CHAPTER- 1

INTRODUCTION
This is nothing but the application of the induction generator.We are using this application where
the electricity is not reaching properly.Means due to weak transmission line they are not getting
proper voltage,beacuse of that we are installing the hydro power plantusing induction generator.
Induction generator have much better advantages than the synchronous generator.It's cost is very
low, hunting effect is minimized, when there will be short circuit occures the induction generator
stops its generation and there is nodangerous effect on the machine.
Mini-hydro is an attractive energy source. A mini-hydro plant uses a renewable energy
source which is environmentally began there is little disruption of fish habitat, no impairment of
navigable waterways, and minimal flooding. The hydraulic and civil engineering technologies
are wd-developed and proven, with recent advances in turbine design and construction methods
resulting in increased efficiency and reduced capital costs.
1.1.Induction generator:-
An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a type of alternating current (AC) electrical
generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power. Induction generators
operate by mechanically turning their rotors faster than synchronous speed. A regular AC
induction motor usually can be used as a generator, without any internal modifications. Induction
generators are useful in applications such as mini hydro power plants, wind turbines, or in
reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure, because they can recover energy with
relatively simple controls.
An induction generator usually draws its excitation power from an electrical grid. Because of
this, induction generators cannot usually "black start" a de-energized distribution system.
Sometimes, however, they are self-excited by using phase-correcting capacitors.
An induction generator produces electrical power when its rotor is turned faster than
the synchronous speed. For a typical four-pole motor (two pairs of poles on stator) operating on a
60 Hz electrical grid, the synchronous speed is 1800 rotations per minute (rpm).
1.2.Excitation to induction generator:-
An induction machine requires an externally-supplied armature current. Because the rotor field
always lags behind the stator field, the induction machine always "consumes" reactive power,
regardless of whether it is operating as a generator or a motor.
A source of excitation current for magnetizing flux (reactive power) for the stator is still
required, to induce rotor current. This can be supplied from the electrical grid or, once it starts
producing power, from the generator itself.
An induction machine can be started by charging the capacitors, with a DC source, while the
generator is turning typically at or above generating speeds. Once the DC source is removed the
capacitors will provide the magnetization current required to begin producing voltage.
An induction machine that has recently been operating may also spontaneously produce voltage
and current due to residual magnetism left in the core.
1.3.Hydro power plant:-
There are few types of hydro power plant
1.3.1.Micro hydro power plant

Micro hydro is a type of hydroelectric power that typically produces from 5 kW to

100 kW of electricity using the natural flow of water. Installations below 5 kW
are called pico hydro.These installations can provide power to an isolated home or
small community, or are sometimes connected to electric power networks,
particularly where net metering is offered. There are many of these installations
around the world, particularly in developing nations as they can provide an
economical source of energy without the purchase of fuel. Micro hydro systems
complement solar PV power systems because in many areas, water flow, and thus
available hydro power, is highest in the winter when solar energy is at a
minimum. Micro hydro is frequently accomplished with a pelton wheel for high
head, low flow water supply. The installation is often just a small dammed pool,
at the top of a waterfall, with several hundred feet of pipe leading to a small
generator housing. In low head sites, generally water wheels and Archimedes
screws are used.
1.3.2.Pico hydro power plant
 Pico hydro is a term used for hydroelectric power generation of under 5 kW.
These generators have proven to be useful in small, remote communities that
require only a small amount of electricity – for example, to power one or two
fluorescent light bulbs and a TV or radio in 50 or so homes. Even smaller turbines
of 200–300 W may power a single home in a developing country with a drop of
only one meter. Pico-hydro setups typically are run-of-stream, meaning that a
reservoir of water is not created, only a small weir is common, pipes divert some
of the flow, drop this down a gradient, and through the turbine before being
exhausted back to the stream.
1.3.3.Small hydro power plant

Small hydro is the development of hydroelectric power on a scale suitable for

local community and industry, or to contribute to distributed generation in a
regional electricity grid.The definition of a small hydro project varies, but a
generating capacity of 1 to 20 megawatts (MW) is common. In contrast many
hydroelectric projects are of enormous size, such as the generating plant at the
Three Gorges Dam at 22,500 megawatts or the vast multiple projects of the
 Tennessee Valley Authority. In India, hydro projects up to 25 MW station
capacities have been categorized as Small Hydro Power (SHP) projects.
1.3.4.Medium hydro power plant

1.3.5.High hydro power plant

Most hydroelectric power comes from the potential energy of dammed water driving a water
turbine and generator. The power extracted from the water depends on the volume and on the
difference in height between the source and the water's outflow. This height difference is called
the head. A large pipe (the "penstock") delivers water from the reservoir to the turbine.
This method produces electricity to supply high peak demands by moving water
between reservoirs at different elevations. At times of low electrical demand, the excess
generation capacity is used to pump water into the higher reservoir. When the demand becomes
greater, water is released back into the lower reservoir through a turbine. Pumped-storage
schemes currently provide the most commercially important means of large-scale grid energy
storage and improve the daily capacity factor of the generation system. Pumped storage is not an
energy source, and appears as a negative number in listings
1.4.Water turbine:-
A water turbine is a rotary engine that takes energy from moving water .Water turbines were
developed in the nineteenth century and were widely used for industrial power prior to electrical
grids. Now they are mostly used for electric power generation. They harness a clean
and renewable energy source.
Reaction turbines:
• Francis
• Kaplan, Propeller, Bulb, Tube, Straflo
• Tyson
• Water wheel
Impulse turbines:
• Pelton
• Turgo
Turbine selection is based mostly on the available water head, and less so on the available flow
rate. In general, impulse turbines are used for high head sites, and reaction turbines are used for
low head sites. Kaplan turbines are well-adapted to wide ranges of flow or head conditions, since
their peak efficiency can be achieved over a wide range of flow conditions.
Small turbines (mostly under 10 MW) may have horizontal shafts, and even fairly large bulb-
type turbines up to 100 MW or so may be horizontal. Very large Francis and Kaplan machines
usually have vertical shafts because this makes best use of the available head, and makes
installation of a generator more economical. Pelton wheels may be either vertical or horizontal
shaft machines because the size of the machine is so much less than the available head. Some
impulse turbines use multiple water jets per runner to increase specific speed and balance shaft
thrust.

1.5.1.Kaplan turbine
1.5.2.Fransic turbine:-
1.5.3.Water wheel turbine:-

Pelton turbine:-

Capacitor Bank:-
 The electrical energy is almost exclusively generated, transmitted and distributed in
the form of alternating current. Therefore, the question of power factor immediately comes
into picture. Most of the loads (e.g. induction motors, arc lamps) are inductive in nature and
hence have low lagging power factor. The low power factor is highly undesirable as it causes
an increase in current, resulting in additional losses of active power in all the elements of
power system from power station generator down to the utilization devices. In order to
ensure most favorable conditions for a supply system from engineering and economical
standpoint, it is important to have power factor as close to unity as possible.
Methods of Power Factor Improvement
Power Factor is the cosine of angle between voltage and current in an A.C circuit. As you are
aware there is always a phase difference φ between voltage and current. The term cos φ is
called the power factor of the circuit.
Lagging Power Factor:-If the circuit is inductive, the current lags behind the voltage and
the power factor is referred to as lagging.
Leading Power Factor:-In a capacitive circuit, current leads the voltage and power factor is
said to be leading.

Consider an inductive circuit taking a lagging current (I) from supply voltage (V); the angle
of lag being φ. The phasor diagram of the circuit is shown in below Figure.

We are using the

2.1 Literature Survey:-
J.B. Ekanayake discussed induction generators are commonly used for small
hydro schemes due to advantages such as availability, low cost and robustness. The cost
per kW of a single-phase generator is generally higher than a three phase generator.
Hence a three-phase generator, which produces a single-phase output, is normally used.
In order to minimise further the capital cost, crude voltage and frequency control
techniques are used. The voltage and lrequency are maintained within acceptable values
by connecting a resistive ballast, which maintains the sum of the consumer load and the
ballast load at a constant value. [1]

Philipp Löhdefink discussed about small hydro power plants depending on the
nature of the river and the type of turbine system, the turbine shaft speed can be either
mostly fixed or variable in a certain range. In case of a (mostly) fixed-speed turbine
system, the typical hydro power generator in the considered power range would be a
directly grid-connected induction machine with a gear box. On the machine side, an
induction generator or a permanent-magnet synchronous generator can be utilized, both
requiring an inverter which is rated for the full machine power. The full-scale inverter
represents a substantial factor in systems costs, therefore the doubly-fed induction
generator can be considered where a fractionally-rated inverter is connected to the rotor
via slip rings and brushes. Due to the fact that these classical systems possess
disadvantages like high system costs or slip rings and brushes which cause maintenance
effort, an alternative generator system shall be regarded in this paper: the brushless
doubly-fed induction machine .[2]

Circuit diagram:-
 Cnstruction:-
The prime mover which is water turbine is connected to the the generator
(induction generator).The supply is given to the induction generator with the help of three
phase supply from the grid.That input to the induction generator is 440v three phase
supply. that generated electrical power is given to the load whatever it will be.

Working:-

Induction machine is sometimes used as a generator. It is also called

Asynchronous Generator. What are the conditions when the poly phase (here three phase)
induction machine will behave as an induction generator? The following are conditions
when the induction machine will behave as an induction generator are written below:(a)
Slip becomes negative due to this the rotor current and rotor emf attains negative value.
(b) The prime mover torque becomes opposite to electric torque. Now let us discuss how
we can achieve these conditions.
Suppose that an induction machine is coupled with the prime mover whose speed
can be controlled. If the speed of the prime mover is increased such that the slip becomes
 negative (i.e. speed of the prime mover becomes greater than the synchronous speed).Due
to this, all the conditions that we have mentioned above will become fulfilled and
machine will behave like an induction generator.
Now if the speed of the prime mover is further increased such that it exceeds the
negative maximum value of the torque produced then the generating effect of the
generator vanishes. Clearly the speed of the induction generator during the whole
operation is not synchronous, therefore the induction generation is also called a
synchronous generator.Induction generator is not a self excited machine therefore in
order to develop the rotating magnetic field, it requires magnetizing current and reactive
power.
The induction generator obtains its magnetizing current and reactive power from
the various sources like the supply mains or it may be another synchronous generator.
The induction generator can’t work in isolation because it continuously requires reactive
power from the supply system. However we can have a self excited or isolated induction
generation in one case if we will use capacitor bank for reactive power supply instead of
AC supply system.

• Example

• an example, consider the use of a 10 hp, 1760 r/min, 440 V, three-phase induction motor
as an asynchronous generator. The full-load current of the motor is 10 A and the full-load
power factor is 0.8.
• Required capacitance per phase if capacitors are connected in delta:
Apparent power S = √3 E I = 1.73 × 440 × 10 = 7612 VA
Active power P = S cos θ = 7612 × 0.8 = 6090 W
Reactive power Q = = 4567 VAR
For a machine to run as an asynchronous generator, capacitor bank must supply
minimum 4567 / 3 phases = 1523 VAR per phase. Voltage per capacitor is 440 V
because capacitors are connected in delta.
Capacitive current Ic = Q/E = 1523/440 = 3.46 A
Capacitive reactance per phase Xc = E/Ic = 127 Ω
Minimum capacitance per phase:
C = 1 / (2*π*f*Xc) = 1 / (2 * 3.141 * 60 * 127) = 21 microfarads.
If the load also absorbs reactive power, capacitor bank must be increased
in size to compensate.
Prime mover speed should be used to generate frequency of 60 Hz:
Typically, slip should be similar to full-load value when machine is running as motor,
but negative (generator operation):
if Ns = 1800, one can choose N=Ns+40 rpm
Required prime mover speed N = 1800 + 40 = 1840 rpm.