EXAM

II – BIOLUCIDA
IMAGES

Jinky Vilar
Lab 8: Epithelium & Cell
Junctions
Left – artery
Right – vein
Inner surface of blood vessels – simple squamous epithelium (1 cell thick)
Think “sunny side up egg”
Nucleus bulges out
Nuclei are basophilic (indicated by blue
arrows)
Arrows – squamous epithelial cells
Yellow arrow – “pretty much textbook” cell
Simple squamous epithelial cell in vein
Basophilic nucleus bulging into lumen
Another simple squamous epithelial cell
Apparently the acidophilic cytoplasm is
visible
Remember: ONE CELL THICK
Thyroid – H&E
Arrows – follicles surrounded by simple
cuboidal epithelium; contain colloid
(acidophilic, composed of thyroid precursors)
Arrows – apical luminal surfaces of simple
cuboidal epithelium
Cell width ≈ cell height à CUBE/squarish shape
Yellow arrows – cuboidal cell nuclei
“short” simple cuboidal cells:
wider than tall
Occur in regions of thyroid that
are less active
Euchromatic nuclei indicate that
there is still some activity
though
Kidney – H&E
White streaks in boxes – duct lumens and
collecting tubules
White box – narrower lumen than yellow;
lined with simple cuboidal epithelia’
Yellow box – larger duct; lined with simple
columnar or stratified cuboidal epithelium
Bowman’s capsule: Simple squamous
epithelial cells - basophilic nuclei
Arrow – short simple cuboidal epithelium
lining kidney ducts (wider > tall)
Simple columnar epithelial cells
Nuclei are aligned
Epithelial cells show polarity –
basal end in this slide
Black arrow – apical end
Yellow arrows – lateral domain
Uterine tube
Pseudostratified columnar
epithelium with cilia
Black triangles – simple
columnar cells with short cilia
Blue arrows – distinct cilia
Simple columnar epithelium
with cilia that are too short to
see
Cells with very distinct cilia
Jejunum
White arrow spans simple columnar
epithelium
Yellow arrow – microvilli brush border
Blue arrows – goblet cells
Ileum
Black arrow – simple columnar
epithelium
Blue arrows – microvilli brush border at
luminal surface
Goblet cells within simple
columnar epithelium
Ductus deferens
Blue arrows – stereocilia/stereovilli of simple
columnar epithelium
Esophagus H&E
Arrow spans stratified
squamous epithelium
Non keratinized
Skin
Keratinized outer layers
of epidermis
Division between
epidermis and dermis
Skin – sole
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Black arrow – cells alive; nuclei are visible
Blue arrow – cells dead; nuclei absent
Black arrow – entire thickness of
epidermis; stratified squamous
epithelium
Blue arrow – keratinized portion
Yellow arrow – outermost keratin
tends to flake off
DOES NOT happen in non-keratinized
stratified squamous epithelium
Parotid gland
Black arrow – stratified cuboidal epithelium;
forms walls of large duct
This slide shows two layers of cells
Urinary bladder
Yellow arrow – thickness of transitional
epithelium (urothelium)
5-10 layers of cells in this type of stratified
epithelium
Black arrows – superficial dome cells
Plump and round appearance
Flatten and stretch out as bladder distends
Trachea
Lined by pseudostratified
columnar epithelium with cilia
and goblet cells
Yellow arrows – nuclei look
stratified because they sit at
different heights
BUT STILL TECHNICALLY ONLY
ONE CELL LAYER
Simple cuboidal epithelium lines
follicles of thyroid
Non-keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium lines
esophagus
Visible nuclei
Large blood vessel lined with
simple squamous epithelium
Nuclei are thin and flat,
bulging into lumen
Left – skeletal muscle cross section
Right – black arrow: muscle longitudinal section
Black arrow – white adipose CT
Dense regular CT
Acidophilic collagen I fibers in same direction
C rings of trachea – hyaline cartilage
Black arrow spans hyaline cartilage
Chondrocytes in chondrocyte lacunae visible
Epididymis
Arrows point to stereocilia
of pseudostratified
columnar epithelium of
duct
Colon PAS/Hematoxylon
Yellow arrows – PAS+ goblet cells
Remember PAS stains carb-rich structures;
goblet cells produce mucin (complex carb)
Kidney PAS/hematoxylin
Yellow arrow – PAS+ basement membranes
beneath epithelia cells lining tubules and
ducts
Orange arrow – PAS+ glomerulus
B – brush border microvilli in TEM
F – actin filaments in core of microvilli
Microvilli projecting into apical surface with microvilli XS inset
Actin filaments are visible as electron dense lines
Cilia - motile
Microtubules in 9x2 array (pair of
microtubules surrounded by 9 doublets)
Primary cilia – monocilia
9x2+0 array
Non-motile – lack motor proteins
Pictured here

Nodal cilia
Same array as primary
Motile – have dynein motor protein
Cell Junctions
ZO – occluding junctions; TIGHT junctions;
zonula occludens
Lateral surface of cell near luminal surface
Usually have convex/concave sides
Prevents lumen contents (fluids, pathogens,
etc) from “leaking” into or gaining access to
intercellular spaces
ZA – adhesion belt; zonula adherens
MA – desmosome; macula adherens
Cell Junctions
ZA – adhesion belt; zonula adherens
Continuous band around cell, below TJ on
lateral surface
Link to actin filaments
TJ – occluding junctions; TIGHT junctions;
zonula occludens
D – desmosome
Junctional Complex
Combination of 3 junctions:
ZA – adhesion belt; zonula adherens
TJ – occluding junctions; TIGHT junctions;
zonula occludens
D – desmosome
Gap junction AKA communicating junctions
6 connexins = 1 connexon
Allows ions and small molecules to pass
between cells
Hemidesmosome
Anchor basal end to basal lamina (remember:
lamina lucida + lamina densa = basal lamina
“D” shaped
Basement Membrane and Basal Lamina

LL - lamina lucida L – lamina lucida

LD – lamina densa D – lamina densa
LF – lamina fibroreticularis FR – lamina fibroreticularis
Lab 9 – Muscle Tissue
Skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle fiber – longitudinal section
Black arrows – elongated nuclei at periphery;
each fiber can have hundreds of nuclei
Yellow arrows - Endomysium (CT separates
fibers)
Light blue arrow – fascicle (bundled fibers)
Dark blue arrows – Perimysium (surrounds
fascicles)
Note striated appearance – A-bands are
darker (where thin and thick filaments
overlap); I bands lighter (only thin filaments);
other bands only visible in TEM
XS
Blue arrows – muscle fibers
Black arrows – peripheral nuclei
Orange arrows – capillaries
Think “tiles and grout”
Tile – fibers; grout – endomysium

Can’t see striations in XS

Cardiac muscle
LS
Black arrows – central, oval, euchromatic
nuclei
Yellow arrows – branches of cardiac muscle
XS
Basophilic nuclei in acidophilic sarcoplasm
(black arrows)
Cardiac muscle cells have 1-2 nuclei
1 – skeletal muscle LS
2 – smoother muscle XS and LS
3 – cardiac muscle mostly LS
Smooth muscle LS and XS
LS:
White arrows – elongated nuclei of smooth
muscle cells; central
Yellow arrow – nuclei look wavy when cells
partially contracted
XS:
Black arrows – centrally located nuclei
Skeletal muscle LS
Arrows pointing to fibers
Striated
Elongated, peripheral and
euchromatic nuclei
Cardiac muscle LS
Blue arrows – intercalated
discs
Yellow arrows – central
oval and euchromatic
nuclei
Cardiac muscle XS
Arrows pointing to nuclei
Note central location
Trachea
Top - Skeletal muscle XS (black arrow)
Bottom - Skeletal muscle LS (black) and XS
(yellow)
Smooth muscle LS
Walls of muscular artery
Lab 10 – Nervous Tissue
Cerebellum – silver stain
Purkinje cell – pear-shaped
modified multipolar neuron
Axon not visible in this slide
Blue arrow – Purkinje cell
White arrows – branches of
dendritic tree
Arrows pointing to
astrocytes
“star-like” appearance
Round cell bodies
Larger and more
processes than microglia
Blue arrows – several processes
from an astrocyte
These are NEITHER axons NOR
dendrites since astrocytes are
neuroglial cells
Microglia
Yellow arrow – body where
nucleus is located
White arrows – processes
Smallest of glial cells
Stain dark
Has spines
Phagocytic
Ependymal cells
Cuboidal or low columnar epithelial
cells
Line brain ventricles and spinal
central canal
Derived from neuroepithelium, but
still considered glial
DO NOT synthesize CSF (job of
choroid plexus); but DO circulate it
through ventricular system by cilia
activity
Spinal cord
White arrow – basophilic Nissl substance,
occupies most of cytoplasm; IN NEURONS,
RER IS CALLED NISSL SUBSTANCE
Black arrow – axon
Black triangles – Axon hillock
Yellow arrows – dendrites
Blue arrows – euchromatic nuclei with 1-2
nucleoli
Sympathetic ganglion
Arrows pointing to multipolar neurons
Note euchromatic nucleus, nucleoli,
and Nissl substance
Arrows pointing to satellite cells in
sympathetic ganglion
Less numerous in sympathetic
ganglia than spinal ganglia
Lipofuscin is brown-staining
Black arrows – multipolar neurons,
surrounded by satellite cells (maximum of
10/neuron)
Euchromatic nuclei and nucleoli
Blue arrow – PNS nerve in LS; presence of
Schwann cell nuclei
Spinal ganglion
Spinal dorsal root ganglion
White arrows – pseudounipolar
neuron
Black arrows – satellite cells
Blue box – blood vessel filled with RBCs and
some WBCs basophilic nuclei)
Black box – dense collagenous CT; acidophilic
Black rectangle – blood vessel filled with
RBCs; lined with simple squamous epithelium
with long and basophilic nuclei (arrow)
Black arrows – span 3 bundles of central
and/or peripheral processes of
pseudounipolar neurons
Schwann cells basophilic nuclei maintain
myelin sheath around each process
Blue arrows – dense regular CT of collagen I
fibers and bundles associated with
fibroblasts
~20 satellite cells around
unipolar/pseudounipolar neuron (yellow
arrow)
Yellow arrow –
unipolar/pseudounipolar neurons
Blue arrow – satellite cells
Dorsal root ganglion Toluidine
blue
Metachromatic stain
Black arrows – nucleoli in
neuronal euchromatic nuclei
Blue arrows – euchromatic nuclei
of glial cells
Yellow arrows – basophilic RER
Yellow arrows – basophilic RER within
cytoplasm
Note metachromasia
Orange arrow – pseudounipolar neuron in
spinal ganglion with satellite cells
surrounding it
Have more satellite cells than multipolar
neurons
Note basophilic Nissl substance in cytoplasm
(corresponds to RER)
Orange arrow – nerve axon
Black arrow - CT
Peripheral nerve
LS
White arrow – spans two fascicles (A and B)
Blue arrow – perineurium separating
fascicles
Pink arrow – epineurium; thicker and looser
CT surrounding entire nerve
Black structures are adipocytes
Myelinated nerve
Arrows indicate Nodes of Ranvier
Myelin appears black because of Osmium
stain (stains lipids and lipoproteins, such as
myelin)
Internodes (myelinated portions) – each
internode myelinated by one Schwann cell
Peripheral nerve XS
1-4 – fascicles
Blue arrows – Perineurium surrounding each
fascicle
Pink arrows – epineurium surrounding entire
nerve
Myelinated axons
Blue arrows – perineurium
White box – myelin sheaths surrounding
each axon; stain black
Pink box – contains XS skeletal muscle, blood
vessel (blue triangle) and adipocytes (white
arrow)
Adipocytes stain black with osmium stains
because of lipids
Peripheral nerve XS
Blue arrows – perineum
Yellow arrows – myelinated axons
Black arrow - epineurium
Grey arrows – loose collagenous and adipose
CT
Black arrows – epineurium
Blue arrows - perineurium
Motor end plate
Yellow arrow – terminal end of motor neuron
axons
Blue arrows – branches of motor neuron
Yellow arrow – motor end plate; ends of
motor neurons; synapse with skeletal muscle

Myoneural junction
Lab 11 – Connective Tissue
Proper
Developing tooth
Black arrows – mesenchymal cells in
mesenchymal connective tissue
Can differentiate into osteoblasts and
participate in intramembranous ossification
Areolar connective tissue
Arrows – mast cells, residents of connective
tissue; grainy texture attributable to
secretory granules (histamine and heparin)
Blue arrow – elastic fiber; thin
and branching
Acidophilic collagen are fainter
pink and thicker than elastic
fibers
Blue arrows – fibroblasts; synthesize all three
fibers in CT (collagen, elastic, reticular)
Muscle tendon junction
Black arrows – fibroblasts
between collagen fibers
White arrow – skeletal muscle
fiber joining the tendon
Blue arrow – dense regular CT
White arrow – LS skeletal muscle
Note shapes of nuclei and endomysium
between myocytes
Tendon
Skin
Black arrows – acidophilic collagen I
fibers
Fibers are oriented in different
directions
Blue arrow – elastic fiber
Adipose tissue – fat
Arrows pointing to adipocyte nuclei
Lipid droplets push nuclei to periphery
“signet ring” appearance
Ligamentum flavum
Dense regular connective tissue
Dark purple elastic fibers at arrows
Spleen silver stain
Blue arrows – reticular (collagen III) fibers
“chain-linked fence”
Branching occurs 3D
Blood vessels
Yellow arrows – simple squamous cells lining
vein
Called endothelium when associated with
lumen of vascular structure
Vocal folds elastin
Elastin stained black by elastin stain (1 of 2
proteins in elastic fibers, other is fibrillin)
Lab 12 - Cartilage
Blue arrow – chondrocyte; occupy
chondrocyte lacune
Black arrows – isogenous group (2-4+ cells in
a lacuna); results of cell division, separate
when start synthesizing matrix components
Black arrow – perichondrium
Yellow arrow – outer fibrous perichondrium, flat nuclei are synthesizing collagen I
Blue arrow – inner chondrogenic perichondrium; resemble fibroblasts BUT ARE CHONDROGENIC; divide into
chondroblasts
Blue arrow – capsular matrix; darkest
staining area surrounding lacuna
Yellow arrow – territorial matrix;
intermediate-staining matrix between
isogenous cells
Black arrow – interterritorial matrix; makes
up most of matrix
Epiglottis – elastin
Elastin (in elastic fibers) stains black by
elastin stains
White arrows – elastic fibers
Do not loop back on themselves to form
“net” (unlike reticular fibers)
Yellow arrow – perichondrium of elastic
cartilage
Blue arrows – elastic fibers of perichondrium
Yellow arrow – fibers of territorial matrix are
coarser and more numerous than
interterritorial matrix
Blue arrow - chondrocyte
Yellow box – elastic cartilage chondrocytes
are larger and lie closer together than hyaline
cartilage
Black arrows – elastic fibers or fiber bundles
Remember: elastic fibers are acidophilic, but
not as distinct when stained with elastin
stains
Vertebral column trichrome stain
Blue – collagen I fibers
Orange-red – chondrocyte nuclei
Lab 13 - Bone
Developing limb
Bone will become compacted with time
Black arrows – basophilic osteoblasts;
cuboidal
Actively secrete bone matrix
Osteoid, unmineralized matrix is light staining
(blue arrow)
Yellow arrow – when completely surrounded
by matrix, becomes osteocytes
Blue arrows – osteoblasts; basophilic
cytoplasm; round to cuboidal in shape
Grey arrows – osteoid, unmineralized bone
matrix
White arrows – osteocytes surrounded by
bone matrix
Yellow circles – acidophilic mineralized bone
Orange arrows – blood vessels
Black boxes - mesenchyme
Black arrow – osteoclast; multinucleated cells
Osteoclast with acidophilic cytoplasm and
multiple nuclei
Lager osteocyte is D-shaped and has at least
20 nuclei
Smaller has about 5 nuclei
Yellow arrow spans compact bone
No cancellous/spongy bone
Black arrow – periosteum
White arrow – endosteum
Note: skeletal muscle to left and bone
marrow to right
White arrow – outer fibrous layer of
periosteum; dense regular CT (collagen I)
Yellow arrow – inner cellular layer of
periosteum; osteoprogenitor cells, but some
osteoblasts
Arrow pointing to endosteum
Thin, single row of cells (osteoprogenitor
cells and osteoblasts)
Haversian canals and Volkmann canals lined
with endosteum
Black arrows – outline as osteon (Haversian
system); Haversian canal is at center of
osteon and surrounded by concentric
lamellae of bone
White arrows – osteocytes in lacunae; cell
nuclei stain basophilic
Blue arrows – central canal in osteon
White arrows – Volkmann canal connecting
them
Ground bone
Concentric lamellae within osteon
surrounding central canal
Blue arrows – osteon in compact bone
Interstitial lamellae – between osteons
Osteocyte lacuna – occupied with
osteocytes, but are empty in this image
Volkmann canal connecting central canals
Arrows pointing to central canals, each in an
osteon
Arrow pointing to osteocyte lacuna
Canaliculi point towards Haversian canal at center of osteon
Lab 14 – Bone Formation
and Remodeling
Endochondral ossification
1 – zone of reserve (resting) cartilage
2 – zone of proliferation
3 – zone of hypertrophy
4 – zone of calcification
5 – zone of ossification
Actively turning calcified cartilage
remnants into bone
Black arrows – two osteoblasts in
process of converting into
osteocytes
Yellow arrow – calcified hyaline
cartilage remnants
White arrow – acidophilic new
woven bone tissue; all osteocytes
in pink regions
Black arrows – basophilic calcified
cartilage in zone of calcification
Arrow pointing to (red) osteoid
in zone of ossification
Calcified cartilage is basophilic
Intramembranous ossification
Black arrows – mesenchymal cells in
mesenchyme; will differentiate into
osteoblasts
White arrow – where ossification occurs
Blue arrow – developing spicule of bone;
surface is covered in osteoblasts
Endochondral ossification
Arrows – basophilic osteoblasts; line
up along surface of bone and secrete
bone matrix; become osteocytes
when surrounded by matrix
Blue arrow – zone of reserve
(resting) cartilage
Black arrows – stacked
chondrocytes in zone of
proliferation
Black arrows – chondrocytes in zone of
hypertrophy; lacunae enlarging
Blue arrow – spicule of calcified cartilage in
zone of calcification
Grey arrows – zone of ossification
Osteoclast
Acidophilic cytoplasm
because of abundant
lysosomes
Lab 15 – Blood
Plasma cell with negative golgi
Black arrows – neutrophil
Blue arrows – platelets
Black arrows – neutrophils
Blue arrow – lymphocyte
Orange arrow – lymphocyte
Black arrow – monocyte
Black arrow – monocyte
Yellow arrow - eosinphil
Old neutrophils – many lobes
Black arrow – eosinophil
Orange arrow - lymphocyte
Lymphocyte
Leukocytes relative to RBCs; dark-staining nuclei
Monocyte
Eosinophil
Lots of granules
Bilobed, heterochromatic nucleus
Acidophilic/eosinophilic cytoplasm
Neutrophils
Heterochromatic segmented nucleus
Reticulocytes
Immature RBCs
Nuclei lost but some polyribosomes left,
appear as basophilic specks
Basophil
Basophilic granules in cytoplasm
Lymphocyte
Heterochromatic nucleus
Non grainy cytoplasm
Neutrophil
Yellow arrow – monocyte
Black arrows – platelets