AIR

According to Yunia (2011) Every plant needs environmental conditions that are suitable
for its growth and development. The condition of the environment in which plants are
located always changes. Changes that occur may still be within the tolerance limits of these
plants, but often plants experience environmental changes that can cause decreased
productivity and even death of plants. This shows that each plant has a limiting factor and
a tolerance to the environment.

The amount of water needed in plant growth varies depending on the type of plant. The
water play a role 1) as a solvent of nutrients contained in the soil, so that it can be taken by
plants easily through the roots and transported to parts of plants that need it (including
photosynthetic leaves) through xylem 2) as photosynthetic solvents for distributed
throughout the plant through phloem and photosynthate will be used by plants for the
growth process.

Water shortages affect all aspects of plant growth, which include physiological,
biochemical, anatomical and morphological processes. At the time of lack of water, part of
the leaf stomata closes so there is a barrier to the entry of CO2 and decreases photosynthetic
activity. In addition to inhibiting photosynthetic activity, water shortages also inhibit
protein synthesis and cell walls. Plants that experience water shortages generally have a
smaller size compared to plants that grow normally. Water shortages cause a very
significant reduction in yield and even cause death in plants.

According to Anggraini, et.al (2015) The first response of plants in responding to the
condition of severe water deficits is by closing the stomata. Decreased turgor pressure along
with increased free abscisic acid in the leaves causes narrowing of the stomata. Closure and
/ or narrowing of stomata inhibits photosynthesis, this involves transporting water in the
plant body and decreasing the flow of carbon dioxide in the leaves. Decreased carbon
dioxide concentration in the leaves affects starch mobilization and has the potential to
increase respiration. Plants will reduce the use of carbohydrate reserves to maintain their
metabolic processes, and this triggers a lack of carbon so that plants will experience a
decrease in growth and the longer the plant will experience death

The function of water in plant as

1. in light reaction the water will supply electron

2. in dark reaction the water will provide o2

For the both explanation will be explain in deep by ......

 CAHAYA
Photosynthesis is a process in green plants to make organic compounds from
carbon dioxide and water. The photosynthesis process will only occur if there is
light and through an intermediate chlorophyll green pigment located in certain
cytoplasmic organelles called chloroplasts (Bresnick, 2007). Sunlight acts as an
energy source in photosynthesis to produce vegetative and generative growth of
plants, for example; growth of stems, branches and leaves; flower formation, fruit,
and seeds; and the formation of nutrients in chilli and other parts of plants
(Cahyono, 2003).
The duration of exposure to sunlight also affects the intensity of sunlight that
can be absorbed by plants so that it also affects photosynthesis activities. To support
the growth of plants well, it takes a long irradiation of about 9-10 hours per day
(Juanda and Cahyono, 2005).
Leaves as one of the plant organs that receive direct sunlight, have adapted to
the environmental conditions in which the plant grows. Sunflower leaves
(Helianthus anuus), for example, have morphology and can orient the position of
the leaves to absorb optimum sunlight. Leaf hair also serves to reduce the amount
of light received by the leaves when sunlight forms an angle with the position of
the leaves.
According Sudjadi (2005) The presence of a wax coating on the surface of
the upper leaf epidermis increases the reflection of sunlight, so that it can reduce
the absorption of sunlight excessively. Stomata found in the leaf epidermis is the
entrance of CO2 into the leaves. Inside the CO2 leaf will diffuse towards the
chloroplasts, so the resistance to CO2 diffusion must be made theoretically to a
minimum.
The existence of spaces between cells in sponge mesophyll and sub-stomata
cavities can help temporarily accommodate CO2 from the atmosphere so that the
pressure increases and will increase its diffusion power. Handoko (2013) added that
the sun's light source is the most important factor in the life of living things,
especially in aquatic ecosystems because almost all of the energy that drives and
controls metabolism in the waters comes from solar energy which is biochemically
converted through photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis rate will be high when the light intensity is high and decreases
when the light intensity decreases. Therefore light acts as a major limiting factor in
photosynthesis or primary productivity. Solar light is the most important factor in
the life of living things, especially in aquatic ecosystems because almost all of the
energy that drives and controls metabolism in the waters comes from solar energy
that is converted biochemically through photosynthesis. Photosynthesis rate will be
high when the light intensity is high and decreases when the light intensity
decreases. Therefore light acts as a major limiting factor in photosynthesis or
primary productivity.