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2 1 0
1 1 3
e.g., is a 3by 3 matrix.
6 5 1
.in
2. DIFFERENT TYPES OF MATRICES
(i) Horizontal Matrix : Any matrix in which the number of columns is more than the number
ps
of rows is called a horizontal matrix.
2 3 4 5
te
e.g. 8 9 7 2 is a horizontal matrix.
2 2 3 4
yS
(ii) Row Matrix: A matrix which has only one row and n columns is called a row
St
matrix of length n
e.g., [2 –1 3 0]1×4 is a row matrix of length 4.
(iii) Vertical Matrix : Any matrix in which the number of rows is more than the number
of columns is called column matrix.
2 3
4 5
e.g. 6 7 is a column matrix.
8 9
Page 1 of 43 www.StudySteps.in
Matrices and Determinants
1
3
e.g. x is a column matrix of length 4.
2
1
(v) Null or Zero Matrix : The matrix whose all elements are zero is called null matrix or zero
matrix. It is usually denoted by O.
0 0 0
e.g. O 33 0 0 0
0 0 0
(vi) Square Matrix: A matrix for which the number of rows is equal to the number of
columns (each equal to n) is called a square matrix of order n.
1 0 2 3
2 1 4 5
e.g. A = is a square matrix of order 4.
3 2 4 1
1 0 0 2
.in
ps
(vii) Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix of any order with zero elements every where,
except on the main diagonal, is called a diagonal matrix.
te
3 0 0
yS
0 5 0
e.g. is a diagonal matrix of order 3.
0 0 1
ud
(viii) Scalar matrix : A matrix whose diagonal elements are all equal and other entries
St
k 0 0
are zero, is called a scalar matrix e.g. A 0 k 0
0 0 k
(ix) Identity or Unit Matrix : A square matrix in which all the elements along the
main diagonal (elements of the from aii) are unity is called
an identity matrix or a unit matrix. An identity matrix of
order n is denoted by In.
1 0 0
e.g. I3 = 0 1 0
0 0 1
(x) Triangular Matrix: A square matrix whose elements above the main diagonal or below
the main diagonal are all zero is called a triangular matrix.
Page 2 of 43 www.StudySteps.in
Matrices and Determinants
1 2 1 3
0 2 1 0
e.g. is an upper triangular matrix.
0 0 3 1
0 0 0 3
(xi) Sub Matrix : A matrix obtained by omitting some rows or some columns or
both of a given matrix A is called a sub matrix of A.
2 0 4
2 0
e.g., If A 5 6 8 , then is a submatrix of A which
5 6
3 2 29
is obtained by omitting third row and third column of A.
.in
corresponding elements are equal. If two matrices A and B are equal, we write A = B.
4. ADDITION OF MATRICES
ps
If A and B are two matrices of the same order m × n, then their sum is defined to be the matrix of
order m × n obtained by adding the corresponding elements of A and B.
te
e.g. If A a 21 a 22
a 31 a 32 a 33 b31 b32 b33
ud
a 31 b 31 a 32 b 32 a 33 b 33
Page 3 of 43 www.StudySteps.in
Matrices and Determinants
Illustration 1:
If is an imaginary cube root of unity, show that
1 2 2 1 2 1
1 2 1 2
2
1
is a null matrix.
2 1 1 2 2 1
Solution:
1 2 2 1 2 1
1 2 1 2
2
1
2 1 1 2 2 1
1 2 1 2 1 2 0 0 0
1 2 1 2 1 2 0 0 0
, which is a null matrix.
1 2 1 2 1 2 0 0 0
.in
ps
5. MULTIPLICATION OFA MATRIX BYA SCALAR
If A = [aij]m × n and is a scalar, then A = [ aij]m × n
te
2 1 3 6 3 9
e.g. A 2 5 1 – 3A = 6 15 3 .
yS
0 3 6
0 1 2
ud
Let A = [aij]m× n and B = [bjk]n×p be two matrices such that the number of columns in A is equal to
number of rows in B. Then the m × p matrix C = [cik]m× p ,
n
where cik = a .b
j1
ij jk (where i = 1, 2, 3 ... m, k = 1, 2, 3 ... p), is called the product of the matrices
A and B. We have
a11 a12 ... a1n b11 b12 ... b1p c11 c12 ... c1p
a b c ... c 2p
a 22 ... a 2n 21 b 22 ... b 2p c 22
21
12
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ,
a m1 a m2 ... a mn mn b n1 bn 2 ... b np
np
c m1 cm 2 ... c mp
m p
Page 4 of 43 www.StudySteps.in
Matrices and Determinants
(i) Matrix multiplication is associative
i.e., (AB)C = A(BC), A, B and C are m × n, n ×p and p × q matrices respectively.
(ii) Multiplication of matrices is distributive over addition of matrices
i.e., A(B + C) = AB + AC
(iii) Existence of multiplicative identity of square matrices.
If A is a square matrix of order n and I n is the identity matrix of order n, then
A In = In A = A.
(iv) Whenever AB and BA both exist, it is not necessary that AB = BA.
(v) The product of two matrices can be a zero matrix while neither of them is a zero matrix.
0 1 1 0 0 0
e.g., If A = and B then AB , while neither A nor B is a
0 0 0 0 0 0
null matrix.
(vi) In the case of matrix multiplication of AB = 0, then it doesn’t necessarily imply that A = 0
or B = 0 or BA = 0.
Illustration 2:
.in
Show that product of two upper (lower) triangular matrices is an upper (lower) triangular matrix.
Solution:
ps
Let A = [aij]m× n and B = [bjk]n×p be two upper triangular matrices.
te
a
yS
For i > k, cik = ai1 b1k + ai2 b2k + . . . + aik bkk + aik + 1 bk + 1k + . . . + bnk = 0.
Hence AB is an upper triangular matrix.
St
DRILL EXERCISE - 1
1 1 1
2. For A = , show that A B is a diagonal matrix for any value of if = 2 5 .
2 3
the zero matrix, when and differ by an odd multiple of .
2
Page 5 of 43 www.StudySteps.in
Matrices and Determinants
1 1
4. For A = , show that A2 4A + 5I2 = 0.
2 3
5. If ‘A’ is a diagonal matrix then prove that AB = BA is possible only when B is a diagonal matrix.
Trace (A) = a
i 1
ii a11 a 22 ... a nn .
1 2
1 4 7
e.g., If A 4 5 , then A
7 8 32
2 5 8 23 .in
ps
te
DRILL EXERCISE - 2
1. If a, b, and c are the roots of an equation of the form x 3 x 2 p 0 , prove that the matrix
a b c
A = c a b satisfy AAT = I .
b c a
LMcos x 1 0 0 OP
Let A = MM 0 P
0 cos 2 x 1 0 1
1 P
2. . If trace A = - , find x .
MN 1 0
0
cos 3x
0 cos 4 x Q
P 2
Page 6 of 43 www.StudySteps.in
Matrices and Determinants
4. If A is 3 × 4 matrix and B is a matrix such that AB and BA are both defined, then find the
type of B.
8 1 4
1
5. If A = 4 4 7 , then prove that AA T = I.
9
1 8 4
9. SPECIAL MATRICES
Symmetric Matrix
A matrix which is unchanged by transposition is called a symmetric matrix. Such a matrix is necessarily
square
2 1 3
1 4 1
e.g.,
3 1 5
Thus if A = [aij]m × n is a symmetric matrix then m = n, aij = aji i.e., A A .
.in
A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be skew symmetric, if aij = – aji for all i and j
0 2 3 1
ps
2 0 4 3
e.g.
3 4 0 1
te
1 3 1 0
yS
Note: Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as the sum of symmetric and skew symmetric matrix.
1 1 1 1
(A A) (A A) , where ( A A) and ( A A) are symmetric and skew
St
i.e., A =
2 2 2 2
symmetric parts of A.
Illustration 3:
4 2 3
1 3 6
Express A as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric matrix, where A = .
5 0 7
Solution: We have
4 2 3
1 3 6
A=
5 0 7
Page 7 of 43 www.StudySteps.in
Matrices and Determinants
4 1 5
A 2 3 0
3 6 7
4 2 3 4 1 5
0
Then A A 1 3 6 + 2 3
5 0 7 3 6 7
8 3 8
3 6 6
= ................(i)
8 6 0
4 2 3 4 1 5
1 3 6 2 0
and A A – 3
5 0 7 3 6 7
0 1 2 .in
ps
= 1 0 6 ................(ii)
2 6 14
te
8 3 8 0 1 2
3 6 1 0 6
ud
6
2A =
8 6 0 2 6 14
St
4 3 / 2 4 0 1/ 2 1
3 / 2 3 3 1 / 2 0 3
A=
4 3 0 1 3 7
Symmetric matrix Skew symmetric matrix
Orthogonal Matrix
A square matrix A is said to be orthogonal, if AA = AA I , where I is a unit matrix.
(ii) If A and B are orthogonal matrices then AB and BA are also orthogonal matrices.
Illustration 4:
Page 8 of 43 www.StudySteps.in
Matrices and Determinants
l1 m1n1
If A = l2 m 2 n 2 , where < l1, m1, n1 > , < l2 , m2, n2 > and < l3, m3, n3 > are the direction of
l3m3 n 3
cosines of three mutually perpendicular straight lines, then prove that AA = I.
Solution:
Since < l1, m1, n1 > , < l2 , m2, n2 > and < l3, m3, n3 > are the direction cosines of three mutually
perpendicular straight lines
l12 m12 n12 1, l22 m 22 n 22 1and l32 n 32 m 32 1
and l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = l2l3 + m2m3 + n2n3 = l3l1 + m3m1 + n3n1 = 0
l1 m1 n1 l1 l2 l3
A m1 m 2 m3
We have A = l2 m2 n 2 .
l3 n1 n 2 n 3
m3 n 3
l1
AA m1
l2
m2
l3 l1
m3 l2
m1
m2
n1
.in
l12 l1m1 l1n1
n 2 l1n1 m12 m1n1
ps
n1 n2 n 3 l3 m3 n 3 n1l1 m1n1 n12
te
1 0 0
0 1 0 I
yS
0 0 1
ud
Hence proved.
Idempotent Matrix: A square matrix A is called idempotent provided it satisfies the relation A2 = A.
St
2 2 4
e.g. The matrix A 1 3 4 is idempotent as
1 2 3
2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4
A 1 3 4 1 3 4 1 3 4
2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Involuntary Matrix
A matrix A such that A2 = I, is called involuntary matrix.
Illustration 5:
Page 9 of 43 www.StudySteps.in
Matrices and Determinants
0 1
Show that the matrix A = satisfies A2 = –I. Hence or otherwise find the 16th power of the
1 0
1 1
matrix .
1 1
Solution:
0 1 0 1 1 0
A2 I
1 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 0
Let B = 1 1 1 0 0 1 = A + I
B2 = (A + I) (A + I) = A2 + 2A + I
Since A2 = –I, B2 = 2A
1 0 256 0
B16 = (B2)8 = (2A)8 = 28 (A2)4 = 28 (–I)4 = 28 0 1 0 256 .
.in
Periodic Matrix
A square matrix A is called periodic, if Ak + 1 = A, where k is a positive integer. If k is the least positive
ps
integer for which Ak + 1 = A, then k is said to be period of A. For k = 1, we get A2 = A and we called
it to be idempotent matrix.
Nilopotent Matrix
te
A square matrix A is called a nilpotent matrix, if there exists a positive integer m such that Am =O. If m
yS
is the least positive integer such that Am = O, then m is called the index of the nilpotent
matrix A.
Illustration 6:
ud
1 1 3
St
2 1 3 1 1 3
0 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 0
A A .A 3 3 9 5 2 6 0 0 0
3 2
DRILL EXERCISE - 3
1. If A and B are two given square matrices, then show that
(i) BT AB is symmetric, if A is symmetric .
Page 10 of 43 www.StudySteps.in
Matrices and Determinants
(ii) BT AB is skew-symmetric, if A is skew symmetric.
LM0x 2y z OP
z is orthogonal.
3.(i) Determine x, y, z such that
MN x y
y z PQ
(ii) If A, B, A + I and A + B are idempotent matrices, show that AB = BA.
1 2 4 LM OP
4. Find symmetric & skew symmetric parts of A = 6
3 5
8 1 .
7 MN PQ
1 3 4
4 is a nilpotent matrix, then find the index of given matrix.
5. The matrix 1 5
1 3 4
10. DETERMINANT
.in
Equations a1x + b1y = 0 and a2x + b2y = 0 in x and y have a unique solution if and only if
ps
a1 b1
a1b2 –a2b1 0. We write a1b2 – a2b1 as and call it a determinant of order 2.
te
a2 b2
Similarly the equations a1x + b1y + c1z = 0, a2x + b2y + c2z = 0 and a3x + b3y + c3z = 0 have a unique
yS
i.e., a 2 b2 c2 0
a3 b3 c3
St
The number ai, bi, ci (i = 1, 2, 3) are called the elements of the determinant.
The determinant obtained by deleting the ith row and jth column is called the minor of the element at
the ith row and jth column. We shall denote it by Mij. The cofactor of this element is (–1)i+j Mij,
denoted by Cij.
Let A = [aij]3×3 be a matrix, then the corresponding determinant (denoted by det A or | A |) is
a11 a12 a13
a 21 a 22 a 23 .
a 31 a 32 a 33
It is easy to see that | A | = a11C11+ a12 C12 + a13C13 (we say that we have expanded the determinant
| A | along first row). Infect value of | A | can be obtained by expanding it along any row or along any
column. Further note that if elements of a row (column) are multiplied to the cofactors of other row
(column) and then added, then the result is zero : a11C21 a12 C22 a13C23 0 .
Page 11 of 43 www.StudySteps.in
Matrices and Determinants
a1 b1 c1 a1 a2 a3
e.g., a 2 b 2 c 2 b1 b2 b3 . Thus any property true for rows will also be true for
a 3 b3 c3 c1 c2 c3
columns.
(ii) If all the elements of a row (or column) of a determinant are zero, then the value of the
determinant is zero.
0 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
e.g., 0 b2 c 2 0, 0 0 0 0
0 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
(iii) If any two rows (columns) of a determinant are identical, then the value of the determinant
is zero.
a1 a1 c1
a2 a2 c2 0
e.g.,
a 3 a 3 c3
.in
(iv) The interchange of any two rows (columns) of a determinant results in change of it’s sign
a1 b1 c1 b1 a1 c1
ps
i.e, a2 b2 c2 b2 a2 c2
a3 b3 c3 b3 a3 c3
te
(v) If all the elements of a row (column) of a determinant are multiplies by a non-zero constant,
yS
e.g., a2 kb 2 c2 k a 2 b2 c2 and k a 2 b2 c2 a 2 b2 c2
a3 kb3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
St
(vi) If each element of a row (column) of a determinant is a sum of two terms, then determinant
can be written as sum of two determinant in the following way:
a1 b1 c1 d1 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 d1
a2 b2 c2 d 2 a 2 b2 c2 a 2 b2 d2
a3 b3 c3 d 3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 d3
n n n
Page 12 of 43 www.StudySteps.in
Matrices and Determinants
(vii) The value of a determinant remains unaltered under a column operation of the form
R i R i R j R k ( j, k i).
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 2a1 3c1 c1
e.g., a2 b2 c2 a 2 b 2 2a 2 3c 2 c 2 obtained after C2 C2 + 2C1 + 3C3.
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 2a 3 3c3 c3
a1 b1 c1 l1 l2 l3
a2 b2 c 2 m1 m 2 m3
a3 b3 c3 n1 n2 n3
DRILL EXERCISE - 4
1. If a, b and c are positive and are the pth, qth and rth terms respectively of a G.P., then show without
log a p 1
expanding that log b q 1 0 .
log c r 1
Page 13 of 43 www.StudySteps.in
Matrices and Determinants
a 2 2 ab c ca b c b
Prove that ab c b bc a c a = 3 ( 2 a 2 b 2 c 2 ) 3 .
2 2
3.
ac b bc a c 2 2 b a
3 13 2 5 5
4. Find the value of determinant 15 26 5 10 .
3 65 15 5
.in
How to form a mixture which will have ounces of P, 5 ounces of Q and 7 ounces of R ?
Let (x) l (x) m(x) n(x) , then lim (x) lim l(x) lim m(x) lim n(x) ,
yS
x a x a x a x a
u(x) v(x) w(x) lim u(x) lim v(x) lim w(x)
x a x a x a
ud
Page 14 of 43 www.StudySteps.in
Matrices and Determinants
b b b
f (x)dx
a
g(x)dx
a
h(x) dx
a
b
then (x) dx
a
a b c
l m n
Note that if more than one row (column) of (x) are variable, then in order to find (x) dx first
a
we evaluate the determinant (x) by using the properties of determinants and then we integrate it.
sin(2 x) 0 sin(2 x 2 )
ud
cos x x 1
2 sin x x 2
2x f ' ( 0)
St
x a x2 1 1
If a, b, c are in A.P. and f(x) = x b 2x 1 1 then f(x) is
2
3.
x c 3x 2 2 1
2
u v 0
u 3 d y
5. If y , where u and v are functions of x, show that v u v v .
v dx 2
u v 2v
Page 15 of 43 www.StudySteps.in
Matrices and Determinants
11. SPECIAL DETERMINANTS
(i) Skew symmetric Determinant
0 b c
b 0 a 0
A determinant of a skew symmetric matrix of odd order is zero. e.g.,
c a 0
(iii) Circulant Determinant
A determinant is called circulant if its rows (columns) are cyclic shifts of the first row (columns).
a b c
b c a
e.g., . It can be show that its value is – (a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc) .
c a b
1 1 1
(iv) a b c (a b) (b c) (c a)
2 2
a b c2
1
a
1
b
1
c (a b) (b c) (c a) (a b c) .in
ps
(v)
a3 b3 c3
te
1 1 1
yS
2 2
a b c2
(iv) = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (ab + bc + ca)
a3 b3 c3
ud
Illustration 7:
If A, B and C are the angles of a triangle and
St
1 1 1
1 sin A 1 sin B 1 sin C 0 , prove that the ABC is isosceles.
sin A sin 2 A sin B sin 2 B sin C sin 2 C
Solution :
1 1 1
Let 1 sin A 1 sin B 1 sin C
sin A sin A sin B sin B sin C sin 2 C
2 2
Page 16 of 43 www.StudySteps.in
Matrices and Determinants
1 0 0
1 sin A sin B sin A sin C sin A
sin A sin 2 A (sin B sin A) (sin B sin A 1) (sin C sin A) (sin C sin A 1)
Expanding along R1
.in
Let A = [aij]n×n be an n × n matrix. The transpose B of the matrix B = [Aij]n ×n, where Aij denotes the
cofactor of the element aij in the determinant |A|, is called the adjoint of the matrix A and is denoted by
ps
the symbol adj A.
Thus the adjoint of a matrix A is the transpose of the matrix formed by the cofactors of A i.e., if
te
a 22 a 2n
A 21
, then AdjA 12
ud
a n1 a n 2 a nn A1n A 2n A nn
Page 17 of 43 www.StudySteps.in
Matrices and Determinants
Illustration 8:
1 2 2
If A = 2 1 2 , then show that A2 – 4A – 5I = 0, where I and 0 are the unit matrix and the null
2 2 1
matrix of order 3 respectively. Use this result to find A–1 .
Solution :
1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 9 8 8
Given A = 2 1 2 A2 = 2 1 2 2 1 2 = 8 9 8
2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 8 8 9
9 8 8 1 2 2 1 0 0
A 4A 5I 8 9 8 4 2 1 2 5 0 1 0
2
8 8 9 2 2 1 0 0 1
9 8 8 4 8 8 5 0 0 0 0 0
8 9 8 8 4 8 0 5 0 0 0 0 .in
ps
=
8 8 9 8 8 4 0 0 5 0 0 0
te
A2 – 4A – 5I = 0
yS
or 5I = A2 – 4A
on multiplying by A–1 , we get
ud
3 2 2
1 2 2 4 0 0
St
2 3 2
5A–1 = A – 4I 2 1 2 0 4 0
2 2 1 0 0 4 2 2 3
3 2 2 3 / 5 2 / 5 2 / 5
A 1 2 3 2 2 / 5 3 / 5 2 / 5 .
1
5
2 2 3 2 / 5 2 / 5 3 / 5
DRILL EXERCISE - 6
Prove that Adj (Adj (A)) = |A| n–2 A. Deduce that |Adj (Adj (A))| = | A |( n 1) .
2
1.
1 2
2. If A = 3 4 , show that A satisfies the equation A2 – 5A – 2I = 0. Using this result determine A5.
Page 18 of 43 www.StudySteps.in
Matrices and Determinants
a b (a b)
4. Find the condition for the matrix b c (b c) to be non invertible.
2 1 0
5. If a matrices A satisfies a relation A2 + A – I = 0, prove that A–1 exists and A–1 = I + A, I being
identity matrix.
.in
Consider the system of linear non-homogeneous simultaneous equations in three unknowns x, y
and z, given by a1x + b1y + c1z = d1, a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 and a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 ,
ps
a1 b1 c1 x d1
Let A a 2 b2 c 2 , X y , B d 2 ,
te
a 3 b3 c3 z d 3
yS
a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1
ud
a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1
Similarly let y a 2 d2 c2 and z a 2 b2 d2 .
a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3
Case II
If 0, then two sub cases arise:
Page 19 of 43 www.StudySteps.in
Matrices and Determinants
.in
3 3
14.2 Matrix Method of Solution
ps
(a) 0, then A–1 exists and hence AX = B A–1 (AX) = A–1 B x = A–1 B and therefore
unique values of x, y and z are obtained.
te
Illustration 9:
St
1 2 3 x 1
2 3 2 y 2
AX = B
3 3 4 z 1
1 2 3 x 1
where A 2 3 2 , X y and B 2 .
3 3 4 z 1
Page 20 of 43 www.StudySteps.in
Matrices and Determinants
Here
6 2 3 6 1 5
C 1 5 3 Adj A = C 2 5 4
.in
5 4 1 3 3 1
ps
6 1 5 6 / 7 1/ 7 5 / 7
2 5 4 2 / 7 5 / 7 4 / 7
AdjA 1
te
1
A
|A| 7
3 3 1 3 / 7 3 / 7 1/ 7
yS
6 / 7 1/ 7 5 / 7 1
ud
A B 2 / 7 5 / 7 4 / 7
1 2
3 / 7 3 / 7 1/ 7 1
St
x 3 / 7
y 8 / 7
( A–1 B = X )
z 2 / 7
DRILL EXERCISE - 7
Page 21 of 43 www.StudySteps.in
Matrices and Determinants
2. If x = cy + bz, y = az + cx, z = bx + ay where x, y, z are not all zeros, prove by using consistency
of equations that a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 abc = 1.
.in
(ii) unique solution
(iii) infinitely many solutions
ps
15. SYSTEM OF LINEAR HOMOGENEOUS SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
Consider the system of linear homogeneous simultaneous equations in three unknowns x, y and z,
te
given by a1x + b1y + c1z = 0, a2x + b2y + c2z = 0 and a3x + b3y + c3z = 0.
yS
the system has infinitely many solutions. Hence in this case we get solutions other than trivial
solution also and we say that we have non-trivial solutions.
St
Illustration 10:
Solve : 2x + 3ky + (3k + 4) z = 0
x + (k + 4) y + (4k + 2) z = 0
x + 2(k + 1)y + (3k + 4) z = 0.
2 3k 3k 4 x
1 k 4 4k 2
Solution : The given system of equations is AX = 0, where A = and X = y .
1 2k 2 3k 4 z
Now | A | = 0 k = 2
Hence if k 2, then | A | 0 the given system has only trivial solution
i.e., x = y = z = 0.
However if k = – 2 or 2, then | A | = 0 and we consider the cases separately
Page 22 of 43 www.StudySteps.in
Matrices and Determinants
Case I k = 2,
the given equations become
2x + 6y + 10z = 0 x + 3y + 5z = 0 . . . (i)
x + 6y + 10z = 0 . . . (ii)
x + 6y + 10z = 0 . . . (iii)
Hence independent equation are (i) and (ii). Solving we get,
3
x = 0, 3y + 5z = 0 x = 0, y = , z = , R .
5
Case II k = – 2
The given equations becomes
2x – 6y – 2z = 0 x – 3y – z = 0 . . . (iv)
x + 2y – 6z = 0 . . . (v)
x – 2y – 2z = 0 . . . (vi)
4 1
We observe that (iv) + (v) = (vi). Thus equations are dependent. Consider independent
5 5
.in
equations x – 3y – z = 0 and x – 2y – 2z = 0. Let z = R, then x – 3y = and x – 2y = 2
y = , x = 4 . Hence x = 4 , y = and z = , R.
ps
DRILL EXERCISE - 8
te
1 1 1
yS
2 1 3
1. If A = , Find A–1. Using A–1, solve the following system of linear equation.
1 1 1
ud
x + 2y + z = 4 ; –x + y + z = 0 ; x – 3y + z = 2.
St
5 1 3 1 1 2
7 1 5 3 2 1
A= and B = and use it to solve the following system of linear equations.
1 1 1 2 1 3
x + y + 2z = 1 ; 3x + 2y + z = 7; 2x + y + 3z = 2
Page 23 of 43 www.StudySteps.in
Matrices and Determinants
3x – y + 2z = 3 ; 2x + y + 3z = 5 ; x – 2y – z = 1.
y x , x y , ...........(i)
yS
x 0 1 x
and so y 0 1 y
ud
x 0 1 x
or y 1 0 y
(iii) Rotation about the origin : If the coordinates of a point P are (x, y), O being the
origin and the line OP is rotated about O as centre through an angle in the anti-clockwise
direction, the new coordinates of P are
x r cos( ) r cos cos r sin sin
= x cos y sin
and y r sin( ) r sin cos r cos sin
= y cos x sin
x cos sin x
so that y sin cos y
where ( r , ) are the polar coordinates of (x – y). If the rotation is in clockwise direction,
we put for .
DRILL EXERCISE - 9
answer key
Drill Exercise -1
3 5 7
1. 4 6 8
Drill Exercise - 2
2 k
2. x= , k I , k 9 n , n I 4. 3 × 4, 3 × 3
9
Drill Exercise -3
LM x 1
, y
1
, z
1 OP
3. (i)
N 2 6 3 Q
4.
LM14
MN7 / 2
4
8
7/2
3 &
OP0 2
PQ
2
LM
MN
0
1/ 2
2
OP
PQ .in
ps
3 7 1 / 2 2 0
5. 2
te
Drill Exercise -4
yS
4. 15 2 25 3 5. x = 1, y = 1, z = 1
ud
St
Drill Exercise -5
1. 2 2. –2 3. 0
Drill Exercise -6
1069 1558 1
2. 2337 3046 4. =
2
Page 25 of 43 www.StudySteps.in
Matrices and Determinants
Drill Exercise -7
4. (i) x = 1, y = 2, z = –1 (ii) x = 2, y = 1, z = 3
Drill Exercise -8
9 2 7
1. x= ,y= ,z= 3. x=y=z=0 4. x = 2, y = 1, z = –1
5 5 5
Drill Exercise -9
.in
ps
2. x = 3, y = 1, z = 2
te
Example 1 :
ud
0 tan/2
If A =
0
and I is a 2 × 2 unit matrix, then prove that
tan/2
St
cos sin
I A (I A)
sin sin
Solution :
1 0 0 tan / 2
I and given A
0 1
tan / 2 0
1 tan / 2
IA ... (1)
tan / 2 1
cos sin
R.H.S. = (I – A)
sin cos
1 tan / 2 cos sin
tan / 2 1 sin cos
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Matrices and Determinants
1 tan 2 / 2 2 tan / 2
1 tan / 2 1 tan 2 / 2
1 tan 2 / 2
tan / 2 1 2 tan / 2 1 tan 2 / 2
1 tan 2 / 2 1 tan 2 / 2
.in
1 tan / 2
= I + A = L.H.S. {from (1)}
tan / 2 1
ps
Example 2 :
te
0 1 0
If A 0 0 1 , show that A3 = pI + qA + rA2
yS
p q r
Solution :
ud
We have A2 = AA
St
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 1
p q r
p q r p q r pr p qr q r 2
0 0 1 0 1 0
3 2
A A .A p q r 0 0 1
pr p qr q r 2 p q r
p q r
pr p qr qr 2
pq r p pr q 2 qr 2
2
p 2qr r 3
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Matrices and Determinants
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
r
and pI + qA + rA2 = p 0 1 0 q 0 0 1 r p q
0 0 1 p q r pr p qr q r 2
p 0 0 0 q 0 0 0 r
0 p 0 0 0 q pr qr r
2
0 0 p pq q 2 qr pr 2 pr qr 2 qr r 3
p q r
pr p qr qr 2
pq pr 2 q pr qr 2
2
p 2qr r 3
.in
ps
Example 3 :
1 2 2
1
2 1 2
te
Solution :
1 2 2
ud
1
A 2 1 2
3
2 2 1
St
1 2 2
1
A 2 1 2
3
2 2 1
1 2 2 1 2 2
1 1
AA 2 1 2 2 1 2
3 3
2 2 1 2 2 1
1 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 9 0 0 1 0 0
1 1
2 2 4 4 1 4 4 2 2 0 9 0 0 1 0
9 =I
9 0 0 9 0 0 1
2 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 1
Hence A is an orthogonal matrix.
Example 4 :
If A and B are two non-zero square matrices of the same order n such that AB = O, then
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Matrices and Determinants
| A | = | B | = 0. Further show that | C | = 0 | adj C| = 0, for any square matrix C.
Solution :
If | A | 0, then A–1 exists. Hence AB = 0 A–1 (AB) = A–1O B = O, which is not the case.
Hence | A | = 0. Similarly | B | = 0.
If |C| = O, then C (adj C) = |C| I = 0 |adj C| = 0, as shown earlier conversely if |adj C| = 0 then
C(adj C) = |C| I |C|. |adj C| = |C|n |C| = 0 .
Example 5 :
In the equations x = cy + bz, y = az + cx, z = bx + ay, where x, y, z are not all zero, prove that
(i) a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc = 1
x2 y2 z2
(ii) .
1 a 2 1 b2 1 c2
Solution :
(i) Since x, y and z are not all zero,
the given equations
x – cy – bz = 0 . . . (1)
cx – y + az = 0 . . . (2)
and bx + ay – z = 0
have a nontrivial solution. .in . . . (3)
ps
1 c b
0 i.e. c 1 a = 0
te
b a 1
yS
or a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc = 1
(ii) By cross-multiplication (1) and (2), we have
St
x y z
ca b bc a 1 c2
x2 y2 z2
squaring [Using (4)]
c2a 2 1 a 2 c2 b 2c2 1 b 2 c2
1 c
2 2
x2 y2 z2
1 a 2 1 c2 1 b2 1 c2 1 c2 2
or
x2 y2 z2
Hence .
1 a2 1 b2 1 c2
Example 6 :
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Matrices and Determinants
n b(a n 1)
a b
, where a 0. Show that for n N, A
a
Let A
n
(a 1)
0 1 0 1
Solution :
We have to show by mathematical induction
Step I : For n = 1,
(a 1)
a b
A
1 (a 1) a b
0 1
0 1
k (a k 1)
A
.in
a b
k
(a 1)
0 1
ps
Step III: For n = k + 1
te
k b(a k 1)
a a b
A =A .A (a 1)
yS
0 1
k+1 k
0 1
ud
k b(a k 1) k 1 a k 1 1
a .a 0 a .b
k
.1 a b
(a 1) (a 1)
St
0 0 0 1.1 0 1
Hence the result is true for k + 1. Therefore by the principle of induction, the result is true for all
nN.
Example 7 :
By the method of matrix inversion, solve the system.
1 1 1 x u 9 12
2 5 7 y v 52 15
2 1 1 z w 0 1
Solution :
1 1 1 x y 9 2
2 5 7 y v 52 15
We have
2 1 1 z w 0 1
or AX = B or X = A–1 B . . . (i)
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Matrices and Determinants
1 1 1 x u 9 2
A 2 5 7 , X y v and B 52 15
Where
2 1 1 z w 0 9
5 7 2 7 2 5
1 1 2 1 2 1
C11 C12 C13 12 16 8
1 1 2 3 1
C C21 C22 C23
1 1 1 1
1 1 2 1 2 1 2 5 3
C31 C32 C33
1 1
1 1 1 1
5 7 2 7 2 5
12 2 2 12 2 2
Adj.A 1
3 5
.in
Adj A C 16 3 5
1
A 16
|A| 4
8 1 3 8 1 3
ps
12 2 2 9 2 4 4 1 1
1 3 2
te
x u 1 1
ud
y v 3 2
from (1) X = A–1B
z w 5 1
St
Example 8 :
a a2 1 a3
If a, b and c are all different and if b b 2 1 b3 0, prove that abc = –1.
Solution : c c 2 1 c3
a a2 1 a3 a a2 1 a a2 a3
D b b 2 1 b3 b b 2 1 b b 2 b3
c c 2 1 c3 c c 2 1 c c 2 c3
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Matrices and Determinants
a a2 1 1 a a2
b b 2 1 abc 1 b b 2
c c2 1 1 c c2
1 a2 a 1 a a2
(1)1 1 b 2 b abc 1 b b 2 [C1 C3 in 1st det .]
1 c2 c 1 c c2
1 a a2 1 a a2
(1) 2 1 b b 2 abc 1 b b 2 [C 2 C3 in 1st det .]
1 c c2 1 c c2
1 a a2
Thus (abc + 1). = 0 abc = – 1, as 1 b b 2 0 (a, b and c are all different).
1 c c2
Example 9 :
.in
ps
For what value of k the following system of equations :
x + ky + 3z = 0
3x + ky - 2z = 0
te
2x + 3y – 4z = 0 possess a non-trivial solution. For that value of k, find all the solutions of the system.
Solution :
yS
1 k 3
3 k 2 0 k = 33/2
St
2 3 4
Putting the value of k in the given equations, the equations become
33
x y 3z 0 ... (i)
2
33
3x y 2z 0 ... (ii)
2
2x + 3y - 4z = 0 ... (iii)
Multiply (i) by 3 and subtract from (ii) to get
–33y – 11z = 0
or z = –3y ... (iv)
Now let y = , z = – 3
from (iii), 2x + 3 + 12 = 0
15
x , R
2
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Matrices and Determinants
Example 10 :
Let x1 = 3y1 + 2y2– y3 , y1 = z1 – z2 + z3
x2 = –y1 + 4y2 + 5y3, y2 = z2 + 3z3
x3 = y1 – y2 + 3y3, y3 = 2z1 + z2.
Express x1, x2, x3 in terms of z1, z2 , z3.
Solution :
x1 3 2 1 y1 3 2 1 1 1 1 z1
We have x 2 1 4 5 y 2 1 4 5 0 1 3 z 2
x 1 1 3 y 1 1 3 2 1 0 z
3 3 3
x1 1 2 9 z1
x 2 9 10 11 z 2
x 7 1 2 z
3 3
x1 = z1 – 2z2 + 9z3, x2 = 9z1 + 10z2 + 11z3, x3 = 7z1 + z2 – 2z3
Example 11 :
.in
x x x
If (x) x x x , show that (x) 0 and (x) (0) Sx, where S denote the
ps
x x vx
sum of all the cofactors of all elements in (0) and dash denotes the derivative with respect to x.
te
Solution :
yS
1 1 1
(x) 1 1 1
(x) 0 .
1 v 1 v 1
If S is the sum of all the cofactors of all elements in (0) , then it can be seen that (x) = S.
on integrating (x) Sx c
(0) 0 c
Hence (x) Sx (0).
Example 12 :
If , are the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and s n = n n , evaluate
Page 33 of 43 www.StudySteps.in
Matrices and Determinants
3 1 s1 1 s 2
1 s1 1 s 2 1 s3 in terms of a, b, and c only..
1 s 2 1 s3 1 s 4
Solution :
111 1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 3 3
1 2 2 1 3 3 1 4 4
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 2
1 2 2 1 2
= 1 1 2
= 1 2 2
b c b 4c
.in
2 2
=
a a
1
a 2 a
ps
a b c 2 b2 4ac
te
= .
a4
yS
Example 13 :
Prove that
ud
2a a b a c
b a 2b b c = 4(b + c)(c + a) (a + b)
St
c a c b 2c
Solution :
2a a b a c
Let b a 2b b c
c a c b 2c
Putting a + b = 0
b=–a
2a 0 ac
then 0 2a c a
c a c a 2c
Expanding along R1
= – 2a{– 4ac – (c – a)2} – 0 + (a + c){0 – 2a (c + a)}
= 2a (c + a)2 – 2a (c + a)2
Page 34 of 43 www.StudySteps.in
Matrices and Determinants
=0
Hence a + b is a factor of Similarly b + c and c + a are the factors of .
On expansion of determinant we can see that each term of the determinant is a homogeneous expres-
sion in a, b, c of degree 3 and also R.H.S is a homogeneous expression of degree 3.
Let = k(a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
2a a b a c
or b a 2b b c = k (a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
c a c b 2c
If we choose a = 0, b = 1, c = 2, we get
0 – 1 (– 4 – 6) + 2( 3 + 4) = 6k
k=4
2a a b a c
Hence b a 2b b c = 4(a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
c a c b 2c
Example 14 :
If f(x) is a polynomial of degree < 3, prove that
.in
ps
1 a f (a) /(x a) 1 a a2
f (x)
1 b f (b) /(x b) 1 b b 2
te
(x a) (x b) (x c)
1 c f (c) /(x c) 1 c c2
yS
Solution :
ud
f (x) A B C
... (1) (say)
(x a) (x b) (x c) (x a) (x b) (x c)
St
f (a)
A (a b) (c a)
f (b)
B
(a b) (b c)
f (c)
C
(b c) (c a)
Page 35 of 43 www.StudySteps.in
Matrices and Determinants
1 a f (a) /(x a)
f (a) f (b) f (c) 1 b f (b) /(x b)
(c b) (a c) (b a)
f (x) (x a) xb (x c) 1 c f (c) /(x c)
(x a) (x b) (x c) (a b) (b c) (c a) 1 a a2
1 b b2
1 c c2
Example 15 :
If A, B and C are the angles of a triangle, show that
sin 2A sin C sin B
(i) sin C sin 2B sin A 0
sin B sin A sin 2C
Solution :
1 cos B 1 cos A 1
.in
ps
sin 2A sin C sin B 2ka cos A kc kb
te
2a cos A c b
ud
k 3
c 2b cos B a
b a 2c cos c
St
cos A a 0 a cos A 0
k cos B b 0 b cos B 0
3
= 0 × 0 = 0 = R.H.S.
cos C c 0 c cos C 0
Applying C1 C1 C3 :C2 C2 C3
Page 36 of 43 www.StudySteps.in
Matrices and Determinants
0 cos C cos B
1
0 1 cos A 0 R.H.S.
a
0 cos A 1
.in
ps
te
yS
ud
St
Page 37 of 43 www.StudySteps.in
Matrices and Determinants
Example 2 :
x 1 0 2 5
2
4
x 3
1
1 .in
is 0, then x is equal to
ps
2 0 4 x 2 6
te
Solution :
n
Trace of matrix is defined as a ii 2x 2 2x 12 0
ud
i 1
x = –3, 2
St
Example 3 :
If A and B are square matrices of order 3, then
(a) adj (AB) = –adjA + adj B (b) (A + B)–1 = A–1 + B–1
(c) AB = 0 |A| = 0 or |B| = 0 (d) AB = 0 |A| = 0 and |B| = 0
Solution :
If AB = 0, then at least one of A and B is necessarily singular.
Hence (c) is correct.
Example 4 :
If A and B are any two square matrices of the same order, then
(a) (AB) A B (b) adj(AB) = adj(A) adj(B)
(c) (AB) BA (d) AB = 0 A = O or B = O
Solution :
It is a known fact that AB BA .
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Matrices and Determinants
Hence (c) is the correct answer.
Example 5 :
Let A be a square matrix of order n & k be a scalar. Then |kA| equals
(a) k |A| (b) |k| |A|
n
(c) k |A| (d) none of these
Solution :
KA is the matrix, in which all the entries of A are multiplied by K.
Hence |KA| = Kn |A|, taking K common from all the columns.
Hence (c) is correct.
Example 6 :
1 tan x 1
If A = , then the value of A A is
tan x 1
(a) cos4x (b) sec2x
(c) –cos4x (d) 1
Solution :
1 tan x
A
tan x 1
.in
ps
1 1 tan x cos 2x sin 2x
A 1 , A A
1
| A A–1| = 1
Hence (d) is correct.
yS
Example 7 :
ud
The digits A, B and C are such that the three digit numbers A88, 6B8, 86C are divisible by 72 then the
A 6 8
St
determinant 8 B 6 is divisible by
8 8 C
(a) 72 (b) 144
(c) 288 (d) 216
Solution :
A 6 8 A 6 8
R3 100R1 10R 2 R 3 8 B 6 8 B 6
8 8 C A88 6BC 86C
which is divisible by 72. Hence (a) is correct.
Example 8 :
Page 39 of 43 www.StudySteps.in
Matrices and Determinants
(c) 2 (d) none of these
Solution :
Applying C1 C1 C 2 we get
2 cos 2 x 4sin 2x
2 1 cos x 2
4sin 2x
1 cos x 2
1 4sin 2x
2 cos 2 x 4sin 2x
0 1 0 2 4sin 2x 6
1 1 1
Hence maximum value is 6 and (b) is the correct answer.
Example 9 :
2r 1 m
Cr 1
.in
m
If r m 1 m 1 then r is equal to
2 m
2
r 0
sin (m ) sin (m) sin (m 1)
2 2 2 2
ps
(a) m2 – 1 (b) 2m
(c) zero (d) none of these
te
Solution :
2r 1
yS
m
Cr 1
r m 1
2
2 m
m 1
sin (m ) sin (m) sin 2 (m 1)
ud
2 2 2
m m m
(2r 1) m Cr 1
St
r 0 r 0 r 0
m2 1 2m m 1
m
r m2 1 2m m 1 m 12
2 m
m 1 0
r 0 2
sin (m ) 2
sin (m) sin (m 1)
2 2 sin (m ) sin (m) sin (m 1)
2 2 2 2
Example 10 :
The system of linear equations x + y + z = 2, 2x + y – z = 3, 3x + 2y + kz = 4 has a unique solution
if
(a) k 0 (b) –1 < k < 1
(c) – 2 < k < 2 (d) k = 0
Solution :
The system of equations has a unique solution if
1 1 1
2 1 1 0 k 0
3 2 k
Page 40 of 43 www.StudySteps.in
Matrices and Determinants
Hence (a) is the correct answer.
Example 11 :
If A, B and C are the angles of a non-right angled triangle ABC, then the value of
tan A 1 1
1 tan B 1
is equal to
1 1 tan C
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) –1 (d) –2
Solution :
Given determinant is equal to; tanA (tanB. tanC – 1) – 1 (tanC – 1) + 1 (1 – tanB)
= tanA. tanB. tanC – tanA – tanB – tanC + 2 = 2(as tanA = tan A)
Hence (b) is correct.
Example 12 :
1
x2 yz
x
1
y2
.in
If x, y, z are non zero real numbers, then the values of zx depends upon
y
1
ps
z2 xy
z
te
1 x3 xyz 1 x 3 1
1
1 y3 xyz 1 y3 1 0
xyz
St
1 z3 xyz 1 z 3 1
cos x x 1
f (x)
Let f(x) = 2sin x x 2 2x . The value of lim
x 0
is equal to
x
tan x x 1
(a) 1 (b) –1
(c) 0 (d) none of these
Solution :
f (x) f (x) f (0)
lim lim f (0)
x 0 x x 0 x 0
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Matrices and Determinants
0 1 0 cos x x 1 1 0 1
f (x)
Thus lim x = f (0) 0 0 0 2sin x x2 2x 0 0 0 = 0
x 0
0 0 1 sin 2 x 1 0 1 1 0
Hence (c) is correct.
Example 14 :
p b c
p q r
If a p, b q, c r and a q c 0 then the value of is equal to
pa qb rc
a b r
(a) –1 (b) 1
(c) –2
Solution :
(d) 2
.in
ps
R1 R1 R 2 , R 2 R 3 reduces the determinant to,
te
pa bq 0
yS
0 q b c r 0
a b r
ud
c q p r q p
1 2 2
rc qb pa rc qb pa
Hence (d) is correct.
Example 15 :
Let a, b and c be positive real numbers. The following system of equations in x, y and z
x2 y2 z2 x2 y2 z2 x2 y2 z2
1, 1, 1 has
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
Page 42 of 43 www.StudySteps.in
Matrices and Determinants
(a) no solution (b) unique solution
(c) infinitely many solutions (d) finitely many solutions
Solution :
x2 y2 z2
Let X, 2 Y and 2 Z , then the given system of equations is
a2 b c
X + Y – Z = 1, X – Y + Z = 1, – X + Y + Z = 1
1 1 1
The coefficient of matrix A = 1 1 1 | A | 0
1 1 1
On solving, we get X = Y = Z = 1
Hence x = a, y = b, z = c
Thus (d) is the correct answer.
.in
ps
te
yS
ud
St
Page 43 of 43 www.StudySteps.in