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SUMMARY

The purpose of this experiment are to measure the level of water in tank (700mm until
300mm) using direct and indirect measurement, to study the open and closed tank and to relate
the relationship between level measurement and temperature. A direct and indirect
measurement were involved in this experiment. The procedure were done by conducting the
experiment with open tank with heater off, closed tank with heater off, open tank with heater
on and closed tank with heater on. Direct measurement is the measurement by using sight glass
while indirect measurement was using a pressure difference in the tank to measure the level. In
the measurement there were two condition which are open tank and closed tank.In open tank,
the level transmitter acts as a simple pressure transmitter while in closed tank, wet leg
calibration is used to measure the level by using reference leg. In wet leg, the reference leg is
loaded up with the water and the water in the reference leg applies a hydrostatic make a path
for the high weight side of the transmitter and the estimation of this level is steady as long as
the reference leg is looked after full. On the off chance that weight stays steady, an adjustments
in DP is because of progress on the low weight side of the transmitter. The hypothesis expressed
that level measurement system that utilization differential weight ΔP as the detecting technique
are influenced by temperature and weight. Also, the process temperature is increase at open
tank with heater on when the actual level was higher than indicated. The pressure exerted on
the base and indicated height of the liquid does not change when the mass of the liquid did not
change at open tank with heater on. The actual level will be higher than indicated if the process
temperature is increasing. Next, the process temperature increases when the actual process fluid
level increases, while the indicated measurement remains unchanged at closed tank with heater
on. Overall of the result, it can be concluded that the deviation value is higher when the heater
was on than to heater off. As the result, open tank with heater off shows the accurate value than
the closed tank with heater on. Some error might be happen during conducting the experiment
that lead to an error of results.
OBJECTIVES

1. To measure the level of water in the tank (300mm-700mm) using indirect and indirect
measurement.

2. To study the open and closed tank and to relate the relationship between level
measurement and temperature.
INTRODUCTION

Level measurement and calibration were very important in any industrial background.
Level is determined in the unit metre and were differentiate in the term of direct measurement
and indirect measurement as it requires a correct selection of measurement devices that is
compatible for any industries. Tank design is very crucial either to use open tank or closed tank
measurement as both of them have the same operation however have different operation as
well as advantages and disadvantages. Direct level measurement works on physical properties
such as fluid motion, buoyancy, optical, thermal and electrical properties. The instrument used
have to be monitored visually as the devices was invented based on simplicity and does not
require compensation for level changed caused by temperature changes. However, indirect
level measurement requires complex process as the devices have to process the measurement
and have certain limitations for example density and pressure affected the reliability of the level
measurement devices. Furthermore, both tank and closed tank have same point for both HP
however open tank does not have a LP point due to the top of the tank is exposed freely to the
atmosphere for allowing atmospheric pressure to act (denizen, 2015). In addition, closed tank
was designed to only the hydrostatic head pressure could be sensed and measured as the effect
of gas pressure have to be avoid as it will affected the liquid level in the tank. The simplest
device and reliable to used it in any industries is sight glasses, a combination of open tank or
closed tank with a combination of a liquid column that is connected to the tank HP and LP
points. Works based on both hydrostatic and atmospheric pressure as certain level (metre) will
be showed in the level tube outside the tank. There are lot of level measurement devices such
as magnetic gauges and ultrasonic & sonic sensors. In extent, certain device were used to
replace old devices such as magnetic gauges have advantages to measure complex properties
of liquid as they have different density and magnetic gauge works on magnetic force which is
very accurate, sensitive and precise as it was built to replaced sight glass.
PROCEDURE

The experiment started with start-up procedure. Tank T2 was filled with water up to its
overflow and all related valves were opened and closed beforehand. Then, the experiment was
first started by switching on the main switch on the control panel. There 4 experiments were
conducted. Firstly, level measurement when tank T1 as open and heater off. The open top vent,
overflow and bottom gate valve manual valves were fully open while the globe valve was
closed. The pump was started after by-pass valve was opened. The flowrate was adjusted to
2.5 m³/hr during the entire experiment were conducted. The water level in tank T1 was
observed through the sight millimetre scale (LG) to make sure it rises until overflow. The gate
valve was closed and the pump was stop. The level suggested for this experiment were 700mm
by controlling the bottom globe valve to get the level reading at LG was about 700mm. The
level was continued until 30 mm. Next, experiment 2 tank T1 as closed and heater off. The
pump was started after by-pass valve was opened. After the water in Tank T1 overflow the gate
valve was closed and the pump was stop. The globe valve was controlled to allowed water from
tank TI flowed out into Tank T2 until the level at LG reads 750mm. The vent, gate valve and
globe valve were fully closed. Tank TI was pressurised by opening the air inlet manual
insolation valve. The pressure was set 3.00 psig. The level suggested for this experiment were
700mm by controlling the bottom globe valve to get the level reading at LG was about 700mm.
The level was continued until 300mm and after the experiment finished the vent was opened
to release the pressure in Tank T1. Experiment 3, Tank T1 as open and heater was on. The vent
and overflow valve were opened while gate valve and globe valve were closed. The pump was
started after by-pass valve was opened. The heater was on until 50°C after the water in Tank
T1 was overflowed. Gate valve was closed and the pump was stop. The level measures were
70 mm until 300mm by controlling globe valve to allow water in tank T1 flowed out. Lastly,
tank T1 as closed and heater on. The vent and overflow valve were opened while gate valve
and globe valve were closed. The heater was on after there were overflowed until 50°C. Gate
valve was closed and the pump top. The globe valve was opened to allow air flow out from
tank T1 to tank T2 and at LG reads about 750mm. The vent, gate valve and globe valve were
fully closed. Tank TI was pressurised by opening the air inlet manual insolation valve. The
pressure was set 3.00 psig. The level suggested for this experiment were 700mm by controlling
the bottom globe valve to get the level reading at LG was about 700mm. The level was
continued until 30 mm. All data were recorded and the experiments were runs for 2 set. After
that for plat shut-down procedure all heater and pump were switched off. Overflow and vent
valve were fully opened. All water in tank T1 and T2 were drained. The main power supply
was switched off.
RESULT

Table 1: Level Measurement (T1 as OPEN tank, Heater OFF)


RUN I SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE
A Suggested Level (mm) 700 700 700
B Actual Level (LG) (mm) 700 700 700
C Actual Level (LI) (mm) 710.5 710.4 710.45
D Temperature (TG) (°C) 29.9 30.0 29.95
E Deviation = | B-C | (mm) 10.5 10.4 10.45
RUN II SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE
A Suggested Level (mm) 600 600 600
B Actual Level (LG) (mm) 600 600 600
C Actual Level (LI) (mm) 613.4 613.6 613.5
D Temperature (TG) (°C) 29.8 30.0 29.95
E Deviation = | B-C | (mm) 13.4 13.6 13.5
RUN III SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE
A Suggested Level (mm) 500 500 500
B Actual Level (LG) (mm) 500 500 500
C Actual Level (LI) (mm) 515.1 514.7 514.9
D Temperature (TG) (°C) 29.8 30.0 29.95
E Deviation = | B-C | (mm) 15.1 14.7 14.9
RUN IV SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE
A Suggested Level (mm) 400 400 400
B Actual Level (LG) (mm) 400 400 400
C Actual Level (LI) (mm) 413.2 413.1 413.15
D Temperature (TG) (°C) 29.8 30.0 29.95
E Deviation = | B-C | (mm) 13.2 13.1 13.15
RUN V SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE
A Suggested Level (mm) 300 300 300
B Actual Level (LG) (mm) 300 300 300
C Actual Level (LI) (mm) 313.4 313.1 313.25
D Temperature (TG) (°C) 29.8 30.0 29.95
E Deviation = | B-C | (mm) 13.4 13.1 13.25
Table 2: Level Measurement (T1 as CLOSED tank, Heater OFF)
RUN I SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE
A Suggested Level (mm) 700 700 700
B Actual Level (LG) (mm) 700 700 700
C Actual Level (LI) (mm) 717.3 715.3 716.3
D Temperature (TG) (°C) 29.8 30.0 29.9
E Deviation = | B-C | (mm) 17.3 17.8 16.3
RUN II SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE
A Suggested Level (mm) 600 600 600
B Actual Level (LG) (mm) 600 600 600
C Actual Level (LI) (mm) 613.8 614.0 613.9
D Temperature (TG) (°C) 29.8 30.0 29.9
E Deviation = | B-C | (mm) 13.8 14.0 13.9
RUN III SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE
A Suggested Level (mm) 500 500 500
B Actual Level (LG) (mm) 500 500 500
C Actual Level (LI) (mm) 515.0 516.4 515.7
D Temperature (TG) (°C) 29.8 30.0 29.9
E Deviation = | B-C | (mm) 15.0 16.4 15.7
RUN IV SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE
A Suggested Level (mm) 400 400 400
B Actual Level (LG) (mm) 400 400 400
C Actual Level (LI) (mm) 414.7 415.1 414.9
D Temperature (TG) (°C) 29.8 30.0 29.9
E Deviation = | B-C | (mm) 14.7 15.1 14.9
RUN V SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE
A Suggested Level (mm) 300 300 300
B Actual Level (LG) (mm) 300 300 300
C Actual Level (LI) (mm) 313.7 313.9 313.8
D Temperature (TG) (°C) 29.8 30.0 29.9
E Deviation = | B-C | (mm) 13.7 13.9 13.8
Table 3: Level Measurement (T1 as OPEN tank, Heater ON)
RUN I SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE
A Suggested Level (mm) 700 700 700
B Actual Level (LG) (mm) 700 700 700
C Actual Level (LI) (mm) 713.7 714.0 713.85
D Temperature (TG) (°C) 49.6 49.8 49.7
E Deviation = | B-C | (mm) 13.7 14.0 13.85
RUN II SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE
A Suggested Level (mm) 600 600 600
B Actual Level (LG) (mm) 600 600 600
C Actual Level (LI) (mm) 617.7 617.4 617.55
D Temperature (TG) (°C) 49.6 49.8 49.7
E Deviation = | B-C | (mm) 17.7 17.4 17.55
RUN III SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE
A Suggested Level (mm) 500 500 500
B Actual Level (LG) (mm) 500 500 500
C Actual Level (LI) (mm) 514.5 514.1 514.3
D Temperature (TG) (°C) 49.6 49.8 49.7
E Deviation = | B-C | (mm) 14.5 14.1 14.3
RUN IV SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE
A Suggested Level (mm) 400 400 400
B Actual Level (LG) (mm) 400 400 400
C Actual Level (LI) (mm) 414.4 414.8 414.6
D Temperature (TG) (°C) 49.6 49.8 49.7
E Deviation = | B-C | (mm) 14.4 14.8 14.6
RUN V SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE
A Suggested Level (mm) 300 300 300
B Actual Level (LG) (mm) 300 300 300
C Actual Level (LI) (mm) 304.0 329.5 316.75
D Temperature (TG) (°C) 49.6 49.8 49.7
E Deviation = | B-C | (mm) 4.0 29.5 16.75
Table 4: Level Measurement (T1 as CLOSED tank, Heater ON)
RUN I SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE
A Suggested Level (mm) 700 700 700
B Actual Level (LG) (mm) 700 700 700
C Actual Level (LI) (mm) 703.3 745.9 724.6
D Temperature (TG) (°C) 50.2 50.1 50.15
E Deviation = | B-C | (mm) 3.3 45.9 24.6
RUN II SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE
A Suggested Level (mm) 600 600 600
B Actual Level (LG) (mm) 600 600 600
C Actual Level (LI) (mm) 608.5 633.9 621.2
D Temperature (TG) (°C) 50.2 50.1 50.15
E Deviation = | B-C | (mm) 8.5 33.9 21.2
RUN III SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE
A Suggested Level (mm) 500 500 500
B Actual Level (LG) (mm) 500 500 500
C Actual Level (LI) (mm) 509.6 525.6 517.6
D Temperature (TG) (°C) 49.8 50.1 50.15
E Deviation = | B-C | (mm) 9.6 25.6 17.6
RUN IV SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE
A Suggested Level (mm) 400 400 400
B Actual Level (LG) (mm) 400 400 400
C Actual Level (LI) (mm) 414.8 420.9 417.85
D Temperature (TG) (°C) 49.8 50.1 50.15
E Deviation = | B-C | (mm) 14.8 20.9 17.85
RUN V SET 1 SET 2 AVERAGE
A Suggested Level (mm) 300 300 300
B Actual Level (LG) (mm) 300 300 300
C Actual Level (LI) (mm) 317.9 318.0 317.95
D Temperature (TG) (°C) 49.8 50.1 50.15
E Deviation = | B-C | (mm) 17.9 18.0 17.95
DISCUSSION

The level measurement and calibration experiment was run to study objectives
available. The objectives of this experiment are to measure the level of water in tank (700mm
until 300mm) using direct and indirect measurement, to study the open and closed tank and to
relate the relationship between level measurement and temperature.

In this experiment, there are two types of level measurement involved which is direct
and indirect measurement. In direct measurement, the element involved are shown in all table
in B column which it measured by using sight glass, while indirect measurement shown in all
table in C column which it measured by using pressure difference in the tank to measure the
level.

Based on the measurement, it divided into two situation which is open tank and closed
tank. The open tank used atmospheric pressure while closed tank used hydrostatic pressure
(Instrumentation and Control Engineering, 2018). In open tank, the tank is open to atmosphere,
so the high-pressure side of the level transmitter will be connected to the base of the tank while
the low-pressure side will be vented to atmosphere. Thus, the level transmitter acts as a simple
pressure transmitter.

Meanwhile, in closed tank, it used differential pressure measurement and liable to


pressurise which both legs will be piped to the tank, the high pressure at the bottom and the
low pressure at the highest. In closed tank, wet leg calibration is used to measure the level by
using reference leg. The wet leg method is the most difficult one to calibrate as the
measurement will indicate 0% when the tank is full and 100% when it's empty (Mertens, 2003).

In wet leg, the reference leg is filled with the water and the water in the reference leg
applies a hydrostatic head to the high pressure side of the transmitter and the value of this level
is constant as long as the reference leg is maintained full. If pressure remains constant, a change
in DP is due to change on the low pressure side of the transmitter (Engineersedge.com, 2018).
Figure 4.1: Wet Leg of Closed Tank (Coulton.com, n.d.)

The filled reference leg applies a hydrostatic pressure to the high pressure of the side
transmitter, which equal pressure on the high and low pressure sides when liquid level is at its
maximum, therefore, the differential pressure is zero. As the tank level goes down, the pressure
applied to the low pressure sides goes down also, and the differential pressure increases. As a
result, the differential pressure and the transmitter output are inversely proportional to the tank
level (Engineersedge.com, 2018).

The theory stated that level measurement systems that use differential pressure ΔP as
the sensing method are affected by temperature and pressure (Reddy, 2016). So, it means that
the result with heater on will affect more on the level measurement. In table 4.3 and table 4.4
(heater on), it can be observed that the value of deviation (B-C) is more higher compared to
table 4.1 and table 4.2 (heater off). Thus, this prove that the data obtained follows the theory
correctly.

At the open tank and heater on, the mass of the liquid did not change so the pressure
exerted on the base of the container has not changed and the indicated height of the liquid does
not change. However, the volume occupied by the liquid has increased and thus the actual
height has increased. If the process temperature is increased, the actual level will be higher than
indicated (Reddy, 2016).
For closed tank and heater on, if the reference leg and variable leg are at the same
temperature that the level transmitter (LT) is calibrated for, the system will accurately measure
liquid level. However, as the process temperature increases, the actual process fluid level
increases, while the indicated measurement remains unchanged. Further errors can occur if the
reference leg and the variable (sensing) leg are at different temperatures. The level indication
will have increasing positive (high) error as the temperature of the wet reference leg increases
above the variable (process) leg (Reddy, 2016).

From all data obtained, the most accurate measurement is when in open tank and heater
off condition while the least accurate measurement is when in closed tank and heater on
condition. This is because in open tank and heater off, it has the least factor that affecting the
level measurement while in closed tank and heater on condition, the temperature affect the
measurement of level indicator. During the experiment is running, there is no error occurs. This
can be proven by the value obtained in results follows the theory that stated in the discussion.
CONCLUSION

As conclusion, the experiment was done according to the objective of experiment which
were to measure the level of water in tank (700mm until 300mm) using direct and indirect
measurement, to study the open and closed tank and to relate the relationship between level
measurement and temperature. In this experiment temperature and pressure will affect the level
measurement. The open and closed tank were conducted to determine the level measurement.
Next, the actual level was higher than indicated when the process temperature is increase at
open tank and heater on. Then, the indicating measurement will remains unchanged if the
process temperature is increasing with the increasing of fluid process level. Based on the result
that has been obtained, the deviation value is higher when the heater was on compared to heater
off. It can be concluded that, the result for open tank with heater off condition shows the
accurate value compared to closed tank with heater on conditions.

RECOMMENDATION

In order to achieve a better performance in this experiment, there are a few


recommendations to overcome the possible errors that can occurred. First, read properly on the
measurement to prevent the parallax error. Second, check equipment properly if there is any
problem or damage on it. Lastly, read the lab manual frequently before performing the
experiment.
TUTORIAL

1. Level is measured in many of the processes in the industry. List and explain the most
common reasons for measuring level.
Level measurement is often used for inventory management as it determine the linear
vertical distance between a reference point and the surface of either a liquid, the top of a
solid, or the interface of two liquids to assure the safety and profitability of processes. In
other words, it simply about determining the position of a surface inside a tank, reactor or
other vessel. The main reason for measuring level is to keep track of inventory in terms of
volume or weight. Keeping good control over the inventory has become increasingly
important over the last several years, not only for operators using the content in a storage
vessel, but for the whole company, including company executives, accounting, loss and
leakage control managers and others. This is a result of increased focus on safety, cost of
ownership and the value of products stored. Second reason is the custody transfer. The
amount of material that is bought and sold (custody transfer) is based on a level
measurement converted into volume or weight. In custody transfer situations, the required
accuracy of the level instrument is very high, since even an error of 1/8 inch (~3mm) of
measured level can result in a very large error in terms of uncertain volume. Third reason
is the process efficiency. Accurate level measurement increases efficiency as efficient use
of storage space prevents the extra cost of needlessly acquiring more storage vessels. Next
reason is for safety reasons as filling vessels above their capacities can cause safety
hazards—spills (overflowing) in open vessels. If the vessels are holding caustic, reactive,
hot, flammable, or hazardous materials, spills or overpressure could lead to catastrophic
results. Monitoring levels in tanks to make sure they are not leaking is also important for
the same types of hazardous materials. Preventing overfills and leak detection is also
important for meeting environmental regulations. Lastly is the consistent supply. Many
processes require a steady supply of inputs and outputs. A consistent supply may be
difficult to maintain if the supply is delivered at varying rates or if there are surges in the
supply line. A storage vessel between the supply and the process can act as a buffer to
ensure that outflow is kept steady despite fluctuating inflow. If the process level in the
storage vessel is always maintained within an appropriate range, the supply delivery rate
to the storage vessel can rise and fall without affecting the supply delivery rate from the
storage vessel to the process (Reddy, S., 2015).
2. Name the two methods of level measurement used in the experiment.
Direct level measurement is the first method which using sight glass with millimeter. The
second method is the electrical level measurement which using differential pressure and
level transmitter.

3. How the depth of a liquid does correspond to changes in liquid pressure? Can a
pressure transmitter be used to measure level?
Water pressure resulting of the weight of all the water above pushing down on the water
below. A greater weight pushing down as there is more water above. This is the reason
water pressure increases with depth. Pressure depends only upon depth and is the same
anywhere at a given depth and in every direction. Pressure transmitter can be used to
measure level which simply connecting the transmitter connection high side to the tank
bottom and leave the low side open to the atmosphere.

4. The differential pressure transmitter is used to measure level in an open tank or


closed tank system. Discuss how this is done.
OPEN TANK
The level transmitter high pressure side is connected at the tank base whereas low pressure
side is vented to the atmosphere. Tank is open to the atmosphere as it is necessary to use
only the high pressure connection on the transmitter while the low pressure side is vented
to atmosphere. Therefore, the DP is hydrostatic head, or weight of the liquid in the tank.
The level transmitter is measured for maximum level which determined by the maximum
height of the liquid above the transmitter. While minimum level also can be measured by
the level transmitter which determined by the point where the transmitter is connected to
the tank.

CLOSED TANK
Hydrostatic head instruments for measuring liquid level in vessels operating above
atmospheric pressure uses the full capability of the differential pressure instruments with
both sides of the measuring element connected to the vessel. The differential pressure
transmitter enables an automatic subtraction of the pressure on the LP side, from the total
pressure appearing at the HP side. The LP is connected above the maximum predicted
level. With this arrangement, each increment of pressure above the liquid surface is applied
to both capsule assemblies of the transmitter, and since they are in opposition, the
increment is cancelled. Only the hydrostatic pressure, which is applied to the HP, is
effective in causing any response to the transmitter, which is proportional to the level. The
DP transmitter have inbuilt pressure sensors like Diaphragm, capsules, strain gauges etc
to measure the differential pressure. The pressure sensor converts the measured pressure
into parameters like millivolts, capacitance, resistance etc depending on the type of
pressure sensor we are using inside the DP transmitter. Generally, a Wheatstone bridge
will be used to convert resistance, capacitance or inductance type of pressure sensor
outputs into electrical signal like millivolts or volts which is proportional to the pressure,
then transmitter converts the pressure into equivalent Level Signal accordingly. The tank
bottom tapping point is High pressure (HP) tapping point and Tank top tapping is Low
Pressure (LP) tapping point. The DP Transmitter is connected at these HP & LP tapping
points accordingly.

5. Discuss briefly the possible errors affecting the accuracy in pressure/level


measurement as observed in the experiment.
The possible errors are the change in the liquid density, pressure, composition change,
concentration, and temperature.

6. What are the main objectives of a wet leg calibration?


Its objective is to adjust the transmitter output at its minimum value when it measures DP
produced by the liquid level at its minimum minus the wet leg pressure. The transmitter
output at its maximum value when its measures DP produced by the liquid level at its
maximum minus wet leg pressure.
REFERENCES

Coulton.com. (n.d.). The difference between re-ranging / dry calibration / wet calibration - for
differential pressure transmitters. [online] Available at:
https://www.coulton.com/difference_between_range_calibration.html [Accessed 19
Sep. 2018].

Engineersedge.com. (2018). Differential Pressure Type Level Detector Review | Engineers


Edge | www.engineersedge.com. [online] Available at:
https://www.engineersedge.com/instrumentation/differential_pressure_level_detector.ht
m [Accessed 19 Sep. 2018].

GAUGE GLASS SETS, 2015, YouTube, [Online]. [Accessed on 19th September 2018].
Available from World Wide Web: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qtVMwdJhBVQ

Instrumentation and Control Engineering. (2018). OPEN & CLOSED LEVEL


MEASUREMENT. [online] Available at: https://automationforum.co/open-closed-level-
measurement/ [Accessed 18 Sep. 2018].

Lecture- 7 Flow Measurement, 2008, YouTube, [Online]. [Accessed on 19th September 2018].
Available from World Wide Web: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gByrUkZUnKo

Magnetic Gauge Vs. Sight Glass level, 2018, Process Heating, [Online]. [accessed on 19th
September 2018]. Available from World Wide Web: https://www.process-
heating.com/articles/92507-sight-glass-vs-magnetic-level-indicator

Mertens, D. (2003). Wet leg vs Dry Leg (level instrument). [online] Control.com. Available at:
https://control.com/thread/1026175509 [Accessed 19 Sep. 2018].

Reddy, S. (2018). Basics of Level Measurement Instrumentation Tools. [online]


Instrumentation Tools. Available at: https://instrumentationtools.com/basics-of-level-
measurement/ [Accessed 18 Sep. 2018].
Reddy, S. (2016). Effect of Temperature & Pressure on Level Measurement Instrumentation
Tools. [online] Instrumentation Tools. Available at:
https://instrumentationtools.com/effect-temperature-pressure-level-measurement/
[Accessed 18 Sep. 2018].

Reddy, S. (2015). Why Measure Level. [online] Instrumentation Tools. Available at:
https://instrumentationtools.com/why-measure-level/ [Accessed 18 Sep. 2018].

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