Chemical Bonding

The power of bonds derives from

electrons and how they are shared
in the filling of outer orbitals

• Negative and positive particles

attract each other.
• Protons (positive charge) attract
electrons (negative charge)
• cations attract negatively
charged anions
epidote
Properties of hardness, tenacity,
and density

The Rock Cycle

Each geologic process produces its own unique minerals

1
 Igneous

Bowens Reaction Series

•Olivine, pyroxene,
•Hornblende, biotite
•Plagioclase, orthoclase
•Muscovite, quartz

Weathering
Gruss- weathered granite
Low-temperature Processes
•Clays, quartz, calcite,
•Hematite, gypsum

limonite

2
Sedimentary

Low-temperature
•Calcite, dolomite
•Clays, zeolites
•Hematite, silica

Hydrothermal
Hi to low temperature
•Gold, silver, sulfides
•Quartz, calcite, barite

3
 Metamorphic
Moderate to high P,T
•Garnet, Al-silicates
•Muscovite, biotite
•Cordierite, staurolite
•Epidote, feldspar
•Corundum, hornblende

History of mineral “science”

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 Components of the atom
• Protons- Large positively charged particles in the
nucleus- determine the element
• Neutrons- Large neutrally charged particles in the
nucleus- help hold nucleus together
• Electrons-Small negatively charged particles that
surround the nucleus
• Cation- positively charged atom
• Anion- negatively charged atom
• Isotope- A specific element with varying numbers of
neutrons

Periodic table

Helen Lang, WVU

5
 Atomic Structure
Bohr Model:

Nucleus: Protons, Neutrons

Electron Shells: s, p, d…

*The Bohr model of the

atom is wrong!
*But useful for
describing most chemical
reactions
Recall that valence electrons are in the outermost shells of atoms
• All elements want to have a stable number of valence e-
•(i.e., filled shells)
• Noble gases are inert because their valence e- shells are full

Quantum mechanical view of atom

•Neutrons and Protons still make up atomic nucleus
•Electrons still surround the nucleus
•But the ‘solar system’ conception of the atom is wrong
•Electrons exist only in probability density regions with
specific energy levels
•Wave / particle duality- applies to all matter, but only
strongly apparent at very low mass
•Impossible to know the location and movement of an
electron-
•The better one is known, the less well known is the
other - Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

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 Electron orbitals

Electron Orbitals
The energy levels within shells - the region where electrons
may exist: s(2), p(6), d(10), and f(14 e-’s)

S orbittal,
lowest
energy
Px, Py, Pz orbittals,
xyz axes - 2 e’s each

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 Electron Orbitals

dxy orbittal

d orbittals - 5 possibilities : dz2, dx2-y2, dyz, dxz, dxy

maximum of 10 e’s

f orbittals -seven possible, maximum of 14 e’s

Electron Configuration
A higher energy orbittal is not occupied until lower
orbiitals are filled

Order of filling: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d10, 4p6, 5s2..

Pz orbital

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 Outer electrons/Periodic Table

Ionization Potential
The relative ability to withdraw an e-.,
the ease of ionization halite

The lower the IP,

the greater the ease
of ionization

9
 Electronegativity
•The ability of an atom to attract electrons
•Low for metals atoms, high for non metals

quartz

When to bond? Not nobles!

Helen Lang, WVU

10
 Five Major Chemical Bonds
Primary
1. Ionic bond - atoms with DEN > 2
2. Covalent bond - atoms with high EN
3. Metallic bond - atoms with low EN

Secondary
4. Van der Waals - between molecules
5. Hydrogen
tourmaline on lepidolite
galena on quartz

Types of bonds

Helen Lang, WVU

11
 Covalent bonds

Helen Lang, WVU

Covalent Bonds

Covalent bonding - each atom has a tendency to hold on to

the e- in its outer shell
Formed by sharing these outer electrons between neighboring
atoms; the outer orbitals overlap

buckyball soccer ball

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 Covalent Bond of Water
Covalent bonds share
electrons between
atoms

Oxygen
e- configuration
1s2, 2s2, 2p4

Hydrogen
e- configuration
1s1
Needs 2 hydrogens

The SP3 Covalent Bond

Methane
CH4
Carbon
e- configuration
1s2, 2s2, 2p2

Hydrogen
e- configuration
1s1

Needs 4 hydrogens

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 SP3 Covalent Bonded Minerals
4 bonds in a tetrahedral
arrangement - very strong!

quartz

Diamond
quartz

Graphite - SP2 Covalent Bond

1s and 2p orbitals arranged in 120 degrees with vertical pz vertical

and delocalized orbital (pi bond) capable of strong conductivity. Also
causes very soft hardness.

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 Ionic Bonds

Helen Lang, WVU

Ionic Bonded Halite

The classic example, NaCl
Na has 1 valence e- in its outer orbital
which it gives up easily to become positively
charged (unbalanced)
Cl needs to acquire 1 electron to achieve
the noble gas structure

In ionic bonds atoms give up or

take electrons from other atoms
to fill electron shells

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 Ionic Bonded Halite
Sodium
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s1

Clorine
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p5

Na has 1 valence e- in its outer

orbital which it gives up easily to
become positively charged
(unbalanced) Cl needs to acquire 1
electron to achieve the noble gas
structure
In ionic bonds atoms give up or
take electrons from other atoms
to fill electron shells

Ionic Bonded Halite

Sodium becomes
1s2, 2s2, 2p6
With a +1 charge
Clorine becomes
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6
With a -1 charge

*The Na and Cl atoms are

In ionic bonds atoms give up or
take electrons from other atoms
to fill electron shells
held together by their
electric charges
*Don’t exist as individual
NaCl units, but whole lattice
works of atoms

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Covalent-Ionic Mixtures

Metallic Bonds

Helen Lang, WVU

17
 Metallic Bonds

silver

•Occurs with metals, e.g., gold, silver, copper,

and iron
•Overlap of e- cloud allows high conductivity
•Allows atom close packing (high density)
•A weak bond - properties: soft, malleable

gold
polished iron meteorite

Bond mixing

galena with quartz

Helen Lang, WVU

18
 Van der Waal’s bond
Between molecules, e.g., layers of graphite, talc
•Weak attraction
•Very soft
•High compressibility, thermal expansion
talc

Hydrogen Bond
Molecules with a charge polarity can form crystalline structures
by the attraction between oppositely charged ends of
molecules
The hydrogen bond is an electrostatic bond between a positively
charged hydrogen ion and a negatively charged ion such as
O2- or N3-
How can polarity result from an overall neutral structure?
Hydrogen has only one electron
Relatively weak compared with ionic or
covalent bonds but stronger
than van der Waals bond

Example: ice

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 Bond energy minimization
• Overall, atoms join together in such a way
as to minimize bond energy
• Nature is lazy!
• The energy required to create and break
chemical bonds can be calculated and
measured very precisely.

iron meteorite
*metallic bonds

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Fluorite on quartz SiO2
Covalent bonds
CaF2 Fluorite on Quartz
Ionic bonds

Diamond

Four covalently bonded carbon atoms- the strongest of all!

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