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The common processes involved in air conditioning air at practically constant pressures and can be
illustrated by lines on a psychometric chart.
Process 0 – 1 : Sensible Heating ( raising the dry-bulb temperature of air at constant humidity ratio )
Process 0 – 2 : Sensible Cooling ( lowering dry-bulb the temperature air at constant humidity ratio )
Process 0 – 3 : Humidifying ( increasing the moisture content of air at constant dry-bulb temperature )
Process 0 – 4 : Dehumidifying ( decreasing the moisture content of at constant dry-bulb temperature )
Process 0 – 5 : Heating and humidifying ( simultaneous increase in dry-bulb temperature and the
moisture content of air )
Process 0 – 6 : Cooling and dehumidifying ( simultaneous decrease in the dry-bulb temperature and
moisture content of air )
Process 0 – 7 : Cooling and humidifying ( simultaneous decrease in dry-bulb temperature and increase in
the moisture content of air )
Process 0 – 8 : Heating and dehumidifying ( simultaneous increase in dry-bulb temperature and decrease
in in the moisture content of air )
The first two processes, sensible heating and cooling, involve only a change in the dry-bulb temperature.
Humidifying and dehumidifying involve a change in humidity ratio (moisture content). The last four processes
involve both changes in temperature as well as in humidity ratio.
Sensible Heating
This process involves heating at constant humidity ratio (moisture content). It is represented by a horizontal
line from left to right on the psychrometric charts shown in Figure 22.
This process lowering the temperature of air at constant humidity ratio (moisture content). It is represented
by a horizontal line from right to left on the psychrometric charts shown in Figure 22. It can be done up to dew-
point temperature.
1.) Determine the quantity of heat required to raise 14 m3/min of air at 20oC and 80 percent relative humidity to
35oC. What is the final relative humidity? Ans: 4.27 kJ/sec, 34%
2.) How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 0.50 m3/sec of air from 19oC dry bulb and 15oC wet
bulb to 36? What is the final dew point temperature? Ans: 10.42 kJ/sec, 12.3oC
3.) A heating section consists of 35 cm diameter duct which houses a 4 kW electric resistance heater. Air
enters the heating section at 1 atm, 13oC and 40% relative humidity at a velocity of 7.5 m/s. Determine (a)
the exit temperature, (b) the exit relative humidity of air, and (c) the exit velocity.
1.) Determine the quantity of heat removed from 14 m3/min of air when cooled from 37oC dry bulb and 21oC
wet bulb temperature to 15oC. What are the initial and final relative humidities? Ans: 6.04 kJ/sec, 23%,
85%
2.) How much heat must be removed to cool 30 m3/min of air from 34oC dry-bulb temperature and 18oC dew
point to a wet bulb temperature of 19oC? What is the final relative humidity?
3.) Air enters a cooling section at 97 kPa, 35 oC and 20% relative humidity at a rate of 12 m3/min where it is
cooled until moisture in the air starts condensing. Determine (a) the temperature of air at exit and (b) the
rate of heat transfer in the cooling section. Ans: 8.7oC, 348.8 kJ/min
Air Washer
Figure 24 shows the schematic representation of
an air washer. It involves the flow of air through a
spray of water. During the course of flow, the air
may be cooled or heated, humidified or
dehumidified, or simply adiabatically saturated,
depending on the mean surface temperature of
water, ts. The water is, accordingly, externally
cooled or heated or simply recirculated by a pump.
Make-up water is added for any loss in the case of
humidification of air. Eliminator plates are
provided to minimize the loss of water droplets.
Humidifying Process
– is a process of increasing the humidity ratio (or adding
moisture into the air) without changing the dry-bulb
temperature of the air. The process is represented in the
psychrometric chart by a vertical line (upward).
Application: Air in a duct passing through the air washer (see Figure 26).
A room humidifier is used to increase the relative humidity of air from 40% to 60% while maintaining a dry
bulb temperature of 21oC. The volume flow rate of air entering the humidifier is 1 m3/sec. Calculate (a) the
mass flow rate of water in kg/day (b) the volume flow rate at the exit, m3/sec and (c) the latent heat absorb
by air kJ/sec. Room pressure is 101.3 kPa. Ans: 318.2 kg/day, 1.0045 m3/sec, 9.03 kJ/sec
In an air washer the mean surface temperature of water, ts is greater than the dry bulb entering
temperature, td1 of air (or ts > td1)
Q = QS + QL
= m (hX – h1) + m (h2 – hX)
Q = m (h2 – h1)
Figure 28 Humidifying of air in an air washer
where: QS = sensible heat
QL = latent heat
Heating and Humidifying Process Sample Problems
1.) How much moisture and heat must be added to 28m3/min of air at 24oC and 40 percent relative humidity to
raise it to 38oC dry bulb and 27oC wet bulb temperature? Ans: 0.00581 kg/sec, 22.73 kW
2.) How much heat and moisture must be added to 15m3/min of air at 21oC dry bulb and 30 percent relative
humidity to raise it to 37oC and 40 percent relative humidity? Ans: 13.39 kJ/sec, 0.00333 kg/sec
Steam Injection (Simultaneous Heating and Humidifying)
Steam is normally injected into fresh air
outdoor air which is then supplied for the
conditioning of textile mills where high
humidities have to be maintained. Steam
injection process is shown in Fig. 39. The dry
bulb temperature of air changes very little
during the process.
Mass balance:
mmoisture added = m (W2 – W1)
mmoisture added = mass of steam supplied, ms
Energy balance:
mh1 + mshs = mh2
m (h2 – h1) = mshs
1.) Dry saturated steam at 100oC is injected at rate of 0.01 kg/sec into a moist air stream moving at a rate of 1.0
kgd.a. per sec. and initially a state of 28oC DB, 11.9oC WB and 101.325 kPa barometric pressure. Calculate
the final state (a) humidity ratio (b) enthalpy and (c) dry-bulb temperature. Ans: 0.0119 kg/kg.d.a ; 59.87
kJ/kg.d.a;
Sensible Heating and Simultaneous Heating and Humidifying Processes Sample Problems
1.) An air conditioning system is to take in outdoor air at 10 oC and 30% RH at a steady state of 45 m3/min and
to condition it 25oC and 60% RH . The outdoor air is first heated to 22oC in the heating section and then
humidified by the injection of saturated steam in the humidifying section. Assuming the entire process to be
place at 101.325 kPa, determine (a) rate of heat supply in the heating section and (b) the mass flow rate of
steam required in the humidifying section. Ans: 686.71 kJ/min; 0.547 kg/min
2.) Moist air enters a chamber at 5oC DB and 2.5oC WB at a rate of 90 m3/min. The barometric pressure is
1.01325 bar. While passing through the chamber, the air absorbs sensible heat at the rate of 40.7 kW and
picks up 40 kg/hr of saturated steam at 110oC. Determine the dry and wet bulb temperatures of the leaving
air. Ans: 26.5oC ; 18.1oC
Cooling and Humidifying Processes
Cooling and humidifying is a process of simultaneous cooling and humidifying of air passing through a
spray of water in an air washer. The following simultaneous cooling and humidifying processes in an air
washer are possible:
Following conclusions:
(i) If the spray water is heated external to the washer, the final wet-bulb temperature, tw2 of air increases.
(ii) If the spray water is cooled external to the washer, the final wet-bulb temperature, tw2 of air decreases.
(iii) If the spray water is neither heated nor cooled external to washer, the final wet-bulb temperature, tw2 of
air in not changed.
For process 1-2A, the total heat added to air, Q = m (h2 – h1) ; h2 > h1
For process 1-2C, the total heat removed from air, Q = m (h1 – h2) ; h1 > h2
Humidifying Efficiency of Air Washer, ηH
In a perfect washer, the final dry bulb (td2) and final dew point (tdp2) temperatures of the air would be equal
to each other, and equal to initial wet bulb temperature (t w1) of the air ( meaning the final state 2 of air is a
saturated air ). The efficiency of an air washer is defined as ratio of the actual drop in dry-bulb temperature
to the maximum theoretical drop in dry bulb temperature that could take place if washer were 100 percent
efficient, and the air emerged saturated. In such a case, the final dry bulb temperature (td2) of the air would be
equal to its final dew point temperature, tdp1 or equal to mean surface temperature of water, ts or equal to its
initial wet bulb temperature for adiabatic saturation process.
Recirculated water is sprayed into air, and part of it evaporates in trying to saturate the air. If this
spraying is effective enough, the air leaves the spray 100 percent saturated. Then, after equilibrium is
established, the air will leave at the temperature of its wet bulb (meaning the air will leave saturated
air), and the recirculated water will be at the same temperature.
ηH = td1 – td2 = W2 – W1 = h2 – h1
td1 – ts Ws – W1 hs – h1
Bypass Factor, X
X = Ws – W2 = 1 – W2 – W1 = 1 – ηH
Ws – W1 Ws – W1
1.) Air at 33oC dry bulb and 19oC wet bulb temperatures is cooled and humidified by passing it through an
air washer in which water is continuously recirculated. The air leaves the air washer at 23 oC dry bulb
temperature. Determine the moisture added per kg of dry air. What is the efficiency of the air washer?
Ans: 0.0041 kg/kg d.a. ; 71.43%
2.) 1.5 m3/sec of moist air at a state of 15oC dry bulb, 10oC wet bulb, enters the spray chamber of an air
washer. Humidifying efficiency of the washer is 90%, all the spray water is recirculated, the spray
chamber is perfectly lagged, and feed at 10oC from the water board main is supplied to make good the
losses due to evaporation. Determine the following:
3.) Air at 32oC and 20 percent relative humidity is cooled and humidified by means of an air washer until
the relative humidity becomes 90 percent. How much moisture was added per kg of dry air. What was
the air washer efficiency and the dew point temperature of the leaving air? Ans: 0.0057 kg/kgd.a.,
92%, 16.7oC
Cooling Process ( ts = tdp1)
Cooling can be done in an air washer at constant
humidity ratio (W1=W2). This is achieved when the
temperature of water ts is equal to the dew-point
temperature of air tdp1. Water is required to be
externally cooled. Figure 30 shows the process diagram
in a psychrometric chart.
Σmin = Σmout
mAir in = mAir out + mmoisture removed
(m1 + m1W1) = (m2 + m2W2) + mmoisture removed
mmoisture removed = m (W1 – W2) also known as water condensate or drip water, mH2O
Ein = Eout
mh1 = QR + mh2 + mH2O hcond
If tcond is not given, the approximate heat removed from air would simply be
QR = m (h1 – h2)
1.) How much heat and moisture must be removed to cool 28 m3/min of air from 35oC dry bulb and 26oC wet
bulb temperature to 21oC and 50% relative humidity? Ans: 20.57 kJ/sec; 0.0051 kg/sec
2.) How much heat must be removed to cool 50 m3/min of air at 29oC dry bulb and 21oC wet bulb temperatures
to 16oC dry bulb and 14oC temperatures? How much moisture was removed? Ans: 20.55 kJ/sec, 0.00315
kg/sec