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I N T R O D U C TION
ANATOMYOF THE BRAIN
SURFACE An Illustrated
THE LATERALSURFACEOFTHE BRAIN
/o) CrossFeotures
Guide to Human
(b) SelectedGyri,Sulci,ond Fissures
(c) CerebrolLobesond the Insulo
Neuroematomy
(d) Mojor Sensory,Motor,ond Associotion
THE MEDIAL SURFACEOF THE BRAIN
(o) BroinStem Structures
Areosof Cortex
FT &
(b) ForebroinStructures
(c) Ventricles
THEVENTRALSURFACEOF THE BRAIN
THE DORSAL SURFACEOFTHE BRAIN
(o) Cerebrum
(b) CerebrumRernoved
(c) Cerebrumond CerebellumRemoved
ANATOMYOFTHE BRAIN
CROSS.SECTIONAL
CROSS SECTION| : FOREBRAIN AT THALAMUS-TELENCEPHALON
JUNCTION
(o) GrossFeotures
(b) Selected
Cellond FiberGroups
CROSS SECTION2: FOREBRAIN AT MID-THALAMUS
(o) GrossFeotures
(b) Selected
Cellond FiberGroups
CROSS SECTION3: FOREBRAIN ATTHALAMUS-MIDBRAIN
JUNCTION
(o) GrossFeotures
(b) Se/eaedCellond FiberGrouPs
CROSS SECTION4: ROSTRAL MIDBRAIN
CROSS SECTION5: CAUDALMIDBRAIN
CROSS SECTION6: PONSAND CEREBELLUM
CROSS SECTION7: ROSTRAL MEDULLA
CROSS SECTION8: MID-MEDULLA
CROSS SECTION9: MEDULLA-SPINAL CORDJUNCTION
TH ES P I N A COR
L D
OFTHE SPINALCORDAND SPINALNERVES
THE DORSALSURFACE
SURFACE
THEVENTRAL-LATERAL
ANATOMY
CROSS-SECTIONAL
THEAUTONOMICNERVOUS
SYSTEM
THE CRANIALNERVES
OF THE BRAIN
THE BLOODSUPPLY
VENTRALVIEW
LATERALVIEW
(BRA|NSTEMREMOVED)
MEDTALVTEW
SELF.QUIZ
j:' ,1,..,
:: \) fi:; "i'-
206 C HAPTE R 7 . APPENDIX:AN
ILLUSTRATED
GUIDETOHUMANNEUROANATOMY
W IN TRODUCTION
As we will see in the remainder of the book, a fruitful way to explore the
nervous system is to divide it up into functional systems. Thus, the otfac-
tlry systemconsistsof those parts of the brain that are devoted to the sense
of smell, the visual systemincludes those parts that are devoted to vision,
a n d s o o n . w h i l e t h i s f u n c t i o n a l a p p r o a c h t o i n v e s t i g a t i n gn e r v o u s s y s -
tem structure has many merits, it can make the "big picture,,-how all
these systemsfit rogether inside the box we call the brain-difficult ro see.
T h e g o a l o f t h i s I l l u s t r a t e d G u i d e i s t o h e l p y o u l e a r n , i n a d v a n c e ,a t r o u t
s o m e o f t h e a n a t o m y t h a t w i l l b e d i s c u s s e di n t h e s u b s e q u e n t c h a p t e r s .
H e r e w e c o n c e n t r a t eo n n a m i n g t h e s t r u c t u r e sa n d s e e i n g h o w t h e y a r e
r e l a t e d p h y s i c a l l y ; t h e i r f u n c t i o n a l s i g n i f i c a n c ei s d i s c u s s e di n t h e r e -
mainderof the book
The Guide is clrganizedinto six main parts. The first part covers the sur-
face anatomy of the brain-the structures that can been seen by inspection
of the whole brain, as well as those parts that are visible when the two
c e r e b r a lh e m i s p h e r e sa r e s e p a r a t e db y a c u t i n t h e m i d s a g i t t a lp l a n e . N e x t ,
w e e x p l o r e t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n aaln a t o m y o f t h e b r a i n , u s i n g a s e r i e so f s l a b s
t h a t c o n t a i n s t r u c t u r e so f i n t e r e s t .T h e b r i e f t h i r d a n d f o u r t h p a r t s c o v e r t h e
s p i n a l c o r d a n d t h e a u t o n o m i c n e r v o u s s y s t e m .T h e f i f t h p a r t o f t h e G u i d e
i l l u s t r a t e st h e c r a n i a l n e r v e s a n d s u m m a r i z e st h e i r d i v e r s e f u n c t i o n s . T h e
l a s t p a r t i l l u s t r a t e st h e b l o o d s u p p l y o f t h e b r a i n .
T h e n e r v o u s s y s t e mh a s a n a s t o n i s h i n gn u m b e r o f b i t s a n d p i e c e s .I n t h i s
G u i d e , w e f o c u s o n t h o s e s t r u c t u r e st h a t w i l l a p p e a rl a t e r i n t h e b o o k w h e n
we discussthe various functional systems.Nonetheless,even this abbrevi-
ated atlas of neuroanatomy yields a formidable list of new vocabulary.
Therefore, to help you learn the terminology, an extensive self-quiz review
is provided at the end, in the form of a perforated workbook with labeling
exercises.
'W
SURFACEANATOMY OF THE BRAIN
Imagine that you hold in your hands a human brain that has been dis-
s e c t e df r o m t h e s k u l l . I t i s w e r a n d s p o n g y a n d w e i g h s a b o u t 1 . 4 k g
( 3 l b ) . L o o k i n g d o w n o n t h e b r a i n ' s d o r s a l s u r f a c er e v e a l st h e c o n v o l u t e d
surface of the cerebrum. Flipping the brain over shows the complex ven-
t r a l s u r f a c et h a t n o r m a l l y r e s t so n t h e f l o o r o f t h e s k u l l . H o l d i n g t h e b r a i n
up and looking at its side-the lateral view-shows the ,,ram.shorn,, shape
of the cerebrum coming off the stalk of the brain stem. The brain stem is
shown more clearly if we slice the brain right down the middle and view
i t s m e d i a l s u r f a c e .I n t h e p a r t o f t h e G u i d e t h a t f o l l o w s , w e w i l l n a m e t h e
important structures that are revealed by such an inspection of the brain.
N o t i c e t h e m a g n i f i c a r i o no f t h e d r a w i n g s : l x i s l i f e - s i z e ,2 X i s t w i c e l i f e -
s i z e ,0 . 6 X i s 6 0 " / . o f l i f e - s i z e .a n d s o o n .
205
Lateral view Medialview
208 c HApTER 7 . AppENDTX:AN
TLLUsTMTED
GUTDEToHUMANNEURoANAToMy
Cerebrum
Olfactorybulb
Cerebellum
:
i,-
" OFTHEBRAIN
SURFACEANATOMY
(b) Selected Gyri, Sulci, and Fissures. The cerebrum is central gyrus lies immediately posterior to the cenlral sr.rl-
noteworthy for its convoluted surface. The bumps are cus, and the precentral gyrus lies immediately anterior to
called gyri, and the grooves are called sulci or, if they are the central sulcus. The neurons of the postcentral gyrus
especially deep, fissures. The precise pattern of gyri and are involved in somatic sensation (touch; Chapter 12),
sulci can vary considerably from individual to individual, and those of the precentral gyrus control voluntary move-
but many features are common to all human brains. Some ment (Chapter l4). Neurons in the superior lemporal
of the important landmarks are labeled here. The post- gyrlrs are involved in audition (hearing; Chapter ll).
Centralsulcus
Lateral(Sylvian)
fissure
(c) Cerebral Lobes and the Insula. By convention, of the cerebrum, bordering both parietal and temporal
the cerebrum is subdivided into lobes named after the lobes. A buried piece of the cerebral cortex, called the
" i s l a n d " ) , i s r e v e a l e di f t h e m a r g i n s o f
bones of the skull that lie over them. The central sulcus insula (Latin for
d i v i d e st h e l r o n t a l l o b e f r o m t h e p a r i e t a l l o b e . T h e t e m - the lateral fissure are gently pulled apart (inset). The
pural lobc lies immediately ventral to the deep lateral insula borders and separatesthe temporal and frontal
( S y l v i a n ) f i s s u r e .T h e o c c i p i t a ll o b e l i e s a t t h e v e r y b a c k lobes.
Frontallobe
Occipitallobe
'i'..'.;'"1':,',:'i,.,,i;,,,,:11..rt.r,lr:: t,:1,i
. 1, . . ' : r i j .: !l r',i,,':\irir,i:..4
: .
210 cHAprER 7 . A p p E N D T X : ATNL L U S T R A T E D G U T D E T o H UNM
EAUN
RoANAToMy
(d) Major Sensory, Ivlotor, and Association Areas of and auditory areas4l and 42 (Chapter lI) are in the
Cortex. The cerebral cortex is organized like a patch- temporal lobe. On the inferior surface of the parietal
work quilt. The various areas, first identified by Brod- lobe (the operculum) and buried in the insula is gusta-
mann, differ from one another in terms of microscopic tory area 43, devoted to the sense of taste (Chapter 8).
structure and function. Visual areas L7, 18, and l9 In addition to the analysis of sensory information. the
(Chapter l0) are in the occipital lobe, somatic sensory cerebral cortex plays an important role in the control of
areas l, l, and 2 (Chapter 12) are in the parietal lobe, voluntary movement. The major motor control areas-
primary motor cortex (area 4). the supplementary motor
area, and the premotor area-lie in the frontal lobe, an-
terior to the central sulcus (Chapter I4). In the human
brain, large expanses of cortex cannot be simply assigned
to sensory or motor functions. These constitute the as-
sociation areas of cortex. Some of the more important
areasare the prefrontal cortex (Chapters 2l and 24), the
p o s t e r i o rp a r i e t a l c o r t e x ( C h a p t e r s1 2 , 2 1 , a n d 2 4 ) , a n d
t h e i n f e r o t e m p o r a lc o r t e x ( C h a p t e r 2 4 ) .
Brodmann's
mao
Primarymotorcortex
(area4)
Supplementary
motorarea Somatosensory cortex
(area6) (areas3, 1,2)
Posteriorparietalcortex
Premotor
area (areas5, 7)
(area6)
Visualcortex
( a r e a 1s 7 , 1 8 1, 9 )
Prefrontalcortex
Inferotemporal
cortex
(areas20,21,37) Auditory
cortex
(areas
41,42)
I Motorareas
ffi Sensoryareas Gustatory
(area43)
! Association areas
r.l
ffil ji
..:] SURFACEANATOMY
OFTHEBRAIN
Thalamus
Y (
Pinealbody
b*^
Hypothalamus
Cerebellum
212 c H A pr E R 7 . AppENDtX:ANILLUSTMTED
GUIDEToHUMANNEURoANAToMy
(b) Forebrain Structures. Shown here are the im- Some of the axons in the fornix regulate memory
portant forebrain structures that can be observed by s t o r a g e( C h a p t e r 2 4 ) .
viewing the medial surface of the brain. Notice the In the lower illustration, the brain has been tilted
c u t s u r f a c eo f t h e c o r p u s c a l l o s u m , a h u g e b u n d l e o f s l i g h t l y t c l s h o w t h e p o s i t i o n so f t h e a n r l , g d a l aa n d h i p -
axons that connects the two sides of the cerebrum. p o c a n r p u s .T h e s e a r e " p h a n t o m v i e w s " o f t h e s e s t r u c -
The unique contributions of the two cerebral hemi- tures, becausethey cannot be observed directly frclm the
s p h e r e st o h u m a n b r a i n f u n c t i o n c a n b e s t u d i e d i n surface. Both lie deep to the overlyinll correx. We will
patients in which the callosum has been sectioned see them again in cross section later in the Guide. The
(Chapter 20). The lornix is another prominent fiber amygdala (Latin for "almond") is important for regulat-
bundle that connects the hippocampus on each side i n g e m o t i o n a l s t a t e s( C h a p t e r l 8 ) , a n d t h e h i p p o c a m p u s
with the hypothalamus. (Fornix is Latin for "arch.") is important for memory (Chapters 24 and 25\.
'(
/'rp-
'v
Olfactorybulb/
2*
Calcarinefissure
Opticchiasm
(0.7x)
; \ -
(0.7x)
(c) Ventricles. The lateral walls of the unpaired parts of The lateral ventricles are paired structures that sprout
the ventricular system-the third ventricle, the cerebral like antlers from the third ventricle. A phantom view
aqueduct, the fourth ventricle, and the spinal canal- of the right lateral ventricle, which lies underneath the
can be observed in the medial view of the brain. These overlying cortex, is shown in the lower illustration.
are handy landmarks, because the thalamus and hypo- The two cerebral hemispheres surround the two lateral
thalamus lie next to the third ventricle; the midbrain lies ventricles. Notice how a coronal section of the brain at
next to the aqueduct; the pons, cerebellum, and medulla the thalamus-midbrain junction will intersect the
lie next to the fourth ventricle; and the spinal cord forms "horns" of the lateral ventricle of each hemisphere
the walls of the spinal canal. twice.
Third ventricle
Cerebralaoueduct
Fourthventricle
Spinalcanal
(0.7x)
Lateral ventricle
(beneathoverlyingcortex)
Brainstemandcerebellum
removedand brain
rotatedslightly
214 c H A pr E R 7 . AppENDtX:
AN TLLUSTRATED
GUIDEToHUMANNEURoANAToMv
Olfactorybulb
Opticchiasm
*!ffi-
.ar*\
-{
Optic tract
Optic nerve
Hypothalamus
Mammillary
body
Midbrain
Cranialnerves
SURFACE
ANATOMYOFTHEBRAIN 2t5
Corpuscallosum
hemisphere R i g h th e m i s p h e r e
--t
Centralsulcus
Longitudinal
cerebral
fissure
2,5 c H A pr E R 7 . AppENDtX:ANILLUSTRATED
GUIDEToHUMANNEURoANAToMy
Spinalcord
(c) Cerebrum and Cerebellum Removed. The top sur- (Chaptersl7 and l9). The superior colliculusreceives
face of the brain stem is exposed when both the cerebrum direct input from the eyes (Chapter l0) and is involved in
and the cerebellum are removed. The major divisions of the control of eye movements (Chapter l4), while the irr-
the brain stem are labeled on the left side, and some spe- ferior colliculusis an important component of the auditory
cific structures are labeled on the right side. The pineal system (Chapter Ill. (Colliculzsis Latin for "mound.") The
body, lying atop the thalamus, secretesmelatonin and is cerebellarpeduncles are the large bundles of axons that
involved in the regulation of sleep and sexual behavior connect the cerebellum and the brain stem (Chapter l4).
Thalamus Pinealbody
Superiorcolliculus
Midbrain
Inferiorcolliculus
.t, -'!
Cerebellarpeduncle
(cut surface)
i{
Fourthventricle(floor)
'rr.
E.
i,
v cRoss-sEcroNALANAToMy
oFTHEBRATN 247
V CROSS.SECTIONALANATOMY
the junction of the midbrain and thalamus. Conse-
O F T H E B R A IN
quently, the best plane of section depends on exactly
Understanding the brain requires that we peer inside it, where along the neuraxis we are looking.
and this is accomplished by making cross sections. Cross In this part of the Guide, we take a look at drawings
sections can be made physically with a knife or, in the of a series of cross-sectional slabs of the brain, showing
case of noninvasive imaging of the living brain, digitally the internal structure of the forebrain (cross sections
with an MRI or a CT scan. For learning the internal or- l-3), the midbrain (crosssections4 and 5), the pons and
ganization of the brain, the best approach is to make cerebellum (crosssection 6), and the medulla (crosssec-
cross sections that are perpendicular to the axis defined tions 7-9). The drawings are schematic. meaning that
by the embryonic neural tube, called the neuraxis. Tll'e structures within the slab are sometimes projected onto
neuraxis bends as the human fetus grows, particularly at the slab's visible surface.
ForebrainSections
@ (
BrainStem Sections
2t8 C HA PTE R 7 . APPENDIX:AN
ILLUSTRATED
GUIDETOHUMANNEUROANATOMY
Lateralventricle
Thalamus
lnsula
Lateral(Sylvian)
f issure
Thirdventricle
Temporallobe
Hypothalamus
" CROSS-SECTIONALANATOMY
OFTHEBRAIN 219
Fiber groups:
Putamen
Globuspallidus
C HAPTE R 7 . APPENDIX:
AN ILLUSTRATED
GUIDETOHUMANNEUROANATOMY
s S fr*F
, s
/, I
.\Cb ldv
J
l . ) '
,f,-.
t
Lateralventricle
Thalamus
Lateral(Sylvian)
fissure
Thirdventricle
Temporallobe
(b) Selected Cell and Fiber Groups. Many important are labeled. The thalamus provides much of the input to
cell and fiber groups appear at this level of the neuraxis. t h e c c r e b r a lc o r t c x , w i t h d i f f e r e n t t h a l a m i c n u c l e i p r o -
One new structure apparent in the telencephalon is jecting axons to different areas of cortex. The ventral
t h e a r n y g c l a l a ,i n v o l v e d i n t h e r e g u l a t i o n o f e m o t i o n p < l s t c r i o rn t r c l c u s ,a p a r t o f t h e s o m a t i c s e n s o r y s y s t e m
(Chapter l8) and memory (Chapter 24). The thalamus (Chapter l2), projectsto the cortex of the postcentral
is divided into separatenuclei, two of which-the ven- g y r u s . T h e v c r r t r a l l a t c r a l n u c l c r r sa n d c l o s e l y r e l a t e d
tral posterior nucleus and the ventral lateral nucleus- ventral anterior nucleus (not shown) are parts of the
motor system (Chapter l4); they project to the motor
cortex of the precentral gyrus. Visible below the thala-
m u s a r e t h e s u l r t h a l a n r r rasn d t h e n t a n t n r i l l a r yl l o d i c so f
t h e h y p o t h a l a m u s . T h e s u b t h a l a m u si s a p a r t o f t h e
motor system (Chapter l4), while the mammillary bodies
receive information from the lornix and contribute to
t h e r e g u l a t i o n o f m e m o r y ( C h a p t e r 2 4 ) . B e c a u s et h i s
section also encroaches on the midbrain, a little of the
s t r l r s t a n l i .n. ri g r a ( " b l a c k s u b s t a n c e " )c a n b e s e e n n e a r t h e
b a s eo f t h e b r a i n s t e m . T h e s u b s t a n t i an i g r a i s a l s o a p a r t
o f t h e m o t o r s y s t e m ( C h a p t e r l 4 ) . P a r k i n s o n ' sd i s e a s e
r e s u l t sf r o m t h e d e g e n e r a t i o no f t h i s s t r u c t u r e .
Fornix
Corpuscallosum
Caudatenucleus
Putamen
Internalcapsule
Globuspallidus
Corticalwhite
matter
Amygdala
Substantianigra (1x)
Subthalamus Mammillary
body
C H A P T E R7 APPENDIX:
AN ILLUSTRATED
GUIDETOHUMANNEUROANATOMY
Thirdventricle
?r,
Lateralventricle
Thalamus
W
Temporal
,"r"A
(1x)
Midbrain Cerebralaqueduct
V CROSS.SECTIONALANATOMY
OFTHEBRAIN 223
Corpuscallosum Cerebral
cortex
Lateralgeniculate
nucleus
W Hippocampus
Medialgeniculate
nucleus
i
iiii
CHAPTER 7 . APPENDIX:AN
ILLUSTMTED
GUIDETOHUMANNEUROANATOMY
Superiorcolliculus Cerebralaqueduct
gray
Periaqueductal
Substantianigra
Rednucleus
Inferiorcolliculus Cerebralaoueduct
gray
Periaqueductal
;]\.
(2x)
Substantia
nigra ti
v cRoss-sEcloNALANAToMy
oFTHEBn,lIN 225
Fourthventricle
Cerebellar
cortex
Deepcerebellar
nuclei
Pontinenuclei
Dorsalcochlearnucleus Fourthventricle
Ventralcochlear
nucleus
Raphenucleus
Superior
olive
Inferiorolive
Medullarypyramid
CHAPTER 7 . A P P E N D I X : AIN
L L U S T M T EGDU I D E T OH U M A NN E U R O A N A T O M Y
CrossSection 8: Mid-Medulla
The mid-medulla contains some of the same structures serving the sense of taste (Chapter 8), is part of a larger
labeled in cross section 7. Notice also the medial lemnis- nucleus of the solitary tract, which regulates aspectsof
cus (Latin for "ribbon"). The medial lemniscus contains v i s c e r a lf u n c t i o n ( C h a p t e r s l 5 a n d l 6 ) . T h e v e s l i b u l a r
axons bringing information about somatic sensation to nuclei serve the sense of balance (Chapter it).
the thalamus (Chapter 12). The gustatory nucleus,
Fourlhventricle
Vestibular
nucleus
Nucleusof the
solitarytract
(gustatory nucleus)
Medullaryreticular------tl-"il
formation
Inferiorolive
Mediallemniscus
Dorsalcolumnnuclei Spinalcanal
Mediallemniscus
(2.5X)
Medullarypyramid,/
V THE SPINAL CORD lumbar, and those within the pelvic area are called
The Dorsal Surface of the Spinal Cord s a c r al .
The spinal nerves and the associatedsegments of the
and Spinal Nerves
spinal cord adopt the names of the vertebrae; eight cer-
The spinal cord lies within the vertebral column. The vical nerves are associatedwith seven cervical vertebrae.
spinal nerves, a part of the somatic PNS, communicate Also. the spinal cord in the adult human ends at about
with the cord via notches between the vertebrae. The the level of the third lumbar vertebra. This disparity
vertebrae are described according to their location. In arisesbecausethe spinal cord does not grow after birth,
the neck, they are called cervical vertebrae and are whereas the spinal column does. The bundles of spinal
numbered from Cl to C7. The vertebrae attached to ribs nerves streaming down within the lumbar and sacral
are called thoracic vertebrae and are numbered from Tl vertebral column are called the cauda equina (Latin for
to T12. The five vertebrae of the lower back are called "horse's
tail").
**,:+;ir.rfiiiili_i**r
" THESPINAL
CORD 227
lst cervicalnerve
1stcervicalvertebra(C1)
7th cervicalvertebra(C7)
8th cervicalnerve
1st thoracicvertebra(T1)
1st thoracicnerve
12ththoracicvertebra(Tl 2)
12ththoracicnerve
1st lumbarvertebra(L1)
1st lumbarnerve
Caudaequina
5thlumbarvertebra(L5)
sth lumbarnerve
(S1)
1stsacralvertebra
1stsacralnerve
228 c HApTER 7 . AppENDtX:ANILLUsTMTED
GUIDEToHUMANNEURoANAToMy
Dorsalcotumns
Dorsalhorn /
Al
DORSAL
/ l
Lateralcolumn Spinalcanal
/ , / ll
I
)-=-
Ventralhorn
Lateralhorn
Ventral
column
Dorsalroot filaments
Dorsalroot
Dorsalrootganglion
Spinalpia mater
Spinalnerve
Subarachnoid
space
Soinalarachnoid
Ventralroot
Soinaldura mater
Ventralroot
filaments
(6x)
VENTRAL
V THESPINAL
CORD
C ross-Sectional Anatomy
Illustrated in this view are some of the important tracts portant for the control of movement (Chapter I4). The
of axons running up and down the spinal cord. On the names of the tracts accurately describe their origins and
left side, the major ascending sensory pathways are in- terminations (e.9., the vestibulospinal tract originates in
dicated. The entire dorsal column consistsof sensory ax- the vestibular nuclei of the medulla and terminates in
ons ascending to the brain. This pathway is important the spinal cord). The descending tracts contribute to two
for the conscious appreciation of touch. The spinothala- pathways: the lateral and ventromedial pathways. The
mic tract carries information about painful stimuli and lateral pathway carries the commands for voluntary
temperature. The somatic sensory system is the topic of movements, especially of the extremities. The ventro-
Chapter 12. medial pathway participates primarily in the mainte-
On the right side are some of the descending tracts im- nance of posture and certain reflex movements.
Ascending
SensoryPathways Descending
MotorPathways
Dorsalcolumn
\
tract \
Corticosoinal
'
v Laleral
\ pathway
Rubrospinaltract
\
Medullary reticulospinal
tract
Soinothalamictract
Tectospinaltract
Pontine
reticulosoinal
tract
Ventromedial
Vestibulosoinal
tract pathway
230 c HApTER 7 . A p p E N D t X : A INL L U s T M T EG
D U I D E T oH U M A NN E U R o A N A T o M y
' t, il
;'i;11:Il 1'-111;'1 ir - .';" 11.",,:lr. :al :i.,.:r'tr' triii:; ;iiii'l rr'.r'-r
V THEAUTONOMICNERVOUS
SYSTEM 231
Vagusnerve
Spinalnerves
Vertebral
column
Ribs of the
rightside (cut)
Kidney
Small intestine
Sympatheticganglia
Urinarybladder
Prostategland
Sympatheticfibers
Parasympathetic
fibers
232 c HAprE R 7 . AppENDtX:ANILLUsTRATED
GUIDEToHUMANNEURoANAToMv
--{
l. Olfactory
I
lV Trochlear
V.Trigeminal
Vl. Abducens
Vll. Facial
VlIl. Auditory-vestibular
lX. Glossopharyngeal
X. Vagus
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Xll. Hypoglossal
w' THEcRANTALNERVES 233
Anteriorcerebralartery
/\
Posteriorcerebral
artery
Superiorcerebellar
arrery
Basilarartery
(1x)
Vertebralarteries
OFTHEBRAIN
V THEBLOODSUPPLY 235
LateralView
Most of the lateral surfaceof the cerebrum is supplied
by the middle cerebralartery. This artery also feedsthe
Terminalcortical
branchesof anterior deen structuresof the basalforebrain.
artery
cerebral
cortical
Terminal
Middlecerebral
artery branchesof oosterior
artery
cerebral
Anterior
cerebral
Posteriol
236 CHAPTER 7 . APPENDIX:AN
ILLUSTMTED
GUIDETOHUMANNEUROANATOMY
v S E LF- QU|Z
This review workbook is designed to help you learn the neuroanatomy that
has been presented. Here we have reproduced the images from the Guide;
instead of labels, however, numbered leader lines (arranged clockwise)
point to the structures of interest. Test your knowledge by filling in the ap-
propriate names in the spacesprovided. To review what you have learned,
quiz yourself by putting your hand over the names. This technique greatly
facilitates the learning and retention of anatomical terms. Mastery of the
vocabulary of neuroanatomy will serve you well as you learn about the
functional organization of the brain in the remainder of the book.
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242 c H A pr E R 7 . AppENDTX:
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AN ILLUSTMTEDGUIDETOHUMAN NEUROANATOMY
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