UNIT-I

ANALOG ELECTRONICS

FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS:

1. Define feed back.

A Portion of output signal is taken from the output of the amplifier and is combined with the
normal input signal. This is known as feedback

2. List the different types of feedback topologies

i) Voltage – series feedback topology
ii) Voltage – shunt feedback topology
iii) Current – series feedback topology
iv) Current – shunt feedback topology.

3. Define positive feedback

If the feedback signal is in phase with input signals, then the net effect of the
feedback will increase the input signal given to the amplifier. This type of feedback is said to
be positive or regenerative feedback.

4. Define negative feedback

If the feedback signal is out of phase with the signal then the input voltage applied to the
basic amplifier is decreased and correspondingly the output is
decreased. This type of feedback is known as negative or degenerative feedback.

5. Recall an example for voltage – series feedback.

The Common collector amplifier or Emitter follower is an example for voltage
series feedback.

6. List out the properties of negative feedback amplifier

v) Negative feedback reduces the gain
vi) Distortion is very much reduced.
vii) Bandwidth improvement.

8. What are the types of feedback?

1.) Positive feedback
2.) Negative feedback.

9. Summarize the advantages of negative feedback?

1. Increased stability
2. Increased bandwidth 3. Decreased noise
4. Less frequency distortion.

1O. Define sensitivity.

It is the ratio of fractional change in amplification with feedback to the fractional change in
amplification without feedback. S = 1/1+Аβ

11. Define Desensitivity.

The reciprocal of sensitivity is called Desensitivity D = 1+Аβ.
12. Define return difference
The reciprocal of sensitivity is called desensitivity or return difference (1+βА).

13. Define Nyquist Criterion.

The criterion of Nyquist is that amplifier is unstable if this curve encloses the
point – 1+jo, and the amplifier is stable if the current does not enclose this point.

14.Discuss by what amount negative feedback reduce distortion in an amplifier

Negative feedback reduces distortion by a factor of (1 +βА) in an amplifier.

15. List the 4 different types of feedback topologies? Give Example.

1) Voltage series – Emitter follower circuit
2) Voltage shunt – CE amplifier with R' between output and input
3) Current series – CE with unbypassed RE
4) Current shunt – Two transistors in cascade with feedback from second emitter to first base
though R’

16. What is Transconductance amplifier?

In a Transconsuctance amplifier the sampled signal is a current and the
feedback signal (Which is fed in series) is a voltage.
Gm = Io/Vi Where
Gm = Amplifier gain.
Io = Output current
Ii = Input current

17. What is voltage amplifier?

In voltage amplifier, the sampled signal is a voltage and feedback signal (Which is fed in
series) is also a voltage.
A = Vo / Vi Where
A = Amplifier Gain.

18. Define transresistance amplifier

In transresistance amplifier, the sampled signal is a voltage and feedback signal (Which is fed
in shunt) is a current. Rm = Vo/Ii (or) Vo = Rm .Ii
Where Rm = Amplifier gain,
Vo = Output voltage.
Ii = Input current

19. Define current amplifier

In a current amplifier, the sampled signal is a current and the Feedback signal (Which is fed
in shunt) is a current.
A = Io / Ii (or) Io = A/Ii
Where A = Amplifier gain.
Io = Output current.
Ii = Input current.

20. List the effects of negative feedback on noise and bandwidth of an Amplifier.
Reduction in Noise & Enhanced Frequency Response.
21. Mention the three Networks that are connected around the basic Amplifer
to implement the feedback concept.
Sampling Network, Mixer Network,feedback Network.

OSCILLATORS:

1. Define an Oscillator circuit

An Oscillator is a circuit, which basically act as a Generator, generating the output signal
which oscillates with a constant amplitude and constant desired frequency.

2. Classify Oscillators based on different criterions.

Based on waveform generated:
i) Sinusoidal Oscillator.
ii) Non - Sinusoidal Oscillator or Relaxation Oscillator
Example: Square wave, Triangular wave, Rectangular wave etc.
According to principle involved:
i) Negative resistance Oscillator,
ii) Feedback Oscillator.
According to frequency generated:
i) Audio frequency oscillator - 20Hz – 20 KHz
ii) Radio frequency oscillator - 30 KHz – 30 MHz
iii) Ultrahigh frequency oscillator - 30 MHz – 3 GHz
iv) Microwave Oscillator - 3 GHZ above
v) Crystal oscillator

3. Name the various types of feedback oscillators

RC oscillators – Types
1) RC phase shift oscillator
2) Wein bridge oscillator
LC oscillators – Types
1) Tuned collector oscillator
2) Tuned emitter oscillator
3) Tuned collector base oscillator
4) Hartley oscillator
5) Colpits oscillator
6) Clapp oscillator.

4. Discuss the conditions to be satisfied for oscillation

The total phase shift of an oscillator should be 360 for feedback, product of open loop gain
& feedback factor should be unity. Oscillator should satisfy Barkhausen criterion.

5. Define piezoelectric effect.

When applying mechanical energy to some type of crystals called
piezoelectric crystals the mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy is called
piezoelectric effect.
6. What is Miller crystal oscillator? Explain its operation?
It is nothing but a Hartley oscillator its feedback Network is replaced by a crystal. Crystal
normally generates higher frequency reactance due to the miller capacitance that are in effect
between the transistor terminal.

7. Define Barkhausen Criteria

For sustained oscillations
i) The total phase shift around the loop is 360 0r 0.
The magnitude of loop gain must be greater than or equal to 1.
ii) │Aβ│ ≥ 1.

8. Name two low frequency and high frequency oscillators.

Low frequency oscillators are
i) RC phase shift oscillator
ii) Weinbridge oscillator
High frequency oscillators are i) Hartley oscillator
ii) Colpitts oscillator

9. List the advantages of crystal oscillatiors.

i) Frequency stability is greater.
ii) Hence they are used in watches, communication transmitters and receivers.

10. List the advantages of the RC phase shift oscillator.

i) The circuit is simple to design
ii) Can produce output over AF range
iii) Produces sinusoidal output waveform
iv) It is fixed frequency oscillation.

11. Identify which oscillator uses both positive and negative feedback.
Weinbridge oscillator

12. Discuss about the construction of Armstrong oscillator

It is a type of LC oscillator. In this oscillator, a transformer is used, whose primary acts as L
in the circuit while the voltage across the secondary is used as
a feedback.

13. List the factors that affect the frequency stability of an oscillator
i) Change in temperature ii) Change in load
iii) Change in power supply

14. Compare an oscillator & an amplifier.

Oscillator Amplifier
They are self-generating circuits. The generate waveforms like sine, square and triangular
waveforms of their own, without having input signal. They are not self generating circuits.
They need a signal at the input and they just increase the level of the input waveform.It has
infinite gain It has finite gain.Oscillator uses positive feedback Amplifier uses negative
feedback
15. List the essential parts of an oscillator
i) Tank circuits (or) oscillatory circuit.
ii) Amplifier (Transistor amplifier) and
iii) Feedback circuit.

16. List the disadvantages of RC phase shift oscillator oscillator

i) It is ideal for frequency adjustment over a wide range.
ii) It requires a high β transistor to overcome losses in the
network.

17. List the disadvantages of crystal oscillator.

i) It is suitable for only low power circuits.
ii) Large amplitude of vibrations may crack the crystal.
iii) The change in frequency is only possible replacing the
crystal with another one by different frequency.

18. Explain about resonant circuit oscillators

LC oscillators are known as resonant circuit oscillator because thefrequency of operation of
LC oscillator is nothing but a resonant frequency of tank circuit or LC tank circuit which
produces sustained, oscillation at resonant circuit oscillator output.

19. Justify the need of RC phase shift in a RC phase shift oscillator

The amplifier used causes a phase shift of 180 then the feedback network
should create phase shift of 180 degree , to satisfy the Barkhausen criterion. Hence in phase
shift oscillators, three sections of RC circuit are connected in cascade, each introducing a
shift of 60, thus introducing a total phase shift 180 degree , due to feedback network, a phase
shift of 180 degree is introducing providing a total phase shift of 360 degree.

FILTERS:

1. What is a filter? (R)

Filter is a frequency selective circuit that passes signal of specified band of frequencies and
attenuates the signals of frequencies outside the band

2. What are the demerits of passive filters? (R)

Passive filters works well for high frequencies. But at audio frequencies, the inductors
become problematic, as they become large, heavy and expensive. For low frequency
applications, more number of turns of wire must be used which in turn adds to the series
resistance degrading inductor’s performance ie, low Q, resulting in high power dissipation.

3. What are the advantages of active filters? (R)

Active filters used op- amp as the active element and resistors and capacitors as passive
elements. .
By enclosing a capacitor in the feedback loop , inductor less active filters can be obtained .
 Op-amp used in non – inverting configuration offers high input impedance and low
output impedance, thus improving the load drive capacity.

4. List some commonly used active filters. (R)

. Low pass filter . High pass filter
. Band pass filter . Band reject filter

5. What are the advantages of active filters over the passive filters? (R)
Active filters use amplifying elements, especially op amps, with resistors and capacitors
in their feedback loops, to synthesize the desired filter characteristics. Active filters can have
high input impedance, low output impedance, and virtually any arbitrary gain.
They are also usually easier to design than passive filters. Possibly their most important
attribute is that they lack inductors, thereby reducing the problems associated with those
components.