Hemoglobin -(decrease HGB indicates anemia. because………..

***given BLOODTRANSFUSION***
– main intracellular protein of erythrocytes
- carries 02 and removes CO2 from RBC
ANEMIA- associated with conditions resulting from abnormal decrease n HGB HCT and RBC
count
-due to lack of production of the bone marrow
-due to lack of iron

Hematocrit – decrease HCT indicates anemia because …..

evaluation of anmia.

decrease anemia (overall decrease in RBC corresponding decrease in HCT)

Erythrocytes – RCB – renal disease (related to decrease production of erythropoietin)
decrease anemia because of decrease blood cell production,

Leukocytes - Increase leukocytes had a risk in infection because The white blood cells are considered
disease fighting cells and try to fend off any infection that you might have. Body is fighting off infection in
your blood stream. 10,500 is a generally acceptable number of white blood cells.
- (she was given Cefipine antibiotic to treat this )

Band neutrophils- increased indicates acute infection

Neutrophils are white blood cells (WBCs) produced in the bone marrow and
comprise approximately 60% of the blood. These cells are critically important to an immune response
and migrate from the blood to tissues during an infection. They ingest and destroy particles and germs.

-decreased
Bacterial infections stimulate an increase in neutrophils, some bacterial infections such as typhoid fever
and brucelosis and many viral diseases, including hepatitis, influenza, rubella, rubeola, and mumps,
decrease the neutrophil count. An overwhelming infection can also deplete the bone marrow of
neutrophils and produce neutropenia. Many antineoplastic drugs used to treat cancer produce bone
marrow depression and can significantly lower the neutrophil count. Types of drugs that can produce
neutropenia include some antibiotics, the psychotropic drug lithium, phenothiazines, and tricyclic
antidepressants.

lymphocytes –

Eosinophils - The most common reasons for an increase in the eosinophil count are allergic reactions
such as hay fever, asthma, or drug hypersensitivity. Decreases in the eosinophil count may be seen
when a patient is receiving corticosteroid drugs.

**immunoglobulin are glycoprotein molecules that are produced by plasma cells in response to an
immunogen and which function as antibodies. The immunoglobulins derive their name from the finding
that they migrate with globular proteins when antibody-containing serum is placed in an electrical field .

Glucose—Since the sugar that you consume in your diet is either used or stored, certain conditions and
disorders may cause you to have difficulty processing and storing blood glucose, resulting in
hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia. (not sure)

Creatinine – increased creatinine indicates renal failure because…..

—Related to decreased urinary excretion.
- the renal function is impaired.
-the creatinine is not releases into the extracellular
-and can’t exerted through the kidney.
-filtered glomeruli

Urate – increase urate indicates renal failure.

-impaired excretion / urate retention – results to renal diseases.
-reduced renal blood flow and decreased renal filtration of the blood
Magnesium – increase indicates renal failure.
- decrease glomerular filtration rate and a resultant rise in the serum valve of magnesium.
When there is a breakdown or destruction of cells, the electrolyte magnesium moves
from inside the cell, to outside of the cell wall. This shift of magnesium outside
of the cells causes hypermagnesemia.
**hemodialysis also may be prescribed**

Potassium – decrease potassium indicates excessive use of diuretics

--shifting potassium into and out of cells. When there is a breakdown or destruction of cells,
the electrolyte potassium moves from inside of the cell to outside of the cell wall. This shift of potassium
into the cells causes hypokalemia.

Sodium – Decreased sodium indicates excessive use of diuretics

- excessive water retention.
- This occurs when a hormone, ADH, is not being properly regulated. You may be urinating
frequently, and your kidneys are excreting too much sodium. This may occur as a result of many
conditions, including certain types of lung cancer.

phosphorus -the most common cause of increased phosphate levels (or hyperphosphatemia) is the
kidney's inability to get rid of phosphate.

Billirubin

Albumin – decrease albumin indicates

Low bp if the liver is unable to respond and manufacture sufficient new albumin fluid will leak out of the
blood vessels & BP pressure falls because of hypovolemia will result.

Urea - rf – related to decreased renal excretion

Urea and creatinine levels are used to evaluate kidney function and to monitor patients with
kidney failure or those receiving dialysis.
HEMATOLOGY

Hemoglobin- 02 carrying pigment of the RBC composed of amino acids that form protein.

Erythrocytes – detects the no. of RBC

Function in hgb transport which results in delivery of 02 to the body tissue provide
MCN, MCH, for diagnosing anemia.

Leukocytes ( wbc) determine infection / inflammation

Segmentor Neutrophils –

Lymphocytes – 2 types T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. To determine blood count.

Eosinophils –

Monocytes –

Basophils –

Thromboyctes – (platelets) Are non- nucleated, disk shaped cells that function in hemostatic plug
formation, clot retractions and coagulation factor activation, produced by the
bone marrow
- to evaluate the platelet production to asses the effects of chemotheraphy or radiation
therapy on platelet.

Routine Clinical Chemistry

GLucose – Glucose is a major source of energy for most cells of the body, including those in the brain.
Carbohydrates (or carbs) are found in fruit, cereal, bread, pasta, and rice. They are quickly t
urned into glucose in your body. This raises your blood glucose level.
--Your doctor may order this test if you have signs of diabetes. However, other tests (glucose
tolerance test and fasting blood glucose test) are better for diagnosing diabetes.

Creatinine – is produced continuously as a non protein end product of anaerobic, energy- producing
creatnine –phosphate metabolism inskeletal muscle. Indicator of renal function,
Revealing the balance between formation amd excretion.
- To assess glomerular filtrarion
-to screen for renal damage

Urate - A salt derived from uric acid. When the body cannot metabolize uric acid properly, urates can
build up in body tissues or crystallize within the joints.
-Monitoring of therapy in malignancies where there is a high rate of cell destruction and uric
acid production.

Magnesium – Magnesium is one of many electrolytes in your body and normal levels of magnesium are
important for the maintenance of heart and nervous system function.
- Electrolyte vital for neuromuscular functions ; aids intracellular metabolism
-Magnesium is excreted by your kidneys. Any damage to your kidneys, when they are
not working properly, may cause an increase in magnesium levels.

Potassium - Potassium is one of many electrolytes in your body. It is found inside of cells. Normal levels
of potassium are important for the maintenance of heart, and nervous system function.
--Monitoring potassium status in patients on diuretics or on intravenous therapy, and in those
with renal disease, acid-base disturbances or GIT fluid losses

Sodium - Sodium is an element, or an electrolyte, that is found in the blood.

Major extracellular cation ;affects body water distribution maintan osmotic pressure of
extracellular fluid , helps promote neuromuscular function , helps maintain acid & influence
chloride and potassium levels
 -Your blood sodium level represents a balance between the sodium and water in the food and
drinks you consume and the amount in urine. A small percentage is lost through stool and
sweat.

Phosphorus – an essential mineral that is required by every cell in the body for normal function
The serum phosphorus test measures the amount of phosphate in the blood.
This test is performed to check the blood level of phosphorus, particularly if you have a
disorder known to cause abnormal phosphorus levels.

Billirubin – to evaluate liver function

-to aid in the differential diagnosis of jaundice & monitor its products
- to aid in the diagnosis of biliary obstruction and hemolytic anemia

Albumin - most abundant protein composing almost 54% of plasma protein , helps maintain
hyprostatic pressure in the capilliary system
this test can help determine if a patient has liver disease or kidney disease, or if the body is not
absorbing enough protein.
-Albumin helps move many small molecules through the blood, including bilirubin, calcium,
progesterone, and medications. It plays an important role in keeping the fluid from the blood
from leaking out into the tissues.

URINALYSIS – evaluates physical characteristics of urine ; determine specific gravity and ph; detects and
measures protein ; glucose and ketone bodies ; examines sediment for blood cells casts and crystals.
- to screen the patients urine for renal or urinary tract disease.
- to help detect metabolic or systemic disease unrelated to renal disorders

stool examination - A stool analysis is a series of tests done on a stool (feces) sample to help diagnose
certain conditions affecting the digestive tract . These conditions can include infection (such as from
parasites, viruses, or bacteria), poor nutrient absorption, or cancer.