi m`m¨ c` jvf K‡i |
 11 GwcÖj, 1556 mv‡j mgªvU AvKei 963 wnRwi‡Z evsjv mb 963 Mbbv ïiyK‡ib |
 11 RyjvB wek¦ RbmsL¨v wèm |
 11 RyjvB, 2004 wewUwf Iqvì© Pvjy |
 11 AvM÷, 2011 e½eÜyi cÖwZK…wZ m¤^wjZ †bvU cÖPjb |
 11 AvM÷ †W•¸ cÖwZ‡iva wèm |
 11 b‡f¤î, 1918 cÖ_g wek¦hy× †kl nq |
 1911 e½f½ i` jW© nvwW©Ä KZ©…K | e½xq gymwjg mvwnZ¨ mwgwZ cÖwZôv |
 2011 mv‡jt hy³iv‡óªi jmAv‡Äj‡m wjUj evsjv‡`k Db¥y³, eW©vi MvW© Ae evsjv‡`‡ki hvÎv
ïiy(wewRwe), mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i Avwcj wefvMxq cÖ_g gwnjv wePvicwZ bvRgyb Aviv myjZvbv‡K
wb‡qvM, cÖ_g gwnjv wmwUK‡c©v‡ikb †gqi Wvt †mwjbv nvqvZ, bvix Dbœqb bxwZgvjv Pvjy,
evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ ebM‡elbv Bwbw÷wUDU PÆMÖv‡g MÖxbnvDR Pvjy, RvwZms‡N bvix ms¯’v UN-
WOMEN Pvjy, ev‡Minv‡U cÖ_g wPsox M‡elbv †K›`ª Pvjy, cÖevmx Kj¨vb e¨vsK Pvjy, msweavb
†Îv‡qv`k ms‡kvabx evwZj, bvix Avg©W cywjk e¨v‡Uwjqvb MVb, PjwPÎKvi Zv‡iK gvmy‡ì
g„Zÿ, my›ìcy‡j M¨vm †¶Î Avwe®‥vi, g~mv Beªvwng I wbqvR †gv‡k©‡ì wKwjgvbRv‡iv Rq, cvjwK
wegvb hy³, cÂg Av`gïgvwi, wek¦Kvc wµ‡KU 2011 D‡ØvaY Kiv nq evsjv‡`k †kL gywRe
†÷wWqv‡g |
 2011 †Z †`‡k cÖ_g bvix Avg©W cywjk, bvix wePvicwZ, bvix †gqi nq | |
 fvi‡Zi 111wU wQU gnj evsjv‡`‡ki f‚L‡Û |
 HwZnvwmK 11 `dv `vwe 1969 mv‡j me©`jxq QvÎmsMÖvg cwil` Zz‡j a‡ib |
 11 eQi ¶gZvq wQ‡jb †j․n gvbex cÖ_g gwnjv weªwUk cÖavbgš¿x gvM©v‡iU _¨vPvi (1979-
1990)| wZwb ¶gZvq _vKv Kvjxb weª‡U‡bi mv‡_ Av‡R©w›Ubvi dKj¨vÛ Øxc (Av‡R©w›Ubv †_‡K
400 gvBj cy‡e©, ivRavbx-÷vbwj, cye©bvg-gvjwfbvg) wb‡q hy× (1982) nq|
 evsjv ¯îeY© 11 wU (29Zg wewmGm)|
125
 msweav‡bi 11 Zg ms‡kvabxt ivóªcwZ wePvicwZ mvnveywÏb Avn‡g‡ì c~e© c‡` wd‡i hvIqv |
 bxj b` 11U †`‡ki Dci w`‡q cÖevwnZ n‡q‡Q (c~‡e© 10 wU †`k wQj, my`vb fvM nIqvi ci
11wU †`k)|
 †c‡Uªvevsjvi Aax‡b 11wU †Kv¤cvwb i‡q‡Q |
 evsjv‡`k msweav‡b fvM 11 wU |
 evsjv‡`k msweav‡b 11 Zg Aby‡”Q` MbZš¿ I gvbevwaKvi welqK|
 AvenvIqv Awa`ßi †_‡K mgy`ª e›`‡ii mZK© ms‡KZ 11 Ux |
 AvenvIqv mZK© ms‡KZ 11 wU |
 ejKvb †÷U 11 wU |
 Avwd«Kvi mvnviv giyf‚wg 11 wU †`‡k |
 c„w_wei gyw³‡eM 11.2 wKwg ev 7 gvBj |
 ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq †g․wjK M¨vmxq c`v‡_©i msL¨v 11 wU |
 evsjv‡`‡k kxZKvjxb Mo ZvcgvÎv 110 †mjwmqvm |
 ¸wj¯Ív‡bi e½eÜy gby‡g›U 11 dzU |
 gyw³hy‡×i mgq gywRebMi miKvi evsjv‡`k †K mvgwiK fv‡e 11 wU †m±‡i wef³ K‡i
(29Zg, 20Zg, 19Zg wewmGm)|
 ÒIiv 11 RbÓ (PjwPÎ 1972) Gi cwiPvjK Pvlx bRiyj Bmjvg |
 gyw³hy‡×i 11 Zg †m±it gqgbwmsn, Uv½vBj, Rvgvjcyi, †kicyi, †bÎ‡Kvbv | †m±i KgvÛvit
†gRi Avey Zv‡ni I d¬vBU †j. nvwg`yjøvn | †m±i †nW †KvqvU©vit g‡n›`ªMÄ, Avmvg, fviZ |
Zvivgb wewe exicÖZxK I Kv‡ì wmwÏwK exiDËg GB †m±‡i hy× K‡i‡Qb | D‡jøL¨ me© Kwbô
gyw³‡hv×v knx`yj Bmjvg †P․aywi exi cÖZxK (12 eQi eqm) GB †m±‡i hy× K‡i‡Qb |
 fvi‡Z cÙv b`xi Dci wbwg©Z dviv°v evua evsjv‡`k wmgvšÍ †_‡K 11 gvBj `~‡i Avew¯’Z (16.5
wKwg)|
 wµ‡KU I dzUe‡j †L‡jvqvi msL¨v 11 Rb |
 weªwUk A_© gš¿xi miKvwi evm feb 11 WvDwbs w÷ªU |
 mywcÖg †Kv‡U© Avwcj wefv‡Mi wePvicwZt 11 Rb (33 Zg wewmGm)|
 P›`ªhvb A¨v‡cv‡jv 11 G P‡o bxj Avg©÷ªs I gvB‡Kj KwjÝ P›`ªc„‡ô AeZiY K‡ib (hy³iv‡óªi
cÖ_g mdj P›`ªvwfhvb|
 1965 mv‡ji c~‡e© RvwZms‡Ni wbivcËv cwil‡ì m`m¨ 11wU (16 Zg wewmGm) eZ©gv‡b
(5+10=15wU)|
 In the Bluetooth the Standard of Radio wave is IEEE802.15.
 hy³iv‡óª MfY©i wbe©vwPZ nq 11 wU iv‡¾¨ |
 cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g 11 wU ¶z`ª b„-ZvwZ¡K †Mvwô Av‡Q |
126
 evsjv‡`‡ki f‚L‡Û fvi‡Zi 11wU wQUgnj |
 evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ mgy`ª DcK‚‡ji •`N¨© 711 wKwg (716 wKwg) |
 wek¦weL¨vZ ÒUvBUvwbKÓ PjwPÎwU A¯‥vi jvf K‡i 11 wU wel‡q, cwiPvjKt †WwfW K¨v‡giyb |
 11wU K¨vUvMwi‡Z A¯‥vi cÖvß PjwPÎ UvBUvwbK, †ebûW, jW© BUvwbK, †ebûW, jW© Ae `¨v wism
|
 Xvwe †Z Bwbw÷wUDU 11wU |
 evsjv‡`k cywj‡ki 14 wU kvLvi 11bs wU nvBI‡q cywjk |
 evsjv‡`k wmwUK‡c©v‡ikb 11 Ux (MvRxcyi me©‡kl) |
 †gqi †gvnv¤§` nvwbd d¬vBIfvi 11.7 wKwg|
 hy³iv‡óª Mfb©iwbe©vPb nq 11wU iv‡R¨|
 cveZ¨© PÆMÖv‡g DcRvwZi emevm? 11wU( PvKgv ,wÎcyiv ,gvigv ,Lygx cvs‡Lvi ,gyis,jmvB
,eb‡hvMx, PvK ,KzwK I gM)|
12 wb‡q hZ wKQz
 12 Rvby 1934 m~h© ‡m‡bi dvuwm |
 12 RyjvB gvjvjv wèm |
 12 A‡±vei, 1972 me©cÖ_g evsjv‡`k msweavb Mbcwil‡` DÌvcb Kiv nq (14 Zg wewmGm)|
 12 b‡f¤î, 2014 cÖ_g ev‡ii gZ gvbe wbwg©Z †iveU dx‡j ayg‡KZz‡Z AeZiY K‡i |
 12 b‡f¤î 2014 `yB w`b e¨vwc A¨vwmqv‡bi 25 Zg wkl© m‡¤§jb gvqvbgv‡ii bvBwc‡`v‡Z |
 12 wW‡m¤î, 1996 fviZ evsjv‡`k AvšÍ b`xi cvwb e›Ub Pzw³ |
 1862 mv‡ji e½xq AvBb mfvi m`m¨ 12 Rb |
 1912 mv‡j hy³ivóª jyBwRqvbv cÖ‡`k d«v‡Ýi KvQ †_‡K wK‡b †bq |
 `w¶b Av‡gwiKvq †`k 12 wU |
 OPEC-Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Gi m`m¨ †`k 12 wU
(22 Zg wewmGm)|
 me©cÖ_g †ivgvb AvBb, msKjb Kiv nq 12 wU †eªvÄ cv‡Z |
 f‚-c„‡ôi wbKUewZ© evqygÐj ¯Íi †Uªvcwùqvi hvi Mo D”PZv M‡o 12 wKwg |
 mgªvU AvKe‡ii Avg‡j 12 Rb ¶gZvai Rwg`vi gyNj AvwacZ¨ iy‡L ¯^vaxb cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zv
Giv evsjvi 12 fzBqv bv‡g cwiwPZ |
 `ywU †Rvqvi fvUvi eëavb 12 NÈv |
 Kw¤cDUvi wK‡ev‡W© F12 is used to save any file.
 Kw¤cDUv‡i †gvU dvskb Kx Av‡Q 12wU|
 cÖvwZcv` ¯’vb `ywUi g‡a¨ mg‡qi eëavb 12 N›Uv |
127
 evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‣bwZK mgy`ª mxgv-12 bwUK¨vj gvBj ev 22.22 wKwg (A_©‣bwZK 200 bwU‡Kj
gvBj-11Zg wewmGm)|
 evsjv‡`‡k G ch©šÍ 12 evi ev‡RU †Nvlbv K‡ib A_©gš¿x mvBdzi ingvb (m‡e©v”P) |
 evsjv‡`‡k †gvU K¨v‡WU K‡jR Av‡Q 12 wU |
 12 AvIwjqvi †`k PÆMÖvg |
 evsjv‡`k †eZv‡ii 12 wU AvÂwjK †K›`ª (‡gvU †K›`ª 54 wU )|
 ïay evsjv‡`wk bvMwiK (wKš‘ †Kvb we‡`kx bvMwiK bq) msweav‡b D‡jøwLZ 12 wU †g․wjK
AwaKvi †fvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e |
 I‡cK Gi m`m¨ 12 wU (mì `ßi wf‡qbv& Aw÷ªqv)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki 1 Rb gvbyl eQ‡i M‡o 12 †KwR gvQ Lvq |
 c„w_exi †gvU AvqZ‡bi 12 kZvsk `w¶Y Av‡gwiKv |
 In Computer the functional key F12 is the key to ask Save as.
 `w¶Y Av‡gwiKvq ¯^vwab †`k 12 wU |
 KzwoMÖvg †Rjvq fvi‡Zi wQUgnj Av‡Q- 12 wU|
 1901 mvj †_‡K †`‡k Av`g ïgvwi 12 evi |
 evsjv‡`k msweavb Aby‡”Q` 12 ag©wbi‡c¶Zv I awg©q ¯^vaxbZv |
 evsjv‡`k msweavb 12 Zg ms‡kvabxi(1991) gva¨‡g ivóªcwZ miKv‡ii cwie‡Z© msm`xq
eë¯’v cÖewZ©Z nq (16 Zg wewmGm)|
 12 eQi hy³iv‡óªi ¶gZvq wQ‡jb (m‡e©v”P †gqv‡` 4evi)-d«v¼wjb wW. iyR‡fë (AvUjvw›UK
mb` ¯^v¶iKvix I 2q wek¦hy×Kvjxb †cÖwm‡W›U)(26 Zg wewmGm)|
 KvRx bRiyj Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’ AwMœexbvq(1922)(29Zg wewmGm) 12 wU Kve¨ Av‡Q |
cÖ_g Kve¨-cÖjqDjøvm, wØZxqwU-we‡`ªvnx|
13 wb‡q hZ wKQz
 13 †m‡Þ¤î, 1993 wcGjI-BmivBj hy³iv‡óªi IqvwksU‡b cvi¯cwiK ¯^xK…wZ `wj‡j ¯^v¶i
K‡i |
 13 GwcÖj, 1918 mv‡j RvwjqvbIqvjvev‡M wePvicwZ ivIjvU KZ©…K AvBb mfvq DÌvwcZ `ywU
e‡ji (cÖ_g, ivóª‡`ªvn gvgjvi Rb¨ we‡kl wePvivj‡q Avwcj wbwl×, 2qwU mvw¶ cÖgvY Qvov †h
†Kvb e¨w³‡K we‡kl Av`vj‡Z `Û †`qv hv‡e) cÖwZev‡` `k nvRvi †jvK mg‡eZ nq |
Wvqv‡ii wb‡`©‡k cÖvq 10 wgwbU Avweivg ¸wjel©Y Ki‡j 379 Rb gZvšÍ‡i 1000 Rb wbnZ I
cÖvq 1200 gZvšÍ‡i 1500 †jvK AvnZ nq| I NUbvi cÖwZev‡` iex›`ªbv_ Zvui bvBU Dcvwa
Z¨vM K‡ib |
 13 GwcÖj 2013 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g mvP© BwÄb wcwcwjKv Pvjy|
 msweavb Aby‡”Q` 13 ag©wbi‡c¶Zv |
128
 m~h© c„w_exi 13 j¶ ¸b eo |
 Avi‡kvjvi ürwc‡Û cÖ‡Kvô 13 wU |
 †`‡k cigvYy wPwKrmv †K›`ª 13 wU |
 evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖvPxb wb`k©b Ph©vc‡` me©vwaK c` iPbv K‡ib Kvýcv-13wU |
 BDwbqb cwil‡` m`m¨ msL¨v 13 Rb | (9Rb 9wU Iqv‡W©i m`m¨, 3 Rb gwnjv m`m¨ I 1 Rb
wbe©vwPZ †Pqvig¨vb)|
 GKRb gyw³‡hv×v n‡Z n‡j eqm Aek¨B 13 eQi n‡Z n‡e |
 cÖbe gyLvwR© fvi‡Zi 13 Zg ivóªcwZ |
 bv_vb KwgwU MwVZ n‡qwQ‡jv-13 Rb m`m¨ wb‡q |
 cÖv_wgK fv‡e gvwK©b hy³ivóª 13 wU A½ivR¨ wb‡q ïiy|
 hy³iv‡óªi cZvKvq 13 wU †iLv Av‡Q |
 hy³ivóª Pvq BmivBj 13 kZvsk RvqMv wdwjw¯’‡bi wbKU n¯ÍvšÍi KiyK (19 Zg wewmGm)|
 13 eQi eq‡m mgªvU AvKei w`wjøi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib(1556 mvj)|
 evsjv‡`‡k miKvwi wek¦ we`¨vjq 13 wU|
14 b‡q hv wKQz
 14 gvP©, 2014 gvqvbgvi evsjv‡`k HwZnvwmK mgy`ªmxgv we‡iv‡ai ivq ITLOS-
InternationalTribunal for the Law of the Sea, Germany, 21 Jourist
[International Law for Sea known as ‘UNCLOS’-United Convention of
the Law of the Sea.
 14 AvM÷, 1945 wØZxq wek¦hy× †kl nq |
 14 AvM÷, 1941 AvUjvw›UK mb` mv¶i K‡ib gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U iyR‡fë I weªwUk cÖavbgš¿x
DBÝUb PvwP©j |
 14 AvM÷, 1947 cvwK¯’v‡bi ¯^vaxbZv wèm (1947)|
 14 b‡f¤î, 1953 mv‡j hy³d«›U MVb Kiv nq |
 14 b‡f¤î wek¦ Wvqv‡ewUm wèm |
 14 wW‡m¤î, 1971 exi‡kªô knx` K¨v‡Þb gwnDwÏb Rvnv½xi gyw³hy‡×i 7bs †m±‡ii
PvucvBbeveM‡Ä AvµgY Pvjv‡j ¯œvBcvi ey‡j‡Ui AvNv‡Z kvnv`vZ eiY K‡ib | wZwb 7gvP©,
1949 ewikvj †Rjvi eveyMÄ Dc‡Rjvi iwngMÄ MÖv‡g Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib |
 14 wW‡m¤î knx` eyw×Rxex wèm (11Zg, 13 Zg, 19 Zg wewmGm)|
 1914 mv‡j my‡qR Lvj Db¥y³ K‡i †`qv nq |
 cÖ_g wek¦hy× ïiy1914 mv‡j(28 RyjvB)|
 1914 mv‡j gymwjg jxM I fviZxq Ks‡MÖ‡mi g‡a¨ j‡¶․ Pzw³ nq |
 2014 mv‡ji g‡a¨ wbi¶iZv `~i Ki‡bi j¶¨ gvÎv wQ‡jv |
129
 14 Rb m`m¨ wb‡q 1954 mv‡ji dRjyj n‡Ki gyL¨gwš¿‡Z¡ hy³d«‡›Ui gš¿xmfv nq |
 14k kZ‡K gi‡°vi ågY Kvwi Be‡b eZzZv Dcgnv‡`‡k Av‡mb | ZLb w`wjøi myjZvb gynv¤§`
web ZzNjK, evsjvq ¯^vwab myjZvb dLiyÏxb gyeviK kvn& |
 evsjv‡`‡k cigvby wPwKrmv †K›`ª 14wU |
 wmwjK‡bi cvigvYweK msL¨v 14 |
 Avj †KviAv‡b wmR`vni AvqvZ-14wU |
 m‡b‡U jvBb nq 14 wU (AóK 8+lóK 6=14) |
 evsjv‡`‡k wm‡g›U KviLvbv 14 wU |
 ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq GKRb gvby‡li Ici cÖwZ eM© BwÂ‡Z evqyi Pvc 14.5 cvDÛ|
 cvbvgv Lvj 14 wgUvi Mfxi |
 Px‡bi cÖwZ‡ewk †`k 14 wU |
 hy³iv‡óªi †cÖwm‡W›U n‡Z n‡j †mLv‡b emev‡mi cÖgvb _vK‡Z n‡e 14 eQi |
 ÒAvwgB ivóªÓ ej‡Zb divwm ivRv 14k jyB |
15 wb‡q hZ wKQz
 15 gvP© RvZxq †fv³v wèm |
 15 AvM÷ RvZxq †kvK wèm |
 15 AvM÷, 1947 fviZ ¯^vaxbZv jvf K‡i |
 15 †m‡Þ¤î RvZxq AvqKi wèm |
 15 b‡f¤î RvZxq K…wl wèm |
 15 b‡f¤î, 2007 evsjv‡`‡k Nywb©So wmWi AvNvZ nv‡b |
 IqvUvi jy hy× 1815mv‡j | d«v‡Ýi †b‡cvwjqvb I Bsj¨v‡Ûi wWDK I‡qwjsU‡bi mv‡_ |
†b‡cvwjqvb †K wbe©vmb †`qv nq †m›U †n‡jbv Øx‡c |
 2015 mv‡ji g‡a¨ mevi Rb¨ wk¶v wbwðZ KiY |
 RvwZms‡Ni wbivcËv cwil‡ì m`m¨ 15wU ivóª (‡f‡Uv ¶gZvi AwaKvix ¯’vqx m`m¨ 5 wU
†`k)|
 †b`vij¨v‡Û RvwZms‡Ni wePvivjq m`m¨ 15 wU †`k |
 wmiWv‡ci m`m¨ 15|
 evsjv‡`‡k wPwb Kj 15 wU (A_©‣bwZK mgx¶v 2014)|
 RvZxq cwiPq c‡Îi †gqv` 15 eQi |
 AvšÍR©vwZK Av`vj‡Z wePviK 15Rb (GKRb wePviK wb‡qvM nb 9 eQ‡ii Rb¨, mfvcwZi
†gqv` 3 eQi)|
 msweavb 15 Zg Aby‡”Q`t †g․wjK cÖ‡qvRb mg~n |
130
 m~‡h©i †K‡›`ª 150j¶ †mw›U‡MÖW ZvcgvÎv |
 15 Rb m`m¨ wb‡q MÖvg miKvi MwVZ nZ, (26 Zg wewmGm) 2008 mv‡j MÖvg miKvi AvBb
evwZj Kiv nq |
 wfwRG gwbUi †cv‡U© wc‡bi msL¨v 15 wU |
 15 wWwMÖ `ªvwNgv †iLvi Rb¨ mg‡qi eëavb 60 wgwbU |
 Pvu` †_‡K c„w_ex‡Z Av‡jv Avm‡Z mgq jv‡M 1.5 †m‡KÛ cÖvq |
 we‡Rwc †_‡K wbe©vwPZ b‡i›`ª †gv`x fvi‡Zi 15 Zg cÖavbgš¿x |
 2014 mv‡j GKz‡k c`K jvf K‡ib-15 Rb|
 ¯^vfvweK fv‡e gvby‡li kix‡i cÖwZ eM© BwÂ‡Z evqyi Pvc 15 cvDÛ |
 cÖwZ 15 NÈv mg‡qi eëav‡b 1 NÈv mg‡qi cv_©K¨ nq |
 15 wU wewkó¨ c`gh©v`vi e¨w³i evm fe‡b RvZxq cZvKv DË‡jvb Ki‡Z cv‡ib |
 Kw¤cDUv‡ii †Mg †cv‡U© wcb Av‡Q 15 wU |
 In the WIFI the standard of Radio Wave is IEEE802.15.
16 wb‡q hZ wKQz
 16 †g, 1974 gywRe Bw›ìv mxgvšÍ Pzw³ |
 16 †g, 1976 dviv°v js gvP© wèm (gvIjvbv fvmvwbi †bZ…‡Z¡)|
 fvi‡Zi ¯^vaxbZv cÖ‡kœ 16 AvM÷, 1946 gymwjg jxM gš¿x wgk‡bi wbR¯^ cÖ¯Íve cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i
ÒcÖZ¨¶ msMÖvg wèmÓ ÒWvB‡i± GKkvbÓ ïiyKi‡j fvi‡Z wn›`y gymwjg `v½v ïiynq |
 16‡m‡Þ¤î, 1905 e½f½ Kvh©Ki K‡ib jW© KvR©b |
 16 †m‡Þ¤î AvšÍR©vwZK IRb ¯Íi i¶v wèm |
 16 wW‡m¤î, 1971 cvwK¯’vwb evwnbxi AvZ¥mgc©b Abyôv‡b ¯^v¶i K‡ib fviZ-evsjv‡`k †h․_
Kgv‡Ûi †mbva¨¶ †Rbv‡ij RMwRr wms A‡iviv I cvwK¯’v‡bi c‡¶ †Rbv‡ij G. †K. wbqvRx |
evsjv‡`‡ki c‡¶ †mLv‡b Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb Gqvi K‡gv‡Wvi G. †K. L›`Kvi |
 16 wW‡m¤î, 1971 evsjv‡`k e¨vsK cÖwZôv |
 16 wW‡m¤î, 1972 evsjv‡`k msweavb Kvh©Ki/cÖewZ©Z nq (10 wewmGm)|
 16 wW‡m¤î 1979 XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Kjv feb PZ¡‡i ¯’cwZ •mq` Avãyjøvn Lv‡jK Gi
bKkvK…Z Aciv‡Rq evsjv D‡Øvab (27 Zg wewmGm)|
 evsjv‡`‡k me© †kl msweavb ms‡kvab nq 16 Zg | welqt cÖavb wePvicwZi Awfksmb cÖms‡M,
Aby‡”Q` 96(2)‡Z mshy³ nq RvZxq msm` `yB Z…Zxqvsk †fv‡U wePvicwZ‡K Awfmskb Ki‡Z
cvi‡e (33 Zg wewmGm)|
 weRq wèm-16 wW‡m¤î, 1971 e„n¯cwZ evi|
 weAvi-16 DbœZ avb |
131
 fvi‡Z cÙv b`xi Dci wbwg©Z dviv°v evua evsjv‡`k wmgvšÍ †_‡K 16.5 wKwg `~‡i Avew¯’Z (11
gvBj)(13 Zg wewmGm)|
 f‚Z¡‡Ki MfxiZv cÖvq 16 wKwg|
 cÖ¯ÍvweZ †g‡Uªv †i‡j †÷kb _vK‡e 16 wU |
 gnxXvj cÖk¯Í 16-32 wKwg
 cÖwZaŸwb †kvbvi Rb¨ Drm †_‡K cÖwZdj‡Ki `~iZ¡ 16.6 wgUvi b~b¨Zg|
 evsjv‡`‡k Pv evMvb 16 wU |
 fvi‡Zi 16Zg †jvKmfv wbe©vP‡b bv †fvU ev NOTA (None of the above) Pvjy Kiv nq
|
 divwm wec- e nq †lvom jyB Gi mgq |
 16 bit BUS means the capacity of the BUS is to transmit 16 bit data per
second.
 The Length of Unicode Character is 16 bits.
 UNICODE is a 8 Bit alfa numeric code that means 216 or 65536
characters can be identified by using this code.
 In the WiMAX the standard of Radio Wave is IEEE 802.16
17 wb‡q hZ wKQz
 17 gvP©, 1920 es½eÜy †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi Rb¥ w`b |
 17 gvP©, RvZxq wkï wèm (D‡jøL¨ AvšÍR©vwZK wkï wèm cÖwZeQi †m‡Þ¤î gv‡mi cÖ_g
†mvgevi) |
 17 gvP©, 1920 RvwZi RbK †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi Rb¥ w`b |
 17 gvP©, 1971 evsjv‡`k cÖRvZš¿ †NvlYv Kiv nq |
 17 GwcÖj, 1971 gywRebMi miKvi kc_ MÖnY K‡i |
 17 GwcÖj gywRebMi wèm |
 17 Ryb wek¦ giyKiY I ¶iv cÖwZ‡iva wèm |
 17 †m‡Þ¤î, 1974 RvwZm‡•Ni m`m¨ c` jvf K‡i evsjv‡`k |
 17 †m‡Þ¤î evsjv‡`‡ki wk¶v wèm |
 17 †m‡Þ¤î 2014 gnvb RvZxq msm‡` 16Zg msweavb ms‡kvabx cvk |
 17 A‡±vei, 1972 RvwZms‡Ni ¯’vqx ch©‡e¶K †`k nq |
 17 wW‡m¤î, 1970 cvwK¯’vb cÖv‡`wkK wbe©vPb (7 wW‡m¤î, 1970 RvZxq cwil` wbe©vPb)|
 msweavb 17 Aby‡”Q`t RbM‡Yi A‣eZwbK I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v |
 f¬vw`wgi †jwj‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ iyk wec- e 1917 ¯’vqx n‡qwQ‡jv 10 w`b |
132
 NywY©S‡oi MwZ‡eM b~b¨Zg 117 wKwg/NÈv| GB S‡oi Aci bvg n¨vwi‡Kb, mvB‡K¬vb, UvBdzb,
†Rvqvb, †evwMI, DBwj DBwj |
 †`‡k ebf‚wgi cwigvY kZKiv 17 fvM |
 †Uwb‡m iRvi †dWivi 17wU MÖvÛ ¯¬vg Rq K‡i wcUvi mv¤cÖvm †K AwZµg K‡i †iKW© K‡ib |
 XvKv wefv‡M †Rjv Av‡Q 17 wU (m‡e©v”P)(22 Zg wewmGm)|
 f‚Z¡‡Ki Mo MfxiZv 17-48 wKwg |
 evsjv‡`‡k miKvwi wnmve g‡Z †gvU ebvÂ‡ji cwigvY -17.4 kZvsk (19 Zg wewmGm)|
 BBD Gi gy`ªv BD‡iv eënviKvix †`k -17 wU |
 kxZKv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki Mo ZvcgvÎv 17 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm |
 17 wWwMÖ A¶ †iLvq DËi I `w¶b wf‡qZqbvg mxgvbv wPwýZ Kiv n‡qwQ‡jv |
 In the Numerical Keypad of a standard Keypad there are 17 keys.
 DVD disk can store upto 17 Gigabyte data.
 17 evi fviZel© AvµgY K‡ib MRwbi myjZvb gvngy` (1000-1027 mv‡j) |
18 wb‡q hZ K_v
 18 Rvbyqvwi 1968 cvwK¯’vb miKvi AvMiZjv lohš¿ gvgjv `v‡qi Kiv nq e½eÜy mn 35 Rb
†K Avmvwg K‡i |
 18 GwcÖj, 1930 m~h© †m‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ PÆMÖvg A¯¿vMvi jyÚb |
 18 GwcÖj, 1971 exi‡kªô‡ì knx` †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj AvLvDiv ìyBj MÖv‡g m½x‡ì evuPv‡Z
Kvfvwis dvqvi †`qvi mgq gU©v‡ii AvNv‡Z g„Zÿ eiY K‡ib |
 18 GwcÖj, 2011 weGbwc I Gi mn‡hvwM `j wb‡q 18 `jxq †RvU MVb |
 18 RyjvB, 1947 weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›U fviZ ¯^vaxbZv AvBb cvk nq |
 18 RyjvB g¨v‡Ûjv wèm |
 18 †m‡Þ¤î, 2014 ¯‥Uj¨v‡Û hy³ivR¨ †_‡K ¯^vaxbZvi cÖ‡kœ (Referendum) Mb‡fvU MÖnY
(55% bv, 45% n¨v)|
 18 A‡±vei, 1972 †kL gywReyi ingvb Rywj I Kzwi cyi®‥vi cvb |
 18 b‡f¤î, 1966 PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZôv jvf K‡i |
 cÖ_g wek¦hy× †kl 1918 (11 b‡f¤î)|
 †gvnv¤§` bvwmiDwÏb KZ©…K cÖKvwkZ(1918) ÒmIMvZÓB GKgvÎ cwÎKv hv AvRI wU‡K Av‡Q |
 c„w_ex m~‡h©i Pvwiw`‡K 18.5 gvBj/‡m‡KÛ MwZ‡Z cwiµgY Ki‡Q |
 evsjv‡`‡k †g‡q‡ì we‡qi eqm 18 eQi |
 •bwZKZv evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 18 Zg Aby‡”Q‡` i‡q‡Q |
 gvby‡li ¯cvBbvj K‡W©i •`N¨© cÖvq 18 BwÂ (28 Zg wewmGm)|
133
 GKRb †fvUv‡ii me©wb¤œ eqm-18 eQi (19 Zg wewmGm)|
 ¯’j e›ì 18wU (‡`‡k b`x e›ì 22wU)|
 BD‡ivwcq BDwbq‡bi 18 wU †`‡k BD‡iv gy`ªv Av‡Q |
 fvi‡Z KzwoMÖvg †Rjvi wQU gnj Av‡Q- 18wU (jvjgwbi nvU †Rjvi 33 wU wQUgnj,
evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU 51wU wQUgnj fvi‡Zi KzPwenvi †Rjvq 47 wU RívB¸wo †Rjvq-3 wU)|
 evsjv‡`k msweav‡b wjwLZ †g․wjK AwaKvi 18 wU |
19 wb‡q hZ wKQz
 19 Rvbyqvwi RvZxq †fv³v wèm|
 19 Rvbyqvwi RvZxq wk¶K wèm|
 19 A‡±vei, 2011 fvi‡Z Aew¯’Z jvjgwbinvU †Rjvi cvUMÖvg _vbvi Ò`nMÖvg Av½i‡cvZv
wQUgnjwUÓ (35 eM©gvBj) wQUgn‡ji mv‡_ evsjv‡`k hy³ nq |
 19 A‡±vei,2014 RvZxq Aa¨vcK mvjvDwÏb Avn‡g` g„Zÿ eiY K‡ib |
 19 b‡f¤î, 1831 mv‡j K‡b©j ÷‚qv‡W©i †bZ…‡Z¡ 40 Rb m½xmn wZZzwg‡ii ev‡ki †Kjøv asm
nq |
 19 wW‡m¤î, 1911 gymwjg mvwnwZ¨K gxi †gvkviid †nv‡mb g„Zÿ eiY K‡ib, Òwelv` wmÜyÓ
Zvui we¯§qKi m„wó| m¤cv`Kt Òmsev` cÖfvKiÓ|
 19 wW‡m¤î, 1999 cZ©zMvj g¨vKvD ØxcwU †K Px‡bi Kv‡Q n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i (27 Zg wewmGm)|
 19 wW‡m¤î 2013 evsjv‡`‡ki 3q mgy`ª e›ì cvqiv D‡Øvab |
 1919 mv‡j RvwjqvbIqvjv evM nZ¨vKv‡Ûi cÖwZev‡` iex›`ª bv_ VvKzi ÒbvBUÓ Dcvwa Z¨vM
K‡ib |
 1919 d«v‡Ýi fvm©vB bMix‡Z 2 fvm©vB Pzw³‡Z(28 RyjvB) Rvg©vwb‡K LÛ weLÛ I jxM Ae
†bkb cÖwZôv Kiv nq |
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ M‡`ï m~Pbv nq 19kZ‡K (28 Zg wewmGm)|
 Ck¦iP›`ª Òwe`¨vmvMiÓ Dcvwa cvb 19 eQi eq‡m |
 mv‡K©i 19Zg m‡¤§jb n‡e cvwK¯’v‡bi Bmjvgvev‡` |
 Gwkqv gnv‡`‡k RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ 119 Rb cÖwZ eM© wK‡jvwgUv‡i |
 XvKv †_‡K †ij c‡_ wm‡j‡Ui `~iZ¡- 319 wKwg|
 †m․iRM‡Z Avwe®‥…Z DcMÖn 19 wU |
 evsjv‡`‡ki DcK‚jxq †Rjv 19wU |
 wej wK¬bUb †W‡gv‡µU `‡ji 19Zg †cÖwm‡W›U wQ‡jb |
 gnvb RvZxq msm‡ì 10g Awa‡ek‡b gnxjv wbe©vwPZ Ggwc-19 Rb |
 gnvLvwj d¬vBIfv‡i ¯cv‡bi msL¨v 19 wU (26 Zg wewmGm)|
134
 Gg-19 Kjw¤^qvi GKwU †Mwijv msMVb (26 Gg wewmGm)|
20 wb‡q hZ wKQz
 20 Rvbyqvwi 1969 knx` Avmv` wèm |
 20 gvP©, 2003 gvwK©b e„wUk †h․_ fv‡e Biv‡K mvgwiK Awfhvb ïiyK‡i | G mgq gvwK©b
†cÖwm‡W›U wQ‡jb RR© 2q eyk I e„‡U‡b Uwb †e- qvi |
 20 Ryb, 1911 mywdqv Kvgvj Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib, Òmvu‡Si gvqv, gvqv KvRj, †KqviKvUv, D`vË
c„w_exÓ Zvui D‡jøL‡h¨vM¨ MÖš’ |
 20 AvM÷, 1971 exi‡kªô gyw³‡hv×v knx` d¬vBU †j. gwZDi ingvb cÖwk¶Y wegvb wU-33 †Z
cvÄvex cvBjU Awdmvi iv‡k` wgbnv‡Ri KvQ †_‡K wegvb wQbZvB K‡i fviZ Awfgy‡L DÇqb
Ki‡j wmÜyi †ew`‡b wegvbwU weaŸ¯Í n‡q wZwb kvnv`vZ eiY K‡ib | Zvui †`nve‡kl 24 Ryb,
2006 †`‡k G‡b ivóªxq gh©v`vq wgicyi knx` eyw×Rxex Kei¯’v‡b mgvwnZ Kiv nq | wZwb 29
A‡±vei, 1941 XvKvq Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib |
 20 b‡f¤î, 1989 RvwZms‡N wkï AwaKvi mb` M„nxZ nq |
 20 b‡f¤î, 2014 50 jvL A‣ea Awfevwm‡K •eaZv †`b gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U evivK Ievgv |
 20 wW‡m¤î eW©vi MvW© Ae evsjv‡`k wèm |
 20Zg Avwmqvb kxl© m‡¤§jb 2012AbywôZ nq bg‡cb,K‡¤^vwWqv|
 evZv‡m Aw·‡R‡bi cwigvY 20.71% ev 21 kZvsk |
 ivóªcwZ Avãyj nvwg` 20 Zg |
 eZ©gvb 20 Zg cÖavb wePvicwZ- †gvnv¤§` †gvRv‡¤§j nK|
 m~hi© wk¥i 20 kZvsk gnvk~‡b¨ wd‡i hvq|
 f‚wgK‡¤ci †K›`ª mvaviYZ f‚c„‡ôi 20 wKwgi g‡a¨ Ae¯’vb K‡i
 m~‡h©i MwZ‡eM 220 wKwg/‡m‡KÛ |
 20 Zg cÖavYwePvicwZ †gvt †gvRv‡¤§j †nv‡mb (eZ©gvb)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki me© `w¶‡bi mxgv 20.34 wWwMÖ A¶ †iLvq |
 wcZ‡ji Dcv`vb 20% `¯Ív+80% Zvgv (31Zg wewmGm)|
 RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z K…wli Ae`vb 20% Gi †ewk |
 evmv evwo‡Z we`ÿr mvc- vB †fv‡ëR-220 †fvë ev nvR© (31Zg wewmGm)|
 evsjv fvlvq Zrmg DcmM©-20 wU |
 cÖ¯ÍvweZ †g‡Uªv‡i‡ji •`N¨©- 20.10 wKwg|
 d«vÝ I Bsj¨vÛ †K hy³Kvwi U¨v‡bj wU 20 wK‡jvwgUvi |
 b¨vg Gi eZ©gvb m`m¨ msL¨v 120 wU ivóª (22 Zg wewmGm)|
 evqygÐ‡ji cÖ_g¯Íi †Uªvcwùqv‡ii c‡ii ¯Íi I‡Rvb ¯Í‡ii MfxiZv 20 wKwg |
135
21 wb‡q hZ wKQz
 21‡k †deªyqvwi, 1952 wQ‡jv evsjvq 8 dvj¸b 1357| fvlv knx` wèm |
 21‡k †deªyqvwi, gvZ…fvlv wèm †NvlYv K‡i me©cÖ_g BD‡b‡¯‥v(1999), RvwZmsN (2010)|
 21 gvP©, 1948 †mvnivIqvw`© D`¨v‡b ÒE`©zB n‡e cvwK¯’v‡bi GKgvÎ ivóª fvlvÓ e‡j †NvlYv
†`q †gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn (24 gvP© KvR©b n‡j)|
 21 gvP© AvšÍR©vwZK eY©ev` we‡ivax wèm |
 21 gvP© gnvwelye |
 21 Ryb, 2009 e½eÜy †kL gywReyi ingvb †K ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlK e‡j Av`vj‡Zi ivq †`qv nq |
 21 Ryb DËi †Mvjv‡a© MÖx®§Kvj I m‡e©v”P w`b, `w¶Y †Mvjv‡a© kxZKvj I ¶z`ªZg w`b, Gw`b m~h©
KKU© msµvwšÍ †kl K‡i |
 21 RyjvB, 1969 P›`ªhvb A¨v‡cv‡jv 11 G P‡o bxj Avg©÷ªs I gvB‡Kj KwjÝ P›`ªc„‡ô AeZiY
K‡ib |
 21 †m‡Þ¤î wek¦ kvwšÍ wèm |
 21 b‡f¤î, 1971 fviZ evsjv‡`k †h․_evwnbx MVb Kiv nq |
 21 b‡f¤î mk¯¿ evwnbx wèm |
 1921 mv‡j XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ (10g wewmGm)|
 21 Rb m`m¨ wb‡q †Rjv cwil` MwVZ (gwnjv msiw¶Z 5 Rb)|
 21 `dv Kg©m~wP wbe©vPwb cÖwZkªywZ †`q hy³d«›U(1953 mv‡j MwVZ) 1954i wbe©vPb Dcj‡¶ |
we‡kl `dv ¸‡jvt c~e© cvwK¯’v‡b c~Y© AvÂwjK ¯^vqZ¡ kvmb, evsjv‡K ivóªfvlv ¯^xK…wZ, ea©gvb
nvDm †K evsjv GKv‡Wwg †NvlYv Kiv, fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b knx`‡ì ¯§i‡b knx`wgbvi wbg©vb,
eva¨Zvg~jK A‣eZwbK cÖv_wgK wk¶v I wek¦we`¨vjq ¸‡jv Avav ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ cÖwZôvb |
 HwZnvwmK-21 `dv `vwei cÖ_g `vwewU-evsjv‡K Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv (28Zg wewmGm)|
 jvjgvB cvnv‡oi Mo D”PZv 21 wgUvi |
 evsjv fvlvq LvUx evsjv DcmM©-21 wU (27 Zg wewmGm)|
 G‡c‡Ki m`m¨ 21 wU |
 ÒGKz‡k †deªyqvwiÓ (1953) MÖ‡š’i m¤cv`bv K‡ib nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb (16 Zg wewmGm)|
 GKwesk kZvãx‡Z msNwUZ cÖavb cÖavb f‚wgK¤c –Gjmvjfvì (2001), wn›`yKzk (2002), evg
(2003), mygvÎv Av›`vgvb (2004), Kvk¥xi (2005), Rvfv (2006), m‡jvgb ØxccyÄ (2007),
¸‡q‡Zgvjv (2007)---evsjv‡`‡k (1897)|
22 wb‡q hZ wKQz
 22 †deªqvwi 1969 AvMiZjv gvgjv cÖZ¨vnvi |
136
 22 A‡±vei RvZxq moK I wbivc` wèm|
 22 wW‡m¤î DËi †Mvjv‡a© me‡P‡q †QvU w`b I kxZKvj | `w¶Y †Mvjv‡a© me‡P‡q eo w`b I
MÖx®§ Kvj | G mgq m~h© gKi msµvwšÍ †kl K‡i |
 22 wW‡m¤î (1971) ch©šÍ XvKvi evB‡i cvKnvbv`vi evwnbxi AvZ¥mgc©Y I civwRZ n‡Z mgq
jv‡M |
 msweavb 22 Aby‡”Q`t wbe©vwn wefvM †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki wePvi wePvM ¯^vaxb |
 cwiKwíZ bMi eë¯’vi wb`k©b wmÜy mf¨Zv (niàv-fvi‡Z; g‡n‡Äv`v‡iv-cvwK¯’v‡b) 1922 mv‡j
Avwe®‥vi K‡ib Rb gvk©vj I ivLvj `vk e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (2750 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã wmÜy mf¨Zv asm
nq)|
 msweav‡bi 21 Zg Aby‡”Q`t bvMwiK I miKvwi Kg©Pvwi‡ì KZ©e¨ |
 e‡½vcmvM‡ii AvqZb 22 j¶ eM© wK‡jvwgUvi |
 wmivRD‡Ï․jv 22 eQi eq‡m wmsnvm‡b e‡mb |
 gvj‡qwkqvi cÖavbgš¿x gvnw_i †gvnv¤§` ¶gZvq wQ‡jb-22 eQi (1981-2003)(27 Zg
wewmGm)|
 evsjv‡`k msweavb 22 bs Aby‡”Q`t wbe©vnx wefvM †_‡K wePvi wefvM c„_K Kiv nq |
 †`‡k b`x e›ì 22wU (¯’j e›ì 18wU)|
 †gRi wRqvDi ingvb Zvui kvmbvg‡j 22wU mvgwiK AfÿÌv‡bi gy‡LvgywL nb 21wU‡Z †eu‡P
†M‡jI 22 b¤îwU‡Z g„ZÿeiY K‡ib (30 GwcÖj 1981)|
 e„‡Ëi cwiwa I e¨v‡mi AbycvZ 22/7 cvBGi gvb (16 Zg wewmGm)|
 622 wLªóv‡ã wnRwi kvj MYbv|
 wµ‡KU wc‡Pi •`N¨© 22 MR ev 22Yards ev 20.12 wgUvi (34 Zg wewmGm) cÖ¯’ 10 wdU ev
3.05 wgUvi |
 kwb MÖ‡ni DcMÖn msL¨v me‡P‡q 22wU|
 msweavb 22 Aby‡”Q`t wbe©vwn wefvM †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki wePvi wePvM ¯^vaxb |
 e‡½vcmvM‡ii AvqZb 22 j¶ eM© wK‡jvwgUvi |
 AviejxM Gi m`m¨ 22
 my›ìeb †K BD‡b‡¯‥v 522 Zg wek¦ HwZn¨ †NvlYv K‡i |
23 wb‡q hZ wKQz
 23 Rvbyqvwi 2011 eW©vi MvW© Ae evsjv‡`‡ki hvÎv ïiy|
 23 Rvbyqvwi RvZxq cÖwk¶Y wèm |
 23 †deªqy vwi, 1948 cvwK¯’vb MYcwil‡ì cÖ_g Awa‡ekb e‡m |
137
 23 gvP©, 1940 cvwK¯’v‡bi jv‡nv‡i dRjyj nK jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve cvV K‡ib, †hLv‡b †gvnv¤§`
Avjx wRbœvn cÖ¯ÍvweZ 1939i wØRvwZ Z‡Z¡i we‡kl ¸iyZ¡ †`qv nq|
 23 gvP©, 1956 cvwK¯’v‡bi msweavb M„nxZ nq hv ev½vwjiv cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i |
 23k gvP©, 1956 c~e© evsjv c~e© cvwK¯’v‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ nq |
 23 gvP©, 1966 e½eÜy †kL gywReyi ingvb Qq`dv `vex †NvlYv K‡i |
 23 gvP©, 1969 XvKvi †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b †kL gywReyi ingvb †K Òe½eÜyÓ Dcvwa †`b QvÎ †bZv
†Zvdv‡qj Avn‡g` |
 23 gvP©, 1971 cvwK¯’v‡b ÒcÖRvZš¿ wèmÓ cvjb I evsjv‡`‡ki me©Î wke bvivq‡bi wWRvBb
Kiv gvbwPÎ †LvwPZ cZvKv Dovb nq |
 23 Ryb, 1757 HwZnvwmK cjvwki hy× nq |
 23 Ryb, 1949 ÒAvIqvgx gymwjg jxMÓ eZ©gvb ÒAvIqvgxjxMÓ MVb Kiv nq (gvIjvbv fvmvwb
†Pqvig¨vb, †kL gywReyi ingvb hyM¥ mvaviY m¤cv`K)|
 23 †m‡Þ¤î DËi †Mvjv‡a© kirKvj I `w¶Y †Mvjv‡a© emšÍ Kvj Gmgq w`b ivZ mgvb|
 23 b‡f¤î 2013 evsjv‡`k I hy³iv‡óªi g‡a¨ wUKdv Pzw³ mv¶i |
 miKvwi †gwW‡Kj K‡jR 23 wU|
 evsjv‡`k grm AvB‡b 23 †mw›UwgUv‡ii †QvU iyB RvZxq gvQ aiv wb‡la (14 Zg wewmGm)|
 gvby‡li †`‡n †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi msL¨v 23 †Rvov (30Zg, 19Zg, 11Zg,wewmGm)|
 1954i wbe©vP‡b hy³d«›U 223 wU Avmb jvf K‡i (309wU Avm‡bi) GKK fv‡e dRjyj n‡Ki
gyL¨gš¿x‡Z¡ (14 Rb m`m¨) gwš¿mfv MVb K‡i(25 gvP©) I 30 †g †K›`ªxq miKvi GB gwš¿mfv
evwZj Ki‡j c~e©evsjvq mvsm`xq MYZ‡š¿i Aemvb nq I †K›`ªxq kvmb Rvwi Kiv nq|
 M¨vm D‡Ëvj‡bi Rb¨ mgMÖ †`k‡K 23 wU e- ‡K fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q |
 Ph©vc‡` LwÛZ AvKv‡i cvIqv †M‡Q 23 bs c` wU |
 gqgbwmsn MxwZKv Ab~w`Z n‡q‡Q 23 wU fvlvq |
 wewkó K‡jøvj cwÎKv cÖKvwkZ-1923 mv‡j (33Zg wewmGm)|
 c„w_ex Zvi wbR mgZ‡j A‡¶i mv‡_ 23.5 wWwMÖ †Kv‡Y Wvbw`‡K †n‡j _v‡K |
 wbi¶‡iLvi DËi I `w¶‡b 23.5 wWwMÖ A¶‡iLv †K h_vµ‡g KK©UµvwšÍ I gKiµvwšÍ †iLv e‡j
(16 Zg wewmGm)|
 c„w_ex Zvi wbR A‡¶i Dci 1evi AveZ©b Kvj 23 NÈv 56 wgwbU 48 †m‡KÛ |
24 wb‡q hZ wKQz
 24 Rvbyqvwi MbAfÿÌvb wèm |
138
 24 gvP©, 1948 KvR©b n‡j ÒE`©zB n‡e cvwK¯’v‡bi GKgvÎ ivóª fvlvÓ e‡j †NvlYv †`q †gvnv¤§`
Avjx wRbœvn (‡mvnivIqvw`© D`¨v‡b)|
 24 Ryb, 1946 jW© Iqv‡fj †bniyi †bZ…‡Z¡ AšÍewZ©Kvjxb miKvi MVb K‡i |
 24 AvM÷ bvix wbh©vZb wèm (Bqvmwgb nZ¨v)|
 24 †m‡Þ¤î wgbv wèm |
 24 A‡±vei, 1945 RvwZmsN mb` (Archibad Macliesh KZ©…K iwPZ) Kvh©Ki nq, 26 Ryb,
1945 RvwZms‡Ni cÖwZôvKvjxb 51wU iv‡óªi 50wU ivóª RvwZmsN mb‡` m¦v¶i K‡i (‡cvjvÛ
e¨vwZZ)|24 A‡±vei RvwZmsN wèm (11Zg wewmGm) |
 e`‡ii hy× nq 624 wLªóv‡ã |
 24 A‡±vei, 1946 gymwjg jxM ‡bniyi 1946Gi AšÍewZ©Kvjxb miKv‡i †hvM`vb K‡i |
 24 b‡f¤î, 2011 evsjv‡`‡ki gwnjv wµ‡KU wUg AvšÍR©vwZK wµ‡KU ÷¨vUvm jvf K‡i |
 24 b‡f¤î, 2014 gvwK©b cÖwZi¶v gš¿x PvK †n‡Mj c`Z¨vM K‡ib |
 1924 mv‡j wPZ¡iÄb `v‡mi ¯îvRcvwU©‡Z †hvM`vb K‡i ivR‣bwZK Rxeb ïiyK‡ib †nv‡mb
knx` †mvnivIqvw`© |
 evsjv‡`k cvwK¯’v‡bi Aax‡b wQj 24 eQi |
 avb Mv‡Qi †µv‡gvR‡gi msL¨v 24 wU |
 †`‡k eZ©gv‡b e¯¿ K‡ji msL¨v 24 wU |
 24 wWwMÖ A¶ †iLvq fviZ I cvwK¯’v‡bi mxgv‡iLv |
 24 NÈv mgq jv‡M c„w_exi 360 wWwMÖ AveZ©Y Ki‡Z |
25 wb‡q hZ wKQz
 25 gvP©, 1971 evsjv‡`‡ki Kvj ivwÎ |
 25‡k gvP©, 1982 †Rbv‡ij û‡mBb gynv¤§` Gikv` wbe©vwPZ †cÖwm‡W›U Avãym mvËvi‡K i³cvZ
nxb AfÿÌv‡bi gva¨‡g c`PzZ¨ K‡i ¶gZv `Lj K‡ib |
 25 †m‡Þ¤î, 1974 e½eÜy RvwZms‡N evsjvq fvlY †`b |
 25 †deªyqvwi, 2009 wcjLvbv nZ¨v wèm |
 25 wW‡m¤î, 1964 wewUwfi cÖ_g ÷‚wWI wWAvBwU fe‡b Pvjy |
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavbgš¿xi eqm Ab~b¨ 25 eQi(18 Zg wewmGm) (ivóªcwZi 35 eQi)|
 GKwU f‚L‡Û ebf‚wgi cÖ‡qvRb 25% |
 1 †_K 100 ch©šÍ †g․wjK msL¨v Av‡Q 25 wU |
 evsjv eY© gvjvq ¯ck¦© eY© -25 wU (eM©xq eY©)|
 evqygÐ‡j Kve©b WvB A·vB‡Wi cwigvY 25% n‡j †Kvb cÖvYx evuP‡ebv |
 `~l‡Yi Kvi‡Y XvKv kn‡ii kZKiv 25 fvM wkï k¦vm K‡ó †fv‡M |
139
 mvgyw`ªK gvQ Drcv`‡b evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb we‡k¦ 25 Zg |
 APEC Gi 25 Zg m‡¤§jb †eBwR‡O (10b‡f¤î, 2014)|
26 wb‡q hZ wKQz
 26 Rvbyqvwi, 1952 mv‡j LvRv bvwRg DwÏb XvKvi GK Rbmfvq e‡jb ÒE`©zB n‡e cvwK¯’v‡bi
ivóª fvlvÓ |
 26 gvP©, 1971 evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv wèm |
 26 gvP© 2004 GwjU evwnbx h©ve AvbyôvwbK hvÎv ïiyK‡i |
 26 GwcÖj, 1952 evsjv‡`k QvÎ BDwbqb MwVZ |
 26 GwcÖj, 1999 CIH Virus mviv we‡k¦i Kw¤cDUv‡i AvµgY K‡i wech©q m„wó K‡i |
 26 Ryb, 2000 evsjv‡`k †U÷ wµ‡KU gh©v`v jvf K‡i (25 Zg wewmGm)|
 26 Ryb AvšÍR©vwZK gv`K we‡ivax wèm |
 26 †m‡Þ¤î, 1975 †kL gywRe nZ¨vKv‡Êi wePv‡ii Dci wb‡lavÁv w`‡q L›`Kvi †gvkZvK
Bb‡WgwbwU ev `vqgyw³ Aa¨v‡`k Rvwi K‡i | †Rbv‡ij wRqvDi ingvb I kvn& AvwRRyi ingvb
msweav‡bi cÂg ms‡kvabx‡Z GUvi •eaZv †`q |
 evsjv‡`‡k M¨vm †¶Î 26wU, bvivqbM‡Äi iycMÄ me©‡kl |
 e¨vÄb e‡Y© c~Y© gvÎvi eY© 26 wU |
 evsjv‡`‡ki me© DË‡ii mxgv 26.38 wWwMÖ A¶ †iLvq |
 evsjv‡`‡ki evwl©K Mo ZvcgvÎv 26.01 †mjwmqvm
 ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ exi cÖZxK Dcvwa jvf K‡ib-426 Rb(27 Zg wewmGm)|
27 wb‡q hZ wKQz
 27 gvP© 1996 ZË¡veavqK miKvi AvBb cvk (22 Zg wewmGm)|
 27 A‡±vei, 1972 evsjv‡`k BD‡b‡¯‥vi (cÖwZôv 1946, d«v‡Ýi c¨vwim Gi mì `ßi) m`m¨
c` jvf K‡i |
 27 ev 30 wW‡m¤î, 1906 mv‡j XvKvi kvnev‡M beve mwjgyjøvni cÖ¯Ív‡e gymwjg jxM MwVZ nq,
AvMv Lvb cÖ_g mfvcwZ wQ‡jb |
 27 eQ‡i 17 evi fviZel© AvµgY K‡ib MRwbi myjZvb gvngy` (1000-1027 mv‡j) |
 msweavb 27 bs Aby‡”Q`t AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z mevB mgvb (24 Zg wewmGm)|
 XvKv †_‡K Lyjbvi †ij c‡_i `~iZ¡-627 wKwg|(31Zg wewmGm)
 el©vq †`‡ki Mo ZvcgvÎv 27 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm |
 A¨vwmqvb wiwRIbvj †dviv‡gi m`m¨ 27wU (27 Zg wewmGm)|
 hy³iv‡óªi msweavb 27 evi ms‡kvab n‡q‡Q|
140
 Pvu` c„w_exi Pviw`‡K GKevi Ny‡i Av‡m 27 w`‡b|
28 wb‡q hv wKQz
 28 Rvbyqvwi 1982 RvZxq msm` feb D‡™¢vab K‡ib wePvi cwZ Avãym mvËvi |
 28 †deªyqvwi, Wvqv‡eUxm wèm |
 28 †g wbivc` gvZ…Z¡ wèm |
 28 RyjvB, 1919 d«v‡Ýi fvm©vB bMix‡Z wØZxq fvm©vB Pzw³ nq cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i ci| hvi
wfwË‡Z jxM Ae †bkb MwVZ nq |
 28 RyjvB wek¦ †ncvUvBwUm wèm |
 28 A‡±vei, 1945 RvwZmsN cÖwZôv |
 28 wW‡m¤î mj½v wèm |
 evsjv‡`k wmwfj mvwf©m K¨vWvi msL¨v 28 wU (21 Zg wewmGm)|
 28 A‡±vei, 1971 exi‡kªô knx` wmcvnx nvwg`yi ingvb G-1 B÷‡e½j †iwR‡g‡›Ui ajB
Avµg‡Y mn‡hv×v‡ì Rxeb i¶v‡_© kÎyi ev¼vi aŸsm Ki‡Z wM‡q †gwkbMv‡bi ev‡÷i AvNv‡Z
kvnv`vZ eiY K‡ib | Zv‡K wgicyi knx` eyw×Rxex Kei¯’v‡b cybtmgvwnZ Kiv nq | wZwb 2iv
†deªyqvwi, 1953 wSbvB`n, KvwjMÄ LÏLvwjkcyi MÖv‡g Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib |
 28 wW‡m¤î, 1885 gy¤^vB‡q Ks‡MÖ‡mi cÖ_g Awa‡ek‡b evOvwj e¨vwi÷vi D‡gkP›`ª e‡›`vcva¨vq
mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib |
 evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 28(4) Aby‡”Q` e‡j bvix, wkï ev AbMÖmi bvMwiK‡ì Rb¨ we‡kl weavb
•Zwii ¶gZv cvq (22 Zg wewmGm)|
 evsjv‡`k msweavb Aby‡”Q` 28(2) evsjv‡`‡ki ivóª I MbRxe‡bi me©¯‡Í i bvix cyiy‡li mgvb
AwaKvi jvf Ki‡eb-(27 Zg wewmGm)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki 28 wU †Rjvq miKvwi †Kvb ebf‚wg †bB |
 BD‡ivwcq BDwbq‡b †µv‡qwkqv 28 Zg m`m¨ |
 BD‡ivwcq BDwbq‡bi m`m¨ 28
 f‚Z¡‡K wmwjK‡bi cwigvY kZKiv 28 fvM |
29 wb‡q hZ wKQz
 29 gvP©, 1857 e¨vivKcy‡i wmcvnx we‡`ªvn Avi¤¢ nq |
 29 b‡f¤î RvwZm‡•Ni wdwjw¯Íb wèm |
 c„w_exi AvqZ‡bi 29 fvM ¯’j |
 Awae‡l©†deªyqvwi gvm 29 w`‡b |
 129 Zg ivóª wnmv‡e evsjv‡`k CTBT Pzw³ mv¶i K‡i |
141
 c„w_ex m~h©‡K cwiµgY Ki‡Q †m‡K‡Û 29.76 wKwg †e‡M |
 evsjv‡`k RvwZms‡Ni m`m¨ c` jvf K‡i 29 Zg Awa‡ek‡b |
 fvi‡Zi 29Zg ivR¨ †Z‡j½vbvi †jvKmfvi Avmb msL¨v 17wU|
 fvi‡Z A½ivR¨ 29wU |
30 wb‡q hZ wKQz
 30 †g, 1954 mv‡j cvwK¯’vb †K›`ªxq miKvi 1954i hy³d«›U gš¿xmfv evwZj K‡i |
 30 GwcÖj, 1981 PÆMÖv‡gi mvwK©U nvD‡m GK mvgwiK AfÿÌv‡b †cÖwm‡W›U wRqv g„ZÿeiY
K‡ib, G mgq cÖavb †mbvcwZ wn‡jb †Rbv‡ij Gikv`|
 30 AvM÷, 1975 Pxb evsjv‡`k †K ¯^xK…wZ †`q |
 30 †m‡Þ¤î RvZxq Kb¨vwkï wèm |
 wgk‡ii mv‡eK †cÖwm‡W›U †nvmwb †gveviK ¶gZvq wQ‡jb 30 eQi |
 evsjv‡`k RvwZms‡Ni 30 wU wgk‡b Ask MÖnY K‡i‡Q |
 evsjv‡`k fviZ cvwb Pzw³i †gqv` 30 eQi (1996-2026)(22 Zg wewmGm)|
 evsjv‡`k msweavb 31Zg Aby‡”Q`t mKj bvMwi‡Ki mgvb AwaKvi |
 fvi‡Zi mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki mxgvšÍ †Rjv Av‡Q 30 wU |
 30 w`‡b gvm I 360 w`‡b eQi MYbv ïiyK‡i wgkixqiv |
 30 w`‡b gvm I 12 gv‡m eQi MYbv cÖeZ©b K‡i cviwmqiv |
 IqvBg¨v‡· †m‡K‡Û WvUv UªvÝdvi nq-30-40 wU|
 gaycyi I fvIqvj M‡oi cwðg I DËi w`‡Ki D”PZv 30 wgUvi |
 evsjv‡`‡ki 2q m‡e©v”P ce©‡Zi D”PZv-1230 wgUvi (12 Zg wewmGm)|
31 wb‡q hZ wKQz
 31‡g wek¦ aygcvb eR©b wèm (17 Zg, 34 Zg wewmGm) |
 31 A‡±vei, 1972 †kªbx msMÖvg‡K Zxeª K‡i •eÁvwbK mgvRZš¿ cÖwZôvi Avnevb Kiv n‡j
QvÎjx‡Mi †fZi AšÍ‡Kv›`j †`Lv †`q I cieZ©x‡Z RvZxq mgvRZvwš¿K `j bv‡g GKwU `j
MVb Kiv nq|
 gvbe †`‡n myl~®§v nv‡oi msL¨v 31 †Rvov |
 Dbœqbwkj we‡k¦ B›Uvi‡bU eënv‡ii nvi 31 kZvsk|
 evsjv‡`‡ki m‡e©v”P ce©Z ZvwRIWs Gi D”PZv- 1231 wgUvi |
 2014 mv‡j RvwZmsN cÖRvwZi cÖvYx msi¶‡Yi ZvwjKv cÖKvk K‡i‡Q 31 |
bvix I wkï
142
 RvwZms‡N CEDAW-Convention for the Elimination of all forms of
Discrimination Against Women Gi gwbUwis KwgwUi ev½vjx gwnjv †Pqvicvm©b
wQ‡jb-mvjgv Lvb (18 Zg wewmGm)|
 kvwšÍi Rb¨ †bv‡ej cÖvß cÖ_g gwnjv-ev_©vfb myUbvi, Aw÷ªqv 1905 (26 Zg wewmGm)
 cÖ_g gymwjg gwnjv †bv‡ej weRwq-wkwib Gev`x Bivb|
 gymwjg bvix RvMi‡Yi Kwe-mvgmybœvnvi (29 Zg wewmGm)|
 gymwjg bvix RvMi‡Yi AMÖ`~Z-‡eMg †iv‡Kqv |
 †`‡ki cÖ_g bvix †gqi †mwjbv nvqvZ AvBwf(2011)|
 evsjv‡`k gwnjv wµ‡KU `j Iqvb‡W I wU-20 wµ‡K‡Ui AvšÍR©vwZK gh©v`v jvf K‡i 20
b‡f¤î, 2011|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g bvix DcvPvh© Aa¨vcK Av‡bvqviv †eMg, AZxk `xcsKi wek¦we`¨vjq |
 2014 el©‡miv AwfhvÎx- Iqvmwdqv bvRwbb |
 h©v gb g¨vM‡mm cyi®‥vi 2012 jvf K‡ib •mq`v wi‡Rvqvbv nvmvb|
 evsjv‡`‡k 12 eQ‡ii Kg eqwm wkï †ì M„nKv‡R wb‡qvM wbwl×-2011|
 mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i Avwcj wefv‡M evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g bvix wePvi cwZ- bvRgyb Aviv myjZvbv-2011|
 evsjv‡`k RvwZms‡Ni bvix ms¯’v BDGb-I‡gb Gi hvÎv ïiy10 gvP©, 2011|
 evsjv‡`k bvix Avg©W cywjk hvÎv ïiyK‡i 21Ryb, 2011|
 bvix Dbœqb bxwZgvjv Pvjy 2011 mvj|
 †mvW© Ae Abvi cÖvß cÖ_g bvix gviwRqv Bmjvg |
 gnvb gyw³hy‡× K¨v‡Þb †mZviv †eMg I Zvivgb wewe bvix exicÖZxK †LZve cÖvß|
 eZ©gvb gš¿x mfvq bvix gš¿x 4 Rb |
 gvwK©b bvixiv †fvUvwaKvi jvf K‡i
 gnvb RvZxq msm‡ì 10g Awa‡ek‡b gnxjv wbe©vwPZ Ggwc-19 Rb |
 †`‡k bvix weevn‡hvM¨ eqm- 18 eQi|
 RvZxq wkï wèm 17 gvP©|
 cÖ_g Mvj© mvwgU 2014 †Z evsjv‡`‡ki c‡¶ †hvM`vb K‡i cÖavb gš¿x †kL nvwmbv |
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g bvix cÖavb cÖ‡K․kjx †eMg Lv‡j`v Avnmvb |
 RvZxq Kb¨v wkï wèm 30 †m‡Þ¤î |
 A‡±vei (10) gv‡mi cÖ_g †mvgevi AvšÍR©vwZK wkï wèm |
 3 RyjvB RvZxq Rb¥ wbeÜb wèm |
 wbivc` gvZ…Z¡ wèm 28 GwcÖj|
 bvix wbh©vZb wèm (Bqvmwgb nZ¨v) 24 AvM÷ |
 c_ wkï wèm-2 A‡±vei |
143
 †eMg‡iv‡Kqv wèm-9 wW‡m¤î |
 wgbv wèm-24 †m‡Þ¤î |
 wkï AwaKvi wb‡q KvR K‡i BDwb‡Qd |
 XvKv wek¦ we`¨vj‡qi cÖ_g QvÎx jxbvbvM |
 fvi‡Zi ivRxe MvÜx‡K AvZ¥NvwZ †evgv nvgjvq nZ¨v K‡i bwjbx|
 Bmv‡ejv g~i cÖ_g gwnjv cÖavbgš¿x |
 WUvi Ae cvwK¯’vb-gvjvjv BDmyd|
 w`wjøi wmsnvm‡b cÖ_g bvix myjZvbv ivwRqv |
 gnvb gyw³hy‡× †gvU bvix gyw³‡hv×v- 203 Rb|
 me‡P‡q †ewk gyw³ †hv×v Ask‡bb w`bvRcyi †_‡K (21 Rb)|
 gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U evivK Ievgvi cÖkvm‡b wbhy³ cÖ_g evsjv‡`wk bxbv Avn‡g` (2014)|
 weª‡U‡b cÖ_g evsjv‡`wk wnmv‡e wePviK wbhy³ nb-¯^cœiv LvZzb (2014)|
 2015-18 mvj †gqv‡` 2q ev‡ii gZ CEDAW Gi m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ nb-BmgZ Rvnvb |
 †ejwRqv‡g wbhy³ evsjv‡`wk ivóª`yZ-BmgZ Rvnvb |
 Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g gymwjg bvix wPwKrmK- Wv. †Rvniv †eMg KvwR|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g bvix ciivóªgš¿x W. w`cy gwb |
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g bvix ¯îvóªgš¿x-A¨vW‡fv‡KU mvnviv LvZzb |
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g bvix msm` Dc‡bZv- •mq`v mv‡R`v †P․ayix |
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g bvix mPxe- RvwKqv Av³vi|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g bvix K‚UbxwZK- Zvnwgbv Lvb Wwj |
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g bvix ivóª`~Z-gvngy`v nK †P․aywi |
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g bvix e¨vwi÷vi-iv‡eqv f‚Bqv |
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g bvix †mvW© Ae Abvi †LZve cÖvß †mbv Kg©KZ©v- gviwRqv Bmjvg |
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g bvix RvZxq Aa¨vcK- W. mywdqv Kvgvj|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g bvix msev` c‡Îi m¤cv`K- b~iRvnvb †eMg, †eMg cwÎKv |
 evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki cÖ_g bvix cwiPvjK-Aa¨vcK nvbœvbv †eMg|
 evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki cÖ_g bvix †WcywU Mfb©i- †eMg bvRbxb myjZvbv |
 evsjv GKv‡Wwgi cÖ_g bvix gnvcwiPvjK- bxwjgv Beªvwng |
 evsjv‡`‡ki cvewjK wek¦we`¨j‡qi cÖ_g bvix wfwm-W. dvinvbv Bmjvg |
 evsjv‡`wk bvwk` Rvgvb (2014) †miv A¨vwY‡g‡UW Qwe wbg©v‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ _vKvq A¯‥vi
†R‡Zb |
01-09 `k‡K hv wKQz
144
 4000 wLª÷c~e© jvsMj •Zwi nq|
 3000 wLª÷c~e©ã PvKv jvMv‡bv Mvwoi eënvi |
 e¨vwej‡b cÖ_g MYbv hš¿ GevKvm Avwe®‥vi |
 2700-2600 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã wgk‡i dvivIiv wcivwgW wbg©vb K‡i |
 2500 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã m~‡gixq‡ì Øviv msL¨v c×wZi D™¢veb |
 1400-1500 wLª÷c~e© A‡ã Avh©iv †g․h©es‡ki kvm‡bi ci fviZ e‡l© Av‡m|
 1000 wLª÷c~e© wdwbwkq‡ì eY©bvµwgK nid •Zwi, ivgvqb I gnvfviZ iPbv Kvj|
 wLª÷c~e© 7g kZ‡K ag© wec- e nq |
 400 wLª÷c~e© A‡ã gnvex‡ii Rb¥ |
 †ivgvb mgªvU Rywjqvm wmRvi wLª÷c~e© 100 A‡ã Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib |
 Rywjqvm wmRvi †iv‡gi kvmK wQ‡jb cÖvq 2000 eQi Av‡M (28 Zg wewmGm)|
 500 wLª÷v‡ã fviZe‡l© ï‡bï avibv cÖ‡qvM I `k wfwËK wnmve c×wZ Pvjy |
 1000 mvj †_‡K 1027 mv‡j MRbxi myjZvb gvngy` 27 eQ‡i 17 evi fviZ AvµgY K‡ib
 1201-1350 mvjt evsjv mvwn‡Zï AÜKvi hyM (34 Zg wewmGm)| ivgvB cwÛZ iwPZ †e․×
ag©xq Z‡Z¡i MÖš’ Òïb¨cyivbÓ I njvq~` gxkª iwPZ gvnvZ¨ e¨ÄK Kve¨ Ò‡mKï‡fv`qvÓ Gmg‡qi mvwn‡Zï
wb`k©b hvi †KvbwUB evsjvq iwPZ bq| M`¨ I c‡`¨ wgwkªZ Kv‡e¨ ÒP¤cyKve¨Ó ïb¨c~ivY iwPZ | D‡jøL¨
ÒwbiÄ‡bi D®§vÓ ïb¨c~ivY Kv‡eï Askwe‡kl hv ZzwK© Avµg‡Yi c~‡e© iwPZ e‡j avibv Kiv nq | †m mgq
eY©wn›`y I ag© †meK‡ì AZ¨vPvi I AeÁvq wbiÄb ag©VvKzi gymwjg heb iy‡c ivóª¶gZvq AwawôZ n‡q
cÖwZ‡kva MÖnY K‡ib | Òg‡Mi gyjyK I ZzwK©i bvPb Gmg‡qi Kvj we‡ePbvq M‡o IVv evMaviv | G mgq
†e․× mnwRqv m¤cÖ`v‡qi wejywß nq |
 1500 †_‡K 1700 mvj evsjv mvwn‡Zï •PZb¨ hyM |
1500-1660 mvj Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï Renaissance Period
1600 mvjt B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤cvwb‡K ivYx cÖ_g GwjRv‡e_ weªwUk Dcwb‡ek fvi‡Z evwYR¨ Kivi
ivRKxq mb` cÖ`vb K‡i (31 wW‡m¤î)|
1700 mvjt Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g evwbwR¨K e¨vsK wn›`y¯’vb e¨vsK|
1800 mvjt †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡jR cÖwZôv, evsjv gy`ªY hš¿ Pvjy, kªx ivg cyi wgkb cÖwZôv |
2000 mvjt evsjv‡`k cwi‡ek Av‡›`vjb, RvwZms‡N Millennium Development Goal †Nvlbv
(8wU wel‡q), RvwZms‡Ni mKj †`‡k AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv wèm cvjb, Uv•¸qvi nvIo‡K wek¦ HwZn¨
†NvlYv K‡i BD‡b‡¯‥v, evsjv‡`k CTBT Pzw³ Aby‡gv`b K‡i (25Zg wewmGm) wKš‘ ¯^v¶i K‡i
1996(123 Zg †`k), evsjv‡`k †U÷ wµ‡KU gh©v`v jvf K‡i (29Zg, 25Zg wewmGm) (26 Ryb),
bvixi ¶gZvq‡bi GKwU avc wn‡m‡e evevi bv‡gi c‡iB gv‡qi bvg †jLvi wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq|
 KwíZ 0wWwMÖ `ªvwNgv †iLv Bsj¨v‡Ûi MÖxwbP gvbgw›`‡ii Dci w`‡q wM‡q‡Q (33Zg wewmGm)|
 hy³iv‡óª wm‡b‡U †gvU Avmb msL¨v 100 wU (50 wU A½iv‡R¨ 2Rb K‡i)(28Zg wewmGm)|
145
 evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‣bwZK mgy`ª mxgv 200 bwU‡Kj gvBj (11Zg wewmGm) (ivR‣bwZK mxgv 12
bwUK¨vj gvBj ev 22.22 wKwg)|
 Fireware is the fastest Data Transfer Rated bus which transfer data 400 MB
per second.
 The speed of data transmission in the Voice Band is 900 bps.
 gnvmvM‡ii Mo MfxiZv 4000 wgUvi |
 mvaviYZ cÖwZ 1000 wgUvi D”PZvq 6 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎv nªvm cvq|
 mvM‡ii MfxiZv 1200 wgUvi |
 cÖwZw`b GKRb c~b© eq®‥ gvby‡li 2500 K¨vjwi Lv`¨ cÖ‡qvRb |
 Kgc‡¶ 600 wgUvi D”PZv wewkó DuPz f‚wg‡K ce©Z e‡j |
 wmwWi‡gi avib¶gZv 700 †gMvevBU |
 mybvwgi mvgyw`ªK †XE 800 †_‡K 1300 |
 †`‡k †b․c_ el©vKv‡j 5400 wKwg| mvov eQi 3000 wKwg| †gvU 8400 wKwg (‡evW© cvV¨cy¯ÍK)|
wKš‘ mviv eQi bve¨ ågY b`xc‡_i •`N¨© 5200 wKwg (15 Zg wewmGm)|
 c„w_exi e¨vmva© AvbygvwbK 6400 wKwg |
 weL¨vZ 500 w`‡bi c- ¨vb †mvwf‡qZ evRvi A_©bxwZ cÖe©ZY|
 wngvjq ce©Zgvjvi •`N¨© - 2500 wKwg
 evsjv‡`‡m my›ìe‡bi AvqZb 2400 eM©gvBj (5747 e.wKwg) (20 Zg, 25 Zg wewmGm)|
 fviZ I evsjv‡`k Df‡q my›ìe‡bi AvqZb-10000 eM© wKwg|
 cÖvq 25,000 •mb¨, Awdmvi mvgwiK evwnbx Kg©KZ©v cÖZ¨¶fv‡e gyw³ hy‡× Ask MÖnY K‡ib |
 c„w_exi cwiwa cÖvq 25000 gvBj |
 cvwbi ùzUvbv¼ 100 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm |
 wb¤œ A¶vsk 00-30wWMÖx
 In a CD-ROM standard Data storage capacity is 700 MB.
 In 1701 ‘The Daily Courant’ was the first English daily published.
1801 mvjt †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡R evsjv wefvM Pvjy (26 Zg wewmGm)|
1901 mvjt XvKvq cÖ_g •e`ÿwZK evwZ cÖPjb Kiv nq |
2001mvjt evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g †U÷wUDe †ewe nxiv, gwb, gy³v Rb¥MÖnY K‡i (24 Zg wewmGm), gyw³hy×
wfwËK gš¿bvjq Pvjy(26 Zg wewmGm), B½-gvwK©b evwnbx RvwZms‡Ni wb‡la Agvb¨ K‡i Biv‡K
Acv‡ikb GbwWDwis wd«Wg bv‡g hy× ïiyK‡i |
2002 mvjt c~e© Zxgyi cZ©zMv‡ji KvQ †_‡K gy³ n‡q B‡›`v‡bwkqvq hy³ nq (1975) I 2002 ¯^vaxbZv
jvf K‡i, XvKvi e„nËg cvwb †kvabvMvi-mvq`vev` cvwb‡kvabvMvi, AvBbk„•Ljv weNœKvix Aciva (`ªyZ
wePvi) AvBb RvZxq msm‡` cvk nq (9 GwcÖj) (24 Zg wewmGm)|
1803 mvjt hy³ivóª jyBwmqvbv †÷UwU wK‡b d«vÝ Gi KvQ †_‡K |
146
 1903-1976-Kwe RwmgDwÏ‡bi Rxeb Kvj(14 Zg wewmGm)|
2003 mvjt gvwK©b hy³ivóª I Zvi wgÎ †`k¸‡jv RvwZms‡Ni †Zvqv°v bv K‡i Biv‡K Iqvi Ab
†U‡ivwiRg bv‡g hy× †Nvlbv K‡i (20 gvP©) (25 Zg wewmGm), RwR©qvq †Mvjvwc wec- e |
 †`‡k evwl©K e„wócv‡Zi cwigvY 203 †mwg|
 604 wLª÷c~e© e¨wejbxq mf¨Zvi weKvk, Rvcv‡bi wjwLZ msweavb |
 4 wLª÷c~e© whïwLª‡÷i Rb¥ |
1204 mvjt BLwZqvi DwÏb gynv¤§` eLwZqvi LjwR evsjv AvµgY K‡i j¶b †mb †K civwRZ K‡i
wLjwR es‡ki kvmb ïiyK‡ib(29Zg wewmGm) |
1804 mvjt †b‡cvwjqb d«v‡Ýi mgªvU nb|
1904 mvjt d«v‡Ýi c¨vwi‡m wddv cÖwZwôZ nq (m`m¨ 209 wU †`k), mì `ßi myBRvij¨v‡Ûi Rywi‡L
|
2004 mvjt BD‡µ‡b A‡iÄ/Kgjv wec- e nq, wf‡qZbv‡gi ivóªcÖavb evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g mdi K‡ib (25
Zg wewmGm), `w¶Y Gwkq †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ SAFTA Pzw³ mv¶wiZ nq|evsjv‡`‡k mvwe©K `~‡h©vM eë¯’vcœv
Kg©m~wP Pvjy nq 2004 mv‡j, gvqvbgv‡i mvB‡K¬vb bvwM©m AvNvZ nv‡b-2004 mv‡j |
 bxjdvgvwi †Rjvq fvi‡Zi wQUgnj-4wU
1905 mvjt jW© KvR©b KZ©…K e½f½, beMwVZ cÖ‡`k Avmvg I c~e© e‡½i cÖ_g MfY©i wQ‡jb e¨vwçì
dzjvi (15 Zg wewmGm), XvKv wØZxq evi evsjvi ivRavbx nq, iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi KZ©…K ÒAvgvi †mvbvi
evsjvÓ e½`k©b cwÎKvq cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ, cj n¨vwim Rotary International cÖwZôv K‡ib (16 Zg
wewmGm)|
2005 mvjt wR¤^vey‡qi wec‡¶ evsjv‡`k cÖ_g †U÷ wmwiR Rq, wKiwMR¯Ív‡b wUDwjc wec- e, †jevb‡b
wmWvi wec- e, Kz‡q‡Z bxj wec- e, Biv‡K cvi‡cj wec- e msMwVZ nq, RvwZmsN †NvwlZ Rxe‡bi Rb¨
cvwb `kK †NvlYv 2005-2015,hy³iv‡óª nvwi‡Kb K¨vUwibv AvNvZ nv‡b 2005 mv‡j
 cÖPwjZ wK †evW© ¸‡jv‡Z wK _v‡K 105 wU |
 Blue Ray wWwfwW‡Z 405 b¨v‡bv wgUvi Zi½ •`‡N©i †jRvi iwk¥ eënvi Kiv nq |
1906 mvjt beve Avãyj jwZ‡di †bZ…‡Z¡ gymwjg jxM cÖwZôv nq(30 wW‡m¤î) |
2006 mvjt W. gyn¤§` BDbym kvwšÍ‡Z †bv‡ej cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib, Rb¥-g„Zÿ wbeÜb AvBb †h mvj
†_‡K Kvh©Ki Kiv nq|
1707 mvjt (Acts of Union 1707) GB AvBb cvk nIqvi gva¨‡g Bsj¨vÛ I ¯‥Uj¨vÛ hy³ivR¨
MVb K‡i †MÖUe„‡Ub bvg avib K‡i |
1907 mvjt nicÖmv` kv¯¿x ÒPh©vc`Ó Avwe®‥vi K‡ib †bcv‡ji i‡qj jvB‡eªix †_‡K (34Zg wewmGm)|
2007 mvjt evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii wbe©vnx wefvM †_‡K wePvi wefvM c„_K I ¯^vaxb Kiv nq(1jv b‡f¤î)
(29Zg wewmGm),wek¦Kvc wµ‡KU Rq K‡i A‡÷ªwjqv, †`k wnmv‡e AvdMvwb¯’vb mv‡K© †hvM †`q,
evsjv‡`‡k Nywb©So wmWi AvNvZ nv‡b (15 b‡f¤î), wek¦Kvc|
1608 mvjt B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤cvwb Dcgnv‡`‡k myiv‡U cÖ_g evwbR¨ KzwV wbg©vb K‡i(1651 evsjvq)|
147
1908 mvjt evsjvi wec- exiv evsjvi Mfb©i GÛªy dzRvi I c~e©e½ Avmv‡gi Mfb©i e¨vg wdì dzjvi‡K
nZ¨vi †Póv K‡i e¨vnZ nq |
2008 mvjt †bcvj miKvi AvbyôvwbK fv‡e `vm cÖ_v wejyß K‡i, RvZxq gvbevwaKvi Kwgkb Kvh©µg
ïiyK‡i (1jv wW‡m¤î), †`‡k MÖvg miKvi AvBb evwZj Kiv nq, cvwK¯’vb †K cybivq KgbIqj‡_i
m`m¨ c` †diZ †`qv nq(21 Zg wewmGm), KOOBFACE Kw¤cDUvi Iqvg© †dmeyK I
gvB‡¯c‡mi eënviKvix‡ì AvµgY K‡i|
1909 mvjt gwj© wg‡›Uv fviZ kvmb AvBb ms¯‥vi hvi g‡a¨ gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨ c„_K wbe©vPbx eë¯’v
¯^xK…wZ, e„wUk fvi‡Z wbe©vnx cwil‡` cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj eë¯’v ¯^xK…wZ, emšÍiÄb ivq weØØjøf ga¨ hy‡Mi
evsjv mvwn‡Zï wb`k©b Òkªx K…ò KxZ©bÓ Avwe®‥vi K‡ib | ICC cÖwZwôZ (m`m¨ 109)|
2009 mvjt XvKvi wcjLvbvq wewWAvi we‡`ªvn(25-26 †deªyqvwi), †Wbgv‡K©i †Kv‡cb‡n‡M‡b wek¦ Rjevqy
msµvšÍ m‡¤§jb,evsjv‡`‡k NywY©So AvBjv AvNvZ nv‡b 2009mv‡j |
|

810 -850 mvj evsjv kvmb K‡ib †è cvj (‡Mvcv‡ji †Q‡j ag©cvj, ag©cv‡ji †Q‡j †è cvj)|
1610 mvjt AvIi½‡R‡ei my‡e`vi Bmjvg Lvb XvKv‡K evsjvi ivRavbx K‡ib (28Zg, 24Zg
wewmGm)|
1910 mvjt ivRkvnx‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_gRv`yNi Òe‡i›`ª Rv`yNiÓ cÖwZôv |
2010 mvjt Aa¨vcK gvKmy`yj Avjg cv‡Ui wRb inm¨ D‡b¥vPb K‡ib, †gw·‡Kv‡Z Rjevqy msµvšÍ
KvbKzb m‡¤§jb, RvwZms‡Ni 65Zg Awa‡ekb 21‡k †deªyqvwi‡K AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv wèm cvj‡b
wm×všÍ †bq, DB‡ÛvR †dvb evRv‡i Av‡m, g~mv Beªvnxg cÖ_g evsjv‡`kx wn‡m‡e Gfv‡i÷ Rq K‡ib,
AvšÍR©vwZK Aciva UªvBeÿbvj (ICT) cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q (25 gvP©), iscyi wefvM hvÎv ïiyK‡i (1Ryb),
†Uwb‡mi DB‡¤^vìb P¨vw¤cqbwk‡c Rb BRbvi wb‡Kvjm gvûZ me‡P‡q `xN© g¨vP m¤cbœ K‡ib,
 cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi cvnv‡oi Mo D”PZv 610 wgUvi,
 evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cZvKvi gvc 10:6 (11 Zg wewmGm)|
1911 mvjt jW© nvwW©Ä KZ©…K e½f½ i` Kiv nq (24 Zg wewmGm)|
2011 mvjt gvZ…Z¡Kvjxb miKvwi PvKzwii QzwU 6 gvm Kiv nq, wewRexi AvbyôvwbK hvÎv, evsjv‡`‡ki
gwnjv wµ‡KU wUg AvšÍR©vwZK wµ‡KU ÷¨vUvm jvf K‡i (24 b‡f¤î), weGbwc I Gi mn‡hvwM `j
wb‡q 18 `jxq †RvU MVb (18 GwcÖj)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki †fZ‡i fvi‡Zi wQUgnj-111wU (jvjgwbinvU †Rjvq-59wU, cÂMo †Rjvq-36wU,
KzwoMÖvg †Rjvq-12wU, bxjdvgvwi †Rjvq-4wU)|
1912 mvjt UvBUvwbK RvnvR AvUjvw›UK gnvmvM‡i wbgw¾Z nq | XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZôvi Rb¨ 13
m`m¨ wewkó Òbv_vb KwgkbÓ MwVZ nq |
148
2012 mvjt iscyi wmwUK‡c©v‡ik‡bi hvÎv, wbkvZ gRyg`vicÖ_g evsjv‡`kx bvix wn‡m‡e Gfv‡i÷ Rq
K‡ib, me©‡kl Awjw¤cK AbywôZ nq jÛ‡b, `~‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv AvBb cvk.
 A‡÷ªwjqvb I‡cb Rq K‡i †ejviy‡ki wf‡±vwiqv †i‡bKv K¨v‡ivjvBb I‡RvwbqvwK †K †cQ‡b †d‡j
cÖ_g ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡ib, †cvj¨vÛ I BD‡µ‡b AbywôZ BD‡iv dzUej Kvc-2012 Rq K‡i †¯cb |
 KzwoMÖvg †Rjvq fvi‡Zi wQUgnj-12wU|
 evsjv‡`‡ki me©‡gvU mxgv‡iLv-4712 wKwg|
 The Size of a sector in a Hard Disk is 512 bytes.
1913 mvjt e½xq gymjgvb mvwnZ¨ mwgwZ cÖwZôv, MxZvÄjx Kv‡eï Bs‡iwR Abyev‡ì Rb¨ iex›`ªbv_
VvKzi mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ej cyi®‥vi jvf K‡ib |
2013 mvjt hy³ivóª KZ©…K evsjv‡`‡ki wRGmwc myweav eÜ †Nvlbv(27 Ryb), wgk‡ii †cÖwm‡W›U gyiwm
†K mwo‡q mvgwiK kvlY-(3RyjvB) cvebvi iƒccy‡i cvigvbweK we`ÿr †K‡›`ªi wfwË ¯’vcb(2 A‡±vei),
KgbI‡qj_ †_‡K Mv¤^xqvi m`m¨ c` cÖZ¨vnvi (3 A‡±vei), †bjmb‡g‡Ûjvi g„Zÿ (5 wW‡m¤î), †d«Â
I‡c‡bi cyiyl‡ì †Uwb‡m ivdv‡qj bv`vj cÖ_g cyiƒl wn‡m‡e m‡e©v”P MÖvÛ ¯¬vg AR©b K‡ib (8evi),
†gqi †gvnv¤§` nvwbd d¬vB Ifvi Pvjy |
 evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU mgy`ª mxgv 1, 18, 813 e. wKwg |
1614 mvjt ¯‥Uj¨v‡Ûi MwYZwe` Rb †bwcqvi jMvwi`g D™¢veb K‡ib |
1914 mvjtcÖ_g wek¦ hy× ïiy(28 RyjvB)|
2014 mvjt evsjv‡`‡k `kg RvZxq msm` wbe©vPb (5 Rvbyqvwi), 4_© Dc‡Rjv wbe©vPb, eªvwR‡j 20 Zg
wek¦Kvc dzUej Avm‡ii m½xZ We are one , wU-20 wek¦Kvc Rq K‡i wkªjsKv, †d«ÂI‡cb wR‡Zb-
(cyiyl I bvix GKK) ivdv‡qj bv`vj I gvwiqv kviv‡cvfv, ivwkqvq 22Zg kxZKvwjb Awjw¤c‡Ki
†¯¬vMvb-Hot. Cool. Yours, ¯‥Uj¨v‡Û hy³ivR¨ †_‡K ¯^vaxbZvi cÖ‡kœ (Referendum) Mb‡fvU
MÖnY (18 †m‡Þ¤î)(55% bv, 45% n¨v), RvwZmsN 31 cÖRvwZi cÖvYx msi¶‡Yi ZvwjKv cÖKvk
K‡i‡Q, AvBwmwm el©‡miv wµ‡KUvi wg‡mj Rbmb, A¯‥vi cyi¯‥vi 2014 Gi †miv Pjw”PÎ-Uz‡qf Bqvim
A¨v †¯¬f, ¯’vc‡Zï †bv‡ej L¨vZ wcÖrRvi cyi¯‥vi jvf K‡ib Rvcv‡bi wk¸‡i evb, 2014 mv‡j wbhy³
ivóªcwZt wPwj- wg‡kj ev‡k‡jU, wgki-Av‡ãj dvËvn Avj wmwm, BD‡µb-‡c‡Îv †cvi‡kvs‡Kv, cvbvgv-
ûqvb Kv‡j©vm †f‡ijv, gvëv-‡gwi jyBP †cÖPv, †Kv÷vwiKv-jyBP ¸B‡jø‡giv, †¯c‡b-6ô wdwjc| 2014
mv‡j wbhy³ cÖavbgš¿xt †bcvj- mywkj •Kivjv, wgkª-Beªvwng †gnwje, d«vÝ-g¨vby‡qj f¨vjm, wdwjw¯Íb-
ivgv nvwg`yjøvn, fviZ-b‡i›`ª †gvw`, `w¶Y †Kvwiqv-Ryg Pvs †KDK, wdbj¨vÛ-Av‡jKRvÛvi ÷ve, gvwj-
gymv gviv, wjweqv-Avn‡g` wgwZM|
 evsjv‡`k mywcÖg †KvU© evsjv‡`k msweavb 114 Zg Aby‡”Q` Abyhvwq Aa¯Íb Av`vjZ wb‡q MwVZ |
 c„w_exi †giye¨v‡mi •`N¨© 12714 wKwg |
 215 wLª÷c~e© wm ûqv wZ Px‡bi cÖvPxi wbg©vb ïiyK‡ib |
1215 mvjt ivRv Rb I Bsj¨v‡Ûi RbM‡bi g‡a¨ weªwUk kvmb Zš¿ g¨vMbvKvU©v m¦v¶wiZ(15 Ryb) nq |
149
1815 mvjt d«vÝ mgªvU †b‡cvwjqvb I Bs‡iR †mbvcwZ wWDK Ae I‡qwjsU‡bi g‡a¨ †ejwRqv‡gi
IqvUvi jy(MÖv‡g) hy× | hy‡× civwRZ †b‡cvwjqvb‡K †m›U †n‡jbv Øx‡c wbe©vmb †`qv nq | D‡jøL¨
†bjmb †g‡Ûjv‡KI GLv‡b wbe©vmb †`qv n‡qwQ‡jv|
1915 mvjt fviZ miKvi iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi †K bvBU Dcvwa †`q |
2015 mvjt mevi Rb¨ cÖv_wgK wk¶v wbwðZ, †`‡ki †gvU f‚fv‡Mi 20% ebf‚wg Kivi j¶ wba©vib
Kiv n‡q‡Q, Millennium Development Goal j¶¨ gvÎv wba©viY Kiv n‡qwQ‡jv (26 Zg
wewmGm), NAM Gi 17Zg m‡¤§jb †fwbRy‡qjvi KvivKv‡m, 7g gwnjv wek¦ Kvc dzUej KvbvWvq, 21
Zg RvwZms‡Ni Rjevqy cwieZ©b m‡¤§jb d«v‡mi c¨vwi‡m, 27 Zg APEC m‡¤§jb n‡e wdwjcvB‡b,
wek¦Kvc wµ‡KU A‡÷ªwjqv I wbDwRj¨v‡Û AbywôZ n‡e, 24 Zg KgbI‡qj_ kxl© m‡¤§jb gixkv‡mi
†cvU© jyB‡m, Avwd«Kvb †bkb Kvc-2015 AbywôZ n‡e- wbi¶xq wMwb‡Z, AvšÍR©vwZK K¨v‡gwjWm el©
(Camelids).
 RvZxq msm` feb 215 GKi Rwgi Dci wbwg©Z (22 Zg wewmGm)|
 fvi‡Zi mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki mxgvšÍ-3715 wKwg|
 Bluetooth is the popular name for the 802.15 wireless networking stancdard.
1916 mvjt gymwjg jxM I Ks‡MÖ‡mi g‡a¨ Ò‡j․¶ Pzw³Ó| e½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil` †_‡K ÒPh©vc` I
kªxK…ò KxZ©bÓ cÖKvk |
2016 mvjt Gi g‡a¨ evsjv‡`k hy³n‡e 2q mve‡gwiK Kb‡mvwU©qvg SEA-ME-WE-5 Gi mv‡_, 28
Zg APEC m‡¤§jb n‡e †ciy‡Z, 6ô T-20 wek¦Kvc fvi‡Z, 13 Zg OIC kxl© m‡¤§jb Zzi‡¯‥, 15
Zg BD‡ivKvc n‡e d«v‡Ý, 31 Zg Awjw¤cK †Mgm n‡e eªvwR‡ji wiwWI †Rwb‡iv‡Z, 42 Zg G-8
m‡¤§jb n‡e hy³iv‡óª, dzUej BD‡iv Kvc-2016 AbywôZ n‡e d«v‡Ý |
 evsjv‡`‡ki mgy`ª DcK‚j 716 wKwg|
1517 mvjt evsjvq BD‡ivwcq ewbK‡ì g‡a¨ cÖ_gcZ©zwMRiv G‡mwQ‡jv|
1817 mvjt wn›`y K‡jR cÖwZôv
1917 mvjt f¬v`xwgi †jjx‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ ivwkqvq 10 w`‡bi iyk ev ej‡kwfK ev A‡±vei wec- ‡e
RviZ‡š¿i Aemvb I mgvRZš¿ cÖwZôv | Av‡gwiKv hy³ivóª cÖ_g wek¦hy‡× †hvM †`q(6 GwcÖj)| Bû`x
ivóª cÖwZôvi cÖwZkªywZ wb‡q Ò‡ej‡dvi †NvlbvÓ †`qv nq|
 my›ìe‡bi AvqZb 6017 e.wKwg|
2017 mvjt AvBwmwm P¨vw¤cqÝ Uªwd-2017 Bsj¨v‡Û AbywôZ n‡e |
 evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 117 Zg Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx cÖkvmwbK UªvBeybvj MwVZ’|
 AvVv‡iv kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS KweIqvjv I kv‡q‡ii D™¢e nq (33 Zg wewmGm)|
1818 mvjt kªxivgcyi wgkbvwi K‡jR, Rvg©vwb‡Z Kvj© gv‡·©i Rb¥,
1918 mvjtcÖ_g wek¦hy× †kl (11 b‡f¤î), weª‡U‡bi bvixiv cÖ_g †fvUvwaKvi jvf K‡i,
2018 mvjt 21 Zg KgbI‡qj_ †Mgm AbywôZ n‡e A‡óªwjqvq, 21 Zg wek¦Kvc dzUej ivwkqvq,
150
1919 mvjt RvwjqvbIqvjv evM nZ¨vKv‡Ûi cÖwZev‡` iex›`ª bv_ VvKzi ÒbvBUÓ Dcvwa Z¨vM K‡ib |
d«v‡Ýi fvm©vB bMix‡Z 2 fvm©vB Pzw³‡Z(28 RyjvB) Rvg©vwb‡K LÛ weLÛ I jxM Ae †bkb cÖwZôv Kiv
nq |
2019 mvjt 12 Zg wek¦Kvc wµ‡KU Bsj¨v‡Û,XvKv †_‡K wm‡j‡Ui †ij c‡_i `~iZ¡-319 wKwg|
 el©vKv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki Mo e„wó cvZ 119-340 †mw›UwgUvi |

1920 mvjt e½eÜy †kL gywReyi ingvb Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib(17 gvP©) (34Zg wewmGm), gnvÍv MvÜx
Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi WvK †`b, Zzi‡¯‥ †Ljvd‡Zi Aemvb nq, gvwK©b bvixiv †fvUvwaKvi jvf K‡i |
2020 mvjt evsjv‡`k †K `vwi`ª gy³ †NvlYv, Pxb I fviZ Pvu‡` gvbyl cvVv‡e,
 NAM Gi eZ©gvb m`m¨ 120 wU †`k
1821 mvjt †b‡cvwjqv‡bi g„Zÿ|
1921 mvjt XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZôv(1RyjvB)(31Zg, 28Zg, 22Zg wewmGm), wmÜy mf¨Zv (niàv-
fvi‡Z; g‡n‡Äv`v‡iv-cvwK¯’v‡b) 1921 mv‡j Avwe®‥vi K‡ib ivLvj `vk e‡›`¨vcva¨vq (2750
wLª÷c~e©v‡ã wmÜy mf¨Zv asm nq), KvRx bRiyj Bmjv‡gi we‡`ªvwn KweZv cÖKvwkZ|
2021 mvjt evsjv‡`‡k ciewZ© Av`g ïgvwi(6ô), †`‡ki cÖ‡Z¨K N‡i N‡i we`ÿr †mev †c․‡Q †`qvi
cÖwZkªywZ,
1822 mvjt Kw¤cDUv‡ii RbK P¨vj©m e¨v‡eR wWdv‡iÝ BwÄb Avwe®‥vi K‡ib |
1922mvjt KvRx bRiyj Bmjv‡gi cÖ_g Kve¨ MÖš’ ÒAwMœexYvÓi cÖKvk cÖ_g Kve¨-ÒcÖjqDjøvmÓ, 2q
Kve¨-Òwe‡`ªvnxÓ Ò(10g wewmGm), ivwkqv USSR bvgwU MÖnY Kiv nq|
2022 mvjt 22 Zg wek¦Kvc dzUej KvZv‡i .
 323 wLª÷c~e© e¨vwej‡b Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii g„Zÿ nq |
1823 mvjt †M․oxq mgv‡Ri cÖwZôv |
1923 mvjt wewkó K‡jøvj cwÎKv cÖKvwkZ (33Zg, 27 Zg wewmGm), RwmgDwÏ‡bi ÒKeiÓ KweZv
cÖKvwkZ (25 Zg wewmGm) B›Uvi‡cvj cÖwZwôZ nq, Gi mì `ßi d«v‡Ýi c¨vwi‡mi wjI kn‡i (25
Zg wewmGm), KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq RMËvwibx c`K jvf K‡ib (27 Zg
wewmGm)|
 324 wLª÷c~e© Av‡jKRvÛvi fviZ Z¨vM K‡ib |
 324-185 wLª÷c~e© †g․h© es‡ki kvmb Kvj |
1924 mvjt †nig¨vb nwjwi_ AvBweGg cÖwZôv K‡ib |
1725 mvjt we‡k¦ cÖvPxb Zg †i‡¯Íviv Kvmv †evwWj Pvjy K‡i wQ‡jv †¯c‡bi gvw`ª` kni (17 Zg
wewmGm)|
1825 mvjt we‡k¦ cÖ_g †ij Pvjy (hy³iv‡R¨)|
1526 mvjt evei cvwbc‡_i cÖ_g hy‡× Beªvnxg †jvw`‡K civwRZ K‡i w`wjøi mvjZvbv‡Zi cZb NwU‡q
†gvNj mvgªvR¨ cÖwZôv K‡i |
151
1926 mvjt G mg‡qi ivR‣bwZK cUf‚wg‡Z iwPZ kirP‡›`ªi c‡_i `vex Dcb¨vmwU e„wUk miKvi
ev‡Rqvß K‡i (24 Zg wewmGm)|
 426 Rb †K gyw³hy‡× we‡kl Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ exi cÖZxK Dcvwa †`qv nq |
 327 wLª÷c~e© fviZel© AvµgY K‡ib Av‡jKRvÛvi |
1927 mvjt mvBgb Kwgkb MVb, †gvnv¤§` AvKivg Lvu m¤cvw`Z gvwmK †gvnv¤§v`x cÖKvwkZ (27 Zg
wewmGm)| XvKv †_‡K Lyjbvi †ij c‡_i `~iZ¡-627 wKwg|(31Zg wewmGm)|
1928 mvjt AvšÍR©vwZK m¤c‡K©i †¶‡Î kw³ cÖ‡qvM wbwl× Kvix c¨vwim c¨v± mv¶wiZ nq (24 Zg
wewmGm) c„w_exi †gvU ivóª - 228wU|
1829 mvjt ivRv ivg‡gvnb iv‡qi eªvþmgvR cÖwZôv K‡ib, ivRv iv‡gvnb iv‡qi mgvR ms¯‥vi cÖ‡Póvq
jW© †ew›UsK mZx`vn cÖ_v wejyß K‡ib(4wW‡m¤î)(22 Zg wewmGm), Av‡jKRvÛvi †d¬wgs †cwbwmwjb
Avwe®‥vi K‡ib(33 Zg wewmGm)|

1630 mvjt WvP (‡b`vij¨v‡Ûi Awaevwm) B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤cvwb evsjvq cÖ‡ek K‡i, †bwcqv‡ii
jMvwi`g eënvi K‡i DBwjqvg AU‡iW ¯¬vBW iyj Avwe®‥vi K‡ib |
1830 mvjt W. nvIqvW© GBP AvB‡Kb cÖ_g •e`ÿwZK Kw¤cDUvi Avwe®‥vi K‡ib |
1930 mvjt Diy¸‡q‡Z cÖ_g wek¦Kvc dzUej ïiy| m~h‡© mb KZ©…K PÆMÖvg Ak¿vMvi jyU |
 evsjv‡`k msweavb iPbv Kivi D‡Ïk¨ MVxZ Mbcwil‡ì m`m¨ 430 Rb |
 ga¨ A¶vsk 30wWMÖx-60wWMÖx|
1831 mvjt wZZzwg‡ii ev‡ki †Kjøv asm nq |
2031 mvjt wek¦‡K GBWm gy³Kivi j¶gvÎv|
 32 wLª÷c~e© A‡ã cÖ_g P›`ª¸ß ¸ßes‡ki cÖwZôv K‡ib , wØZxq P›`ª¸‡ßi mgq Px‡bi ch©UK
dvwn‡qb fvi‡Z Av‡mb | GQvov gnvKwe Kvwj`vm G hy‡Mi Kwe wQ‡jb|
 0 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎvq k‡ãi MwZ 332wgUvi/‡m‡KÛ |
 evsjv‡`k KgbI‡qj‡_i 32 Zg m`m¨ |
 evsjv‡`‡ki wmgvšÍeZ©x †Rjv 32 wU (fvi‡Zi mv‡_ 30 wU, gvqvbgv‡ii mv‡_ 3wU, fviZ I
gvqvbgv‡ii Df‡qi mv‡_ 1wU iv½vgvwU ) |
 evsjv eY©gvjvq c~Y© gvÎvi e‡Y©i msL¨v 32 wU |
 evZv‡m k‡ãi `ªywZ 332 wgUvi/‡m‡KÛ |
 gv`vi‡ev‡W© wcwmAvB evm G weU-32 wU |
 Windows 98, Windows NT, OS/2, Unix operating systems requires 32 bit
micro processor.
152
 The Size of Internet Protocol (IP) address is 32 bits.
 In a Pendrive Data Storage capacity can be 32 MB to few hundrade Gigabyte
.
1833 mvjt ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq evsjv fvlvq cÖ_g evKiY Ò‡M․woq e¨vKiY iPbv K‡ib(29Zg
wewmGm), I P¨vj©m e¨v‡eR GbvjvBwUK¨vj BwÄb’ Avwe®‥vi K‡ib |
1933 mvjt wnUjvi Rvg©vwbi P¨v‡Ýji nb, ivRv ivg‡gvnbiv‡qi ‡M․woq e¨vKiY cÖKvk
 Av‡m©wb‡Ki cvigvYweK msL¨v 33 wU (24 Zg wewmGm)|
 M½v, eªþcyÎ, †gNbvi mw¤§wjZ b`x AeevwnKvi 33 kZvsk evsjv‡`‡k (15 Zg wewmGm)|
 11033 wgUvi (36199 dzU) Mfxi cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡ii gvwiqvbv †UªÂ c„w_exi MfxiZg ¯’vb (33Zg
wewmGm)|
 evsj‡`‡ki msweavb iPbv KwgwUi m`m¨ wQ‡jv-34 Rb (cÖavb-W. Kvgvj †nv‡mb, 1 gvÎ gwnjv-
‡eMg ivwRqv evby, GKgvÎ we‡ivax`jxq m`m¨-myiwÄZ †mb ¸ß)|
 335 wLª÷c~e© gnvexi Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY |
1835 mvjt wRjv ¯‥zj cÖwZôv, e„wUk cvj©v‡g‡›U fviZ kvmb AvBb cvk nq |
1935 mvjt e„‡U‡bi AvBb mfvq fviZ kvmb AvBb 1935 cvk, evg©v‡K fviZ Dcgnv‡`k
 †_‡K Avjv`v Kiv nq|
 evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªcwZ wbe©vwPZ nIqvi me©wbæ eqm-35 eQi |
 †U÷ wµ‡K‡U evsj‡`k cÖ_g Rq jvf K‡i 35 Zg g¨v‡P-wR¤^vey‡qi wec‡¶ |
 hy³iv‡óª nvDm Ae wi‡cÖ‡R‡›UwU‡fi m`m¨ msL¨v 435 wU |
 hy³iv‡óªi ev evsjv‡`‡k ivóªcwZi Ab~b¨ eqm 35 eQi |
 gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi 35Zg cÖwm‡W›U- Rb Gd †K‡bwW |
 AvMiZjv gvgjvi Avmvgx 35 Rb |
 miKvwi wek^we`¨vjq 35 wU|
 cvigvYweK Pzwjø‡Z BD‡iwbqvg-235 †g․j R¡vjvwb wnmv‡e eëüZ nq (29 Zg wewmGm)|
1936 mvjt Aciv‡Rq K_v wkwí kirP›`ª‡K XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †_‡K wWwjU wWwMÖ †`qv nq|
 evsjv‡`k msweavb 36 Zg Avby‡”Q`t ¯^vaxb Pjv‡div |
 evsjv‡`k RvwZms‡Ni 136 Zg m`m¨ (27 Zg wewmGm)|
 cÂMo †Rjvq fvi‡Zi wQUgnj-36wU |
 1937 mvjt †e½j wmwfj mvwf©m Kwgkb MVb |
 evsjv‡`k miKvwi Kg©Kwgkb 137 Zg aviv Abyhvwq MwVZ (31Zg, 22Zg wewmGm)|
 1338-1352e½vãt dLiywÏb †gveviK kvn& KZ©…K cÖwZwôZ ¯^vaxb myjZvwb Avg‡j evsjvi ivRavbx
wQ‡jv ‡M․oÓ (29Zg wewmGm)|
 hy³iv‡óªi †gvU B‡j‡±vivj †fv‡Ui msL¨v 538 wU (100 wm‡bU+435 nvDR Ae wi‡cÖ‡R‡›UwUf+3
m`m¨ wWwóªK Ae Kjw¤^qv 1=538)
153
 evsjv‡`‡ki mvgyw`ªK grm AvniY AÂj ‡mvqvP Ae †bvMÖvDÛ †gwib †cÖvWv‡±i Gi AvqZb 1738
eM©wKwg
 1739 mvjt bvwì kvn fviZ K‡ib,
 1839 mvjt ZZ¡‡evwabx mfv cÖwZôv,
 1939 mvjt ØxRvwZ ZZ¡ †Nvlbv K‡i gynv¤§v` Avjx wRbœvn, jxM Ae †bkb wejyß(AbvbyôvwbK
fv‡e), wØZxq wek¦hy× ïiy(1jv †m‡Þ¤î)|
 evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 39Zg Aby‡”Q`t wPšÍv I we‡e‡Ki ¯^vaxbZv |
 evsjv‡`‡k †gvU gš¿Yvjq 39 wU |
 e¨Äbe‡Y©i msL¨v 39 wU |
 1 wgUvi=39.37 BwÂ |

1540 mvjt †Kvcvwb©Kvm †m․i RMZ m¤c‡K© avibv †`q |
1940 mvjt dRjyj nK cwVZ jv‡nvo cÖ¯Íve gymwjg jxM KZ©…K M„nxZ nq (23 gvP©)|
 40 wgUvi cÖ¯’ m~‡qR Lvj |
 GKRb my¯’ e¨w³i †`‡ni ¯^vfvweK ZvcvgvÎv-40 wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm(104 wWwMÖ dv‡ib nvBU)|
 400 †_‡K 700 Av‡jvK Zi½ •`N¨© gvbe †PvL †`L‡Z cvq (31Zg wewmGm)|
 dv‡ibnvBU I †mjwmqvm †¯‥‡j -40wWwMÖ ZvcgvÎv mgvb ZvcgvÎv wb‡`©k K‡i (23 Zg wewmGm)|
1941 mvjt weª‡U‡bi iYZix wcÖÝ Ae I‡qj‡m gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U iyR‡fë I e„wUk cÖavbgš¿x DBb÷b
PvwP©‡ji g‡a¨ m¦v¶wiZ nq 8`dv m¤^wjZ AvUjvw›UK mb` (14 AvM÷) hv RvwZmsN MV‡bi g~j wfwË;
Rvcvb cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡ii c~e© DcKz‡j gvwK©b †b․NvuwU cvj©nviev‡i wegvb nvgjv Pvjv‡j Av‡gwiKv hy³ivóª
mivmwi 2q wek¦hy‡× Rwo‡q c‡o(12 Zg wewmGm); dRjyj nK gymwjg jxM †_‡K †ei n‡q wn›`y gymwjg
†bZv k¨vg cÖmv‡ì †Kvqvwjkb miKvi MVb(1941-1943 ch©š)Í |
 RvwZms‡Ni 41Zg Awa‡ek‡bi(1986) mvavib cwil‡` mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib evsjv‡`‡ki ûgvqyb iwk`
|
 XvKv †_‡K †ij c‡_ ivRkvnxi `~iZ¡ 441 wKwg|
 †`‡k Aby‡gvw`Z †Uwjwfkb P¨v‡bj 41 wU|
1642 mvjt divwm †eøBR c¨v‡¯‥j c¨v¯‥v‡jb MYbv hš¿ Avwe®‥vi K‡ib ,
1942 mvjt MvÜxi †bZ…‡Z¡ fviZ Qvo Av‡›`vjb, g¨vKvD Øxc cZ©zMv‡ji Aax‡b wQ‡jv 442 eQi|
`w¶Y Avwd«Kv †k¦Zv½‡ì kvm‡b wQ‡jv 342 eQi (28Zg wewmGm)|
1843 mvjt A¶q Kzgvi `Ë KZ©…K cÖ_g ÒZË¡‡evwabxÓ cwÎKv cÖKvk (17 Zg wewmGm)|
1943 mvjt cÂv‡ki gš^šÍ‡i 30-38 j¶ †jvK gviv hvq, GwU‡K DcwRe¨ K‡i wkívPvh© Rqbyj Av‡ew`b
g¨v‡Wvbv-43 wPÎKg©wU •Zwi K‡ib |1943 †_‡K 47 ch©šÍ 1‡g LvRv bvwRgywÏb I c‡i †mvnivIqvw`©i
gš¿xmfv wQ‡jv, †kL gywReyi ingvb †e½j gymwjg jx‡M †hvM‡`b|
154
 fvi‡Z †jvKmfv wbe©vP‡b m`m¨ msL¨v 543 Rb(27Zg, 26 Zg wewmGm)|
 ZvBIqv‡b 43 ePi mvgwiK kvmb Rvwi wQ‡jv|
1944 mvjt weªUbDWm Kbdv‡iÝ wek¦ e¨vs‡Ki cÖwZôv
 evsjv‡`k msweavb 44 Aby‡”Q`t †g․wjK Pvwn`v |
 c„w_exi ¶z`ªZg ivóª f¨vwUKv‡bi AvqZb 44 eM©wKwg |
 mgy`ª c„ó †_‡K nweMÄ I †g․jwf evRv‡ii Mo D”PZv 244 wgUvi |
 evsjv‡`‡ki DËi c~e©vÂ‡ji cvnv‡oi Mo D”PZv 244 wgUvi |
1945 mvjt Pxb Rvcv‡bi KvQ †_‡K ZvBIqvb †diZ cvq, wØZxq wek¦hy× †kl (14 AvM÷), RvwZmsN
cÖwZôv (28 A‡±vei)(22 Zg wewmGm), FAO cÖwZwôZ nq, DËi I `w¶Y †Kvwiqv wef³ , †mvwf‡qZ
BDwbq‡b ÒBqvëv Kbdv‡iÝÓ †hLv‡b RvwZms‡Ni Rb¨ wbivcËv cwil` MVb I †f‡Uv ¶gZv wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv nq (16 Zg wewmGm), weªUbDWm Kbdv‡i‡Ýi gva¨‡g AvšÍR©vwZK gy`ªv Znwej (IMF) MwVZ
(16 Zg wewmGm)|
 evsjv‡`‡k emevmKvix DcRvZxi msL¨v 45 wU |
 The Speed of Data Transmission in the Narrow Band is 45 bps to 300 bps.
1946 mvjt fviZ ¯^vaxbZvi c~‡e© †mvniv Iqvw`©i †bZ…‡Z¡ †kl gš¿xmfv MwVZ nq(24 GwcÖj)|
†ZfvMv(Drcvw`Z dm‡ji wZb fv‡Mi 1fvM Rwgi gvwjK) Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZ…Z¡ †`b Bjv wgÎ, wØZxq
wek¦hy‡×i ciewZ© Kv‡j Bsj¨v‡Ûi cÖavbgš¿x GUwj fvi‡Z mvavib wbe©vP‡bi †NvlYv †`q| cÖ‡`k ¸‡jv 3wU
MÖy‡c fvM K‡i wbR¯^ mZš¿ msweavb K‡i †Kvqvwjkb miKvi MVb Ki‡Z ej‡j gymwjg jxM WvB‡i±
GKkvb ev cÖZ¨¶ msMÖvg ïiy K‡i (16 AvM÷)| BD‡b‡¯‥v cÖwZôv (d«v‡Ýi c¨vwim Gi mì `ßi,
evsjv‡`k m`m¨ c` †bq 1972 Gi 27 A‡±vei), jxM Ae †bkb wejyß(AvbyôvwbK fv‡e), |
 XvKv †_‡K †ij c‡_ PÆMÖv‡gi `~iZ¡-346 wKwg |
 RvZxq ¯§„wZ‡m․‡ai D”PZv 46.6 wgUvi(14 Zg wewmGm), ¯’cwZ gvBbyj †nv‡mb |
 gvbe‡`‡n †µv‡gv‡mv‡gi msL¨v 46 wU |
 Gwkqvi †`‡ki msL¨v 46 wU|
 RvZxq ¯§„wZ †m․‡ai D”PZvt 46.5 wgUvi (28 Zg wewmGm)|
 347 wLª÷c~e© †c- ‡Uvi g„Zÿ |
1847 mvjt Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi evsjv weivg wP‡ýi eënvi ïiyK‡ib |
1947 mvjt AvBGgGd Gi Kvh©µg ïiy |weªwUk AvBb mfvq jW© gvD›Ue¨v‡Ub KZ©…K fviZ wefvM bxwZ
†Nvlbv(3RyjvB) Kiv nq, fviZ ¯^vaxb AvBb cvk(18RyjvB), KwgDwbRg cÖwZ‡iv‡a gvwK©b Ks‡MÖ‡m Uªyg¨vb
WK‡UªBb cÖKvk, cvwK¯’vb I fviZ h_µ‡g 14 I 15 AvM÷ ¯^vaxbZv jvf K‡i, ÒZgywÏb gRwjmÓ MwVZ
nq.
2047 mvjt Px‡bi g¨vKvD‡Z(nsKs) GK‡`k `yB bxwZi Aemvb NU‡e |
 RvZxq msm‡` ¯’vqx KwgwUi m`m¨ msL¨v 47 wU|
 we‡k¦i 47 wU †`‡k evsj‡`‡ki `~Zvevm Av‡Q |
155
 f‚-Z¡‡K Aw·‡Rb me©vwaK 47% |
 evsjv‡`‡ki 47.30%‡jvK K…wl Kv‡Ri mv‡_ RwoZ
 wePvicwZ Avey mvwq‡ì cÖ‡Póvq RvwZms‡Ni 47 wU †`‡ki g‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡ki welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv I
†kL gywReyi ingv‡bi g„Zÿ`Û ¯’MxZ |
 gvbevwaKv‡ii Avw` avibv g`xbv mb‡` aviv Av‡Q 47 wU |
 my›ìe‡bi AvqZb 5747 e.wKwg(2400 eM©gvBj) (25 Zg wewmGm)|
1648 mvjt BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ I‡q÷ †dwjqvi Pzw³, G Pzw³i d‡j hy× weMÖn iZ BD‡iv‡ci
†`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ kvwšÍ wd‡i Av‡m I wek¦e¨vwc Zv‡ì Dcwb‡ewkK Awfhvb bZzb gvÎv cvq |
1948 mvjt MYcwil‡` ivóªfvlv evsjvi `vwe Rvbvb Kzwgjøvi axi›`ªbv_ `Ë(23 †deªyqvwi), me©`jxq ivóªfvlv
msMÖvg cwil` MwVZ nq(2iv gvP©), ga¨ cÖv‡”P¨ wdwjw¯Zb f‚L‡Û Bûw` ivóª BmivBj cÖwZôv(26 Zg
wewmGm), RvwZmsN KZ©…K AvšÍR©vwZK gvbevwaKvi mb` Rvwi, hy×e›`xi AwaKvi welqK †R‡bfv Kb‡fbkb
Pvjy, WHO cÖwZwôZ nq (mì`ßi myBRvij¨v‡Ûi †R‡bfvq), gvqvbgvi weªwUk kvmb †_‡K ¯^vaxbZv jvf
K‡i, cÖ_g Avie Bmiv‡qj hy×, cvwK¯’v‡bi †Mv‡q›`v ms¯’v AvGmAvB MwVZ, Av‡gwiKvi †ej j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z
Rb eviwWb, DBwjqvg k‡Kj, Iqvëvi eªv‡UBb Kw¤cDUvi UªvwÄ÷vi Avwe®‥vi nq |
†UKbvd mgy`ª DcK‚j †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q †QvU BDwbqb †m›UgvwU©b 48 wKwg `~‡i Aew¯’Z (28Zg
wewmGm)|
1949 mvjt hy³ivóª, KvbvWv I BD‡iv‡ci 26‡`k mn †gvU 28 wU †`k wb‡q NATO MwVZ nq (4
GwcÖj)(22Zg, 16 Zg wewmGm), evsjv‡`k AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM MwVZ nq(23Ryb),
 myBRvij¨v‡Ûi †R‡bfv‡Z hy× I mk¯¿msNl© msµvšÍ 4wU AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³ m¤^wjZ †R‡bfv
Kb‡fbkb Pzw³ mv¶wiZ nq|
 hy³ivóª I KvbvWvi g‡a¨ wbiywcZ wmgvšÍ †iLv nj 49 wWwMÖ A¶ †iLv |
 †m․i RM‡Z DcMÖ‡ni msL¨v 49 wU |
 we‡k¦i 49 wU †`‡k evsjv‡`k ïé gy³ cY¨ †cÖi‡Yi myweav cvq
2750 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã wmÜy mf¨Zv asm nq|

450-1066 Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ A¨vs‡jv m¨v·b wcwiqW |
650-1200 mvjt gynv¤§` kwn`yjvø ni g‡Z evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖvPxb hyM (34 Zg wewmGm) |
950-1200 mvjt evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖvPxb hyM `x‡bkP›`ª †mb, myKzgvi †mb I Ab¨vb¨ †ì g‡Z |
750 mvjt ivRv †Mvcvj cvjes‡ki cÖwZôv K‡ib, Aemvb nq 1124 mv‡j | †kªô ivRv ag©cvj bIMvui
cvnvocy‡i †mvgcyi wenvi wbg©vb K‡ib | evsjvfvlv mvwn‡Zï Avw` wb`k©b Ph©vc` cvj es‡ki Avg‡j iwPZ
nq |
156
1050 mvjt ejøvj‡mb †mb es‡ki cÖwZôv K‡ib | †mb es‡ki †kªô kvmK weRq †m‡bi kvmbvg‡j me©cÖ_g
GK kvm‡bi Aax‡b Av‡m | j¶Y †mb †kl ivRv wnmv‡e 1204 mv‡j eLwZqvi LjwRi Kv‡Q civwRZ n‡q
†mb es‡ki Aemvb nq|
1950 mvjt gymwjg jxM miKvi cÖRv¯^Ë AvBb K‡i Rwg`vwi I cÖRv cÖ_v wejyß AvBb K‡i(13 Zg
wewmGm), gsjv mgy`ª e›ì wbg©vb Kiv nq | ZvBIqvb RvwZms‡Ni m`m¨ c` jvf K‡i(1971 cybivq
ewn®‥vi), wès b`xi MwZ cwiewZ©Z nq |
 Ò500 w`‡bi c- vb" ej‡Z †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi cÖ¯vÍ weZ evRvi A_©bxwZi cÖPjb m¤cbœ Kiv (12
Zg wewmGm)|
 cvwb‡Z k‡ãi MwZ 1450 wgUvi/‡m‡KÛ |
 gnvb RvZxq msm‡` gwnjv msiw¶Z Avmb 50 wU (20 Zg wewmGm)|
 50 †gMvIqvU we`ÿr Drcv`b ¶gZv †emiKvwi we`ÿr †K›`ª †gNbv Nv‡Ui |
 evsjv‡`‡k Zwor Gi K¤cvsK cÖwZ‡m‡K‡Û 50 mvB‡Kj A_© we`ÿr cÖevn cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 50 evi w`K
e`jvq (15 Zg wewmGm)|
 mg~`ª c„ô †_‡K gvD›U Bfv‡i‡÷i D”PZv 8850 wgUvi |
 Av‡gwiKv hy³iv‡óªi A½iv‡Rï msL¨v 50 wU ( 1wU ¯^vaxb- wWw÷ªK Ae Kjw¤^qv) |
 e„‡Ëi e¨m 50% e„w× †c‡j Dnvi †¶Îdj 125% e„w× cv‡e |
 evsjv eY© 50 wU |
 e½eÜy †mZzi wcjv‡ii msL¨v 50 wU (22 Zg)|
 †Kvb Kw¤cDUvi GKwU mvavivY †hvM Ki‡Z hw` 50 b¨v‡bv †m‡KÛ mgq jv‡M Zvn‡j 1 wgwb‡U 2
†KvwU †hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i |
 weMZ 50 eQ‡i †miv dzUejvi- wR`vb (25 Zg wewmGm)|
 wmwWi‡g WvUv UªvÝdvi †iU-150 wK‡jvweUm/‡m‡KÛ |
 A¨v‡Kvqvg150 GKwU cvwb †kva‡bi hš¿ |
 gnx‡mvcvb 350 bwUK¨vj gvBj ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z|
 wWwfwW †Z 650 b¨v‡bvwgUvi Zi½ •`‡N©i jvj †jRvi iwk¥ eënvi Kiv nq |
1651 mvjt B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤cvwb evsjvq ûMwj‡Z cÖ_g evwbR¨ KzwV wbg©vb K‡i wKš‘ Dcgnv‡`‡k 1608
mv‡j myiv‡U|
1951 mvjt Av`gwR R~U wgj cÖwZôv|
 RvwZms‡Ni cÖwZôvKvjxb m`m¨ 51 wU †`k m¦v¶i K‡i ( †cvj¨vÛ Abycw¯’Z)|
 fvi‡Zi f‚L‡Û evsjv‡`‡ki wQU gnj 51 wU (hvi 33 wU jAvjgwbinvU †Rjvi, 18 wU KzwoMÖvg
†Rjvi, KzPwenvi-47wU, RjcvB¸wi-4)|
 ivóªcwZi Awfksmb nq msweavb 51 Zg Aby‡”Q‡` |
 Ph©vc‡` c‡ì msL¨v 51 wU ( mv‡o 4wU cvIqv hvqwb-cvIqv †M‡Q 46.5 wU)|
157
1952 mvjt GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU cÖwZôv (3 Rvbyqvwi), fvlv Av‡›`vjb (21 †deªyqvwi, 8 dv¸b 1357),
gvwK©b wPwKrmK †Rvbvm mvé †cvwjI wUKv Avwe®‥vi K‡ib, evsjv‡`‡k Mevw` cï‡Z cÖ_g åyb e`j Kiv n¨-
1995 (17 Zg wewmGm), evsjv‡`k QvÎ BDwbqb MwVZ (26 GwcÖj), A‡÷ªwjqvi †Mv‡q›`v ms¯’v
A‡÷ªwjqvb wm‡µU Bw›Uwj‡RÝ MwVZ|
 152 m`m¨ - e¨vsK Ae mvE_|
 Òwe-52Ó gvwK©b hy³ivóª wbwg©Z GKwU †evgviy wegvb (16 Zg wewmGm)|
1753 mvjt KjKvZvq cÖ_g i½gÂ •Zwi nq (28 Zg wewmGm)|
1853 mvjt me©cÖ_g e½f½ Kivi cwiKíbv Kiv nq, jW© Wvj‡n․wm Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g †ij †hvMv‡hvM Pvjy
K‡ib |
1953 mvjt P›`ª‡Nvbvq cÖ_g I e„nËg KvMR Kj ¯’vcb, ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZôv(13 Zg wewmGm) W.
BZivZ †nv‡mb Ry‡eix cÖ_g DcvPvh©, 1954i wbe©vPb Dcj‡¶ AvIqvgxjxM mn 4 wU ivR‣bwZK `j
hy³d«›U MVb(4wW‡m¤î) K‡i, me© cÖ_g Gfv‡ió Rq K‡ib wnjvix †ZbwRs|
 1 bwUK¨vj gvBjt 1853 wgUvi ev 1.853 wKwg |
 evsjv‡`k msweav‡b aviv Av‡Q 153 wU |
 KgbI‡qj_ Gi m`m¨ 53|
 GmKv‡di m`m¨ 53|
1854 mvjt †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡jR eÜ |
1954 mvjt cvwK¯’v‡b cÖv‡`wkK wbe©vPb, G wbe©vP‡b 309 wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨ hy³d«›U(21 `dv wbe©vPwb
cÖwZkªywZ‡Z) GKK fv‡e 223 wU Avmb jvf K‡i dRjyj n‡Ki gyL¨gš¿x‡Z¡ 14 Rb m`‡mï gwš¿mfv MwUZ
nq(25 gvP©) I 30 †g †K›`ªxq miKvi GB gwš¿mfv evwZj Ki‡j c~e©evsjvq mvsm`xq MYZ‡š¿i Aemvb nq
I †K›`ªxq kvmb Rvwi Kiv nq, RvZxq †cÖmK¬ve cÖwZwôZ nq|
 54 aviv nj cywj‡ki webv Iqv‡i‡›U †MÖßvi (CRPC) |
 RvwZms‡Ni wkï AwaKvi mb‡` aviv Av‡Q 54 wU|
 RvwZms‡Ni A_©‣bwZK I mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi m`m¨ 54 ivóª|
 Avwd«Kvb BDwbq‡bi m`m¨ 54
 evsjv‡`k †eZv‡ii †K›`ª 54 wU (12 wU AvÂwjK)|
 fviZ evsjv‡`k Awfbœ b`x -54 wU |
1755 mvjtcÖ_g Bs‡iwR Awfavb (wWK‡kbvwi) iPbv K‡ib m¨vgy‡qj Rbmb (28 Zg wewmGm), KvbvWvvi
AwaKvi wb‡q d«vÝ I weª‡U‡bi hy× |
1955 mvjt evsjv GKv‡Wwg cÖwZôv (3 wW‡m¤î)(26 Zg, 16 Zg wewmGm), †`‡k cÖ_g M¨vm
wdì Avwe®‥vi .
 55 wU †`‡k evsjv‡`‡ki K‚UbxwZK wgkb Av‡Q |
 evsjv‡`‡ki b`xi †gvU •`N¨© cÖvq-22155 wKwg|
1556 mvjt mgªvU AvKei w`wjøi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY(13 eQi eq‡m) I 963 wnRwi‡Z evsjv mb 963
AvKe‡ii wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivn‡Yi mgq †_‡K MbYv ïiy K‡ib (11 GwcÖj) wKš‘ MYbv Pvjy Kiv nq 1584 mvj
158
†_‡K, wngy I AvKei †mbvcwZ •eivg Lv‡bi g‡a¨ cvwbc‡_i 2q hy× (5 b‡f¤î)| 1756 mvjt evsjvi
beve Avwjew`© Lv‡bi g„Zÿi ci wmivR D‡Ï․jv 22 eQi eq‡m evsjvi gmb‡` Av‡ivnY K‡ib | beve
wmivRD‡Ï․jv KZ©…K AÜK‚c nZ¨v KvÛ |
1856 mvjt Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvM‡ii cÖ‡Póvq weaev weevn AvBb cvk,
1956 mvjt c~e© evsjv c~e© cvwK¯’v‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ nq (23‡k gvP©), cvwK¯’v‡bi ivóª fvlv D`©zi cvkvcvwk
evsjv‡K ¯^xK…wZ(evsjv‡K ivóª fvlv), cvwK¯’v‡bi cÖ_g msweavb Pvjy(23 gvP©), evi‡Wg cÖwZôv, wgki m~‡qR
Lvj RvZxqKib K‡i(12 ZgwewmGm), 2q Avie Bmiv‡qj hy×, Rvg©vwbi †Mv‡q›`v ms¯’v ey‡›`m b¨vPwiP‡Ub
wW‡qb÷-weGbwW MwVZ nq|†UKbv‡d Aew¯’Z evsjv‡`k-gvqvbgvi 56 wKwg wmgvšÍ wb‡`©kKvwi GKgvÎ b`x
bvdÓ (29 Zg wewmGm) |
 Bmjvgx Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki m`m¨ 56 wU |
 MS-EXCEL have 256 columns.
1757 mvjt ZrKvjxb evsjv, wenvi, Dwol¨vi ivRavbx gywk©`vev` †Rjvi cjvkxi cÖvšÍ‡i Bs‡iR B÷ BwÛqv
†Kv¤cvwbi mv‡_ hy‡× (23Ryb) DwgPvu`, RMZ †kV, ivR ejøf I gxi Rvd‡ii wek¦vm NvZKZvq beve
wmivRD‡Ï․jv evwnbx civwRZ n‡j evsjv 190 eQ‡ii Rb¨ ¯^vaxbZv nvivq |
1857 mvjt KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZôv, jW© K¨vwbs KZ©…K Dcgnv‡`‡k Kv¸‡R gy`ªv Pvjy, BwÛqv wmwfj
mvwf©m G±, gÛj cv‡Û I iRe Avwji †bZ…‡Z¡ e½‡`‡ki e¨vivKcy‡i Dc gnv‡`‡ki cÖ_g ¯^vwaKvi
Av‡›`vjb wmcvnx we‡`ªvn ïiy(9 gvP©), wØZxq evnv`yi kv‡ni cZ‡b(‡i•¸‡b wbe©vmb) †gvMj mvgªv‡Rï cZb,
gnvKwe Kvq‡Kvev` (Kv‡Rg Avj †Kviv‡qwk).
1957 mvjt evsjv‡`k ¶z`ª I KzwVi wkí cÖwZôv, gvIjvbv fvmvwbi †bZ…‡Z¡ Uv½vB‡ji KvMgvwi‡Z KvMgvwi
m‡¤§jb, evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g M¨vm D‡Ëvjb (22Zg wewmGm), gnvï‡b¨ cÖ_g DcMÖn †cÖib, gvj‡qwkqv weªwUk
Dcwb‡ek †_‡K ¯^vaxb nq, BD‡ivwcq BDwbqb cÖwZôv(‡ejwRqv‡gi eªv‡mj‡m mì `ßi), EEC-
European Economic Community cÖwZôv jvf K‡i †ivg Pzw³i gva¨‡g (24 Zg wewmGm), hy³iv‡óª
K…òv½iv †fvUvwaKvi jvf K‡i,XvKv †_‡K wmKv›`vi Avey Rvdi KZ©…K cÖKvwkZ cÖ_g cwÎKv ÒmgKvjÓ(16
Zg wewmGm)|
1357 e½vãt 8 dvêyb fvlv knx` wèm (21‡k †deªyqvwi, 1952)
 OIC eZ©gvb m`m¨ 57 wU |
 58 wLª÷c~e© Rywjqvm wmRvi d«vÝ Rq ïiyK‡ib |
1858 mvjt e„wUk ivbx wf‡±vwiqv fvi‡Zi kvmb ¶gZv MÖnb K‡ib(2iv AvM÷)| B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤cvwbi
wejywß |
1958 mvjt PjwPÎ Dbœqb ms¯’v, †cwm‡W›U B¯‥v›ì wgR©v KZ©…K cvwK¯’v‡b cÖ_g mvgwiK kvmb Rvwi(8
A‡±vei) , bvmv(hy³ivóª) cÖwZôv, R¨vK †Kjwe UªvwÄ÷i, K¨vcvwmUi I †iwR÷vi w`‡q cÖ_g AvBwm Avwe®‥vi
K‡ib |
1959 mvjt cvwK¯’v‡b AvBqye Lvb †g․wjK MbZš¿ cÖeZ©b K‡ib, Av³vi nvwg` Lvb KZ©…K Kzwgjøvq
BARDcÖwZôv(22 Zg wewmGm), wd‡`j Kv¯¿ †cÖwm‡W›U †Rbv‡ij evwZ¯Ív‡K nwU‡q wKDevi ¶gZv `Lj
K‡ib, nvIqvB me©‡kl †÷U wnmv‡e hy³ivóª BDwbq‡b †hvM †`q
 fvi‡Zi 59wU wQU gnj jvjgwbinvU †Rjvq (me©vwaK) |
159
 miKvwi Kg©Pvix‡ì PvKzwii eqm mxgv 59 eQi |

 1660-1798 Neoclassical Period in English Literature.
 1760 mvjt gxi Kvwmg evsjvi wmsnvm‡b e‡m, gRby kvn& I fevwb cvV‡Ki †bZ…‡Z¡ dwKi mb¨vwmiv
cÖ_g Bs‡iR‡ì weiy‡× msMÖvg K‡i |
 1860 mvjt bxj we‡`ªvn, XvKv †_‡K cÖ_g cÖKvwkZ MÖš’ ØxbeÜy wg‡Îi Òbxj`c©bÓ(1860)|
 1960 mvjt evsjv GKv‡Wwg cyi®‥vi cÖeZ©b,gvBg¨vb KZ©…K †jRvi ik¥x Avwe®‥vi (24 Zg wewmGm),
†f‡bRy‡qjvi D‡`¨v‡M OPEC-Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
cÖwZwôZ nq (14 wW‡m¤î, eZ©gvb m`m¨-12) (13 Zg wewmGm), AvšÍR©vwZK cwigvc GKK
GmAvB c×wZ Pvjy nq|
 m~hc© „‡ôi ZvcgvÎv 6000 wWwMÖ †mw›UMÖW (29 Zg wewmGm)|
 RvZxq msm‡` †Kvivg n‡Z n‡j cÖ‡qvRb 60 Rb m`m¨ (22Zg, 25 Zg wewmGm)|
 RvZxq msm‡` GKAwa‡ekb †_‡K Ab¨ Avwa‡ek‡bi eëavb 60 w`‡bi †ewk n‡e bv|
 360 AvIwjqvi †`k wm‡jU (15 Zg wewmGm) |
 f‚Z¡‡Ki DcwifvM †_‡K 60 wKwg Mfxi ch©šÍ Ak¥gÛj| f‚Z¡‡Ki cÖavb Dcv`vb wmwjKb I
A¨vjywgwbqvg|
 m¤cÖwZ WTO Gi m`m¨ 160 nq †hLv‡b B‡q‡gb me©‡kl m`m¨ |
 c„w_exi cwiwa Øviv Drcbœ †Kvb 360wWMÖx|
 D”P A¶vsk 60wWMÖx-90wWMÖx
 1 †iwWqvb=60 wWwMÖ |
 gyw³‡hv×v miKvwi Kg©KZ©v‡ì PvKzwii eqm mxgv-60 eQi |
 1761 mvjt cvwbc‡_i 3q hy× Avng` kvn& Ave`vwj I gvivVvi(eM©x) g‡a¨ |
 1861 mvjt jW© K¨vwbs KZ©…K Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g ev‡RU †NvlYv, fviZ miKvi‡K evsjvq cÖwZwbwaZ¡
g~jK AvBb mfv ¯’vcb Kivi wb‡`©k †`qv nq , Av‡gwiKvq M„nhy× ïiy (1865 ch©šÍ)|
 1961 mvjtcÖ_g b‡fvPvix ivwkqvi BDwi M¨vMwib(33Zg wewmGm), iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii Rb¥kZ
evwl©wK cvwjZ (12Zg wewmGm), wm‡j‡Ui †dÂzM‡Ä cÖ_g cÖvK…wZK M¨vm wfwËK mviKviLvbv
¯’vwcZ, hy‡Mv¯¬vwfqvi †ej‡MÖ‡W NAM –Non Aligned Movement cÖwZôv
K‡ib(hy‡Mvk- vwfqvi †Rv‡md gvk©vj wU‡Uv, wgk‡ii Rvgvj Avãyj bv‡mi, fvi‡Zi RIni jvj
†bniy, B‡›`v‡bwkqvi W. Avn‡g` myKY©, 2015 mv‡j 17Zg m‡¤§jb †fwbRy‡qjvi KvivKv‡m,
bvggvÎ B‡›`v‡bwkqvi ev›`ys Qvov Gi †Kvb mì `ßi †bB, ev›`ys m‡¤§j‡b (1955) cÂkxjbxwZ I
ciewZ©‡Z 1961 mv‡j hy‡Mv¯¬vwfqvi †ej‡MÖ‡W cÖ_g m‡¤§jb(25 Zg wewmGm) n‡e e‡j M„nxZ
n‡qwQ‡jv, evsjv‡`k m`m¨ nq 1972 mv‡j, eZ©gvb m`m¨ 120 wU †`k(17 Zg wewmGm); Rvg©vb
160
wef³Kvix cÖvPxi evwj©b Iqvj wbg©vb Kiv nq (16 Zg wewmGm)( 1989 †f‡½ †djv nq I 1991
`yB Rvg©vwb GK nq)|
 61 wU †Rjvq Av‡m©wbK aiv c‡i‡Q |
 61 wU †Rjvq †Rjv cwil` | (3 cve©Z¨PÆMÖvg †Rjvq cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg †Rjv cwil`)|
 1862 mvjt e½xq AvBb mfvi Kvh©µg ïiy nq (1jv †deªyqvwi)|
 1962 mvjt cvwK¯’vb miKv‡ii wk¶v ms‡KvPb bxwZi weiy‡× Av‡›`vjb nq| AvBqye Lvb
cvwK¯’v‡bi 2q msweavb cÖbqY K‡ib, Organization of African Unity (OAU) cÖwZwôZ
(23 Zg wewmGm), gnvï‡b¨ D‡¶wcZ nq c„w_exi cÖ_g K…wÎg DcMÖn-‡Uj÷vi-1, iv½vgvwUi
KvßvB‡Z Rj we`ÿr †K›`ª, Pxb-fviZ hy×, wKDevq †¶cbv¯¿ msKU |
 2062 mvjt ciewZ© ch©v‡q n¨vwji ayg‡KZz †`Lv hv‡e | (me©‡kl 1986, 76 eQi cici)|
 162 wKwg `xN© m~‡qR Lvj f‚ga¨mvMi I †jvwnZ mvMi mshy³ K‡i‡Q|
 my›ìe‡bi 62% evsjv‡`‡ki f‚L‡Û |
 162 m`m¨- IAEA,
 1763 mvjt gRby kvn& I fevwb cvV‡Ki †bZ…‡Z¡ dwKi mb¨vwm we‡`ªvn P‡j (1763-1787)|
 1863 mvjt †gvnv‡gWvb wjUv‡iwi †mvmvBwU cÖwZôv, gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U Aveªvnvg wjsK‡bi cÖ‡Póvq
hy³iv‡óª wµZ`vm cÖ_v wejywß(19Zg wewmGm), †nbwi WzivÛ †iWµm cÖwZwôv K‡ib(9 †deªqy vwi-
mì`ßi-‡R‡bfv) (30Zg wewmGm)|
 1963 mvjtcÖ_g gwnjv b‡fvPvix ivwkqvi †f‡jwšÍbv †Z‡i‡¯‥vfv, wm½vcyi e„wUk kvmb †_‡K gy³
n‡q gvj‡qwkqvi mv‡_ hy³ nq (1965 ¯^vwab), ivwkqv cvigvYweK A¯¿ wbwl× Pzw³ mv¶i K‡i,
WMjvm G‡ÄjevU© gvDm Avwe®‥vi K‡ib |
 963 wnRix‡Z mgªvU AvKei cÖewZ©Z evsjv cÖ_g mb wQ‡jv 963 (11 GwcÖj 1556)
 264 wLª÷c~e© mgªvU A‡kvK fvi‡Zi mgªvU nq | (273-232 wLª÷c~e©)
 1664 mvjt †d«Â B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤cvwb evsjvq cÖ‡ek K‡i P›`b bMi I PzuPzovq k³ NvwU M‡o
†Zv‡j |
 1764 mvjt gxi Kvwkg I Bs‡iR B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤cvwbi g‡a¨ e·v‡ii hy× |
 1864 mvjt XvKvq †c․imfv cÖwZwôZ(16 Zg wewmGm), eywoM½v b`xi Zx‡i evKj¨vÛ evua wbg©vb
(13 Zg wewmGm)|
 1964 mvjt evsjv‡`‡k AvbyôvwbK wUwf m¤cÖPvi ïiy(34 Zg wewmGm)| wdwjw¯Zb gyw³ ms¯’v
(PLO-Palestine Liberation Organization)cÖwZôv(23 Zg wewmGm), gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U
gvwU©b jy_vi wKs †bv‡ej jvf, evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g Kw¤cDUvi ¯’vwcZ nq cigvYy kw³ †K‡›`ª IBM-
1620 Mainfraim Computer|
 gyw³hy‡× mve‡m±i 64 wU |
 Iqvb‡W wµ‡K‡U m‡e©v”P Bswbm Kvi †ivwnZ kg©v(fviZ),264
 INTEL TITANIUM- is a 64 bit Microprocessor.
161
 ¯^vfvweK Av`k© cwi‡e‡k cvwbi NbZ¡ 264 wWwMÖ †mw›U‡MÖW ZvcgvÎvq m‡e©v”P gvb cwiMÖn K‡i (21
Zg wewmGm)|
 565 wLª÷c~e© †bcv‡ji WivBm AÂ‡ji Kwcjve¯‘ iv‡Rï jyw¤^wb MÖv‡g †M․Zg ey‡×i Rb¥ |
 1765 mvjt jW© K¬vBf w`wjøi mgªv‡Ui KvQ †_‡K AvbyôvwbK fv‡e evsjv, wenvi, Dwol¨vi †Ìqvwb
jvf K‡i (24 Zg wewmGm)| jW© K¬vBf cÖ_g ev‡ii gZ •ØZ kvmb eë¯’v Pvjy K‡i (‡Kv¤cvwb
ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi `vwqZ¡ I bev‡ei cÖkvmwbK `vwqZ¡)|
 1965 mvjt Kvwk¥i Bmÿ‡Z fviZ cvwK¯’vb hy×, wm½vcyi gvj‡qwkqv †_‡K gy³ n‡q ¯^vaxb nq,
gvwK©b †cÖwm‡W›U Rb Gd †K‡bwWi mgq wKDevq †¶cbv¯¿ msKU (27 Zg wewmGm), c„w_exi cÖ_g
evwbwR¨K K…wÎg DcMÖn Avwj© evW© nj gnvï‡b¨ D‡¶wcZ nq 1965 mv‡j(29 Zg wewmGm)|
 miKvwi Kg©Kwgk‡bi †Pqvig¨v‡bi eqm 65 eQi |
 c„w_ex‡Z †gvU gymwjg ivóª - 65wU|
 mKj cvewjK wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wk¶K‡ì Aem‡ii eqmmxgv 65 eQi |
 RvwZms‡Ni 65Zg Awa‡ek‡b(2010) ÒevsjvÓ AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv wèm cvj‡b wm×všÍ nq|
 c„w_ex m~h©‡K cÖ`w¶Y Ki‡Z mgq jv‡M 365 w`b, 5 NÈv 48 wgwbU 47 †m‡KÛ |
 1066-1500 Middle Age Period in English Literature.
 The ASCII Code of ‘A’ is 65.
 1666 mvjt divwm ch©UK evwb©qvi evsjvq Av‡mb |
 1966 mvjt gvbevwaKvi ev¯Íevq‡bi j‡¶ gvbevwaKvi Pzw³ m¦v¶wiZ(10 wW‡m¤î)(24 Zg
wewmGm), DR‡ewK¯’v‡bi ivRavbx ZvmL‡›` fviZ-cvwK¯’vb ZvmL›` Pzw³(10 Rvbyqvwi), jv‡nv‡i
†kL gywReyi ingvb Qq`dv `vex DÌvcb K‡ib (5 †deªyqvwi)(13 Zg wewmGm), PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vjq
cÖwZôv(18 b‡f¤î), Gwkqv Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©µg ïiy (14 Zg wewmGm)|
 c„w_ex m~h©‡K cÖ`w¶b Kiv Kvjxb aªyeZviv gywL n‡q 66.5 wWwMÖ †n‡j _v‡K|
 my‡giye„Ë ejv nq 66.5wWMÖx DËi|
 Kz‡giye„Ë ejv nq 66.5wWMÖx `w¶Y|
 cye© Zxgy‡ii 66% †jvK wLª÷vb |
 1967 mvjt BmivBj c~e© †RiyRv‡jg `Lj K‡i †bq (23 Zg wewmGm), 3q Avie Bmiv‡qj hy×,
Avjv¯‥v (AvqZ‡b e„nËg) †÷UwU wK‡b ivwkqvi KvQ †_‡K |
 mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i wePviK‡ì eqm 67 eQi |
 evsjv‡`k Gfv‡i÷ weRqx 67 Zg †`k |
 fviZ evsjv‡`k mgy`ª mxgv msµvšÍ iv‡q evsjv‡`k cvq-18,467 eM©wKwg we‡iva wQ‡jv-25,602
eM© wKwg |
 ADB Gi m`m¨ 67
 1970 Gi wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgxjxM RvZxq cwil‡` Avmb †c‡qwQ‡jv 167 wU |
162
 1768 mvjt evsjvq `~wf©¶ ev wQqvË‡ii gš^šiÍ (1176 e½vã), my‡e`vi kvnRv`v AvRg jvjevM
†Kjøv wbg©vb KvR ïiy K‡ib, Bw›ìv MvÜx fviZxq †Mv‡q›`v ms¯’v cÖwZôv K‡ib (21 †m‡Þ¤î)|
 1968 mvjt AvMiZjv lohš¿ gvgjv `v‡qi(3 Rvby), c„w_exi cÖ_g Kj¨vY ivóª myB‡W‡bi ivRavbx
÷K‡nv‡g (DË‡ii †fwbm) 5Ryb †K wek¦ cwi‡ek †Nvlbv I UNEP(United Nation
Environment Program) Kiv nq, cÖ_g P›`ª cÖ`w¶Y K‡ib d«©v¼ eig¨vb I A¨vÛvim|
 hy³iv‡óªi 68Zg ev eZ©gvb ciivóª gš¿x ev †m‡µUvwi Ae †÷U Rb †Kix |
 wj½ •elg¨ `~i Ki‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb 68 Zg |
 1869 mvjt wgk‡i my‡qR Lvj Db¥y³ |
 1969 mvjt cvwK¯’vb miKv‡ii Kv‡Q Òme©`jxq QvÎ msMÖvg cwil`Ó 11 `dv `vex Rvbvq(6
Rvbœyqvwi), QvÎ‡bZv Avmv`y¾vgvb cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z wbnZ (20 Rvbyqvwi-knx` Avnv` nZ¨vKvÛ),
mv‡R©›U Rniyj nK mvgwiK nvR‡Z wbnZ(15 †deªqy vwi), W. kvgmy‡¾vnv ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq PZ¡‡i
mvgwiK Awdmvi KZ©…K wbnZ nb, ciewZ©‡Z MbAfÿÌvb (21 †deªqy vwi -24 †deªyqvwi), AvMiZjv
gvgjv cÖZ¨vnvi(22 †deªqy vwi), AvMiZjv gvgjvi 35 Rb‡K †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b Mb-msea©bvq
QvÎ‡bZv †Zvdv‡qj Avn‡g` †kL gywReyi ingv‡K Òe½eÜyÓ Dcvwa‡Z f‚wlZ K‡ib, e½eÜy c~e©
evsjv‡K "evsjv‡`k" bvgKiY K‡ib (5wW‡m¤î), we‡k¦ cÖ_g B›Uvi‡bU Pvjy (33Zg
wewmGm),gvby‡li cÖ_g Pvu‡` AeZiY(21 RyjvB, A¨v‡cv‡jv11) bxj Avg©÷ªs I gvB‡Kj KwjÝ,
gqgbwmsn kn‡i Rv`yNi cÖwZôv, UNFPO-United Nation Fund for Population
Activities cÖwZwôZ (mì`ßi wbDBqK©), 1967 mv‡ji Avj AvKmv gmwR‡` AwMœms‡hv‡Mi
Kvi‡Y OIC-Organization of Islamic Co-Operation (new name)cÖwZwôZ
(25†m‡Þ¤î mì`ßi †m․wÀvi‡ei †RÏv, eZ©gvb gnvmwPe-‡m․wÀvi‡ei AvBqv` web
Avgxbgv`vbx, †Pqvig¨vb-wgk‡ii wePvicwZ Av`wj gvbmyi, m`m¨ †`k 57 wU, evsjv‡`k m`m¨ c`
jvf-1974(27 Zg, 22 Zg wewmGm) jv‡nv‡o 2q m‡¤§j‡b, OICi Agymwjg m`m¨ ivóªt7wU
DMvÛv, iyqvÛv, K¨v‡giyb, †ewbb, mywibvg, Mvqvbv I †gvRvw¤^K ), Development of
UNIXOperating System by Dennis Ritchie & Ken Thompson.
 gyw³hy‡× we‡kl Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ ivóªxq †LZve Òexi DËgÓ †`qv nq 69 Rb‡K, weª. †R. Rvwgj DwÏb
Avn‡g` †K me©‡kl(20 Zg wewm'Gm) |
 169 wU Avmb wQ‡jv 1970 cvwK¯’v‡bi RvZxq cwil‡ì wbe©vP‡b |
 G ch©šÍ RvwZms‡Ni kvwšÍi¶v wgkb MVb Kiv nq 69 wU |
 hy³iv‡óªi cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vP‡b wbe©vwPZ n‡Z n‡j B‡j‡±ªvivj †fv‡Ui cÖ‡qvRb 270 wU (26 Zg wewmGm)|
 nhiZ gynv¤§` (m) Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib 570 mv‡j |
163
 770 mvjt ivRv †Mvcv‡ji ci cvj es‡ki †kªô ivRv ag© cvj kvmb K‡ib (770‡_‡K 810) mvj
ch©šÍ|
 1770 mvjt evsjvq fqven `~fx© ¶ (e½vã 1176) wQqvË‡ii gš^šiÍ e‡j cwiwPZ(GK †KvwU †jvK gviv
hvq)(14 Zg wewmGm)|
 1970 mvjt cvwK¯’v‡bi RvZxq cwil` wbe©vP‡b (7wW‡m¤î-GB wbe©vP‡b ev½vwj RvZxqZvev‡ì D‡b¥l
N‡U) AvIqvgxjxM 169 Avm‡bi 167 wU Avmb jvf K‡i I cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡` wbe©vPb (17 wW‡m¤î),
Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZôv, evsjv‡`k avb M‡elYv Bwbw÷wUDU cÖwZôv, AvïMÄ Zvc we`ÿr †K›`ª
cÖwZôv|
 PÆMÖvg-K·evRvi mve‡gwib †Kejm AcwUK¨vj dvBevi ¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k miKvi 170 wKwg
`~i‡Z¡ e¨q enb Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q (27 Zg wewmGm)|
 gnx‡mvcv‡bi Mo cÖk¯ÍZv 70 wKwg
 gbcyiv-70 wkívPvh© Rqbyj Av‡ew`‡bi weL¨vZ wPÎKg© (26 Zg wewmGm)|
 hy³iv‡óªi †cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vP‡b B‡j±ivj †fvU cÖ‡qvRb 270 wU|
 evsjv‡`‡ki b`xi msL¨v cÖvq-700 wU|
 1671 mvjt Rvg©vb MwYZwe` MUd«vBW fb wjewbR K¨vjKz‡jUi Avwe®‥vi K‡ib |
 1971 mvjt 1970 Gi wbe©vP‡b wbe©vwPZ RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡ì m`mïv †im‡Kvm©
gq`v‡b kc_ MÖnb K‡ib (3 Rvbyqvwi), XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi eU Zjvq Av m g Avãyiie cÖ_g RvZxq
cZvKv D‡Ëvjb(2iv gvP©), kvRvnvb wmiv‡Ri f‚wgKvq cëb gq`v‡b cÖ_g RvZxq cZvKvi mv‡_ RvZxq
m½xZ MvIqv nq (3iv gvP©), cëb gq`v‡b e½eÜy KZ©…K HwZnvwmK fvlb, G fvl‡b e½eÜy KZ©…K
fwel¨Z iv‡óªi bvg Òevsjv‡`kÓ PzovšÍ n‡q D‡V (7 gvP©), cvwK¯’v‡b ÒcÖRvZš¿ wèmÓ cvjb I
evsjv‡`‡ki me©Î wke bvivq‡bi wWRvBb Kiv gvbwPÎ †LvwPZ cZvKv Dovb nq(23 gvP©), cvwK¯’vwb
†mbvevwnbxi XvKvq MbnZ¨v ïiy (25 gvP©), †kL gywReyi ingvb KZ©…K ¯^vaxbZvui †NvlYv(25 gvP©iv‡Zi
†kl cÖn‡i), †iwWI‡Z ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv cÖPvi I me©vZ¥K ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvg ïiy (26 gvP©), wRqvDi
ingvb KZ©…K e½eÜyi c‡¶ ¯^vaxbZvi †Nvlbv †iwWI‡Z cÖPvi(27 gvP©), exi‡kªô knx` j¨vÝ bv‡qK gywÝ
Avãyi iDd iv½vgvwU gnvjQwo †b․c‡_i Av‡kcv‡k K¨v‡Þb Lv‡jKz¾vgv‡bi evwnbxi Dci cvwK¯’vbx
†evU I jÂ †_‡K nvgjv Pvjv‡j Kvfvwis dvqvi †`qvi mgq †Mvjvi AvNv‡Z g„ZÿeiY K‡ib(8 GwcÖj),
gyw³hy× we‡ivax 140 m`m¨ wewkó ÒkvwšÍ KwgwUÓ MVb Kiv nq (9 GwcÖj), cÖevmx evsjv‡`k A¯’vqx
miKvi MVb | Gw`b e½eÜy †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi †`qv 26 gv‡P©i fvlbwU ¯^vaxbZvi †Nvlbv c‡Îi
Aby‡gv`b †`qv nq(34 Zg wewmGm) Ges AvbyôvwbK fv‡e ¯^vaxbZvi †Nvlbv †`qv nq(22 Zg wewmGm)
(10 GwcÖj), kc_ MÖnY (17 GwcÖj), KjKvZvq cÖ_g we‡`‡k evsjv‡`‡ki cZvKv D‡Ëvjb (18
GwcÖj), ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g cÖavb †mbvcwZ wbhy³ nb †Rbv‡ij AvZvIj Mwb Imgvwb (18
GwcÖj)|, exi‡kªô‡ì knx` †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj AvLvDiv ìyBj MÖv‡g m½x‡ì evuPv‡Z Kvfvwis dvqvi †`qvi
mgq gU©v‡ii AvNv‡Z g„Zÿ eiY K‡ib(18 GwcÖj), Lyjbvq RvgvqvZ †bZv G †K Gg BDmyd ÒivRvKvi
evwnbxÓ MVb K‡i (‡g gv‡m), KÝvU© di evsjv‡`k iwe ksKi I RR© n¨vwimb KZ©…K hy³iv‡óª (1jv
AvM÷), exi‡kªô gyw³‡hv×v knx` d¬vBU †j. gwZDi ingvb cÖwk¶Y wegvb wU-33 †Z cvÄvex cvBjU
164
Awdmvi iv‡k` wgbnv‡Ri KvQ †_‡K wegvb wQbZvB K‡i fviZ Awfgy‡L DÇqb Ki‡j wmÜyi †ew`‡b
wegvbwU weaŸ¯Í n‡j wZwb kvnv`vZ eiY K‡ib (20 AvM÷), †b․ evwnbxi 10 bs †m±i‡i Aax‡b
ÒAcv‡ikb R¨vKcUÓ(15 †m‡Þ¤î), exi‡kªô knx` j¨vÝ bv‡qK b~i †gvnv¤§` †kL 8bs †m±‡ii
m~wZcyi cÖwZi¶v Ae¯’v‡bi mvg‡b ÷¨vwÛs †cUª‡ji `vwqZ¡ cvjb Kv‡j ¸iyZi AvnZ n‡q knx` nb(5
†m‡Þ¤î), exi‡kªô knx` wmcvnx nvwg`yi ingvb G-1 B÷‡e½j †iwR‡g‡›Ui ajB Avµg‡Y
mn‡hv×v‡ì Rxeb i¶v‡_© kÎyi ev¼vi aŸsm Ki‡Z wM‡q †gwkbMv‡bi ev‡÷i AvNv‡Z kvnv`vZ eiY
K‡ib exi‡kªô knx` wmcvnx nvwg`yi ingvb G-1 B÷‡e½j †iwR‡g‡›Ui ajB Avµg‡Y mn‡hv×v‡ì
Rxeb i¶v‡_© kÎyi ev¼vi aŸsm Ki‡Z wM‡q †gwkbMv‡bi ev‡÷i AvNv‡Z kvnv`vZ eiY K‡ib (28
A‡±vei), fviZ evsjv‡`k †h․_evwnbx MVb Kiv nq (21 b‡f¤î), cvwK¯’vb KZ©…K fvi‡Zi wegvb
NvwU‡Z nvgjvi gva¨‡g fviZ cvwKwK¯’vb hy× ïiy (3 wW‡m¤î), evsjv‡`k cvwK¯’vwb evwnbxi Dci cÖ_g
wegvb nvgjv Pvwj‡q evsjv‡`k wegvb evwnbxi hvÎv ïiy K‡i (3 wW‡m¤î G mgq wegvb evwnbxi cÖavb
wQ‡jb Gqvi Kgv‡Wvi G †K L›`Kvi), fviZ evsjv‡`k †h․_ evwnbx MVb , fviZ KZ©…K evsjv‡`k †K
¯^xK…wZ (6 wW‡m¤î), cÖ_g kÎgy³ †Rjv h‡kvi(7wW‡m¤î), f‚Uv‡bi evsjv‡`k †K ¯^xK…wZ (7 wW‡m¤î),
gyw³‡hv×v KZ©…K †nv‡Uj B›Uvi Kw›U‡b›Uvj‡K wbi‡c¶ GjvKv †NvlYv Kiv nq(9 wW‡m¤î), exi‡kªô
knx` K¨v‡Þb gwnDwÏb Rvnv½xi gyw³hy‡×i 7bs †m±‡ii PvucvBbeveM‡Ä AvµgY Pvjv‡j mœvBcvi
ey‡j‡Ui AvNv‡Z kvnv`vZ eiY K‡ib (14 wW‡m¤î), ivRvKvi, Avjeì evwnbxi †bZ…‡Z¡ evsjv‡`‡ki
eyw×Rxex‡ì nZ¨v Kiv nq (14 wW‡m¤î), cvwK¯’vwb evwnbxi AvZ¥mgc©b Abyôv‡b ¯^v¶i K‡ib fviZ-
evsjv‡`k †h․_ Kgv‡Ûi †mbva¨¶ †Rbv‡ij RMwRr wms A‡iviv I cvwK¯’v‡bi c‡¶ †Rbv‡ij G. †K.
wbqvRx | evsjv‡`‡ki c‡¶ †mLv‡b Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb Gqvi K‡gv‡Wvi G. †K. L›`Kvi| Gi gva¨‡g 9
gvm e¨vwc i³¶qx gyw³hy‡× evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv jvf (16 wW‡m¤î), evsjv‡`k e¨vsK cÖwZôv (16
wW‡m¤î), XvKvi evB‡i cvKnvbv`vi evwnbxi AvZ¥mgc©Y I civwRZ n‡Z mgq jv‡M(22 wW‡m¤î),
hy³iv‡óªi B‡›Uj K‡c©v‡ikb W. †UW nd cÖ_g gvB‡µv cÖ‡mmi •Zwi K‡ib |
 1772 mvjt cwðg e‡½i ûMjx †Rjvq ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib,
 1872 mvjt ew¼gP‡›`ªi cwÎKv Òe½`k©bÓ cÖKvk(15 Zg, 25 Zg wewmGm), XvKvi Bmjvgcy‡i beve
Avãyj Mwb Zvui cyÎ LvRv Avnmvb Djøvn&i bv‡g Avnmvb gwÄj wbg©vb K‡ib hv eZ©gv‡b Rv`yNi
(1992)|
 1972 mvjt e½eÜy cvwK¯’vb KvivMvi †_‡K gy³n‡q †`‡k †d‡ib(10 Rvbyqvwi), evsjv‡`‡k A¯’vqx
msweavb Av‡`k Rvwi(11 Rvbyqvwi), fviZ evsjv‡`k R‡q›U wifvi Kwgkb MVb, gy`ªv Pvjy
(4gvP©),evsjv‡`k msweavb iPbvi D‡Ï¨‡k¨ Mbcwil` Av‡`k Rvwi(23 gvP©), MbgvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi
evsjv‡`‡k †K ¯^xK…wZ(4 GwcÖj), MYcwil‡ì (cvwK¯’v‡bi 1970 Gi RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK wbe©vP‡b
wbe©vwPZ m`m¨‡ì wb‡q 430 m`‡mï) cÖ_g Awa‡ekb e‡m (10 GwcÖj), W. Kvgvj †nv‡mb KZ©…K
Mbcwil‡` Lmov msweavb DÌvcb(12 A‡±vei) (14 Zg wewmGm), MYcwil` KZ©…K Lmov msweavb
M„nxZ nq I msweavb wèm (4 b‡f¤î), MYcwil` KZ©…K Lmov msweav‡b m¦v¶i (14 wW‡m¤î),
msweavb Mbcwil` KZ©…K Kvh©Ki nq (16 wW‡m¤î), W. KzìZ B Ly`v cÖ_g wk¶v Kwgkb, evsjv‡`‡ki
wRevby A¯¿ wbwl× KiY Pzw³‡Z mv¶i (wmwUwewU Pzw³), gvIjvbv fvmvwb nK K_v mvßvwnK cwÎKv †ei
K‡ib, †kªbx msMÖvg‡K Zxeª K‡i •eÁvwbK mgvRZš¿ cÖwZôvi Avnev‡b QvÎjx‡Mi †fZi AšÍ‡Kv›`j
165
†`Lv †`q I ciewZ©‡Z RvZxq mgvRZvwš¿K `j bv‡g GKwU `j MVb Kiv nq(31 A‡±vei) AvšÍR©vwZK
msMV‡bi ¯^xK…wZt KgbI‡qj_ (32Zg-18 GwcÖj), IMF (10 †g), UNCTAD (20‡g), ILO
(2Ryb), UNESCO (19 A‡±vei), FAO (13 b‡f¤î), WHO (17 †g), IBRD (17 AvM÷),
IDA (17 AvM÷), NAM, IAEA | hy³ivóª I †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb (ivwkqv) SALT-1 Pzw³ ¯^v¶i,
In the email address the symbol‘@’ is introduced first.
 f‚wgK‡¤ci ci 72 NÈv ci ch©šÍ cybivq f‚wgK¤c nIqvi m¤¢ebv _v‡K|
 c~Y© eq¯‥ gvbyl wgwb‡U M‡o 72 evi ü`¯c›`b K‡i (16 Zg wewmGm)|
 1873 mvjt †k‡i evsjv G †K dRjyj nK ewikv‡j Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib |
 1973 mvjt ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k RvZxq msm‡ì cÖ_g RbM‡Yi cÖZ¨¶ †fvU MÖnb (7gvP©)(34Zg, 28Zg
wewmGm), evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi cÖ_g ms‡kvabx (15 RyjvB), 2q ms‡kvabx(22 †m‡Þ¤î), gÄzwi
Kwgkb MVb,cigvYy kw³ Kwgkb MVb(27 Zg wewmGm), Avie †`k ¸‡jv cvðvZ¨ †`k ¸‡jvi Dci
cÖ_g †Zj Ae‡iva Av‡ivc K‡i-1973 mv‡j(17 Zg wewmGm), ga¨cÖv‡P¨ cÖ_g †Zj A¯¿ eënvi Kiv
nq (25 Zg wewmGm), 4_© Avie Bmiv‡qj hy× |
 gvB‡UªvKwÛqv‡Z †cÖvwUb 73% (24 Zg wewmGm)|
 173 m`m¨- IFAD,
 1974 mvjtcÖ_g we‡`kx ivóªcÖavb †Rv‡kd gvk©vj wU‡Uv RvZxq msm‡` fvlb †`b(31 Rvbyqvwi), gywRe-
Bw›ìv mxgvšÍ Pzw³ (16 †g), evsjv‡`k RvwZms‡Ni m`m¨c` jvf, RvwZms‡Ni e½eÜyi evsjvq
fvlY(28 †m‡Þ¤î)(22 Zg wewmGm), evsjv‡`k msweavb 3q ms‡kvabx(28 b‡f¤î), RvZxq Kwe
KvwR bRiyj Bmjvg‡K evsjv‡`‡k Avbqb, evsjv‡`‡k `ywf©¶, evsjv‡`k KvweLv Kg©m~wP, wkíKjv
GKv‡Wwg cÖwZôv, XvKv kn‡i cÖ_g cvwb †kvabvMvi Pvu`wbNvU Pvjy (17 Zg wewmGm), cÖ_g Av`gïgvwi,
evsjv‡`‡ki OIC m`m¨ c`jvf (23 †deªqy vwi)(26 Zg, 20 Zg wewmGm), weª‡Ub w`qv‡Mv Mwm©qv ØxcwU
`Lj K‡i hy³iv‡óªi Kv‡Q BRviv †`q, evsjv‡`k fviZ mxgvšÍ Pzw³ |
 174 m`m¨ - UNIDO,
 1975 mvjt †gRi kwdKzj nK(Wvwjg-exiDËg), †gRi •mq` dviyK, †gRi iwk‡ì AvswkK mvgwiK
AfÿÌv‡b e½eÜy‡K ¯^cwiev‡i nZ¨v (15 AvM÷) I L›`Kvi †gvkZv‡Ki ¶gZv `Lj, 3 b‡f¤î
†Rbv‡ij Lv‡j` †gvkviid exi DË‡gi †bZ…‡Z¡ Av‡iKwU Af~Ìv‡b L›`Kvi †gvkZvK ¶gZv PzZ¨ nq I
RvZxq Pvi †bZv‡K XvKv †K›`xq KvivMv‡i nZ¨v Kiv nq I †gRi wRqvDi ingvb †K wbR evmfe‡b
M„new›` K‡i ivLv nq, 7 b‡f¤î mgvRZš¿ mg_©K †gRi wRqvi ïfvKv•¶x K‡b©j Zv‡ni Av‡iKwU cvëv
mvgwiK AfÿÌv‡b †bZ…Z¡ †`b I B÷ †e½j †iwR‡g‡›Ui m`mïv †gRi Lv‡j` †gvkviid‡K nZ¨v K‡i,
XvKvi ivgcyivq wewUwf Pvjy, gvB‡µvùU cÖwZôv, G‡½vjv cZ©zMxR Dcwb‡ek †_‡K gy³ nq, c~e© Zxgyi
cZ©zMv‡ji KvQ †_‡K gy³ n‡q B‡›`v‡bwkqvq hy³ nq I c‡i ¯^vaxbZv jvf K‡i (2002), ¯^vaxb wmwK‡g
Mb‡fvU I fvi‡Zi A½iv‡R¨ cwibZ nq , me© cÖ_g †Kvb gwnjv Gfv‡ió Rq K‡ib Rbv‡Kv Zv‡eB,
1975|
 exiweµg 175 Rb|
166
 my›ìe‡bi AvqZb 5575 eM©wKwg (13 Zg wewmGm) hv evsjv‡`‡ki cUzqvLvwj, ei¸bv,ev‡MinvU,
Lyjbv I mvZw¶iv †Rjvq Aew¯’Z |
 gnv‡`kxq f‚Z¡‡Ki 75 fvM cvjwjK wkjv |
 1176 e½vãt evsjvq wQqvË‡ii gš^šÍi |
 1776 mvjt Av‡gwiKv hy³ivóª ¯^vaxbZv jvf K‡i (4 RyjvB), The Virginia Declaration.
 1876 mvjt my‡i›`ªbv_ e¨vbvwR© BwÛqv G‡mvwm‡qkvb cÖwZôv K‡ib,
 1976 mvjt gvIjvbv fvmvwbi dviv°v Awfgy‡L js gvP©(16 †g), DËi I `¶xY wf‡qZbvg GKwÎZ nq,
PÆMÖv‡gi †Rveiv MÖv‡g MÖvgxb e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©µg Pvjy, KvRx bRiyj Bmjvg †K evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡
†`qv nq, GKz‡k c`K cÖeZ©b, evsjv‡`‡k cwievi cwiKíbv Kg©m~wP MÖnY Kiv nq|
 76 eQi cici n¨vwji ayg‡KZz †`Lv hvq (30Zg wewmGm)|
 gyw³hy‡× Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ 676 Rb‡K ivóªxq †LZve †`qv nq|
 gvby‡li †PvL 576 †gMv wc‡·j
 mgyw`ªK GjvKvq evqyi ¯^vfvweK Pvc 76 †m.wg. (18 Zg wewmGm)|
 MÖx‡m Avwjw¤cK †Ljv ïiy nq 776 wLª÷c~e©v‡ã |
 1777 mvjt evi evi ivR¯^ e„w× I cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg †K gy`ªvq ivR¯^ w`‡Z eva¨ Kivq PvKgv ivRv †Rvqvb
e‡·i bv‡qe iyby Lvb †Kv¤cvwbi kvm‡bi weiy‡× we‡`ªvn K‡i (1777-1787)|
 1877 mvjt •mq` Avwgi Avjx Ò‡m›Uªvj b¨vkbvj †gvnv‡gWvb G‡mvwm‡qkvbÓ cÖwZôv K‡ib, †U÷
wµ‡KU Pvjy|
 1977 mvjt †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki m‡e©v”P m¤§vbbv cyi®‥vi ¯^vaxbZv cyi®‥vi †`qv nq, wkï GKv‡Wwg
cÖwZôv, cÖ_g K…wl ïgvwi, cÖ_g Mb‡fvU, jÛb wfwËK A¨v‡g‡bw÷ B›Uvib¨vkb¨vj †bv‡ej kvwšÍ cyi¯‥vi
jvf K‡i (27 Zg wewmGm)|
 evsjv‡`k msweav‡b b¨vqcvj m„wói weavb Av‡Q 77 Zg Aby‡”Q‡` |
 ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ ivwóªq †LZve †`qv n‡q‡Q 677 Rb †K|
 wR-77 Dbœqbkxj †`k wb‡q MwVZ(21 Zg wewmGm)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki †ijc‡_i •`N¨©- 2877 wKwg (A_©‣bwZK mgx¶v 2013)|
 1778 mvjt DBwjqvg †Kwi G MÖvgvi Ad `x †e½wj j¨v½y‡qR cÖKvwkZ (27 Zg wewmGm)|
 1978 mvjt A¨vcj Kw¤cDUvi Pvjy, wgki (Av‡bvqvi mv`vZ) I BmivB‡ji(weª‡Mb) g‡a¨ K¨v¤c
†WwfW Pzw³, RvwZms‡Ni wbivcËv cwil‡` evsjv‡`k cÖ_g m`m¨ c` jvf K‡i, 1jv †m‡Þ¤î evsjv‡`k
RvwZqZvev`x `j(weGbwc) cÖwZôv K‡ib Gmgq G wKD Gg eìy‡ÏvRv †P․ayix cÖ_g gnvmwPe wQ‡jb,
evsjv‡`‡k ivóªcwZ wbe©vPb I †cÖwm‡W›U wRqvDi ingv‡bi Rq jvf K‡i kc_ MÖnb K‡i(3 Ryb) ciewZ©
1981(30 Ryb) g„Zÿi AvM ch©šÍ ¶gZvq wQ‡jb |
 evqy‡Z bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi cwigvY kZKiv 78.01% |
 nvB‡Kv‡U©i wePviK msL¨v 78 Rb |
 wZb weNv Kwi‡Wv‡ii AvqZb 178 × 85 wgUvi|
167
 1979 mvjt XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Kjv feb PZ¡‡i ¯’cwZ •mq` Avãyjøvn Lv‡jK Gi bKkvK…Z Aciv‡Rq
evsjv D‡Øvab (16 wW‡m¤î)(28 Zg wewmGm), hy³ivóª I †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi SALT-2 Pzw³ m¦v¶i,
bvixi cÖwZ mKj •elg¨ wbg©‚j Kb‡fbkb ¯^v¶wiZ(26 Zg wewmGm), gvM©v‡iU _¨vPvi weª‡U‡bi cÖavbgš¿x
nb, evgcwš’‡ì mg_©‡b AvqvZzjøvn †Lv‡gwbi †bZ…‡Z¡ Biv‡b Bmjvgx(wkqv) wec- ‡e gvwK©b cš’x
†gvnv¤§` †iRv kvn& cvnjwei cZb |
 1780 mvjt ¯^vaxbZvi(1776) 4 eQi ci d«v‡Ýi fvm©vB bMix‡Z cÖ_g fvm©vB Pzw³ Bsj¨vÛ I gvwK©b
hy³iv‡óªi g‡a¨, †Rgm AMv÷vb wnwK KZ©…K Òe½`k©bÓ cwÎKv cÖKvk |
 1880 mvjt †eMg †iv‡Kqv iscyi †Rjvi wgVvcyKzi _vbvi AšÍM©Z cvqive›` MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY
K‡ib(9wW‡m¤î) ÒgwZPzi I Ae‡ivaevwmbxÓ Zvui D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÖš’, ÒmyjZvbvi ¯^cœ I cÙivMÓ Zvui
iwPZ Dcb¨vm (g„Zÿ 9 wW‡m¤î 1932); gvIjvbv Avãyj nvwg` Lvb fvmvwb wmivRM‡Ä Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib |
 1980 mvjt †_‡K evsjv‡`k `ywU K…wÎg DcMÖn (NOA & FY2C) eënvi Ki‡Q `y‡h©vM e¨ve¯’vcbvq,
`~‡h©vM cye©vfvm †K›`ª SPARSO AvMviMvI‡q cÖwZôv, 26‡k gvP© †K ¯^vaxbZv wèm †Nvlbv,
evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g i½xb †Uwjwfkb Pvjy, 26 †k gvP© †K ¯^vaxbZv wèm †NvlYv, wR¤^vey‡q ¯^vaxbZv jvf
K‡i, kvZ Bj Avie Rjvav‡ii wbqš¿Y †K †K›`ª K‡i Bivb I Biv‡Ki hy× I AvjwRqvm© Pzw³ (12 Zg
wewmGm)|evsjv‡`‡k Avwki `k‡K †cvlvK wk‡íi AMÖhvÎv ïiynq, evsjv‡`k hy³iv‡óªi jmG‡Äjm
Awjw¤c‡K cÖ_g Ask MÖnY K‡i (21 Zg wewmGm)|
 gvqvbgvi evsjv‡`k mxgvšÍ 280 wKwg|
 eid Mj‡bi myß Zvc 80 K¨vjwi|
 k‡ãi gvÎv 80 †Wwm‡e‡ji †ewk n‡j Zv‡K kã `~lY e‡j|
 †hvMv‡hvM DcMÖn ¸‡jv f‚c„ô †_‡K 35880 wKwg Dc‡i ¯’vcb Kiv nq |
 180 m`m¨ MIGA |
 1781mvjt KjKvZv gv`ªvmv cÖwZôv K‡ib Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm, kixqZcyi †Rjvi k¨vgvBj MÖv‡gi
ZvjyK`vi cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib nvRx kixqZ Djøvn wZwb dwi`cyi AÂ‡j div‡qRx Av‡›`vj‡bi
†bZ…Z¡ †`b |
 1981 mvjt cvim¨ DcmvM‡ii AvÂwjK †RvU GCC-Gulf Co-operation Council cÖwZwôZ nq
m`m¨ †`k-6wU, mì `ßi-‡m․w` Avi‡ei wiqv‡`(12Zg wewmGm), we‡k¦ cÖ_g GBWm †ivMx mbv³,
Gcmb †Kv¤cvwb KZ©…K cÖ_g j¨vcUc cÖewZ©Z(17 Zg wewmGm), evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g iw½b †Uwjwfkb Pvjy
(26 Zg wewmGm), PÆMÖv‡gi mvwK©U nvD‡m GK mvgwiK AfÿÌv‡b †cÖwm‡W›U wRqv g„ZÿeiY K‡ib, G
mgq cÖavb †mbvcwZ wn‡jb †Rbv‡ij Gikv` (30 GwcÖj), gvB‡µvmdU AvBweGg †_‡K †ei n‡q wcwm
Kw¤cDUvi †ei K‡i |
 lvU M¤^yR gmwR‡` M¤^yR msL¨v 81 wU (19 Zg wewmGm)|
168
 1682 mvjt B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤cvwbi MfY©i DBwjqvg †n‡RR kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi Avg‡j Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivRv
wØZxq †Rgm †K eywS‡q ¯^‡`k †_‡K •mb¨ G‡b evsivi bev‡ei mv‡L hy‡×i cÖ¯‘wZ †bq|
 1782 mvjt ZxZzwgi cwðg e‡½i PweŸk ciMbvi evivmvZ gnKzgvi Pvu`cyi MÖv‡g Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib,
kvnRv`v AvRg jvjevM †Kjøvi wbg©vb KvR ïiyKivi 14 eQi ci my‡e`vi kv‡q¯Ív Lvb jvjevM †Kjøvi
wbg©vb KvR mgvß K‡ib (16 Zg wewmGm)|
 1982 mvjt (28 Rvby) RvZxq msm` feb D‡Øvab, †`‡k me©‡kl mvgwiK kvmb, Dc‡Rjv cÖkvmwbK
KvVv‡gv MwVZ, evBZzj †gvKviig gmwR` †K RvZxq gmwR` †NvlYv, XvKvi bvg Dacca †_‡K
Dhaka, dKj¨vÛ Øxc wb‡q weª‡Ub I Av‡R©w›Ubvi hy×, †Rbv‡ij û‡mBb gynv¤§` Gikv` wbe©vwPZ
†cÖwm‡W›U Avãym mvËvi‡K i³cvZ nxb AfÿÌv‡bi gva¨‡g c`PzZ¨ K‡i ¶gZv `Lj K‡ib (25‡k gvP©)
Ges 1990 ch©šÍ ¶gZvq wQ‡jb, KvbvWv A¨v‡±i gva¨‡g weª‡Ub KvbvWvi nv‡Z ¶gZv n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i |
 1783 mvjt Av‡gwiKvi ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i Aemvb nq c¨vwim Pzw³i gva¨‡g |
 1883 mvjt Kvj©gv‡·©i g„Zÿ |
 1983 mvjt evsjv‡`‡k Bmjvwg e¨vswKs Pvjy, MÖvgxY e¨vsK Pvjy, RvwZms‡N cwi‡ek welqK eªyUj¨vÛ
Kwgkb|
 wgqvbgv‡ii mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki mxgvšÍ •`N¨© 283 wKwg |
 1184 wLª÷c~e© Uªq bMixi cZb |
 1784 mvjt weªwUk AvBb mfvq cÖ_g evi fviZ kvmb AvBb cvk,
 1884 mvjt AvšÍR©vwZK ZvwiL †iLv w¯’i Kiv nq|
 1984 mvjt evsjv‡`‡ki evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g Kw¤cDUvi I cÖhyw³ wefvM Pvjy nq evsjv‡`‡k cÖ‡K․kj
wek¦we`¨vj‡q, Awjw¤c‡K cÖ_g AskMÖnY, evsjv‡`k mgvRZvwš¿K d«›U MVb,
 184 m`m¨ – IFC|
 1885 mvjt fviZxq Ks‡MÖm cÖwZôv K‡ib A¨vjvb A‡±vwfqvb wnDg, d«vÝ KZ©…K hy³ivóª‡K ÷¨vPz Ae
wjevwU© Dcnvi (17 Zg wewmGm)|
 1985 mvjtcÖ_g Dc‡Rjv wbe©vPb, 7 wU †`k wb‡q XvKvq mvK© cÖwZwôZ (8wW‡m¤î)(33Zg, 22Zg,
20 Zg, 10g wewmGm), 2007 mv‡j AvdMvwb¯’vb 8g †`k wnmv‡e mv‡K© †hvM †`q, w`bvRcyi †Rjvi
eocyKzwiqvq Kqjv Lwb Avwe®‥vi(26 Zg wewmGm), wMÖbwcm cwi‡ek Av‡›`vjb ïiynq|
 185 m`m¨ - ILO,
 1886 mvjt PÆMÖvg mgy`ª e›ì wbg©vb (Pvjy 1887), hy³ivóª‡K d«vÝ ÷¨vPz Ae wjevwU© Dcnvi (28
A‡±vei), me©‡kl n¨vwji ayg‡KZz †`LvwM‡qwQj|
 1986 mvjt wm‡jU †Rjvi nwicy‡i †Zj Avwe®‥vi nq (11 Zg wewmGm), n¨vwji ayg‡KZz me©‡kl †`Lv
hvq | 86 Zg A¯‥vi cyi¯‥vi 2014 Gi †miv Pjw”PÎ-Uz‡qf Bqvim A¨v †¯¬f|
 1487 mvjt BD‡ivc †_‡K fvi‡Z Avmvi Rj c_ Avwe®‥vi nq,
 1787 mvjt Avmv‡gi f‚wgK‡¤ci d‡j eªþcyÎ b`xi MwZc_ cwiewZ©Z n‡q hvq |
 1987 mvjt ivRkvnx‡Z K…wl Dbœqb e¨vsK cÖwZôv |
169
 1988 mvjt Bmjvg †K evsjv‡`‡ki ivóª ag© †NvlYv, evsjv‡`k cÖ_g RvwZms‡Ni kvwšÍ i¶v evwnbx‡Z
KvR K‡i(31Zg wewmGm), MIGA-Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency cÖwZwôZ
nq(24 Zg wewmGm) mì `ßi IqvwksUb wWwm‡Z, wePviwefv‡Mi †g․wjK bxwZgvjv RvwZms‡N M„nxZ
nq |
 me©cwð‡g †`‡ki mxgv‡iLv 88.01 wWwMÖ A¶‡iLvq |
 188 m`m¨ : IMF, ICRC
 1789 mvjt evw¯Íj `y‡M©i cZb(14 RyjvB) (12Zg wewmGm), †R¨v R¨vK iy‡kv I fj‡Zqv‡ii cÖfv‡e
†d«Â †ifz‡jkb(14 RyjvB) †lvol jyBGi Avg‡j, †b‡cvwjqvb ‡K divwm wec- ‡ei wkï ejv nq,
†Uwbm †KvU© wec- e(31Zg wewmGm), hy³iv‡óª msweavb Kvh©Ki |
 1989 mvjt RvwZms‡N wkï AwaKvi mb` M„nxZ, evg©vi bvg gvqvbgvi ivLv nq, Px‡bi wZ‡qbAvb‡gb
¯‥qv‡i wZeª we‡¶vf(4 Ryb) †hLv‡b Gwkqv IqvP msMVb wU Px‡bi GKwU ¸iyZi gvbeZv we‡ivax Aciva
D`NvUb Ki‡j gvwK©b hy³ivóª SPECIAL 301 cÖ‡qvM Kivi we‡ePbv K‡i (13 Zg wewmGm)| GB
we‡¶vf mœvqy hy‡×i Aemv‡b f‚wgKv iv‡L, Rvg©vwb wef³Kvix evwj©b Iqvj †f‡½ †djv nq; AvdMvwb¯’vb
†_‡K †mvwf‡qZ •mb¨ cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv nq, mykvmb cÖZ¨qwU Avwd«Kvi ivóª¸‡jvi e¨_©Zvi wfwË‡Z Rb¥ †bq,
evsjv‡`‡k Kw¤cDUvi †mvmvBwU cÖwZwôZ nq |
 †`‡k eZ©gv‡b Dc‡Rjv 489 wU |
 490 wLª÷c~e© g¨viv_‡bi hy×|

 1990 mvjt evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g wWwRUvj †dvb Pvjy nq (4 Rvbyqvwi)(26 Zg wewmGm), c~e© I cwðg
Rvg©vwb GK nq, eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v wej msm‡` cvk(Pvjy nqwb), c~e© I cwðg Rvg©vwb cybivq
GKwU ivóª MVb K‡i (3 A‡±vei)(13 Zg wewmGm), gvM©v‡iU _¨vPvi hy³iv‡Rï cÖavbgš¿x c` †_‡K
m‡i `vovb, evsjv‡`‡k miKvwi cÖwZôvb Kw¤cDUvi KvDwÝj cÖwZwôZ nq |
 cici 90 Kvh© wèm RvZxq msm‡` Abycw¯’Z _vK‡j msm` m`m¨c` evwZj n‡q hv‡e |
 c„w_exi †gvU ei‡di 90 fvM G›UvK©wUKvq |
 †Kvb Kvi‡Y msm` †f‡½ †M‡j ciewZ© msm` wbe©vPb n‡e 90 w`‡bi g‡a¨ |
 msweavb Abyhvqx †Kvb Avmb ïb¨ n‡j ciewZ© 90 w`‡bi g‡a¨ wbe©vPb K‡i Avmb c~iY Ki‡Z nq |
 evsjv‡`‡ki GKRb msm` m`‡mï c` evwZj n‡q hvq GKvav‡i 90 Kvh©wèm msm‡` Abycw¯’Z _vK‡j
|
 m~‡qR Lv‡ji •`N¨© 190 wKwg|
 190 m`m¨- INTERPOL |
 AvenvIqv 90% Av`ªZv gv‡b evZv‡m Rjxq ev‡¯ci cwigvY 90% m¤c„³ (16 Zg wewmGm)|
170
 1791 mvjt ms¯‥…Z K‡jR cÖwZôv |
 1991 mvjt †`‡k g~j¨ms‡hvRb Ki Pvjy Kiv nq(1jv RyjvB) (25 Zg wewmGm), Z…Zxq Av`g ïgvwi
AbywôZ, ZZ¡veavqK miKv‡ii Aax‡b cÖ_g wbe©vPb, msweav‡bi Øv`k ms‡kvabxi †cÖw¶‡Z Z…Zxq
Mb‡fvU, evsjv‡`k msweavb 12 Zg ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g ivóªcwZ miKv‡ii cwie‡Z© msm`xq eë¯’v
cÖewZ©Z nq (16 Zg wewmGm), RvZxqZvev`x `‡ji †bÎx wnmv‡e †eMg Lv‡j`v wRqv cÖavbgš¿xi `vwqZ¡
MÖnY K‡ib(1991-1996, 2001-2006), gy³evRvi A_©bxwZ Pvjy, ZvBIqv‡b mvgwiK kvm‡bi Aemvb,
BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ †`‡k g¨vPw÷ªUm Pzw³, †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb †f‡½ hvq, †Kvì ev mœvq~ hy‡×i Aemvb,
ZvBIqv‡b mvgwiK kvm‡bi Aemvb nq, wgqvbgv‡ii As mvs m~wPi †bv‡ej jvf, fvi‡Zi ivRxe MvÜx
bjxwb bvgK gwnjvi AvZ¥NvZx †evgv nvgjvq gv`ªv‡Ri wbKU wbnZ nb (14 Zg wewmGm), evsjv‡`‡k
cÖjq¼ix Nywb©So AvNvZ nv‡b, evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g Kw¤cDUvi welqK gvwmK cwÎKv Kw¤cDUvi RMZ
cÖwZôv |
 cvbvgv Lv‡ji •`N¨© 91 wKwg|
 †bvqvLvwj †Rjvi †gNbv b`xi †gvnbvq M‡o IVv wbSzg Øx‡ci(c~e©bvg-evDjviPi) AvqZb 91 eM©
wKwg(28 Zg wewmGm), G ØxcwU Pi Imgvb I Pi MRvwiqv `yfv‡M wef³ |
 c~e© wZgyi RvwZms‡Ni 191 Zg m`m¨ ivóª |
 1492 mvjt Kj¤^vm Av‡gwiKvi Rjc_ Avwe®‥vi K‡ib |
 1992 mvjt eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v Pvjy (1jv Rvbyqvwi), fviZ wZb weNv Kwi‡Wvi Ly‡j †`q `nMÖvg
Av½i‡cvZv wQUgn‡ji hvZvqv‡Zi Rb¨, Rvnvbviv Bgv‡gi †bZ…‡Z¡ NvZK `vjvj wbg©‚j KwgwU MVb(19
Rvbyqvwi), Rvnvbviv Bgvg KZ©…K ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡q mvevm evsjv‡`k fv¯‥i D‡Øvab, g~j¨ ms‡hvRb
Ki Pvjy (f¨vU), cvigvYweK A¯¿ wbi¯¿xKiY (CTBT) Pzw³, START Pzw³, fvi‡Z DMÖwn›`yiv evewi
gmwR` aŸsm K‡i, ÒDc‡Rjv evwZjÓ wej cvk (16 Zg wewmGm), gvB‡Kj G‡Ä‡jv Kw¤cDUvi
fvBiv‡mi Avwef©ve, RvwZ ev ag©‡Mvôx ev fvlvMZ msL¨v jNyi AšÍf©z³ gvby‡li AwaKvi welqK †NvlYv
RvwZms‡N M„nxZ nq |
 gw›Uwb‡MÖv RvwZms‡Ni 192 Zg m`m¨ ivóª |
 92.41 wWwMÖ c~e© `ªvwNgv †iLv evsjv‡`‡ki me©‡kl cwðg wmgvšÍ |
 1793 mvjt jW© KY©Iqvwjm wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í Pvjy K‡ib(22 gvP©) hv `k mvjv e‡›`ve¯Í ev m~h©v¯Í AvBb
bv‡g cwiwPZ (22Zg, 34 Zg wewmGm)|
 1893 mvjt wbDwRj¨v‡Ûi bvixiv we‡k¦ cÖ_g †fvUvwaKvi jvf K‡i |
1993 mvjt PvucvBbeveM‡Ä cÖ_g Av‡m©wbK aiv c‡o, evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g †mj †dvb Pvjy(8 AvM÷),
evsjv‡`k `y‡h©vM e¨ve¯’vcbv ey‡i¨v Pvjy, evsjv‡`‡ki SAPTA Pzw³ ¯^v¶i, evsjv‡`‡ki †kqvi evRvi
wbqš¿bKvix ms¯’v wmwKDwiwU G·‡PÄ Kwgkb cÖwZwôZ(34 Zg wewmGm), BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ †`‡ki
g¨vPw÷ªUm Pzw³i Aby‡gv`b, c¨vwim kvwšÍ Pzw³, Chemical Weapon Convention ¯^v¶wiZ(27 Zg
wewmGm), wcGjI I BmivB‡ji ¯^vqZ¡ kvmb Pzw³ (13 †m‡Þ¤î), evsjv‡`‡ki SAPTA Pzw³ ¯^v¶i,
wcGjI-BmivBj hy³iv‡óªi IqvwksU‡b cvi¯cwiK ¯^xK…wZ `wj‡j ¯^v¶i K‡i (13 †m‡Þ¤î)(15 Zg
171
wewmGm), RvwZmsN KZ©…K Avwèvmx el© †NvlYv (15 Zg wewmGm), evsjv‡`‡k `~‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv eÿ‡iv MwVZ
nq-1993 mv‡j |
 93 nvRvi cvwK¯’vwb †mbv 1971 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤î fviZ evsjv‡`k †h․_ evwnbxi wbKU AvZ¥mgc©Y
K‡i |
 Bs‡iwR mb †_‡K evsjv mb 593 eQi wcwQ‡q (594 eQi Awae‡l©)| A_©vr cÖ`Ë Bs‡iwR mvj †_‡K
593 eQi we‡qvM K‡i evsjv mb †ei Ki‡Z nq |
 evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 93 Aby‡”Q‡ì e‡j ivóªcwZ Aa¨v‡`k Rvwi Ki‡Z cv‡i |
 RvwZms‡Ni m`m¨ †`‡k 193wU (22Zg, 10g wewmGm)|
 193 m`m¨ IJC.
 1994mvjt RvZxq e„¶‡gjv Pvjy, Bqvû †gBj Pvjy, ayg‡KZz Òmy‡gKvi †jfx-9Óe„n¯cwZ MÖ‡n AvNvZ
nv‡b (16 Zg wewmGm), RW©vb I BmivB‡ji g‡a¨ 46 eQ‡ii hy×ve¯’vi AvbyôvwbK Aemvb, gvwK©b
†cÖwm‡W›U wRwg KvU©v‡ii ga¨¯ÍZvq emwbqv-nv‡R©‡Mvfvwbqvi hy× weiwZ, RvwZmsN Good
Governance ev mykvmb msÁvwqZ K‡i|
 194 m`m¨ :WHO, UNCTAD, FAO |
 1295 e„wUk cvj©v‡g›U cÖwZwôZ nq |
 1995 mvjtWTO Gi m`m¨ c` jvf(1jv Rvbyqvwi)(26 Zg wewmGm), evsjv‡`k cwi‡ek msi¶b
AvBb cvk, BBD cÖwZôv (1jv Rvby), emwbqv-nv‡R©‡Mvfvwbqvq kvwšÍ cÖwZôvi D‡Ï‡k¨ hy³iv‡óªi †WUb
kn‡i wK¬bU‡bi ga¨¯ÍZvq †WUb kvwšÍ Pzw³ ¯^v¶wiZ(24 Zg wewmGm)|†iw±dvBW w¯cwiU n‡jv-95%
B_vBj A¨vj‡Kvnj+5% cvwb (23 Zg wewmGm)|
 BD‡b‡¯‥vi m`m¨ msL¨v †`k-195 wU |
 Windows 95 introduced START BUTTON first.
 1896 mvjt myBwWk weÁvbx †mvZb‡U Avi‡nwbqvm cÖ_g MÖxb nvDm kãwU eënvi K‡ib | MÖx‡mi
G‡_‡Ý we‡k¦i cÖ_g AvaywbK Awjw¤cK †Ljv Pvjy, evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g BwZnvm elqK MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib
e½fvlv I mvwnZ¨ iPbv K‡ib `x‡bkP›`ª †mb (25 Zg wewmGm)|
 1996 mvjt ZË¡veavqK miKvi AvBb cvk (27 gvP©) (22 Zg wewmGm), RvZxq wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgxjxM
mfv‡bÎx †kL nvwmbv cÖavbgš¿xi `vwqZ¡ MÖnb K‡ib(1996-2001), evsjv‡`k fviZ cvwb e›Ub Pzw³(12
wW‡m¤î), †`‡k cÖ_g B›Uvi‡bU Pvjy, Sabeer Bathia developed the HOTMAIL and sold
to Microsoft.
 c„w_exi ¯^vaxb ivóª -196wU|
 196 wU ivóª m`m¨ – UNESCO |
1997 mvjt (2iv wW‡m¤î) cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg kvwšÍ Pzw³(21Zg, 19Zg wewmGm), BD‡b‡¯‥v KZ©…K my›ìeb‡K
wek¦ HwZn¨ †Nvlbv, c„w_exi ZvcgvÎv e„w× welqK Rvcv‡b wK‡qvUv m‡¤§jb (160 wU †`k), Px‡b GK †`k
`yB bxwZ Pvjy (14 Zg wewmGm), Chemical Weapon Convention Kvh©Ki, `~‡h©vM welqK ¯’vqx
Av‡`kvejx cÖYxZ nq-1997 mv‡j |
172
 1498 mvjt cZ©zwMR bvweK fv‡¯‥v-Wv-Mvgv KvwjKU e›`‡i Av‡mb |
 1798 †_‡K 1832 Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï †ivgvw›UK wcwiqW |
 1898 mvjt gv`vg Kzwi I †c‡qwi Kzwi Avwe®‥vi K‡ib-‡_vwiqvg |
 1998 mvjt Kg©ms¯’vb e¨vsK Pvjy(27 Zg wewmGm), ¸Mj Pvjy|
 gvbe †`‡n ¯^vfvweK ZvcgvÎv 98.4 wWwMÖ dv‡ibnvBU|
 399 wLª÷c~e© m‡µwUm †K nZ¨v |
 1799 mvjt e¨wÞ÷ wgkb I QvcvLvbv cÖwZôv |
 1999 mvjt BD‡b‡¯‥v 17 b‡f¤î (31Zg †eVK) 21‡k †deªyqvwi‡K AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv wèm †Nvlbv
K‡i(26 Zg wewmGm), BD‡ivwcqvb BDwbqb GKK gy`ªv Pvjy K‡i (1 Rvbyqvwi)(20 Zg wewmGm)
wek¦Kvc wµ‡KU cÖ_g AwabvqK wQ‡jb-Avwgbyj Bmjvg eyjeyj, Aa¨vcK Avng` kix‡di g„Zÿ (31Zg
wewmGm)|
 Mbcwil‡ì 399 Rb m`m¨ n¯Í wjwLZ msweav‡b mv¶i K‡ib |
 99 wU †`‡ki K‚UbxwZK wgkb Av‡Q evsjv‡`‡k |
 36199 dzU (11033 wgUvi) Mfxi cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡ii gvwiqvbv †UªÂ c„w_exi MfxiZg ¯’vb (33Zg
wewmGm)|
173

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BCS ASSISTANT Preliminary-Written-Viva

Questions (P.S.C. & BCS)

Answers: 1. Having symbolic meaning, 2. First appearance, 3. Italy, 4. 14 lines, 5. An

Questions (P.S.C. & BCS):

 Father of ‘English Learning’ & ‘First Historian’ in English Venerable.

Questions (P.S.C. & BCS):

Answers: 1. Poet of nature 2. Henry Fielding 3. Geoffrey Chaucer 4. Edmund Spenser

The Old English Literature Period

Some known authors:

Questions Related to the Old English Period:

The Middle English Period

Questions Related to this period:

Features of the Renaissance Period: Humanism,Nationalism,Sprit of

The Elizabeth Period (1558-1625): ‘Queen Elizabeth I’ was

George Chapman: He translated Homer’s ‘Iliad’ & ‘Odyssey’.

Michel Drayton: ‘Polyolbion’ and famous sequence is ‘Idea’.

Nicholas Udall: Sometimes regarded as the ‘Father of English Comedy’. ‘Raleph

Thomas Deker: ‘Old furniture’, ‘Honest Whore’, ‘The Smoker’s ho’.

William Shakespeare: William Shakespeare is the greatest dramatist in English

Important/Leading/Protagonist Characters, Facts and Quotations:

‘Thus conscience does make cowards of us all,

‘Frailty, your name is women’- Hamlet.

‘Bravity is the soul of wit’- Hamlet.

‘There is divinity that shapes our ends’- Hamlet.

‘How weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable

‘O that this too solid flesh would melt

‘What Piece of work is a man,

‘What is man, if his chief good and market of his time

Macbeth: Protagonist character is ‘Macbeth’ who is a brave general.

‘Life is but a walking shadow’- Macbeth.

Julius Caesar: – Protagonist Character is ‘Marcus Brutas/Brutas’. King Julius Caesar

‘Blow, Blow thou winter wind

Romeo & Juliet:

‘What’s in a name? That which we call a rose

William Canden & John Knoxwas famous historian.

Richard Hakluyt, Samuel Purchas was famous editor.

Christopher Marlowe: He is regarded the greatest playwright before Shakespeare and

The Jacobean Period (1603-1625):

‘Busy old fool, unruly sun

‘For love, all love of other sights controls,

‘If our two loves be one, or thou and I

Puritan Period (1620-1660):

Facts on Paradise Lost:

Commonwealth Period (1649-1660):Thomas Hobbes is the famous poet from this

Questions (P.S.C. & BCS):

Answers: 1. William Shakespeare 2. Dramatis 3. Hamlet 4. Shakespeare 5. Juliu

Famous Historical Events:

The Restoration Period (1660-1700): The restoration comedy is generally known as

Harold Lasky: His famous book is ‘The Grammer of Politics’.

Questions (P.S.C. & BCS):

Authors:Charles Lamb, Jane Austen, John Keats, Lord Byron, P. B. Shelly, S. T.

‘A thing of beauty is joy forever’

‘Revenge is sweet specially to women’

‘Man’s conscience is the oracle of God’

‘Alone, alone, all, all alone,

‘He Prayeth best, who loveth best

William Wordsworth: He is called the ‘Poet of Nature’, ‘Poet of Childhood’.

‘Ten thousands saw I at a glance

‘Behold her, Single in the field,

‘Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings’

Questions (P.S.C. & BCS):

Answers: 1. Subjectivity 2. Love and Beauty 3.A verse by Coleridge 4. S. T. Coleridge

Major Historical (Literary) Events:

Alexander Dumas: Famous novelist of France. ‘Three Musketeers’ is his historical